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The Diminishment of the Great Sioux Reservation: Treaties, Tricks, And University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Great Plains Quarterly Great Plains Studies, Center for Fall 2013 THE DIMINISHMENT OF THE GREAT SIOUX RESERVATION TREATIES, TRICKS, AND TIME Alan L. Neville Northern State University Alyssa Kaye Anderson Northern State University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly Part of the American Studies Commons, Cultural History Commons, and the United States History Commons Neville, Alan L. and Anderson, Alyssa Kaye, "THE DIMINISHMENT OF THE GREAT SIOUX RESERVATION TREATIES, TRICKS, AND TIME" (2013). Great Plains Quarterly. 2556. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainsquarterly/2556 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Great Plains Studies, Center for at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Plains Quarterly by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE DIMINISHMENT OF THE GREAT SIOUX RESERVATION TREATIES, TRICKS, AND TIME ALAN L. NEVILLE AND ALYSSA KAYE ANDERSON Treaty of 185U The land loss progressed with the Historically, Indian-white relations have been Homestead Act of 1862, Fort Laramie Treaty of marred by mistrust and dishonesty. This is espe­ 1868, Act of 1877, Allotment Act of 1887, Act cially true in numerous land dealings between of 1889, the Wheeler-Howard Act, the Pick-Sloan the United States government and the Lakota/ Flood Control Act of 1944, and the Indian Land Dakota/Nakota people of the northern Great Consolidation Act. Today, the Lakota/Dakota/ Plains. Indeed, the U.S. Supreme Court noted, Nakota people remain committed to reversing "A more ripe and rank case of dishonorable deal­ this trend by reacquiring lost tribal lands and ings will never, in all probability, be found in our reestablishing the prominence of their culture, history."l language, customs, values, and beliefs. What we Our focus here is to chronicle and analyze present is a multifaceted approach for tribes to the tragic diminishment of the Great Sioux Res­ consider in reacquiring lost lands. Although out­ ervation, first established by the Fort Laramie right purchase of land is an option for any tribe, Brian Sawers recommends, because of the high Key Words: American Indian reservations, Dawes Act, fraction­ cost of land, that tribes "rely on incorporation ation, Homestead Act, Lakota Sioux, treaties and eminent domain to consolidate ownership and control allotted lands in a tribal enterprise."3 Alan L. Neville currently serves as a professor of education at Northern State University in Aberdeen, South Dakota. He is also the department chair for elementary, secondary, special education, THE CHANGING PLAINS and e-learning. Prior to his higher education experience, Dr. Neville worked in K -12 education as a public school teacher and high school Prior to white contact, the Lakota/Nakota/Da­ principal. He is a veteran of the u.s. Army. kota people lived in a great expanse of the Great Alyssa Kaye Anderson is a graduate of Northern State University Plains, ranging from Wisconsin to Wyoming, and currently serves as a seventh grade language arts and eighth grade Canada to Nebraska. Historically, occupation of journalism teacher at Chamberlain, South Dakota. Prior to teach­ this great expanse of land was necessary for sur­ ing, Ms. Anderson wbrked as a supplemental instruction leader at vival because the more western of the tribes, the Northern State University. [GPQ 33 (Fall 2013):237-2511 237 238 GREAT PLAINS QUARTERLY, FALL 2013 Lakota, relied almost exclusively on bison migra­ tribes agreeing to sign the treaty, they were prom­ tions to furnish all their needs. Joseph Marshall ised "the sum of $50,000 per annum for the term (Sicangu Oglala Lakota) called this dependence of 10 years, with the right to continue the same on the bison "the focal point of our survival."4 at the discretion of the President of the United Tom McHugh describes a way oflife where many States for a period not exceeding five years there­ tribal members feasted on raw liver, kidney, after, in provisions, merchandise, domestic ani­ tongue, eyes, testicles, belly fat, and other parts mals, and agricultural implements."8 It seemed of the bison.s Other uses of the bison include the people had finally achieved their "homeland skin for robes, hair for lining or stuffing, horns free from the incursion." for spoons and ladles, bones for arrow-making The next important legislation that affected tools, teeth for ornamentation, large intestines as the Lakota/Dakota/Nakota people was the pas­ containers, and dung as fuel. Unfortunately, as sage of the Homestead Act of 1862. This act al­ setrlers, gold seekers, railroads, and others moved lowed for any person who was head of a family, west, the buffalo