■ Better Education for Better Democracies ■ Launch of the Council of Europe Toolkit ■■ Czech Chairmanship conference FREE TO SPEAK ■ providing Language Support for SAFE TO LEARN ■■ Common European ■ Recommendation on the Recognition of the Committee of Ministers EDUCATION “One child, one teacher, one book and one pen Democratic Schools for All Launch of the Adult Refugees – Strasbourg 2019 ■■ Launch of the Free to speak – Safe of Qualification held by Refugees, High-level conference on ■■ Launch of the 5th medium-term can change the world.” Malala Yousafzai Framework of Reference for ★ to learn Campaign – Oslo Languages – Companion Displaced Persons and Persons ■■ Learning to live together – Conference Competences for Democratic ★Standing Conference of programme of the ECML “Languages Europe faces new global challenges such as the rise of populism ■ ■■ Strengthening Democratic Culture in a Refugee-like Situation by on the Future of Citizenship and Human Culture – Prague ministers of education – Brussels at the heart of learning” – Graz : Gettyimages, iStock, Shutterstock 2009 ■ Launch of the Council of Europe Volume with new descriptors DEPARTMENT in Basic Education in Turkey the Lisbon Recognition Convention Rights Education in Europe – Strasbourg and radicalism, the refugee crisis and terrorist threats. The PREMS 152518 – Photos Reference Framework of as a complement to the existing ■■ Cyprus Chairmanship conference Declaration of the ministers of education ■■ The Education Department increasingly dominant presence of social media in young people’s (3-year joint EU/CoE programme) Committee – Strasbourg ■■ Launch of the A Council of Europe education campaign Competences for Democratic CEFR at the Conference: Building ■■ Global Forum on Higher Education of the Committee of Ministers that set the priority of the Council of restructured into two parts – lives and the mainstream use of new technologies in schools www.coe.int/free-to-speak-safe-to-learn 1 offer unexpected challenges to students and teachers alike. These Education Portal Culture at the Danish Chairmanship Inclusive Societies through Enriching ■■ A project in Kosovo to foster ■■ Launch of the project establishing for Diversity, Social Inclusion, High-level conference on Europe to strengthen, in and through Policy and Co-operation and TIMELINE for Online conference of the Committee Plurilingual and Pluricultural multilingualism starts (2-year the European Qualification and Community: A Democratic Securing Democracy through education, the culture of democracy Capacity Building – to reinforce include the questioning of expertise and basic facts, illustrated by terms such as “alternative facts” and “fake news”. The Education Learning of Ministers – Copenhagen Education – Strasbourg project, voluntary contribution) Passport for Refugees – Athens Imperative – LUMSA University, Rome Education – Nicosia Council of Europe Ministers of Education, Brussels – 12 April 2016 for new generations in Europe support to member states Department thus focuses its priorities on these challenges.

