Grey and White Hulls Ian Bowers · Swee Lean Collin Koh Editors Grey and White Hulls An International Analysis of the Navy-Coastguard Nexus Editors Ian Bowers Swee Lean Collin Koh Royal Danish Defence College S. Rajaratnam School of International Copenhagen, Denmark Studies Nanyang Technological University Singapore ISBN 978-981-13-9241-2 ISBN 978-981-13-9242-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9242-9 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Cover image: © PJF Military Collection/Alamy Stock Photo This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The idea for this volume was born out of a two-day workshop held in Singapore in November 2016. The workshop, titled Navies, Coast Guards, The Maritime Community and International Stability, brought together academics and practitioners from Europe, Asia, and Australia. It revealed a substantial diversity in international approaches to the navy- coast guard nexus and highlighted the need for an in-depth examina- tion of the subject. The editors would frst like to thank the Norwegian Embassy in Beijing. Without their fnancial support, the workshop and this volume would not have been possible. We would also like to thank the participants and invited guests of this workshop for their input and ideas. Professor Geoffrey Till and Jo Inge Bekkevold deserve particular praise for their support and guidance. Equally, we would like to thank the event organisers at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies for their efforts in making the workshop possible. Finally, the editors would like to thank the team at Palgrave Macmillan for guiding this pro- ject through the publication process. v CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 Ian Bowers and Swee Lean Collin Koh Part I Northeast Asia 2 Integrating the China Coast Guard with the PLA Navy 17 Anguang Zheng 3 The JMSDF and JCG: Toward Cooperation and Contribution 37 Takuya Shimodaira 4 Establishing a Maritime Security Joint-Force Partnership Between the Republic of Korea Navy and the Korea Coast Guard 55 Sukjoon Yoon vii viii CONTENTS Part II Southeast Asia 5 Navy-Coast Guard Emerging Nexus: The Case of Vietnam 73 Truong-Minh Vu and The Phuong Nguyen 6 Singapore’s Maritime Security Approach 95 Swee Lean Collin Koh 7 The Navy-Coast Guard Nexus and the Nature of Indonesian Maritime Security Governance 109 Muhamad Arif Part III Europe 8 Arctic Coast Guards: Managing New Challenges? 135 Andreas Østhagen 9 Ensuring Security in the Mediterranean Sea: The Italian Navy and Coast Guard 159 Alessandra Giada Dibenedetto 10 Russia’s Navy-Coastguard Nexus 181 Ingvill Moe Elgsaas and Liv Karin Parnemo Part IV North and South America 11 The United States 203 Jonathan G. Odom 12 Ready to Secure: A Sea Control Perspective on Canadian Fisheries Enforcement 223 Timothy Choi CONTENTS ix 13 The Navy-Coast Guard Nexus in Argentina: Lost in Democratization? 245 Nicole Jenne and María Lourdes Puente Olivera 14 Conclusion 271 Swee Lean Collin Koh and Ian Bowers Index 281 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Muhamad Arif is a researcher at The Habibie Center’s ASEAN Studies Program. He is also a lecturer at the Universitas Indonesia, co-teaching courses on the Revolution in Military Affairs, the Evolution of International Security Thoughts, and Indonesian Defence Strategy. Arif was a program offcer for Defence and Security Studies at PACIVIS- Center for Global Civil Society Studies and graduate student research assistant at the RSIS’ Malaysia Programme. Ian Bowers is an associate professor at the Institute for Strategy, Royal Danish Defence College. His research focuses on sea power, coercion, Asian security and military technology. He is the author of The Modernization of the Republic of Korea Navy: Seapower, Strategy and Politics (Palgrave, 2019). He has published in international peer- reviewed journals including the Naval War College Review, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, and The Journal of Strategic Studies. He holds a Ph.D. in War Studies from King’s College London. Timothy Choi is a doctoral candidate at the University of Calgary’s Centre for Military, Security and Strategic Studies, as well as a research fellow with the Centre for the Study of Security and Development at Dalhousie University. Funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, his doctoral dissertation examines the nature and character of sea power as part of the modern maritime strat- egies of countries with small navies during peacetime; his case studies xi xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS involve the maritime services of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. In 2017–2018, he was the Smith Richardson predoctoral fellow in mar- itime, naval, and strategic studies at Yale University’s International Security Studies unit. Alessandra Giada Dibenedetto is currently an analyst at the Defence and Security desk of the Center of International Studies (Ce.S.I.) in Rome. Previously, she worked with the Research Division of the NATO Defense College where she was involved in many projects such as con- tributing to research papers and reports, organizing conferences and briefng the public. Ms. Dibenedetto graduated from King’s College, London, where she completed a Master’s program in Intelligence and International Security. Her dissertation analyzed the limitations of the EUNAVFOR Operation Sophia in the Southern-Central Mediterranean Sea. She holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Political Science and a Master’s Degree in International Relations both obtained from LUISS Guido Carli University, Rome. Her areas of interest, have been translated into a number of publications, include military affairs, maritime and border security, EU-NATO cooperation and European security. Ingvill Moe Elgsaas is a senior fellow at the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies (IFS) in Oslo. She holds a Ph.D. in political science from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, an M.Phil. in Russian and East European Studies from the University of Oxford, and a B.A. in Russian studies from the University of Bergen. Her research combines her background in Russian studies with a keen interest in the Arctic/High North and security studies. Dr. Elgsaas previously worked for the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment and has been with the IFS since 2014. Her current research focuses on emergency pre- paredness in the Russian Arctic with particular attention paid to Arctic counterterrorism. Nicole Jenne is an assistant professor at the Pontifcia Universidad Católica de Chile, Institute of Political Science, and an associated researcher at the Center of International Studies (CEI). She holds a Ph.D. in International Relations from the European University Institute (EUI), Florence. Nicole’s research and teaching interests are in the areas of International Relations and international security, especially regional security. NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii Swee Lean Collin Koh is a research fellow at the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, a constituent unit of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS). He holds a Ph.D. from Nanyang Technological University. His research focuses on maritime security and naval affairs in the Indo-Pacifc, focusing on Southeast Asia in particular. The Phuong Nguyen is a Masters candidate at the Institute of East Asia Studies, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany where he focuses on Southeast Asian defense and regional security and strategy. He has published several commentaries on The Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative and The Diplomat. Jonathan G. Odom is judge advocate (i.e., licensed attorney) in the U.S. Navy. Currently, he serves as a Military Professor of International Law at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies (Germany), where his principal areas of research and teaching are public international law, international territorial-maritime disputes, and mari- time security. Andreas Østhagen is a research fellow at the Fridtjof Nansen Institute in Oslo, Norway (2017–). He is also a Ph.D. candidate at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in Vancouver (2015–), and a senior fellow and leadership Group member at The Arctic Institute in Washington, DC (2011–). Previously, Andreas worked for the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies (IFS) in Oslo (2014–2017), and at the North Norway European Offce in Brussels (2010–2014). Liv Karin Parnemo has over 12 years of experience working as an advi- sor and senior advisor on security policy with the Norwegian Armed Forces and has also worked as a researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Defense Studies (IFS) in Oslo. Her area of expertise encompasses Russian foreign and security policy. She is currently a senior advisor at the Department of Long-term Planning and Defence Policy at the Norwegian Ministry of Defense.