Shallow Water Hull Design for the Bay of Bengal Mdes Design Thesis

Home , Fishing fleet, Fishing trawler, Poop deck, Sampan

SHALLOW WATER HULL DESIGN FOR THE BAY OF BENGAL MDES DESIGN THESIS

Copyright © 2018 Muammer Salahuddin Ayub All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review.

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Mdes Design Thesis

Shallow water hull design for the Bay of Bengal

A thesis project presented to The School of Graduate Studies

Nova Scotia College of Art and Design: NSCAD University

By Muammer Salahuddin Ayub

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Design

NSCAD University Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada

April, 2018 In the sea there are countless treasures, But if you desire safety, it is on the shore.

-Saadi Acknowledgements

It is my pleasure to take the opportunity to express my sincere thanks and gratitude to Professor Rudi Meyer, my supervisor for his continuous support and guidance to my studies in Master’s course at NSCAD University. He has guided me consistently from the inception of my research proposal to its final output. He was an outstanding mentor with a rich pool of knowledge on the subject and personal attributes. It would have been a difficult task for me to completing the thesis without his guidance.

I would also like to extend my thanks and regards to the members of the thesis committee namely Prof Christo- pher Kaltenbach and Associate Prof. Michael LeBlanc for their insightful suggestions and encouragements, but also for their critical observations which provoked me to widen the scope of my research assignment.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my parents and the members of my family for supporting me emo- tionally for writing this thesis and all of the endeavors in career building. Content

1. Abstract 8

2. Introduction 10

3. Contextual Search and Review 15

4. Research Methodology 20

5. Design Research 31

6. Research Process Result 42

7. Conclusion and Discussion 60

8. Bibliography 62 List of Figures

1. Bay of Bengal, Fishermen at work. 2. Figure 1: Geo Data Map of Bangladesh 3. A fishing trawler in Bay of Bengal 4. Fishermen returning from the fishing ground, Bay of Bengal 5. Figure 2: Typical fishing boat. 6. Figure 3: Fiberglass boat by taratari Shipyard 7. Figure 4: Two bottom tralwer 8. Figure 5: Japanese fiberglass fishing trawlers 9. Figure 6: Action research framework 10. Figure 7: Mind mapping the problems 11. Figure 8: Source finding for the problem 12. Figure 9: Iteration Poster 1 13. Figure 10: Iteration poster 2 14. Figure 11: Acommon fishing trawler 15. Figure 11: A common fishing trawler 16. Figure 12: A sampan returning from the fishing ground. 17. Figure 13: A common fishing trawler in Barisal District. 18. Figure 14: A sampan boat in Bay of Bengal 19. Figure 15: A typical fishing boat with a poop deck and cabin. 20. Figure 16: Displacement hull 21. Figure 17: Hybrid hull of river based ships 22. Figure 18: Flat bottom and planning hull 23. Figure 19: Cathedral hull and V hull 24. Figure 20 : 3d perspective of proposed boat hull 25. Figure 21 : Weight distribution and center of gravity 26. Figure 22 : Technical dimension 27. Figure 23 : Fluid simulation 28. Figure 24 :3d render 29. Figure 25 : Boat terminology MDES DESIGN THESIS

Chapter 1 Abstract

Bangladesh is considered one of the most suitable regions for fisheries in the world, with the world’s largest flood-

ed wetland and the third largest aquatic biodiversity in Asia after China and India. Its coastal area is heavily used for

fishing and other economic purposes. But due to the gradual adverse effects of global warming, living conditions of

the people of this region is gradually affected.

One of the problems is the shallow waterways. Navigational waterways have been shrinking day by day. A rapid

buildup of soil sediments has narrowed different parts of the bay leading to the fishing grounds. In recent years,

heavy fishing boats have been suffering the most. This thesis deals with coastal fishing boat problems and tries to

find new ideas that can come up with potential and realistic solutions. This study also briefly highlights the evolution

of the structure and design of diverse fishing boats and their perspectives. The ideas for new structure and design of

the boats in the Bay of Bengal demands an innovative approach for wider research on the subject in order to make

the coastal fishing boat most suitable in the adverse situation. With the outcome of successful research, we would

be able to facilitate better lives for the underprivileged fishing community of coastal Bangladesh.

The research project under consideration has been an attempt to identify the navigation problem of the fishing

boats in the Bay of Bengal, and to investigate how design could improve the different aspects of navigational issues.

As a result of action research, I have been successful in a new boat design especially improved hull design.

Through the application of action research, the objectives of the thesis have gradually been achieved. Through in-

depth studies and from the direct experience of the related industries, Customized Hybrid Hull Design has been

identified and selected for creating a new design for fishing boat in the Bay of Bengal. Moreover, the intention for

development of the hull design was also for both hydrodynamics technology as well as fish harvesting purposes.