EDUCATION FOR DEMOCRACY 20 20 20 20 19 18 17 16

■■ Regional inclusive education in ■■ High-Level Conference organised ■ South East Europe ■ PREMS 181117 (three-year, by the Andorran Chairmanship of The Council of Europe co-chairs Education plays an essential role in the promotion of the core values of the Council of Legal instruments ■ Europe: democracy, human rights and the rule of law, as well as in the prevention of ■ Recommendation CM/ ■ human rights violations. More generally, education is increasingly seen as a defence ■ 3rd Intergovernmental Conference: Quality in the against the rise of violence, racism, extremism, xenophobia, discrimination and intoler- ance. This growing awareness is reflected in the adoption of the Council of Europe joint EU/CoE Programme) the Committee of Ministers entitled the work on Structural Reforms ■■ Recommendation CM/Rec(2011)6 Charter on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education (EDC/ ■■ Intergovernmental Policy Forum: HRE) by the Organisation’s 47 member states in the framework of Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)7. The Charter was developed over a period of several years as a result Rec(2014)5 of the ■ of wide-ranging consultations and is non-binding. It will be an important reference linguistic integration of adult migrants (LIAM): ■ Conference entitled Human Rights and Democracy in Action – point for all those dealing with citizenship and human rights education. It will hopefully ■ ■ ■ provide a focus and catalyst for action in the member states, as well as a way of dis- ■ Promoting Human Rights and ■ Launch of the ETINED Platform Committee of Ministers ■■ Democratic and Competences for Democratic within the European Higher ■ Generation Democracy on of the Committee of Ministers to seminating good practice and raising standards throughout Europe and beyond. The right of learners to quality Democratic Citizenship Education promoting Ethics, transparency and from value to policy and practice – Strasbourg Culture and Intercultural Looking Ahead: The impact of the CoE Charter on Education for Education Area (until 2015) Education for Democratic member states on intercultural and equity in education – to member states Inclusive School Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights Education – Strasbourg ❂❂Charter on in six Eastern partnership countries integrity in education and working ■■ High-level conference under the Austrian presidency Dialogue: A Political Challenge Citizenship in Turkey (four-year dialogue and the image of the Council of Europe Charter the role of language and on the importance Culture in Operation ■■ Launch of the 4th medium- on Education for Democratic Citizenship Education for (three-year joint EU/CoE Programme) to counter education fraud – Prague of the Council of Europe: Quality education and and Values – Andorra la Vella ■■ Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)13 of the Committee of Ministers joint EU/CoE programme) other in history teaching and Human Rights Education intercultural skills – Geneva www.coe.int of competences in (DISCO) launched for term programme of the Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)7 Democratic Citizenship The Council of Europe has 47 member states, covering virtually the entire continent and explanatory memorandum language competences for 21st century society: ensuring quality education of Europe. It seeks to develop common democratic and legal principles based on the to member states on European Convention on Human Rights and other reference texts on the protection ■■ strengthen ■■ the language(s) of ■■ Learning through ■■ ■■ Reimagining of individuals. Ever since it was founded in 1949, in the aftermath of the Second ■■ the Platform of First national programme to Intergovernmental Conference: all 50 signatures to the Intergovernmental Conference ECML: Recommendation CM/ Global Forum on World War, the Council of Europe has symbolised reconciliation. and Human Launch of traditions, challenges, and visions – Graz integrity and combat corruption The language dimension in all schooling for equity and Culture Convention and on Quality and inclusion in ■■ Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)7 of the Committee of Ministers languages – Promoting Rec(2011)2 of the Committee of Democratic Societies: A New ISBN 978-92-871-6898-6 Rights Education Resources and References for ■ Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)7 and explanatory memorandum in higher education in Armenia subjects: equity and quality quality in education and ■ Higher Education for Democratic education: the unique role of the responsibility of public authorities inclusive, plurilingual and Era of Personal and Social http://book.coe.int Plurilingual and Intercultural Global Forum on continues today (joint to member States on Ministers to member states on € (Recommendation 8/US$16 (three-year, joint EU/CoE Programme) in education – Strasbourg for educational success Innovation – Queen’s University Belfast EU/CoE Programme) languages – Strasbourg for academic freedom and institutional autonomy intercultural education – Graz validating migrants’ skills Responsibility? – University of Oslo Council of Europe Publishing CM/Rec (2010)7) Education – Strasbourg 20 20 20 20 20 20 15 14 13 12 11 10

