DOCSLIB.ORG

Pawnee Indian Scouts in the United States Army, 1864-1877

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pawnee Indian Scouts in the United States Army, 1864-1877 WARPARTY IN BLUE: PAWNEE INDIAN SCOUTS IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY, 1864-1877 By MARTINUS JOHANNES MARIA VAN DE LOGT Bachelor of Arts Kruisheren Kollege Uden, The Netherlands 1989 Master of Arts Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands 1995 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August, 2002 COPYRIGHT By Martinus Johannes Maria van de Logt August, 2002 WARPARTY IN BLUE: PAWNEE INDIAN SCOUTS IN THE UNITED STATES ARMY, 1864-1877 Thesis Approved: Thesis Advisor a . ~ Sb. <iJq,u,,,,,;kY l V ~j~._,l!:;;c ii PREFACE ,.~, .,.•,.•,.r-;. '~ ... f'l-~· ~-. -· . This study relates the contributions of.several-hundred--Ra~"Ilee Indians wh0,""' served as scouts in the United States Army between 1864 and 1877. Under the command of Major Frank J. North, these Indians assisted the frontier army in the military pacification of the West. They led missioils deep into contested territory, tracked hostile bands and guided the army to their camps, spearheaded attacks into enemy villages, carried messages and dispatches between different commands, guarded construction crews of the Union Pacific Railroad against Indian raiders, and, on more than one occasion, saved American troops from disaster in battle. The scouts were part of Major North's Pawnee Battalion. This unit soon established a reputation as highly effective and disciplined fighting force. This dissertation studies the reasons why the Pawnees were such successful allies of the United States. It argues that the Pawnees applied their knowledge and experiences of Plains Indian warfare to their new role as scouts for the frontier army. Although some officials in the War Department argued that military service would have a "civilizing" effect on the scouts, their service, in fact, reinforced many of their traditional war-related values and customs. As scouts they continued to fight their traditional enemies, the Sioux and the Cheyennes. Military service allowed them to exact revenge on these enemies with the approval and the guns of the Great Father in Washington, and be paid for doing so as iii well. Their mode of warfare, based on stealth and surprise, changed little, if at all. They also continued to count coups, take scalps, and practice their war-related ceremonies. Although they wore the uniform of the United States Cavalry with pride, they never ceased to be Pawnees. The Pawnee Battalion was, in many regards, a war party in blue. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS History is notwritten-in avacumniHming the process of writing this dissertation, I received the help and encouragement of many people. I owe a great debt to the following people: My fellow graduate students at OSU, Kevin Sweeney, James and Teresa Klein, Carter Mattson, Shelly Lemons, Lisa Guinn, Tom Jorsch, Hyun Hong, Aaron Christensen, Stacy Reeves, Stefanie Decker, Todd Leahy, Krista Schnee, and H. Greg Maphet. They have been of greater help and support than they could ever imagine, and I feel proud to be able to call them my friends. The Faculty of the History Department at OSU, particularly Dr. William S. Bryans, Dr. Elizabeth A. Williams, and Dr. Ronald A. Petrin, for taking the risk of accepting me into the program and offering me an assistantship on top of it. I hope I did not shame their confidence in me. Also, the Raymond D. Estep, LeRoy H. Fischer, Berlin B. Chapman, and Townsend Memorial foundations for their financial support. Their funds enabled me to travel to distant archives and institutions to do research. Special thanks to Susan Oliver and Diana Hover, our departmental secretaries, who helped me on numerous occasions and always did so with a smile. The staff of the Edmond Low Library at OSU. particularly John Philips and his staff in Government Documents, Helen Clements and her colleagues at the Reference Desk, David Peeters and his staff in Special Collections, and, finally Micki White, and Kenda Hill, and all the other wonderful people in Inter-Library Services. This dissertation V could never have been accomplished without their patient aid and suggestions. Ramona Osborn and Mattie and Elmer Fish of"Little Eagle and Associates," placed their confidence in me when they hired me to do some research on the Pawnee Scouts. I hope to return the gift with this dissertation. The staffs of the Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, the Western History Collections of the University of Oklahoma, the -- ~-·-······· .,,~,,--;,!vieFarlin Library·in·'.ful:sa, Oklahoma, and the Nebraska S-tate--Historieal·Society;-biricbln,·· Nebraska. The