Infrastructure As Public Art: Additional Value and Identity of Landscape

NUMERO 7 - dicembre 2014 Milos Stipcic Architect, graduated from the University of Belgrade and a PhD candidate at Polytech- nic University of Catalonia. His research is about public spaces and infrastructure. He worked in several architectural and urban design studios in Barcelona and Belgrade. He held lectures on different universities (UPC, Belgrade University and Trinity College - Barcelona) and participated in international conferences. Infrastrutture come Occasione di Arte Pubblica per la Valorizzazione e l’Identità del Paesaggio Infrastructure as Public Art: Additional Value and Identity of Landscape Questo articolo esplora la complessità nella compren- This article explores complexity of conceptualization of sione delle infrastrutture di trasporto come elementi po- transport infrastructure as an affirmative element of sitivi del paesaggio urbano mediante processi progettua- urban landscape, through design process which li che uniscono specifiche qualità ed eccellenza estetica amalgamates distinctive qualities and aesthetic excel- con le relative caratteristiche d’operatività e d’uso. Que- lence with its operational and serviceable character. sto studio è tratta dall’esempio del sistema tramviario di The study is exemplified through case of tram system Strasburgo e consiste di quattro parti. La prima descrive in Strasbourg and it consists out of four parts. First part la sinergia tra tram moderni come strategia di mobilità describes synergy between modern trams as mobi- e il rinnovo dello spazio pubblico come parte di quella lity strategy and a renewal of public space as a part of stessa strategia. La seconda parte è una struttura teo- that comprehensive strategy. Second part is a theore- rica e riflette sul rapporto tra le infrastrutture e il senso tical framework and reflects about relationship betwe- dei luoghi. La terza è l’analisi di tre nodi intermodali la en infrastructure and sense of the place. Third part is Parole chiave: paesaggio urbano, spazio pubblico, cui comune caratteristica è l’unità con il relativo paesag- analysis of three representative intermodal nodes with infrastrutture di trasporto, strategie di mobilità, arte gio urbanistico. L’ultima parte sintetizza i parametri del the quality of an assemblage within their urban landsca- pubblica. progetto e l’uso che l’autore ne fa per la concezione di pes. The last part summarizes the indicators of design Keywords: Urban landscape, public space, transport questi progetti. and author’s position applied to conceive these projects. infrastructure, mobility strategies, public art http://in_bo.unibo.it NUMERO 7 - dicembre 2014 Infrastructure as Public Art M. Stipcic SINERGY BETWEEN LANDSCAPE DESIGN monplaces of contemporary mobility design trend of designing infrastructure as an object, AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MODERN TRAM are urban interventions alongside infrastruc- piece of architecture or even urban landmark1. SYSTEM ture with an objective to integrate transport In the last few years we see increasingly fre- into urban context, beautify the area, ease the quent attempts to re-design transport public Infrastructure and urban context access, increase operationally, give identity to space and give it civic character. Urban landscapes of contemporary cities are public space, generate new use. Up to which point and under which circumstan- largely shaped by transportation infrastructu- Treatment of infrastructure as multidiscipli- ces infrastructure, as a functional and inevita- re, which becomes pivotal element and inte- nary project with greater involvement of ar- ble aspect of urban environment, can become racts with city by generating movement, incre- chitects, landscape architects or artist, recon- its affirmative element, giving it new signifi- asing accessibility or influencing real estate sideration of the strict ‘form follows function’ cance and additional value? Initial assertion capacity. As cities are highly dependent upon concept catalyzed by modernistic movement, is that multidisciplinary collaboration during movement of people mobility becomes inextri- relinquishment of rigorous zoning based on mobility design could generate new landscape cable part of urbanization and infrastructure, division between transport areas and other and establish new connections between infra- as a public investment, presents a good op- functions, gradually leads to transition from structure and landscape by exceeding usual portunity to influence the inhabited urban lan- over-engineered infrastructure typical for the functional requirements of infrastructure tre- dscape and create better environment1. Com- second half of 20th century to contemporary ating it as an artifact of monumental, sculptu- http://in_bo.unibo.it 136 M. Stipcic