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Bay of Bengal, Fishermen at work. Photo: www.panoramabangladesh.com Titu Ayub, 2010

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Chapter 2 Introduction

Bangladesh is a small country (154,000 sq.km) with a huge population (160 million in 2016). It is located in South Asia

between India and Myanmar. Bangladesh is considered as one of the great deltas formed by the deposits of three

grand Himalayan rivers namely the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, and the Meghna, flow into the Bay of Bengal. (See figure

1). Bangladesh has been blessed with 405 rivers of which 57 are physically trans-boundary in nature mostly common

with India. The civilization and culture of this region have been developed and influenced by these rivers. The life and

livelihood of the millions of people of Bangladesh have been revolving around waters of these rivers over centuries.

On the south, there is a highly deltaic coastline of about 580 kilometers (360 miles). The territorial waters of Bangla-

desh extend 12 nautical miles (22 km), and the exclusive economic zone of the country is 200 nautical miles (370 km).

The potential fish resources in these areas are among the richest in the world. There are, however, grave alarms

surrounding the slow deterioration in the state of coastal water fish catches that have been caused by a sequence of

natural and socially made changes: global warming phenomena, slow developing economy, lack of human awareness

and lack of government initiatives. Therefore, potential Bangladeshi fishing regions are critically under challenge. The

sector is a significant means of living and source of revenue for more than 11% people of the country. If the available

resources are used sustainably and judiciously with appropriate technological support, fishing fleets would be able to

meet the protein demand and financial contribution of the mounting population of the country.

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Figure 1: Geo Data Map of Bangladesh Photo: Wikipedia.org

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The need of Bangladesh’s poor fishing fleet for effective harvesting during the fishing season includes motivation and attitudinal changes and several new innovative initiatives. There must be a change in social behavior and the enhanced knowledge about the fishing industries, along with finding a new pathway for upgrading centuries-old fishing and navigation design and technology.

Hypothesis

In recent time rising sea-beds has become a serious problem in the Bay of Bengal. According to one estimate, on an average .5% above capacity-silt deposits washed away from the seven major inland rivers to the sea-bed and the counter-pressure of global warming piling has been grown up rapidly. There is no quick solution of this massive siltation. The Bay of

Bengal is in a threatening situation for the fishermen, and they may have to stop fishing for about six to eight months in a year. Although several methods have been proposed to combat this, perhaps the most popular of them would be the simplest formula: building newly designed boats to battle these global warming issues. Other proposals include building exclusive fishing ports at the out-skirts of the Bay of Bengal and dredging of sea-beds. The action for adaptation is needed rather than thinking of combating it unrealistically. We have to think of keeping our bay clean and safe place for fishing.

Objectives of the Study

The researcher intends to achieve the following objectives: a) To understand the general problems of the fishermen with their boats fleeting in the deep sea. b) To identify the technical defects of the boat particularly relating to its design in general and hull design in particular c) To examine the past attempts at designing a suitable boat for shallow waterways and deep sea d) To figure out the appropriate technology for addressing the shallow waterways that have been caused due to sea-level rise e) To produce a new boat design suitable for the fishermen fleeting in the Bay of Bengal

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Justification of the Study

Firstly, due to the effects of Global Warming, the Bay of Bengal experiences natural disasters like cyclones, tidal surg- es and sea-level rise more frequently. To adopt the changes the sailors and fishermen need appropriate technology to face the challenges and realities. New boat building would be considered as one of the crucial elements of inter- vention.

Secondly, the some of the mighty Himalayan Rivers bring silt deposits to the Bay of Bengal that results in shallow waterways for the navigators. It is highly essential to figure out a new design for boat building that would be suitable for shallow water.

Thirdly, conventional locally made boats are not standard for operating in the changed situation. Imported boats are sometimes used by the navigators. In most cases the sailors do not have proper training and even they cannot read the foreign language in the instruction documents. So it is necessary to build the boat locally with updated design and technology.

Fourthly, most of the boat owners in Bangladesh suffer from lack of capital. They cannot invest huge amount of mon- ey for boat building. Most of them are also not educated. Due to lack of knowledge they are not properly motivated for adopting the situation. So it is essential to develop a new design for boat building with affordable cost.

Fifthly, Government rules and regulations are sometimes unfriendly for the fishermen. Besides,, conservative attitude to follow traditional pattern is another problem for bringing necessary changes. The researcher feels to support and promote the fishermen to come out from conservative attitude and adopt modern technology.

Sixthly, architectural designs of the existing boats are examples of old school practices. We need to be very progres- sive in terms of developing and adopting new architectural design for boat building.

Seventhly, sometimes foreign boats with engine and equipments are imported by the users and traders. But foreign boats are very expensive and difficult to maintain. So we need to go for production of boats locally with attractive new design.