Harrison family in Stillwater, Lynn and Kathy, for their trust and support, and Mike, for reminding me that there was another world outside of history books. Most of the credit for this work should go to the members ofmy committee. Without the support and encouragement of Dr. L. G. Moses, my advisor, I probably would never have finished this dissertation. I thank him for his patience, wise counseling, and the occasional push whenever I needed it. I will also miss those Friday evening gatherings at his house with the other graduate students, and wonder who will throw the ball for Spunky (the dog) now. Dr. Michael M. Smith and his wife Lynn "adopted" me after my arrival in Stillwater. They made me feel at home even though I was thousands of miles away from friends and family. I will always treasure their friendship. Dr. Joseph A. Stout, my fellow "Dutchman," never failed to make me laugh even while he kept my feet close to the fire at all times. Dr. Donald N. Brown, of the Sociology Department at OSU, whose suggestions encouraged me to explore new directions. But most thanks are due to my father, mother, and my brothers back home. My father and mother never enjoyed a secondary education as their help was needed in rebuilding the country after the war. But they saw to it that I always got what I needed, and more. Although they never uttered a complaint, they never quite understood what I was doing and why it was necessary to vi travel thousands of miles to do it. I hope this dissertation may explain. It is, after all, dedicated to them. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................... 1 .•-·· .· ~~··. ,--·-.-~· .. r. v~........ ___ ,,- 2. PAWNEE DIPLOMACY AND WARFARE, 1550-1864 ................. 12 3. AWARRIOR'S LIFE CYCLE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PAWNEE WAR COMPLEX, 1550-1864 ...................................... 38 4. U.S. MILITARY STRATEGY AND THE RECRUITMENT OF THE PAWNEE SCOUTS ...................................................... 65 5. ONTHEPOWDERRIVERCAMPAIGNWITHCONNOR, 1865 ..........95 6. GUARDINGTHEUNIONPACIFICRAILROAD, 1867-1868 ........... 123 7. THE REPUBLICANR..TVEREXPEDITION AND THE BATTLE OF SUMMIT SPRINGS, 1869 ................................................ 158 8. FREELANCE SCOUTING OPERATIONS, 1870-1874 ................. 206 9. THE POWDER RIVER CAMPAIGN WITH CROOK AND MACKENZIE, 1876-1.877 ..................................................... 249 10. HOMECOMING ................................................ 309 11. CONCLUSION ................................................. 317 BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................... 324 APPENDICES .......................................................... 345 viii CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION " ~-., . .: ._.,._.,,., .,~ - In 1867, General Christopher C. Augur defended his use of Indian Scouts against the criticism of officials in the Interior Department, who believed that military service \.' retarded efforts to "civilize" these Indians. According to Augur, Indian scouts were not only effective military allies, but their service would prepare them for entrance into white society as well. "It opens to those people a useful career, [and] renders them tractable and obedient, educating them more effectually than can be done in any other way." General William T. Sherman agreed. "Ifwe can convert the wild Indians into a species of organized cavalry," Sherman mused,"... it accomplishes a double purpose, in talcing them out of temptation of stealing and murdering, and will accustom them to regular habits and discipline, from which they will not likely depart when discharged."1 1 General Christopher Columbus Augur quoted in Robert Bruce, The Fighting Norths and Pawnee Scouts: Narratives and Reminiscences ofMilitary Service on the Old Frontier (New York: Privately Published, 1932), 10. General William T. Sherman quoted in Robert Wooster, The Military and United States Indian Policy, 1865-1903 (Lincoln: University ofNebraska Press, 1988), 128. General George Crook, who commanded the Pawnee Scouts during the Powder River Expedition of 1876, also believed that military service had a positive effect on Indians: "One thing is certain, [military service] is the entering wedge by which the tribal organization is broken up, making way for civilizing and Christianizing influences. As a soldier the Indian wears the unifonn, draws rations and pay, and is in all respects on an equal footing with a white man. It demonstrates to his simple mind in the most positive manner that we have no prejudice against him on account of his race, and that while he behaves himself he will be treated the same as a white man. Returning to his tribe after this service he is enabled to see beyond the old superstition that has governed his people, and thinks and decides for himself." General George Crook to General Philip H. Sheridan, October 30, 1876. The letter was published in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Case Studies of the Early Reservation Years 1867-1901
