LIBRARY DEPT. 01 THE ENVIRONMENT FISIIER;L3 c:7,e.RVICE 4117-‘• SIA HON ST. ANDREWS, N. FT,, .1-ER C

LfISHERIES AND MARINE SERVICE Q e, e TRANSLATION SERIES NO. 3172 eeess. \wed. 1 -

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INVESTIGATIONS OF POWER OF POLISH,P eimb,›. FISHING VESSELS. ey

BY:

IZABELLA DUNIN—KWINTA

FROM: AKAD. ROLNICZA W SZCZECINIE, (33): 1 - 97, 1973

1 2 1) 2

11- 0 -7), (-, AND MARINE SERVICE

Translation Series No.3172

Investigations of fishing power of Polish fishing vessels

by Izabella Dunin-Kwinta

eh■ Original title: Badania mocy lowczej polskich statkdw rybackich

From: Akademia Rolnicza w Szczecinie (College of Agriculture in ), (33) : 1-97, 1973

Translated by the Translation Bureau(KMA) Multilingual Services Division Department of the Secretary of State of Canada

Department of the Environment Fisheries and Marine Service Biological Station St. Andrews, N.B. 1974

166 pages typescript - OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY P r`i4 TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS

MULTILINGUAL SERVICES ï".:s.k:Tes7,e DIVISION DES SERVICES CANADA DIVISION MULTILINGUES F 317ct

TRANSLATED FROM - TRADUCTION DE INTO - EN 1Glish English

AUTHOR - AUTEUR Izabella Dunin-Kwinta

TITLE IN ENGLISH - TITRE ANGLAIS Investigations of fishing power of Polish fishing vessels

TITLE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS) TITRE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (TRANSCRIRE EN CARACTkRES ROMAINS) Badania mocy lowczej polskich statkdw rybackich

REFERENCE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE (NAME OF BOOK OR PUBLICATION) IN FULL. TRANSLITERATE FOREIGN CHARACTERS, RÉFÉRENCE EN LANGUE ÉTRANGÉRE (NOM DU LIVRE OU PUBLICATION), AU COMPLET, TRANSCRIRE EN CARACT'ERES ROMAINS. Akademia Rolnicza w Szczecinie Rozprawy Er 33

• REFERENCE IN ENGLISH - RÉFÉRENCE EN ANGLAIS College of Agriculture in Szczecin I4.1949P—Fer-4,3

PAGE NUMBERS IN ORIGINAL PUBLISHER - ÉDITEUR DATE OF PUBLICATION NUMÉROS DES PAGES DANS College of Agriculture DATE DE PUBLICATION L'ORI GINAL 1 —97 in Szczecin YEAR ISSUE NO. VOLUME NUMÉRO PLACE OF PUBLICATION ANNÉE NUMBER OF TYPED PAGES LIEU DE PUBLICATION NOMBRE DE PAGES Szczecin DACTYLOGRAPHIÉES 1973 3_3 166

REQUESTING DEPARTMENT Environment TRANSLATION BUREAU NO. 784558 MINISTÈRE-CLIENT NOTRE DOSSIER N 0

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PERSON REQUESTING Dr. G. Halliday UNEDITED TRAN5.:LATION DEMANDÉ PAR For infonruvrrzul orqy YOUR NUMBER tRADLICO I'0N REVISIE VOTRE DOSSIER NO informe.; ion sculcment

ii...."*.ATE OF REQUEST • JATE DE LA DEMANDE 'AUG 3 0 1974

S02.200-10-6 (REV. 2/68 1 7530-21-029-5333

DEPARTMENT OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE SECRÉTARIAT D'ÉTAT TRANSLATION BUREAU BUREAU DES TRADUCTIONS

MULTILINGUAL SERVICES DIVISION DES SERVICES DIVISION MULTILINGUES

CLIENT'S NO. DEPARTMENT DIVISION/BRANCH CITY NO DU CLIENT MINISTiRE DIVISION/DIRECTION VILLE Environment Fisheries and Marine Ottawa Service

BUREAU NO. LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR (INITIALS) NO DU BUREAU LANGUE TRADUCTEUR (INITIALES) 784558 Polish K.Ma. rgic o 1974

Source: Akademia Rolnicza w Szczecinie, Rozprawy, Nr. 33, Szczecin, 1973. Title: INVESTIGATIONS OF FISHING POWER OF POLISH FISHING VESSELS UNEDITM TRANSLATION By: Izabella Dunin-Kwinta For informa:i•en only ITZADUCTICN- NON REVISEE 1i-derma:ion seulement CONTENTS Page

, INTRODUCTION 5 9* A. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POLISH WITH REFERENCE TO FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FISHING POWER OF VESSELS 16 I. Trawlers 18 1. Old trawlers not typical 19 2. Steam trawlers built in . . . . 22 3. Side motor trawlers 25 4. Factory trawlers 27 5. Freezer trawlers 30 II. Drift trawlers 31 1. Drift trawlers of B-11 series 32 2. Drift trawlers of B-17 series 33

*) Numbers in the right hand margin indicate the corresponding pages in the original.