■■ Launch of the 3rd medium- ■■ Year of Citizenship through Education term programme of the ECML: ■■ The Responsibility of Higher Education for From East-West integration to North-South co-operation ■ ■ 2009 ■■ Recommendation CM/ ■ Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)7 of the Committee of Empowering language ■ Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)6 of the Committee a Democratic Culture – Strasbourg -- The year 2005 was an opportunity for the “I do not like the expression “duty of remembrance”. Ministers to member states on the use of the CoE Common professionals – Graz of Ministers to member states on the public Council of Europe to put forward all the The only “duty” we have is to teach and pass on.” Simone Veil Rec(2008)10 of the Committee ■■ Launch of Project on Linguistic Integration of Adult Migrants of Ministers to member European Framework of Reference for Languages ■■ Global Forum on Converging responsibility for higher education and research ■■ The Council of Europe co-chairs work that was accomplished on education 1999 Responding to increasingly multicultural societies, the Council of Europe provided support states on improving access (CEFR) and the promotion of plurilingualism Competences: Diversity, ■■ Follow-up intergovernmental Conference: the work on qualifications ■■ Intergovernmental Conference: Languages of for democratic citizenship since 1997 for better social integration and cohesion, and intercultural understanding through of migrants and persons ■■ Recommendation CM/Rec(2008)4 of the Committee of Ministers Higher Education, and Languages of schooling within a European frameworks within the Schooling: towards a Framework for Europe -- Many events were organised throughout the educational and cultural action. Co-operation and capacity-building programmes of immigrant background to member states on strengthening the integration of Sustainable Democracy framework for languages of education: European Higher Education ■■ Recommendation 1740 (2006) on the place of year in different member states according in Education were launched more broadly to advice newer member states. to employment children of migrants and of immigrant background – Strasbourg learning, teaching, assessment – Prague Area (until 2012) the mother tongue in school education to each country’s priorities in EDC 20 20 20 20 08 07 06 05

HIGHER EDUCATION HIGHER EDUCATION FOR DIVERSITY, SOCIAL INCLUSION AND COMMUNITY FOR DIVERSITY, SOCIAL INCLUSION Over the past decade or so, our societies have been facing increasing difficulties in reconciling acceptance of diversity and AND COMMUNITY ■ ■■ social inclusion with the need for community. The search for simple ■ Adoption of the Recommendation on the Recognition of Joint European Year of Languages Campaign (EYL) solutions to complex problems, the fact that “fake news” and ■ “alternative facts” are no longer seen as nonsensical expressions, A democratic imperative ■ Recommendation Rec(2001)15 of the Committee our responses to migration and the “refugee crisis”, and the growth of populism in many parts of Europe present challenges to our societies, and not least to education. Degrees by the Lisbon Recognition Convention Committee Authors from Europe, North America and South Africa outline ■■ Declaration on the 50th Anniversary of the founding of the Council of Europe how higher education could respond to these challenges. The -- This year-long event had a major impact on public awareness of Ministers to member states on history first section makes a strong case for the continuing importance ■ of higher education and research to modern society. The second ■ Council of Europe joins the Bologna Follow-Up Group focuses on higher education institutions and the need for inclusive and diverse campuses. The third section considers opportunities to improve the inclusion of refugees and immigrants in higher ■■ Launching Conference of the European Year and served as a platform for the launch of strategic projects teaching in twenty-first-century Europe education. Whereas the focus in Europe is mostly on refugees, in ■ the United States it is largely on immigrants, further accentuated ■■ Intensive support for education ■ Recommendation No. R (2000) 10 -- To celebrate its 50th anniversary, the Committee of Ministers adopted a by the debate on the Dreamers. and becomes a key contributor to the development of of Citizenship through Education – Sofia and higher education reforms in -- It also served to establish the European Day of Languages, ■■ Adoption of the Recommendation on Criteria of the Committee of Ministers the European Higher Education Area (Bologna Process) declaration and a programme on education for democratic citizenship. PREMS 034918 ENG ■■ Launch of the Council of Europe Higher Education Bosnia and Herzegovina starts celebrated every year since 2001 on September 26th and Procedures for the Assessment of Foreign to member states on codes of The declaration strengthened the primary purpose of the Council of The Council of Europe is the continent’s leading Council of Europe human rights organisation. It comprises 47 member ■ Higher Education ■ International states, 28 of which are members of the European Adoption of the Recommendation on Union. All Council of Europe member states have Series No. 22 signed up to the European Convention on Human Rights, a treaty designed to protect human rights, Series – 23 books published by the mid-2019 Qualifications and Periods of Study by the conduct for public officials Europe to promote cultures based on human rights and democracy democracy and the rule of law. The European Court ■ of Human Rights oversees the implementation ■ Conference on Language Policy: -- Launch of two flagship instruments for language education: Access Qualificationby the Lisbon Recognition of the Convention in the member states.