A fishing trawler in the Bay of Bengal 13 MDES DESIGN THESIS

Fishermen returning from the fishing ground, Bay of Bengal Photo: Mahbubur Rahman

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Chapter 3 Contextual search and review

The necessity of innovation is as old as the history of human civilization. Contemporary scholars consider

innovations as the pathway for social change and adaptation thus ensuring a better society, however there

are social obstacles. Ahmed defined social innovations like the creation and use of new ideas about people

and their interactions within a social system. (Ahmed et al. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research

(2017) 7:20 Page 3 of 14 Mumford (2002). In fact, social change appears to represent a particular form of

creativity, leading to the formation of new methods and ways of social interaction (Gryskiewicz and Epstein

2000; OECD LEED Forum on Social Innovations 2000).

As fishermen and sailors are helpless to challenge most of the global warming issues, the only way to sup-

port them by designing new types of boats and that can be done by changing its weight distribution, hull

structure, and engine power. So the researcher has narrowed down the major problems and concentrated

the attention mainly to hull design and configuration of fishing trawlers and boats for traveling to the fish-

ing grounds. It needs an in-depth study on how innovative design can contribute for up-gradation of small

trawlers and fishing boats of the Bay of Bengal and that will lead to socio-economic conditions of the peo-

ple of the coastal areas. Extensive research regarding the coastal water transportation was carried out in

past years. Different steps were taken to tackle the rising silt deposit in the Bay of Bengal.

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New materials have been used to counter the weight issue of the fishing boat. Though boat weight was re-

duced, it did not have the desired effect (see fig.2). The wood they use for the boat was dense and heavy.

Though they are durable in plain waters, they are very vulnerable in the deep sea.

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) has taken the initiative with the Government

of Bangladesh for the production of fiberglass boats for inland fishing.A ( Rahim, Indian Journal of Engineer-

ing and Materials Sciences, Issue 2, 2000)

The intended boats were designed for,

and production materials were suitable for

mainly inland waters. Some of their designs

show that applying the same materials can

be used in the coastal water boats as well.

However, their idea was limited to tackling

the domestic water problems rather than

coastal issues. Figure 2: Typical fishing boat. In United Nations papers on boat designs, Photo: www.Boatdesign.net

Øyvind Gulbrandsen, (Fishing and Boat De-

sign, Issue 2, 2004), suggested some modified designs. Gulbrandsen planned for using timber and planked ply-

wood for structure building of the boat. Though the paper was published in 2004, a recent observation shows

that not even 1 percent of boats has adopted his design.

In another approach, a team of United Nations University has developed a renovated design of existing boats

for inland rivers and coastal belts. (Heads Up! Early Warning Systems for Climate-, Water- and Weather-Related

Hazards, ed. Glantz, Michael H. (Tokyo: UNU Press, 2009) Their approach focused on reconfiguring the rigidity

of the boat, changing some internal structures like stringers and ribs of to lightweight and durable materials.

Though it did not produce any radical result for the sea-going vessel, the fishermen were not unhappy with it.

The documentary titled “The Resilient Sea” is referred to the evidence.

A K Khan Group under a joint venture with the French designer Yves Marre developed the first batch of fiber-

glass fishing boats in the Sarankhola range in the Sunderbans Region of Bay of Bengal. The boat seemed to be 16 MDES DESIGN THESIS

very efficient in Inland rivers, but not suitable for the seasee ( fig. ).3 It was designed for transporting people as well as using as a lightweight fishing boat.

In another attempt, Taratari Shipyard and French NGO WATEVER also researched on a new type of fiberglass boat using jute instead of glass-reinforced plastic (GRP). The jute based boat recorded a cross-continent sail and is developing pop- ularity in Southern India, and Sri Lanka.

Traditional Domestic Approaches:

Bangladesh has 720,000 country boats used in inland rivers as well as in the ocean. Only 68,000 units can carry gross weight above 1 ton. However, most of the cargos’ transportation capacity did not ex- ceed 1.5 tons. None of the boats was powered by an engine. Fortunately recently diesel engines are Figure 3: Fiberglass boat by taratari Shipyard quickly changing the scenario of the boat industry in Photo: www.taratarishipyard.com

South Asia. However, the scope for improvement has remained unchanged. (David Hilling,Transport, and third world countries. 1996, New York Press).

Boat builders in the southern part of Bangladesh modified their hull from conical shape to flat surface to make room for diesel engines. With the help of

Swedish International Development Authority, the

Bangladesh Government took the initiative for designing of two bottom fishing boat in 1981 (see fig.

4).Their research findings show that the designs of small-scale fishing boats for the coastal area were Figure 4: Two bottom tralwer Photo: FAO, United Nations suitable. But global warming was not considered at that time.

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Their trawler design was called the “two bottom trawler.” The “two bottom trawler design” reigned for three de-

cades. As global warming is recognized as a problem, these old designed boats are now slowly becoming obsolete.