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1983 Diversity of assimilation: Case studies of the early reservation years 1867-1901 Ira E. Lax The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Lax, Ira E., "Diversity of assimilation: Case studies of the early reservation years 1867-1901" (1983). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 5390. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/5390 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. COPYRIGHT ACT OF 1976 Th is is an unpublished manuscript in which copyright sub­ s i s t s . Any further r e p r in t in g of it s contents must be approved BY THE AUTHOR, Mansfield Library University of Montana Date : __JL 1 8 v «3> THE DIVERSITY OF ASSIMILATION CASE STUDIES OF THE EARLY RESERVATION YEARS, 1867 - 1901 by Ira E. Lax B.A., Oakland University, 1969 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1983 Ap>p|ov&d^ by : f) i (X_x.Aa^ Chairman, Board of Examiners Dean, Graduate Sdnool Date UMI Number: EP40854 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Essay: Custer, Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, and the Little Bighorn
    REVIEW ESSAY Bloodshed at Little Bighorn: Sitting Bull, Custer, and the Destinies of Nations. By Tim Lehman. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010. 219 pp. Maps, illustrations, notes, bibliogra- phy, index. $19.95 paper. The Last Stand: Custer, Sitting Bull, and the Battle of the Little Bighorn. By Nathaniel Philbrick. New York: Viking, 2010. xxii + 466 pp. Maps, photographs, appendices, notes, bibliography, index. $30.00 cloth, $18.00 paper. Custer: Lessons in Leadership. By Duane Schultz. Foreword by General Wesley K. Clark. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. x + 206 pp. Photographs, notes, bibliography, index. $14.00 paper. The Killing of Crazy Horse. By Thomas Powers. New York: Knopf, 2010. xx + 568 pp. Maps, illustra- tions, photographs, notes, bibliography, index. $30.00 cloth, $17.00 paper. CUSTER, CRAZY HORSE, SITTING BULL, AND THE LITTLE BIGHORN In the summer of 1876, the United States some Cheyennes, and a handful of Arapahos. government launched the Great Sioux War, The resulting Battle of the Little Bighorn left a sharp instrument intended to force the last Custer and 267 soldiers, Crow scouts, and civil- nonagency Lakotas onto reservations. In doing ians dead, scattered in small groups and lonely so, it precipitated a series of events that proved singletons across the countryside—all but disastrous for its forces in the short run and fifty-eight of them in his immediate command, calamitous for the Lakotas in the much longer which was annihilated. With half the regiment scheme of things. killed or wounded, the Battle of the Little On June 17, Lakotas and Cheyennes crippled Bighorn ranked as the worst defeat inflicted General George Crook’s 1,300-man force at the on the army during the Plains Indian Wars.
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Riley and American Indians, 1853-1911
    Kansas State University Libraries New Prairie Press 2013 – Fort Riley, Kansas (Bonnie Lynn-Sherow, Symphony in the Flint Hills Field Journal Editor) Fort Riley and American Indians, 1853-1911 James E. Sherow Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/sfh This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Sherow, James E. (2013). "Fort Riley and American Indians, 1853-1911," Symphony in the Flint Hills Field Journal. https://newprairiepress.org/sfh/2013/folioII/5 To order hard copies of the Field Journals, go to shop.symphonyintheflinthills.org. The Field Journals are made possible in part with funding from the Fred C. and Mary R. Koch Foundation. This is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Symphony in the Flint Hills Field Journal by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fort Riley and American Indians, 1853-1911 The lure of the Army’s newest post for Indian peoples was irresistible as the following three stories illustrate. In the first instance, a party of well-armed Indians spied a rural farmstead located not far from Fort Riley, and they advanced toward BUFFALO HUNT, CHASE George Catlin the cabin alarming the occupants. Linda Hall Library, Kansas City, Missouri On another day a larger party made its breaks formulaic depictions. way to the fort itself. They rode with an Consider the way in which the three air of confidence, armed and painted previous episodes concluded.