http://book.coe.int Lisbon Recognition Convention Committee ISBN 978-92-871-8592-1 ■ ■ ■ €30/US$60 ■ Launch of the 2nd medium-term programme of the Language, Diversity, Citizenship: The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages ■ Launch of the 1st medium-term Convention Committee, at its first meeting ■ Intergovernmental Conference: Linguistic Diversity for 9 789287 185921 ECML: Languages for social cohesion – Graz Policies for Plurilingualism in Europe (CEFR) and the European Language Portfolio (ELP) ■■ Montenegro, Serbia programme of the ECML following the entry into force of this Convention Democratic Citizenship in Europe – Innsbruck 20 20 20 20 19 04 02 01 00 99 official texts events European Cultural Convention 1. All references to Kosovo*, whether to the territory, institutions or population, in this text shall be understood in full compliance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 and without prejudice to the status of Kosovo. Post Cold War, an Opening to the East ■■ Conference on Language learning for a new Europe EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MODERN LANGUAGES 1999 “Preventing conflicts is the work of politics; establishing peace is the work of education.” Maria Montessori ■■ Recommendation No. R (98) 6 to member ■■ The Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in ❂❂European Social Charter: This period was marked by rapid enlargement of the Council of Europe and by the expansion of states concerning modern languages the European Region (Lisbon Recognition Convention) adopted and opened for ratification Council of Europe treaty that guarantees fundamental social and ■■ European Centre for Modern Languages programmes through the participation of the new member states from central and eastern Europe. ■■ Resolution (98) 11 confirmingthe on 11 April 1997; entered into force with the 5th ratification on 1 February 1999 economic rights as a counterpart to the European Convention on (ECML) established in Graz, Austria 1989 Twenty additional states thus became parties to the European Cultural Convention. continuation of the European -- The Lisbon Recognition Convention is a milestone of the work engaged by the Council of Human Rights, which refers to civil and political rights. It guarantees is responsible for the promotion of innovative approaches It also saw the development of what were to become two Council of Europe flagship initiatives: the Common Centre for Modern Languages Europe shortly after its creation. It aims to facilitate the recognition of qualifications a broad range of everyday human rights related to employment, CENTRE EUROPEEN POUR to the learning and teaching of languages and to for European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, and Assessment, and the Lisbon Recognition ■■ Recommendation No. R (98) 3 to member granted in one state party in another state party to the convention housing, health, education, social protection and welfare ■■ North LES LANGUES VIVANTES the implementation of effective language policies Convention, the sole legal framework for the recognition of qualifications in Europe, developed jointly with UNESCO. states on access to higher education ■■ Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia ■■ Andorra Macedonia ■■ Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Monaco, Ukraine 19 19 19 19 19 98 97 96 95 94

1989 Building on Successes ■■ The Legislative Reform Programme in higher education is launched to “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can advise newer member states on the reform of their higher education legislation; use to change the world.” Nelson Mandela it is an early example of a co-operation and capacity-building project 1979 ■■ Bulgaria, ■■ Czech In the years leading to the end of the Cold War, the Education programme ■■ Recommendation No. R ■■ The project on Access to Higher Education in Europe was a part of the Council of Europe’s Romania, Republic, deepened the projects previously launched and focused its education policy on the (82) 18 of the Committee of ■■ Launch of the Language regular work programme in education and culture, within the European Cultural Convention Russian Slovak integration of migrants through language education and adult education. Ministers to the member states learning and teaching for ■■ Croatia ■■ Albania, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia Federation Republic ■■ Hungary, Poland ■■ San Marino concerning modern languages communication programme ■■ Liechtenstein 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 93 92 91 90 89 86 82 81 79