Global approaches:

Various methods have been researched and tested in global context. The Department of Ocean and Space Engineer-

ing, Graduate School of Engineering, Yokohama National University, Japan particularly studied the shallow water

problem and came up with some theoretical approaches. The term “shallow water” is used to describe a body of

water in which the boundaries are close to the ship only in the vertical direction (see fig. 5). When the water becomes

shallow, the resistance of a ship moving through it will become greater. The three-dimensional motion of the water

will approach a two-dimensional character. The pressure set up by the ship’s motion will be greater, and this extra

pressure in shallow water causes larger waves than those in deep water. In shallow water, the lengths of waves

accompanying the ship at a given speed are greater than those for the same speed in deep water. Furthermore, the

change in stream velocities past the surface of the ship when in shallow water will slightly increase the resistance.

(LEE, Yu SokTODA, Yasuyuki, The Journal of Japan Institute of Navigation 2017). The article discussed about inland ship

transport technology, and their research findings seemed to be an improvement in the specific type of hull design for

South Asia.

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Figure 5: Japanese fiberglass fishing trawlers Photo: www.iucn.org

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Chapter 4 Research Methodology

Strategies for research

As I have discussed in the previous chapter that different research for boat design has been carried out in the

past, but very little success has been achieved so far. As such, the proposed research is justified in the sense

that further innovative ideas and design would hopefully become out in order to address the emerging issues.

Research methodology

Action Research Methodology is used for addressing the discussed issues. According to this approach, re-

searchers begin with specific observation, which is used to produce generalized theories and conclusions

drawn from the research. The reason for following the Action Research approach is that small samples can

produce qualitative data. The big advantage of the researcher has been the context wherein the research

effort is carried out directly by him. However, the main weakness of the action approach is that it produces

generalized theories and conclusions based only on a small number of observations, thereby the reliability of

research results may be under question (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005).

Research method – Qualitative versus Quantitative techniques

To fulfill the objectives of the thesis, a qualitative research was conducted. The main characteristic of qual-

itative research is that it is most appropriate for small samples, while its outcomes are not measurable and

quantifiable. Its basic advantage, which also constitutes its basic difference with quantitative research, is that

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it offers a complete description and analysis of the subject, without limiting the scope of the research and the nature of participant’s responses (Collis & Hussey, 2003). Keeping the above observations under consideration the researcher has personally visited the coastal belt of the Bay of Bengal, have had wide scale dialogues with the fishermen for understanding the real problems facing by them.

The researcher has got a deep passion for developing an innovatively designed engine boat for the fisherman to make their profession easier and efficient and ultimately to improve their livelihood standard. With this end in view, the researcher has already built an alternative boat with new hull design using glass-fiber materials. The boat has been tested in the coastline of the Bay of Bengal.

The effectiveness of qualitative research is heavily based on the skills and abilities of researchers, while the outcomes may not be perceived as reliable because they mostly come from researcher’s judgments and interpreta- tions. Because it is more appropriate for small samples, it is also risky for the results of qualitative research to be perceived as reflecting the opinions of a wider population (Bell, 2005).

Research approach

The research approach that was followed in this research is Action Research. According to this approach, researchers begin with specific observation, which is used to produce generalized theories and conclusions drawn from the research (see fig. 6). The reasons for occupying the inductive approach is that it takes into account the context where research effort is active, while it is also most appropriate for small samples that produce qualitative data. However, the main weakness of the synthetic approach is that it produces generalized theories and conclusions based only on a small number of observations, thereby the reliability of research results being under question (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005).

Data collection method and tools

For this research, in-depth interviews were carried out. The interviews were informal and unstructured, whose aim was to identify participant’s perceptions, emotions, feelings, and opinions regarding the research subject.

The main advantage of informal interviews involved personal and direct contact between interviewers and

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interviewees, as well as eliminate non-response rates. However, the interviewers lack the necessary skills to successfully carry an interview (Fisher, 2005, Wilson, 2003). Sometimes unstructured interviews offer flexibility regarding the flow of the interview, thereby leaving room for generating the conclusion that was not initially meant to be derived regarding the research subject. However, there is a scope of risk that the interviews may deviate from the pre-specified research aims and objectives (Gill & Johnson, 2002).

Outlines of the Sample Questions

Some sample questions that were included in the semi-structured the questionnaire was the following:

Question 1: What is the common fishing problem regarding boat usage?

Question 2: What do you think regarding fishing problems in BOB?

Question 3: What are the common natural problems you face during fishing times?

Question 4: What do you think about the engines that are used on the fishing boat?

Question 5: Do you feel like going to fishing ground more than before?

Question 6: Do you think lightweight boats can make a difference in fishing in the Bay of Bengal?

Sample selection

The method of targeted sampling was used to develop the sample of the Research under discussion. According to this method, which belongs to the category of non-probability sampling techniques, sample members are selected by their knowledge, relationships, and expertise. (Freedman et al., 2007).