migrations were forever altered. at least twenty-one years of age, and a citizen of Setrlers and white hunters killed thousands of the the United States to make claim on one quarter bison, leading to their near extinction. According section of land (160 acres). But this seemingly to Marshall, by the year 1900, "there were prob­ innocuous act became increasingly important in ably less than fifty bison south of the forty-eighth later years when surplus reservation lands--acres parallel, or the border between Canada and the left over after each person received his or her 160 United States. Without the bison, my ancestors acres-were sold to the United States government lost a literal and figurative source of strength."6 at a reduced rate. The government in turn sold As the United States expanded westward, the surplus lands to homesteaders, thus bringing negotiating treaties with the numerous Indian about a phenomenon known in Indian country nations to acquire land became a cornerstone as "checkerboarding," the intermixing of allotted of expansionist policy. Frank Pommersheim suc­ land and surplus land, creating a noncontiguous cinctly described this process: "The Indians usu­ land base for the tribe.9 ally agreed to make peace and cede land-often vast amounts of it-to the federal government in THE TREATIES exchange for a cessation of hostilities, the provi­ sion of some services, and, most important, the The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 was in many establishment and recognition of a homeland ways the qUintessential negotiation between the free from the incursion of both the state and U.S. government and the Brule, Oglala, Minicon­ non-Indian settlers."7 Even without the buffalo, jou, Yanktonai, Hunkpapa, Blackfeet, Cuthead, the land was still essential to Native identities, Two Kettle, Sans Arc, and Santee bands of Sioux. culture, and survival. In discussing the Indian Peace Commission of The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 figures prom­ 1867 -68, Kerry Oman detailed the significant ac­ inently in the establishment of the Great Sioux complishment of the commission in not only in Reservation. Signed on September 17, 1851, this bringing together the various tribes and govern­ treaty reinforced the premise of peaceful rela­ ment officials but also in securing an end to hos­ tions and the desire to end hostilities between tilities in the Great Plains. "Their efforts helped Indian tribes on one side and white settlers end Red Cloud's War upon the Northern Plains, and the U.S. military on the other. Notably, the and, as a result of their reports and recommen­ treaty further delineated the boundaries for the dations, they greatly influenced federal Indian newly established Great Sioux Reservation: the policy." 10 Missouri River, Platte River, Powder River, and Signed on April 29, 1868, the treaty's Article Heart River. This massive expanse ofland totaled 2 reestablished the Great Sioux Reservation about 60 million acres. The Indian nations were as identified in the first Fort Laramie Treaty of to select principals or head chiefs, and for those 1851. Once again, the government, motivated DIMINISHMENT OF THE GREAT SIOUX RESERVATION 239 • ABERDEEN AREA OFFICE USDI·B IA STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA SERVICE AREA Aberdee n Arta GI S 07·24·97 Customer Service Area S ae Ihu hO\Jded by ESII BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS Ad"B, DmbHf mms MAP 1. Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs. by westward expansion and the desire to acquire poor soils, where even subsistence gardens fail in land, was compelled to negotiate with the Lakota many years. "14 Article 11 directed that the Indian in large part due to the successful raids conduct­ tribes withdraw all opposition to the construction ed by Red Cloud and Crazy Horse along the Boz­ of railroads then being built in the Plains, per­ eman Trail. This period of conflict was known mit the peaceful construction of any railroad not as "Red Cloud's War."ll Oman underscores the passing over their reservation, withdraw all op­ magnitude of this tumultuous period saying that position to the construction of the railroad built "For the only time in history, the u.s. army was along the Platte River, and withdraw all opposi­ giving in to the demands of a 'hostile' Indian tion to the military posts and roads established leader."12 Ironically, it was both Red Cloud (Ogla­ south of the North Platte River. Finally, Article la) and Spotted Tail (Brule) who did eventually 16 declared the country north of the North Platte sign the 1868 treatyY River and east of the summits of the Big Horn While the treaty contained several historically Mountains to be unceded Indian territory, where important provisions, those that affected land
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