    [Show full text]
  • Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany
    Kindscher, L. Yellow Bird, M. Yellow Bird & Sutton Yellow M. Bird, Yellow L. Kindscher, Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany This book describes the traditional use of wild plants among the Arikara (Sahnish) for food, medicine, craft, and other uses. The Arikara grew corn, hunted and foraged, and traded with other tribes in the northern Great Plains. Their villages were located along the Sahnish (Arikara) Missouri River in northern South Dakota and North Dakota. Today, many of them live at Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota, as part of the MHA (Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara) Ethnobotany Nation. We document the use of 106 species from 31 plant families, based primarily on the work of Melvin Gilmore, who recorded Arikara ethnobotany from 1916 to 1935. Gilmore interviewed elders for their stories and accounts of traditional plant use, collected material goods, and wrote a draft manuscript, but was not able to complete it due to debilitating illness. Fortunately, his field notes, manuscripts, and papers were archived and form the core of the present volume. Gilmore’s detailed description is augmented here with historical accounts of the Arikara gleaned from the journals of Great Plains explorers—Lewis and Clark, John Bradbury, Pierre Tabeau, and others. Additional plant uses and nomenclature is based on the field notes of linguist Douglas R. Parks, who carried out detailed documentation of the Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany tribe’s language from 1970–2001. Although based on these historical sources, the present volume features updated modern botanical nomenclature, contemporary spelling and interpretation of Arikara plant names, and color photographs and range maps of each species.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Arapaho Ethnohistory and Historical
    Chapter 3 Arapaho Ethnohistory and Historical Ethnography ______________________________________________________ 3.1 Introduction The Arapaho believe they were the first people created on earth. The Arapaho called themselves, the Hinanae'inan, "Our Own Kind of People.”1 After their creation, Arapaho tradition places them at the earth's center. The belief in the centrality of their location is no accident. Sociologically, the Arapaho occupied the geographical center among the five ethnic distinct tribal-nations that existed prior to the direct European contact.2 3.2 Culture History and Territory Similar to many other societies, the ethnic formation of the Arapaho on the Great Plains into a tribal-nation was a complex sociological process. The original homeland for the tribe, according to evidence, was the region of the Red River and the Saskatchewan River in settled horticultural communities. From this original homeland various Arapaho divisions gradually migrated southwest, adapting to living on the Great Plains.3 One of the sacred objects, symbolic of their life as horticulturalists, that they carried with them onto the Northern Plains is a stone resembling an ear of corn. According to their oral traditions, the Arapaho were composed originally of five distinct tribes. 4 Arapaho elders remember the Black Hills country, and claim that they once owned that region, before moving south and west into the heart of the Great Plains. By the early nineteenth century, the Arapaho positioned themselves geographically from the two forks of the Cheyenne River, west of the Black Hills southward to the eastern front 87 of the central Rocky Mountains at the headwaters of the Arkansas River.5 By 1806 the Arapaho formed an alliance with the Cheyenne to resist against further intrusion west by the Sioux beyond the Missouri River.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018NABI Teams.Pdf