In the current study, the sample members who were selected had a special relationship with the phenomenon under inves- tigation, sufficient and relevant work experience in the field of inland and deep-sea fishing, active involvement in several tourism initiatives and partnerships. The interviewees were selected from the coastal areas fisherman and traditional boatmen of the southern part of Bangladesh. The researcher spent time on the boat and crossed a channel in the Bay.

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Data analysis

Content analysis was used to analyze the data which was gathered from informal interviews. According to Moore &

McCabe (2005), this is the type of research whereby data gathered is categorized in themes and sub-themes, to be able to be comparable. The main advantage of content analysis is that it helps in data collected being reduced and simplified, while at the same time producing results that may then measured using quantitative techniques.

Moreover, the content analysis gives the ability to researchers to structure the qualitative data collected in a way that satisfies the accomplishment of research objectives. However, human error is highly involved in content analysis, since there is the risk for researchers to misinterpret the data gathered, thereby generating false and unreliable conclusions

(Krippendorff & Bock, 2008).

Figure 6: Action research framework

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Blue Print of Research

Sl. No. Issues of Concern Blue print for Solution

Problems in waterways Many problems in waterways in Bangladesh include shallow

water, appropriate boats/vessel, natural calamities, lack of

modern technology, lack of suitable design etc. The vulnerable

people cannot fight in multifarious sectors. We can help them

by designing suitable boats for Bay of Bengal.

Shallow water ways Most of the waterways of Bangladesh have lost its

navigational suitability due to soil deposits. We need to

change the design and shape of the water vessels.

Soil sediments/deposits Due to huge deposits of sediments carried by rivers the

bed of the sea has been raising. Same thing also has been

happening in the inland rivers. There is no easy solution of the

problem.

Global warming Due to the effects of global warming the sea level is being

raised. In addition, cyclone, tidal surge etc. occur frequently.

We need to adopt the consequence.

Fishing diversity There is huge potential of fishing in the Bay of Bengal. In

order to explore these resources we need to innovate the

technology for getting benefit out of it.

Old navigational equipment Except few corporate business houses most of the typical

fisherman and small passenger vessels are using old

navigational equipment. We need to upgrade with new ideas

and innovation.

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Old engines Most of boat engines are imported. Importing good is a

complex process for the general people particularly fishermen.

Sometimes they do not know the updated version or the

appropriate one for them. So we need to suggest the most

suitable one for the navigators.

Old school of design Most of the boats in Bangladesh were built on the basis of

old designs that are not suitable for changed situation. The

researcher put emphasis on this issue and struggling to

make innovation of a new design for them.

Heavy & light weight comparison Traditional boats in Bangladesh are heavy in weight due to

materials used for production. The researcher has been trying

to make such design and suggest such production materials

that will ensure light weight of the vessel.

Material & properties Timber and local material were used for traditional boat

building that was proved disadvantageous for the sailors. So

we need to use latest technology with glass-fibre as one of the

materials. Equipment selection Traditional boats are not equipped with modern equipments.

In order to make the boat more comfortable and fair we need

to use latest equipments. The researcher will try to suggest

those items. New method of construction Most of the Bangladeshi boat builders are following the

traditional methods. We need to suggest the modern

construction methods.

Load: life & death The sailors and the harvested fish and sometimes passengers

are the main factors for load of the boats. We need to

minimize the risk as well as advantage.

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Mind Map of Action Reseach

Figure 7: Mind mapping the problems

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Figure 8: Source finding for the problem

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Infographic of Action Research

Figure 9: Iteration Poster 1

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Figure 10: Iteration poster 2

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Figure 10: A common fishing trawler Photo: www.banglapedia.org

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Chapter 5 Design Research

There are two major types of boats for transportation and fishing in the Bay of Bengal. (a) Sampan Boat (see fig.11)

and the Common fishing trawler Boat (see fig.10) that primarily transports goods across the country; and (b) Ilsha

Boat the common fishing trawler. The Sampan boat inherited the characteristics of the Chinese Junk boats for sailing

in the sea for different purposes. To note

that the common fishing trawler is a heavily

modified version of the Sampan boat.

Sampan Boat

The sampan is most familiar among various

types of boats, which have been depicted

in the folklore, and literature of this coun-

try. The sampan floats on vast waves of the Figure 11: A sampan boat in Bay of Bengal sea. Such kinds of Sampan boats are seen Photo:www.trekearth.com in Chittagong and Kutubdia island. The bow

of the boat is high and curved, but the rear is straight. In case of need sails are used, sometimes a single boatman

drives it for transportation of goods. It is 5.40-6.10 meters in length and 1.40-1.55 meters in width. Once, big sampans

having 12.80 to 14.65 meters and 4.60 to 5.20 meters length and width respectively could be seen in Kutubdia region,

but those are rare now (see fig. 12). Three boatmen crew those boats, and it had triangularly shaped sails. (Bangla-

pediaorg, 2017) .

