Un-Governed and Un-Governable Spaces: Corruption and its Impact on Good Governance in the Threats to Democracy and National Security in Caribbean Jamaica Henderson P. Patrick George Benson The United Nations Law of the Sea Conventions Preventing Violent Extremism in the Caribbean (UNCLOS) and its Impact on the Traditional Maritime Francesca Caonero and Pernille Rasmussen Powers Operations in the Caribbean Wilbert Kirton Citizen Insecurity in Trinidad and Tobago and the Applicability of the Concept of the Mafia State Global Warming and Climate Change in the Caribbean Dianne Williams Pat Paterson Warring on Domestic Soil: Military versus Police Venezuela’s “9-Dash-Line” in the Caribbean Missions in Jamaica R. Evan Ellis. Valeen Calder Systemic Challenges in Law Enforcement: Examining the Social Context of Misconduct and Criminal Behavior within the Police Service of Trinidad and Tobago Netty-Ann Gordon ISBN: 978-0-9913377-1-2Contemporary Security and Defense Issues in the Caribbean 2016 1 Front Cover: A U.S. Army National Guard soldier holds the ensign of the United States alongside standard bearers of other nations during the Tradewinds 2015 exercise. A number of armies from Caribbean nations also participate in the Conference of the American Armies. Photo credit: Wimbish, Michael D CIV USSOUTHCOM/SC-CC (L) The opinions in this report are of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, the National Defense University, or the U.S. Department of Defense. The editors extend their sincere appreciation to the graphic designer Vivian Edwards for her help designing and assembling the book, and to the Perry Center research assistants Liliana Besosa, Sarah Albanesi, and Caroline Armstrong. ISBN: 978-0-9913377-1-2 2 Contemporary Security and Defense Issues in the Caribbean 2016 Contemporary Security and Defense Issues in the Caribbean Editors: Pat Paterson and Walter Earle August 2016 Contemporary Security and Defense Issues in the Caribbean 2016 1 Table of Contents Foreword: William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Studies Mark Wilkins, Director ..........................................................................................3 Un-Governed and Un-Governable Spaces: Threats to Democracy and National Security in Jamaica George Benson....................................................................................................... 9 Preventing Violent Extremism in the Caribbean Francesca Caonero and Pernille Rasmussen........................................................39 Citizen Insecurity in Trinidad and Tobago and the Applicability of the Concept of the Mafia State Dianne Williams....................................................................................................63 Warring on Domestic Soil: Military versus Police Missions in Jamaica Valeen Calder.........................................................................................................83 Systemic Challenges in Law Enforcement: Examining the Social Context of Misconduct and Criminal Behavior within the Police Service of Trinidad and Tobago Netty-Ann Gordon.................................................................................................99 Corruption and its Impact on Good Governance in the Caribbean Henderson P. Patrick...........................................................................................123 The United Nations Law of the Sea Conventions (UNCLOS) and its Impact on the Traditional Maritime Powers Operations in the Caribbean Wilbert Kirton......................................................................................................137 Global Warming and Climate Change in the Caribbean Pat Paterson........................................................................................................157 Venezuela’s “9-Dash-Line” in the Caribbean R. Evan Ellis........................................................................................................177 2 Contemporary Security and Defense Issues in the Caribbean 2016 Foreword The Caribbean is often overshadowed by other problems in the Western Hemisphere. To some degree, this is understandable. Drug-fueled violence from organized crime and local gangs have made Central America and Mexico some of the most dangerous places in the world. Remnants of communist insurgents continue to plague Colombia and Peru. Corruption charges threaten to unseat the President of Brazil as they have in Guatemala. Warming temperatures threaten the potable water sources for millions in Peru, Colombia, and Bolivia. But this is not to understate the problems in the Caribbean. Organized crime, Haitian and Jamaican gangs, a surge in drug trafficking, all-too-frequent hurri- canes and earthquakes, and a steady flow of arms and migrants