    TEAM NAME COACH TRIBE STATE TEAM NAME COACH TRIBE STATE 1 ALASKA (D1) S. Craft Unalakleet, Akiachak, Akiak, Qipnag, Savoonga, Iqurmiut AK 33 THREE NATIONS (D1) G. Tashquinth Tohono O'odham, Navajo, Gila River AZ 2 APACHE OUTKAST (D1) J. Andreas White Mountain Apache AZ 34 TRIBAL BOYZ (D1) A. Strom Colville, Mekah, Nez Perce, Quinault, Umatilla, Yakama WA 3 APACHES (D1) T. Antonio San Carlos Apache AZ 35 U-NATION (D1) J. Miller Omaha Tribe of Nebraska NE 4 AZ WARRIORS (D1) R. Johnston Hopi, Dine, Onk Akimel O'odham, Tohono O'odham AZ 36 YAQUI WARRIORS (D1) N. Gorosave Pascua Yaqui AZ Pima, Tohono O'odham, Navajo, White Mountain Apache, 5 BADNATIONZ (D1) K. Miller Sr. Prairie Band Potawatomi, Kickapoo, Yakama KS 1 21ST NATIVES (D2) R. Lyons AZ Chemehuevi, Hualapai 6 BIRD CITY (D1) M. Barney Navajo AZ 2 AK-CHIN (D2) T. Carlyle Ak-Chin AZ 7 BLUBIRD BALLERZ (D1) B. Whitehorse Navajo UT 3 AZ FUTURE (D2) T. Blackwater Akimel O'odham, Dine, Hopi AZ 8 CHAOS (D1) D. Kohlus Cheyenne River Sioux, Standing Rock Sioux SD 4 AZ OUTLAWS (D2) S. Amador Mohave, Navajo, Chemehuevi, Digueno AZ CHEYENNEARAPAHO 9 R. Island Cheyenne Arapaho Tribes Of Oklahoma OK 5 AZ SPARTANS (D2) G. Pete Navajo AZ (D1) 10 FLIGHT 701 (D1) B. Kroupa Arikara, Hidatsa, Sioux ND 6 DJ RAP SQUAD (D2) R. Paytiamo Navajo NM 11 FMD (D1) Gerald Doka Yavapai, Pima, CRIT AZ 7 FORT YUMA (D2) D. Taylor Quechan CA 12 FORT MOJAVE (D1) J. Rodriguez Jr. Fort Mojave, Chemehuevi, Colorado River Indian Tribes CA 8 GILA RIVER (D2) R.
    [Show full text]
  • Keeping America Safe from Rentboy Escorts
    local name global coverage September 2, 2015 vol. 6 // issue 35 s o u t h f l o r i d a g a y n e w s CHECKKC OUTTUO THEEHT NEWWEN GaGaWiltonznotl ManoeonaM rstte ITINSERT IN CENTER pages 18, 34 - 35 Keeping America safe from Rentboy escorts SOUTHFLORIDAGAYNEWS SOFLAGAYNEWS SFGN.COM SouthFloridaGayNews.com comments from sfgn’s The opening Line online outlets SEPTEMBER 2, 2015 •VOLUME 6 • ISSUE 35 Compiled by John McDonald 2520 N. DIXIE HIGHWAY • WILTON MANORS, FL 33305 PHONE: 954-530-4970 FAX: 954-530-7943 Photos: Facebook. PUBLISHER • NORM KENT Ted cRuz says [email protected] an open Letter CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER • PIER ANGELO GUIDUGLI To The Owners of Tropics Gays should be able to discriminate against Christians ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER / EXECUTIVE EDITOR • JASON PARSLEY [email protected] debbie chamberlin – SFGN embarrasses Luimar zibetti garza – Editorial ART DIRECTOR • BRENDON LIES themselves yet again. Very And flowers around the world just shake their blooming [email protected] unprofessional on both sides, heads at our self proclaimed “intelligence.” Dude....it’s a DESIGNER • MARTIN GOULD but this is the kind of pissy f**ken bouquet of flowers just trying to either stay planted [email protected] writing you save for yourself and live, or die while somebody else smiles at their fading INTERNET DIRECTOR • DENNIS JOZEFOWICZ and never allow to see the petals ..... light of day. If the editor pitches a public [email protected] EDITORIAL ASSISTANT • JILLIAN MELERO bitch fit, how can any reasonable person ....seriously, pick a “new” analogy and git over yourselves..