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Figure 12: A sampan returning from the fishing ground. Photo: www.taratarishipyard.com

Common Fishing Trawler

The fishing boats and trawlers dominate the mid-southern part of Bangladesh, which lies in the district Barisal,

Patuakhali and Bhola (see fig.13). In Barisal region, medium-size-boats, having 7.39-9.10 meters in length, are fre-

quently used for catching fish. It holds 3-4 boatmen. On the other hand, in Chandpur area, different kinds of boats are

seen which are used for catching fish. The length of the boat may be 9-14-11.45 meters so far. It holds 8-10 sailors. In

Chittagong, there is a considerable number of boats used for catching fish. (Banglapediaorg, 2017)

Figure 14 shows the significant types of boats used in Bangladesh for past 100 years. If we look carefully, the Bangla-

deshi trawler has been acquired from two distinct boats, which are the Roptani and the Sampan. These two boats

are the cross-hybridized version to fit the ocean-going fishing needs. The typical Bangladeshi fishing trawlers or boats

have all the distinct characteristics.

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Figure 13: A common fishing trawler in Barisal District. Photo: www.panoramabangladesh.com Titu Ayub, 2010

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Limitations of the existing fishing boats:

The fishing boats of the Bay of Bengal are typically made from locally sourced timbers. oodsW like Gewa,

Gorjon, Shundori are used. According to the boat builders, the wooden boats are usually built to be 20 meters in

length, about 4 meters wide and 3 meters high. These vessels can cater to 20 seamen working at sea for more

than 20 days. In such boats, there are two rooms, one for engine and another for storing fishing nets and food

for the crew. (Xinhuanetcom, 2018).

A typical fishing boat of the BOB has three main modules: a) The hull, b) the engine and cabin room, and

c) the poop deck (see fig.15). The hull is also used as the fishing storage area, and long-range boats have a tem-

porary cold storage system. The cabin and engine room is built as a single unit. As the engine is in the lower part

of the hull, crews have an extremely narrow and unsafe room for taking rest and sleep. A poop deck is the trade-

mark of the boats of the Bay of Bengal; it is considered as extremely hazardous and causes pollution.

Keeping in view the earlier findings, one can see from the figure 14, the bottom trawler has significant drag, deep

water draft, which interferes the fishing boat movement in shallow waters. As there is no keel beneath the cen-

terline of the hull, it makes harder to maneuver through the entrance of the rivers and ports. Thus it limits the

mobility of the fishing boats.

The Bangladesh inland river ships however successfully developed a hull to solve the shallow water problem

of inland rivers. The significant problem regarding the Inland waterways ship hull is that they are very prone to

rough water. The hull that is stable in plain waters, but in rough waters it has to get an excessive tendency to roll

sideways, causing sailors topple overboard as well as getting killed.

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Figure 14: Grounded fishing boat Photo:www.trekearth.com

Figure 15: A typical fishing boat with a poop deck and cabin. Photo: www.bangladepedia.org 35 MDES DESIGN THESIS

Lessons learned from the interviews

The researcher has interviewed as many as 10 fishermen in Kuakata and paira port area of southern Bangladesh.

The results of the interviewees are summarized below:

Firstly, the hull is not appropriately designed.

Secondly, traditional boats use local timber that is not durable and sustainable.

Thirdly, the cabin and engine room is built as a single unit. As the engine is in the lower part of the hull, crews have

an extremely narrow and unsafe room for taking rest and sleep.

Fourthly, the boats have weighed significantly and for this reason, it cannot sail in the shallow water.

Fifthly, poop deck is considered as extremely hazardous and major factors of pollution.

Sixthly, the foreign engines are expensive.

Seventhly, it has a considerable amount of costing for maintenance.

To address the above-mentioned problems, different attempts were made for hull designs. Some of them are dis-

cussed below:

Displacement Hull design

Displacement hulls are the long proved design for centuries till the 19th century. All ships were crafted with the

displacement hull. The average displacement hull remains completely in the water at all speeds. It virtually “push-

es” the water away from its bow. The water then travels down the length of the entire hull, finally leaving a wake

behind the stern. This “bow wave” creates a resistance to the hull, from which it can never escape. The length of

the wave is dictated by the length of the hull, and there is a clear relationship to the theoretical hull speed and the

boat’s waterline length (Nordhavncom, 2018). But there are considerable problems regarding displacement hull.