elevate the level of urgency to crisis stages in Caribbean nations. In many ways, conditions in the Ca- ribbean are even more dire than in other parts of the Americas. The security forces in most Caribbean nations number in the hundreds, not the tens of thousands as in neighboring Latin American nations. The institutional capacity of the governments of many Caribbean countries is still developing. In this sense, organized crime ac- tivities can potentially overwhelm the forces of Caribbean nations much faster and deeper than they can in larger Central or South American countries. The Perry Center has assembled a collection of essays regarding the contem- porary security and defense challenges that face Caribbean nations. The essays ex- amine a myriad of complex threats: corruption, loss of control of sovereign territo- ry, organized crime activities, gangs, and drug trafficking. The essays also address problems that frequently don’t generate as much attention as the violent activities of criminal groups: global warming, border disputes, and maritime boundaries. These are not new threats. The 2013 CARICOM Crime and Security Strat- egy addresses all of these problems as either Tier 1 (immediate threat), Tier 2 (substantial threat), Tier 3 (significant risk), or Tier 4 (future risk). Nor are these problems unique to the Caribbean. Organized crime activities are present on every continent and in nearly every country in the world regardless of wealth, popula- tion, or geographic location. Wherever there is a market opportunity for illegal Contemporary Security and Defense Issues in the Caribbean 2016 3 goods and a lack of state presence, organized crime will fill the vacuum. When coupled with poverty, unemployment, lack of social and economic mobility, and weak institutions, the problem is even more amplified. Our first chapter addresses the ungoverned spaces that affect many coun- tries. Major George Benson, an adjunct professor at the Perry Center, examines the political garrisons in cities like Kingston that have fallen under the control of political factions or gangs. Other countries or territories have similar problems. In some neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince, Haiti or San Juan, Puerto Rico, crime groups have seized control of entire sections of the cities, rendering them off limits to security forces. This represents the loss of control of the territory of sovereign states. Organized crime groups manage these areas as sanctuaries and with nearly total impunity, a state within a state. In response, security forces often have to launch operations to retake these areas, at great risk to themselves. In the second chapter, Francesca Caonero and Pernille Rasmussen, both United Nations staffers with extensive and diverse experiences, examine what may be the second-most urgent problem in Caribbean nations: the potential return of violent extremists from the Middle East. As the former Commander of the U.S. Southern Command General John Kelly said in Congressional testimony, scores of Muslim jihadists who have learned lethal tactics in Syria and Iraq may return to their home states intent on carrying out attacks like those experienced in Paris and Brussels recently. The third essay by Dr. Dianne Williams, a Perry Center graduate and a pro- fessor at the University of the West Indies at the St. Augustine Campus in Trinidad and Tobago, addresses citizen security in her home state of Trinidad and Tobago. A criminologist by training, Dr. Williams examines the levels of crime and homicide on the islands, an area that has historically been besieged by violence fueled by drug trafficking. With a boom in recent coca cultivation in Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago may suffer from the violent consequences of increased cocaine trafficking through the country in the next year or two. Valeen Calder, author of “Warring on Domestic Soil,” the fourth chapter in our collection, is a deputy police superintendent in the Jamaican Constabulary Force. Calder, another graduate the Perry Center’s Caribbean Defense and Se- 4 Contemporary Security and Defense Issues in the Caribbean 2016 curity Course (CDSC), has a direct perspective on security sector reform efforts in Jamaica. Like many countries in the hemisphere, the amount of violence in Jamaica have reached levels that overwhelm the capacity of the police forces. The Jamaican Defense Force (JDF) has been ordered to the streets to support police op- erations. The Jamaican Defense Forces’ raid on the Tivoli Gardens neighborhood in May 2010 is one example of this. Seventy-three civilians and four policemen or soldiers were killed in the operation to arrest drug lord Christopher “Dudus” Coke. The next article addresses police misconduct in Trinidad and