NUMERO 7 - dicembre 2014 Infrastructure as Public Art M. Stipcic Figures 1 & 2 - TSquare Lesseps, Barcelona (renewal 2009, arch. Albert Viaplana) Fusion of civic public space and transportation node [Previous page] Figure 1 - http://www.viaplana.com/PLACA%20LESSEPS/ index-plantilla.htm Figure 2 – by author ral and artistic value. The role of tram in European city: from tradi- derstand the history of this process. Having in mind that infrastructural objects tional to new generation trams Trams were the first public transport mode are not separated units, but fractions of lar- In the last few decades we are witnessing in- that was introduced in European city in early ger system, the idea is to critically discuss teresting process of reviving the trams, which 19th century as animal-power and rail-guided, relationship between aesthetic qualities, fun- encompasses many cities in Europe. It started first in UK and in other countries. As techno- ctionality and cost through evaluative princi- in France with Nantes (1985) then Grenoble logy was developing electric power replaced pals like contribution of these projects to their and Strasbourg and until today it spread over animals - first in Berlin in 1881 and in fol- urban context, assessment of their effective- 34 cities in France2, several Spanish cities and lowing years in other cities like Paris, Bu- ness, level of enhancement of urban landsca- many others in Europe. This wide phenome- dapest or Sarajevo. Soon trams become not pe, feasibility, artistic value, challenges and non, is not just a simple improvement of public only indispensable transport mode, but also opportunities. New generation trams in the transport, but a mobility strategy which works backbone of urbanity and the essential part context of medium size European city, parti- in synergy with other transportation strategies of urban landscape. By the beginning of 20th cularly in France, are good examples that illu- and is followed by comprehensive public spa- century tram routes were generating urban strate these ideas. ce policy, with an objective to redefine way of development, vehicles were recognizable part movement in the cities and give them back lost of city image while trams were sharing the human scale3. To understand it we have to un- same space with other participants of mobility http://in_bo.unibo.it 137 NUMERO 7 - dicembre 2014 Infrastructure as Public Art M. Stipcic [Next Page] Figure 3 – Renewal of public space in synergy with implementation of trams, Strasbourg Images by C.T.S. Strasbourg (pedestrians, bicycles and cars). gress in that time. Strasbourg - logic of its tram system, mobility As technology was progressing needs of so- Car-oriented policy seemed as progressive strategies and public space ciety were changing and urban theories were at the beginning, but through decades led to Strasbourg, with population of 270.0007, is conceiving different cities that will meet new devastation of public space in terms of loss of among largest French cities and capital of Al- conditions. Car become dominant mode of traditional and social activities of the street sace region. Rich cultural heritage and dyna- transport and principals of the Charter of with sidewalks reduced to function of com- mic history made Strasbourg to be a multicul- Athens were fully promoting this new mode munication, large parking area in the city cen- tural administrative center. Old town, located proposing, among other things, separation ters, traffic jam, noise, pollution, over-sized on river island Grande-Île, is protected by between different speed mobility modes and transportation facilities and generally loss of UNESCO as important medieval urban ensem- re-configuration of the traditional street4. After human scale5. ble. the WW2 car become symbol of the new age, Decision to re-introduce trams followed by re- Just as in other cities in France, car-oriented buses were considered to be flexible transport newal of public space and creation of new ur- urban policy of post war period led to similar mode fully compatible with cars, sharing the ban landscape was seen as a possible solution problems of public space devastation particu- same space. Trams were seen as an obstacle to these complex problems. City of Strasbourg larly in the Old town where parking and car la- and were gradually removed from the streets is a successful example of these multi-disci- nes occupied large areas. It was clear that city of almost all cities, which was a sign of pro- plinary interventions6. needed a better public transport and the city http://in_bo.unibo.it 138 M. Stipcic NUMERO 7 - dicembre 2014 Infrastructure as Public Art M. Stipcic http://in_bo.unibo.it 139 NUMERO 7 - dicembre 2014 Infrastructure as Public Art M. Stipcic [Next Page] Figure 4 – Strasbourg,

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