Boats with displacement hulls move through the water by pushing the water aside and are designed to cut through

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Figure 16: Displacement hull Photo: www.marine.ie

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the water with very little propulsion. Also, boats with displacement hulls are limited to slower speeds. The biggest

disadvantage is due to nonplanning hull form that is prone to run aground frequently.( see fig 16 )

Flat-bottom Hull

In order to address the limitations of different types of hull design, Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Corpora-

tion (BIWTC) made a hybrid hull design, which resembles semi planer and round bottom hull. Fig 20 shows that de-

cades-old ships maneuvering through shallow inland waters of Bangladesh. This ship consists of a customized design

of round bottom, flat and cathedral hull. It consists of many double, triple and quadruple deck ships. These ships are

designed to run through plain and partial rough waters. Some analysis opined that these hulls are well suited for shal-

low inland water transportation. These ships are also very safe for traveling, with only ten major accidents occurred

in 17 years (BITWC, 2018). The hull design of a BIWTC river ship has been identified as a flat and customized planning

hull. A flat-bottomed boat is a boat with a flat-bottomed, two-chined hull, which allows it to be used in shallow bodies

of water, such as rivers because it is less likely to ground. The flat hull also makes the boat more stable in calm water,

which is good for hunters and anglers (see fig. 17).

Planning Hull

On the other hand, boats with planing hulls are designed for hydro planning and glide on top of the water when

enough power is supplied. These boats may operate like displacement hulls when at rest or at slow speeds but climb

towards the surface of the water as they move faster (see fig. 17).

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Figure 17: Hybrid hull of river based ships Photo:www.bitwc.com

Figure 18: Flat bottom and planning hull Photo:www.bitwc.com

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Cathedral Hull

A cathedral hull is a shape of the hull used in modern boats, usually power-driven. It can be thought of as a kind of vesti- gial trimaran in which the center hull has two smaller side hulls which are so close to the main hull that there is no longer any open space. A cathedral hull is a Vee-bottomed boat with sponsons which extend almost as far forward as the main hull. The airspace between the hulls may be very small or nonexistent—a good example would be the classic “Boston

Whaler 13” which is nearly a flat-bottomed scow at the stern. (Wikipedia.org, 2018) (see fig. 21)

Problems with cathedral hull is, it is less stable on rough waters and slow speed.

Customized Hybrid Hull Design

Keeping the constraints of the above mentioned different hull designs the researcher has attempted to design a customized hybrid hull that will overcome the critical limitations.

The features of the proposed customized hybrid are as follows:

1) Hydrodynamic design to cruise through shallow waters.

2) Lightweight materials.

3) Improved spacing and stability.

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Figure 19: Cathedral hull and V hull Photo:www.boatdesign.net

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Chapter 6 Research Process Result

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The researcher has observed the context of the Bay of Bengal and reviewed the past attempts for building diver- sified boats for the area. I also examined the technical aspects of boat building with the theoretical concept. I have been successful in identifying the proper design concept. Once the successful design concepts were identified, the final design was brought to the execution stage of the design process. In fact, the overall structure of the fishing boat was designed by using the data and practical experience that resulted in a simplistic but effective design for fishing boats of Bangladesh. The attempts were made to customize the different types of design keeping the view that the limitations of earlier designs be avoided. Finally, it can be said this design proposal is chosen as a sustainable development model in order to improve the navigation facilities of the fishermen in the Bay of Bengal.

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Key Modules for the proposed Hull design

Figure 20 : 3d perspective of proposed boat hull

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A: Primary hull B: Secondary inverse curve for hydrodynamic lift C: secondary section for buoancy and stability D: Angled deck for stability E: Pyrmidical Cabin and control Bridge for adjustment in gravity and rolling F: Slanted Control bridge window for better navigation

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Stability

Ship stability diagram showing centre of gravity (G), centre of buoyancy (B), and metacenter (M) with ship upright and heeled over to one side. As long as the load of a ship remains stable, G is fixed. For small angles M can also be considered to be fixed, while B moves as the ship heels.

M Mass G Centre of gravity B Buoyancy

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Figure 21 : Weight distribution and center of gravity

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Dimension specifications

Figure 22 : Technical dimension

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Fluid Simulation and virtual testing

Figure 23 :Fluid Simulation and testing

The hull shape was designed to push water in certain front areas of the boat thus giving a lift in all speed conditions. The

Red line indicates that water will create the maximum force , where the yellow line indicates the slow rate of pushing and creating a nice balance so the boat will not get a extreme deadrise. Fig 23 shows the side view of the water chan- neling and displacement.

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Figure 24 : Fluid simulation

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Figure 24 :3d render

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Refer to the Fig. 20 the following designs are shown:

a) Primary hull design

b) Secondary inverse curve for hydrodynamic lift

c) Secondary hull for buoancy and stability

d) Angled deck for stability

e) Pyramid cal Cabin and control Bridge for CG adjustmen

f) Slanted Control bridge window for better navigation

Refer to the Figure 2, where stability diagram showing centre of gravity (G), centre of buoyancy (B), and meta-

centre (M) with ship upright and heeled over to one side. As long as the load of a ship remains stable, G is fixed.