    [Show full text]
  • AL SIEBER, FAMOUS SCOUT of the SOUTHWEST (By DAN R
    Al Sieber, Famous Scout Item Type text; Article Authors Williamson, Dan R. Publisher Arizona State Historian (Phoenix, AZ) Journal Arizona Historical Review Rights This content is in the public domain. Download date 29/09/2021 08:22:29 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623491 60 ARIZONA HISTORICAL REVIEW AL SIEBER, FAMOUS SCOUT OF THE SOUTHWEST (By DAN R. WILLIAMSON) Albert Sieber was born in the Grand Dutchy of Baden, Ger- many, February 29, '1844, and died near Roosevelt, Arizona, February 19, 1907. Came to America with his parents as a small boy, settling for a time in Pennsylvania, then moved to Minnesota. Early in 1862 Sieber enlisted in Company B, First Minne- sota Volunteer Infantry, serving through the strenuous Penin- sula campaign of the Army of the Potomac as a corporal and a sharp-shooter. On July 2, 1863, on Gettysburg Battlefield, he was dangerously wounded in the head by a piece of shell, and while lying helpless and unattended on the field of battle a bul- let entered his right ankle and followed up the leg, coming out at the knee. He lay in the hospital until December, 1863, when he was transferred to the First Regiment of Veteran Reserves as a corporal, under Captain Morrison, and his regiment was ac- credited to the State of Massachusetts. When Sieber fell wound- ed on the field of Gettysburg, General Hancock, who was near him, was wounded at the same time. For Sieber 's service with this regiment the State of Massachusetts paid him the sum of $300 bounty.
    [Show full text]
  • A Winnebago Son: “ST!R on the RISE”
    Published Bi-Weekly for the Winnebago Tribe of Nebraska • Volume 47, Number 25 • Saturday, November 30, 2019 Bago Bits… A Winnebago Son: “ST!R ON THE RISE” Health Department holds 4th Annual Great American Smoke-out at Winnebago Public School. Community members participate in the Spiritual Walk sponsored by the Ameri- can Human Resource Center. Winnebago Tribal employees rocked their moccs on November 15th! Toby Bassette is making a name for four performances to a sold-out crowd tion of the New Stage Players of South himself on the stage and on the mic. at each showing. Sioux City, Nebraska where he has All the while representing young Na- He also performs his singing at every been casted as the tive actors and singers, haling from his talent show held at WHS. This year af- Villain Hans, he will get to showcase home town of Winnebago, Nebraska. ter his performance it was announced his singing in this performance. The Toby is a member of the Water that he was selected to the Lewis & show debuts on January 31st and Spirit Clan of the Winnebago Tribe of Clark Conference Honor Choir. tickets will go on sale in early Janu- Nebraska and is a Junior in the Win- On November 3rd he took part in ary 2020. nebago Public School Academy. At a the Lewis & Clark Conference Concert He would like to invite all his family, "Sweet Lodge" under renovations by the young age it was known by family that in Wakefi eld, Nebraska where he sang friends and community members to new owners.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Cheyenne Dog Soldiers: a Ledgerbook History of Coups and Combat by Jean Afton, David Fridtjof Halaas, Andrew E
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for 1998 Review of Cheyenne Dog Soldiers: A Ledgerbook History of Coups and Combat By Jean Afton, David Fridtjof Halaas, Andrew E. Masich, with Richard N. Ellis James Briscoe Norman, Oklahoma Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the Other International and Area Studies Commons Briscoe, James, "Review of Cheyenne Dog Soldiers: A Ledgerbook History of Coups and Combat By Jean Afton, David Fridtjof Halaas, Andrew E. Masich, with Richard N. Ellis" (1998). Great Plains Quarterly. 1280. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/1280 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 348 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, FALL 1998 book, as part of his personal library and collec­ tions, to the Colorado Historical and Natural History Society, where it remained, mostly un­ noticed, for the next ninety years. Jean Afton, wife of LaMunyon's great grandson, took an interest in the ledgerbook and involved a number of professionals and Cheyennes in identifying and interpreting the drawings. The list of Cheyennes in the ac­ knowledgments reads like a who's who of tra­ ditional and ceremonial leaders. Missing from the list, however, is Sherman Goose, who worked closely with Jean Afton on the mate­ rial in 1993. The drawings, done by a number of Dog Soldier artists, depict several individual ac­ tions and feats.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Army Scouts: the Southwestern
