COAST GUARD TRANSFORMATION? COMPARATIVE MODELS AND LESSONS
“Penguatan Sistem Keamanan Laut di Indonesia” Indonesia Ocean Justice Initiative, Jakarta, 5 June 2020
Evan A. Laksmana, Ph.D. | Senior researcher Centre for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Jakarta, Indonesia https://evanlaksmana.com | @EvanLaksmana | [email protected] OUTLINE
• Maritime policy landscape • Coast Guard transformation models • Policy suggestions for Indonesia Maritime governance Maritime security complexity Navy-Coast Guard nexus structure
Sole agency Navy Maritime Law Enforcement • UK, Ireland, Iceland or New Zealand Agencies -Wartime - Sea control - Peacetime - Sovereignty and Dual agency warfare - Maritime security operations • United States, Japan, South Korea, Sweden - Domestic law Multiple agency • China (pre-2013), Italy, Indonesia, Philipines
Source: Christian Bueger, “What is Maritime Security?”, Marine Policy (2015) Adapted from Ian Bowers and Collin Koh, Grey and White Hulls (2019)
UNPACKING THE MARITIME POLICY LANDSCAPE Number of Authority NAVY OR COAST GUARD? Sole Agency Coast Guard Navy
Platform • Thinner hull more • Thicker hull constructed vulnerable to high to withstand high- kinetic attacks kinetic attacks • Lightly armed with • Full array of armaments, deck-mounted machine radar, and guns communications Dual • Less expensive • More expensive Agency Resources Personnel • Customs, border patrol, • Weapons officers, fisheries, and counter- navigators, and narcotics commanders • Trained to enforce • Trained to prosecute maritime laws war operations Rules of Use-of-force doctrine; Rules-of-engagement engagement graduated actions to exert doctrine; minimum force to compel lethal, highly kinetic actions compliance against combatants Multiple Legal Enforce domestic and Defend national rationale international maritime sovereignty and Agency laws and conventions citizens from external attack or aggression
Source: Lyle Morris, Blunt Defenders of Sovereignty: The Rise of Coast Guards in East and Southeast Asia (2017) Agencies Unified Lead agency Unified concept Command China Anti-Smuggling Bureau (ASB), China China Coast China Coast ”Maritime Great Power” RISE OF THE Maritime Police Bureau (CMPB), China Guard Guard (but Maritime Surveillance (CMS), Fisheries (2013 civilian under close PLAN “Three Decisions Plan” WHITE HULLS Law Enforcement Command (FLEC), SOA, 2018 military cooperation) and Maritime Safety Administration under PAP) (MSA)
Japan Japan Coast Guard (2000), Japan Japan Coast Japan Coast “Manual For Joint • Coast Guard Transformation? Maritime Self-Defense Force, Japan Guard Guard (backed Strategies concerning Ground Self-Defense Force by JMSDF) Suspicious Boats” • Operation-led, Bureaucratic-led? • “Combined Operation UNCLOS and EEZ management Manual” • China: South Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN), Korea Korea Coast Partnership? “Korean Maritime • “quasi-militarized” response to disputed Korea Coast Guard (KCG) Guard Power” waters “One National Fleet” • IUU fishing activities Australia Australian Border Force, Australian Maritime Border Partnership “Maritime Powers Act” • Regional “coast guard arms race” in Defence Force, Australian Fisheries Command Indo-Pacific Management Authority, Australian Federal Police, and Australian Maritime • Maritime security challenges Safety Authority • Tr adit ional and non-traditional Singapore Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN), RSN Coastal Partnership “National Maritime Police Coast Guard (PCG), Immigration Command, (but RSN Security System” and Checkpoints Authority, Port Maritime Security central?) Authority of Singapore, Singapore Ta s k Fo rc e Customs (MSTF) Navy and Maritime Maritime Force BAKAMLA Security Policy BAKAMLA Bureaucratic Command expansion partnership Council
Joint Joint training operational Coordinated MLE-focus but and exercises and joint wartime- Operational doctrine with with Navy patrols support Navy Regional Domestic maritime network transformation governance transformation Minilateral Bilateral Coast Capacity Regional Coast Coast Guard Guard strategic building and International Guard forums cooperation partnership partnership Organizational, operational, and technological Presidential transformation Regulation on Merging of Common “Omnibus other civilian understanding Legal Law”? Maritime agencies of UNCLOS Command
Domestic naval Offshore Patrol Domestic Regional Te c h n o l o g i c a l shipyards Vessels patrol crafts collaboration
POLICY SUGGESTIONS AHEAD THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME AND ATTENTION!