For small angles M can also be considered to be fixed, while B moves as the ship heels.

Refer to Figure 23, the proposed design where the hull shape was designed with a view to push water in certain

front areas of the boat thus giving a lift in all speed conditions. The red line indicates that water will create the

maximum force, where the yellow line indicates the slow rate of pushing and creating a nice balance so the boat

will not get a extreme deadrise.

Refer to the Fig. 21 the technical dimension is shown.

Refer to the Fig. 21 : Weight distribution and center of gravity is shown.

Refer to the Fig. 23 :Fluid Simulation and testing design is shown

Refer to the Fig. 24, where 3d perspective of proposed boat hull is shown.

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The of Bay of Bengal Photo: www.panoramabangladesh.com Titu Ayub, 2010

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PARTS OF A BOAT

Perhaps the most important terms you can know as a boater are the words that identify the many different

parts and pieces that make up a boat ( see fig.17). Whether you’re asking someone to shut the door to the

head or secure a piece of gear in the aft locker, having a basic knowledge of the following boat terms will go a

long way to advancing your nautical lingo.(Boatsmartexamcom, 2017)

Ballast: Weight added to a boat to enhance stability.

Berth: A sleeping area on a boat.

Bimini: A type of folding canvas top used to shield occupants from rain and sun.

Bow: The forward end of any boat.

Bulkhead: Typically a transverse structural component in a boat that often supports a deck.

Cabin: An enclosed and protected area on a boat.

Deck: Essentially any exposed, flat exterior surface on a boat that people stand on.

Flybridge: A steering station, sometimes with a small entertaining space, built atop a boat’s cabin.

Foredeck: The forward-most deck on a boat.

Gunwale: The top edge of a boat’s hull sides.

Hardtop: A supported fiberglass or composite roof-like external structure that covers a portion of a boat.

Hatch: The cover or door that closes over any opening in a boat’s deck or cabintop.

Head: The bathroom on a boat.

Helm: The area of a boat where the steering and engine controls are located.

Hull: The physical portions of a boat that sit in the water.

Inboard Engine: An engine that is mounted inside the hull of a boat.

Mast: A vertical structure, usually made of aluminum, which supports sails on a sailboat.

Keel: The lowest portion of a boat’s hull as it sits in the water. Also, a hull appendage that improves stability.

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Outboard Engine: An engine that is generally mounted to the transom of a boat that has a self-contained engine block, transmission, and lower drive unit.

Rudder: A vertical hull appendage that controls steering.

Stern Drive: A propulsion system consisting of an inboard engine with a steerable drive system that is mounted to the transom.

Transom: The aft-most section of a boat that connects the port and starboard sections of the hull.

Waterline: The line around a boat’s hull where it intersects the water.

BOAT MEASUREMENTS

The best way to get an idea of what a boat is designed for and how it will act in the water is to take a look at some of its key measurements and specifications

Beam: The measurement of a boat’s width at its widest point.

Deadrise: The angle of a powerboat hull’s

Displacement: The weight of water displaced by a boat’s hull.

Draft: The total distance a boat penetrates the water, from waterline to keel or appendage bottom.

Dry Weight: The weight of a boat without fuel or water onboard.

Freeboard: The distance between a boat’s waterline and the top of its gunwales.

Waterline Length: The length of the hull where it intersects the water, from bow to stern.

(Boatsmartexamcom, 2017)

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Figure 25 : Boat terminology Photo: www.boatdesign.com

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Chapter 7 CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

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TThe researcher is confident to state that the objectives of the action research have been achieved to a great extent.

Firstly, the general problems of the fishermen with their boats sailing in the deep sea have been identified. Secondly, I have identified the technical defects of the boat particularly relating to its design in general and hull design in particular.

Thirdly, I have examined the past attempts at designing a suitable boat for shallow waterways and deep sea and figure out limitations of these attempts. Fourthly, I have successfully identified the appropriate technology for addressing the shallow waterways that have been caused due to silt deposit. Finally, I have produced a new boat design termed as hybrid hull design suitable for the fishermen sailing in the Bay of Bengal. Hopefully, it will resolve the longstanding problems of the fishermen and it will cause a positive impact in their lives.

However, given the amount of time and budget constraints, it has been a difficult task to make a full-scale prototype, or a one-fourth scale hull design. But after brief fluid simulation and having feedback from the sailors and fishermen of

Bangladesh, this new hull design will be proved to be very much appropriate for the situation in the present day coastal belt waterways. This hull design also includes marine electronics, such as GPS system, sonar depth system which was not mentioned due to the complexity and time limitation for prototype testing.

In conclusion, the researcher hopes that the innovative ideas of developing Hybrid Hull Design will go a long way impact- ing the history of boat industries in Bangladesh.

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Bibliography

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