1979 Modernisation and Recovering from Recession “Mutual Knowledge and Recognition” ■ ■■ Transfer of “It’s a universal law – intolerance is the first sign of an inadequate education. ■■ Resolution (69) 2 adopted by the Ministers’ “The function of education is to teach one to think intensively ■ Third Conference of Ministers of Education: Intensified Modern Language ■■ Launch of the firstModern teaching of modern languages – Roma the Western An ill-educated person behaves with arrogant impatience, whereas ■■ European Convention Deputies on an 1969 and to think critically. Intelligence plus character – that 1969 truly profound education breeds humility.” Alexander Solzhenitsyn Teaching Programme For Europe Languages Project to European on the Legal Status of is the goal of true education.”” Martin Luther King encourage international ■■ Resolution No. 2 Establishment of the Council ■■ Second Conference of Ministers Union’s culture Migrant Workers ■■ Launch of a scholarship system for teachers for Cultural Co-operation (CDCC)2 – 21 states of Education – Hamburg Following the political and cultural changes around 1968 and the 1973 economic 1959 Shortly after the ratification of the European Cultural Convention, ■■ Protocol to the European co-operation on the use and education recession, the Council of Europe focused on developing common grounds in education initiated by the Council of Europe in co- of audio-visual methods – which adopted the teaching of modern ■■ Resolution No. 6 on the activities to concerned with the principal operation with the German authorities this decade saw the launch of the first operational education policy Convention on the Equivalence of languages as one of its major projects and giving more importance to youth and the media. Adult and migrant education aspects of the legal situation programmes. Most notably the idea of the necessity of language Diplomas leading to Admission and the development of expansion and improvement the Council was an early focus, as a response to the successive waves of labour migrations from ■ ■■ ■■ learning was present from the outset in the Council of Europe’s work. ■ applied linguistics ■■ Greece, Switzerland of modern language teaching of Europe eastern and southern Europe and according to the principle of lifelong learning. of migrant workers ■ Portugal Finland Cyprus ■ Malta to Universities (ETS No. 49) 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 77 76 70 69 66 64 63 62 61 60

The First Years: “Reconciliation” ❂ 1959 ❂European Cultural Convention “Those that fail to learn from history are doomed to repeat it.” Winston Churchill ■■ A key text that has remained the Education Department’s lodestone for over 60 years: From the very beginning, intergovernmental co-operation in the field of education -- encourage the study, by its own nationals, of the languages, history ■■ European Convention on the Equivalence of Diplomas 1949 was an important goal for the Council of Europe. This was confirmed with the ■■ European Convention on the and civilisation of the other contracting parties and grant facilities to leading to Admission to Universities (ETS No. 15) 1954 European Cultural Convention, which provided the basis for the Council of Academic Recognition of University ■■ First Intergovernmental ■■ Belgium, Denmark, France, German, those parties to promote such studies in its territory; and ■■ First conference on the European Idea in Europe’s Education programme. In many cases, newer member states also acceded ■■ Iceland, to the European Cultural Convention before becoming members of the Council of Qualifications (ETS No. 32) Conference on European Co- Luxembourg, Ireland, United Kingdom -- endeavour to promote the study of its language or languages, history and History Teaching – Calw (Germany) Europe; this was particularly the case with the countries acceding after 1990. ■■ 1st session of the Standing Conference operation in Language Teaching Netherlands, ■■ European Convention on the Equivalence of civilisation in the territory of the other contracting parties and grant facilities -- Early aim of the Council of Europe to eliminate ■■ Resolution (52) 17 on history Creation of the of Ministers of Education – The Hague ■■ Austria, Sweden ■■ Italy, Spain, Turkey Norway Periods of University Study (ETS No. 21) to the nationals of those Parties to pursue such studies in its territory stereotypes and prejudice from history teaching and geography textbooks Council of Europe

Winston Churchill, Consultative Assembly (former Parliamentary 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 Assembly of the Council of Europe), 1949, Strasbourg 59 58 57 56 55 54 53 52 49 official texts events European Cultural Convention