    3-/71 UNITED STATES ARMY SCOUTS: THE SOUTHWESTERN EXPERIENCE, 1866-1890 THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Carol Conley Nance, B. A. Denton, Texas May, 1975 Nance, Carol Conley, United States Army Scouts: The Southwestern Experience, 1866-1890. Master of Arts (History), May, 1975, 156 pp., 4 maps, bibliography, 107 titles. In the post-Civil War Southwest, the United States Army utilized civilians and Indians as scouts. As the mainstay of the reconnaissance force, enlisted Indians excelled as trackers, guides, and fighters. General George Crook became the foremost advocate of this service. A little-known aspect of the era was the international controversy created by the activities of native trackers under the 1882 recipro- cal hot pursuit agreement between Mexico and the United States. Providing valuable information on Army scouts are numerous government records which include the Annual Report of the Secretary of War from 1866 to 1896 and Foreign Relations of the United States for 1883 and 1886. Memoirs, biographies, and articles in regional and national histori- cal journals supplement government documents. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF MAPS . iv Chapter I. THE SOUTHWEST: CONVENTIONAL ARMY, UNCONVENTIONAL ENEMY 17 II. ARMY SCOUTS: CIVILIANS ON THE TRAIL . 2.17 III. ARMY SCOUTS: SET AN INDIAN TO CATCH AN INDIAN ..................... - - - - 28 IV. GENERAL GEORGE CROOK: UNCONVENTIONAL SOLDIER ........................ - -0 -0 -0 .0 68 V. INDIAN SCOUTS: AN INTERNATIONAL CONTROVERSY .......... *........ .100 VI. ARMY SCOUTS: SOME OBSERVATIONS .. o. 142 BIBLIOGRAPHY, . ...........-.-.-. .148 iii LIST OF MAPS Map Following Page 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Amicus Brief of Timothy P. Mccleary
    No. 17-532 In the Supreme Court of the United States ––––––––––––––– CLAYVIN HERRERA, PETITIONER, v. WYOMING, RESPONDENT. ––––––––––––––– On Writ of Certiorari to the District Court of Wyoming, Sheridan County ––––––––––––––– BRIEF FOR TIMOTHY P. MCCLEARY, JANINE PEASE, ELIZABETH SWANK, ESTHER WYNNE, SARA BENJAMIN-NEELON, CAITLIN BORGMANN, MEGAN SINGER, AND SAMUEL ENEMY-HUNTER AS AMICI CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER ––––––––––––––– ALEX RATE ASHLEY C. PARRISH ACLU OF MONTANA Counsel of Record Post Office Box 9138 JEREMY M. BYLUND KING & SPALDING LLP Missoula, MT 59807 1700 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Washington, DC 20006 [email protected] (202) 737-0500 Counsel for Amici Curiae September 11, 2018 i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ....................................... ii INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE................................. 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ..................................... 4 ARGUMENT ................................................................ 5 I. The Crow Tribe’s Right To Hunt Is Protected In Treaties With The United States. ................................................................... 5 II. Retracting The Right To Hunt Threatens Public Health On The Crow Reservation. ......... 11 CONCLUSION .......................................................... 20 APPENDIX Appendix A Dry Meat Stew Recipe Card ............................... 1a Appendix B Elk Sausage Recipe Card ................................... 2a Appendix C Choke Cherry X-masballs Recipe Card .............. 3a Appendix D Elk Soup Recipe Card ......................................... 4a ii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Cases Confederated Tribes of Umatilla Indian Reservation v. Maison, 262 F. Supp. 871 (D. Or. 1966)........................... 10 Crow Tribe of Indians v. Repsis, 866 F. Supp. 520 (D. Wyo. 1994), aff’d 73 F.3d 982 (10th Cir. 1995) ........ 8, 9, 10, 11 Holcomb v. Confederated Tribes of Umatilla Indian Reservation, 382 F.2d 1013 (9th Cir. 1967) ............................ 10 Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa Indians v. Minnesota, 124 F.3d 904 (8th Cir.
    [Show full text]