SOS-200-4 0-31

70.21 ,1P9-5 , 12

2.

Page III. Drifters 36 IV. Polish Deep- Fishing Fleet (summary). 37 V. Cutters 39 1. Characteristics of cutters in terms of length 40 2. Tonnage of cutters 43 3. Engine power 46 4. Speed of cutters 49 5. Age of cutters 52 6. Origin and types of cutters 56 - Vessels built in Poland 56 7. Shipowners 59 - State enterprises 60 - Fishing Co-operatives 60 - Private owners 62 8. Location of cutters 62 - Western coast . 62 - Central coast 63 - Eastern coast 64 9. Fishing gear used by cutters . . . 66 10. Preservation of the catch on cutters 68 11. Size of crews 69 12. Summing up 69 B. REGIONS EXPLOITED BY THE POLISH FISHING FLEET AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF VESSELS IN THESE REGIONS. 71 1. 74 2. 76 3. North-West Atlantic 79 3.

Page 4. African Shelf 81

5. Barents Sea 83

6. Summary . 83

C. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FISHING POWER OF VESSELS UNDER CONDITIONS OF SIMILAR ABUNDANCE OF FISH . 86

I. Materials and Method 86 II. Investigations of the fishing power of vessels fishing in the Baltic 93

1. Fishing power of cutters 24 m. long . 95 • a. Investigations of the fishing power (independent of fishing gear) 96 b. Investigations of the fishing power of vessels using a variety of fishing gear 101 2. Fishing power of smaller cutters 106

3. Trawlers 10 7

4. Drift trawlers 109

5. Fishing power of standard cutters 17 m.112 III. Investigation of the fishing power of vessels operating in the North Sea and the surrounding waters • • . • • 115

1. Trawlers • • • 117 - Fishing power of the old non-typical trawlers 118 - Fishing power of the motor trawlers of series B-20 118

- Fishing power of the freezer trawlers of B-23 series 122

- Fishing power of standard trawlers of B-10 and B-14 series 123

2. Drift trawlers 126 4.

Page trawlers - Fishing power of drift. ^ (independent of the fishing gear) ...... 126 trawlers - Fishing power of drift /_ in relation to the fishing gear used ...... 129

3. Drifters ...... 133 4. Cutters ...... : ...... 133 - Fishing power of vessels in the North Sea in the years 196$-1970 ...... 136 IV. Investigations of the fishing power of vessels operating in the region of West African Shelf. 140 V. Investigations of the fishing power of vessels operating in North West Atlantic ...... 145 VI. Comparison of the fishing powers of the same vessels in different waters ...... 148

CONCLUSIONS ...... 155 r BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 158 APPENDIX ...... 164 5 .

INTRODUCTION 9

A is a very complex production unit.

Recognising that fishing vessels are the most complex units, Domagala and Rebizak (1965) list four production processes, which take place on a modern independant fishing vessel. They are: fishing (catching of fish), processing, storage (preservation) and transport (distribution).

These processes are interdependent - but above all they depend on the fish catch. Consequently, the above authors call it the basic process, and the otherçare called auxilliary processes.

The production capability, as far as processing, storage and transport are concerned are relatively easy to define and were subject of numerous researches and studies.

Definition of fishing efficiency is more difficult, and the expression "fishing efficiency" is interpreted in many ways in the Polish technical literature. This is due to a number of circumstances. Each researcher can define the same phenomenon in a different way; and in addition fishing operations of vessels • - are interesting both from economical and technical aspects as well as from the biological aspect. For that reason, these Air 6 . activities are of interest to representatives of at least these three disciplines, who consider the fishing vessel from different points of view and who describe the saine naines, or who use the phenomenon often using differentsame names to describe different phenomena.

The author is interested in the operation of the fishing vessel from the biological point of view, regarding it mainly as man's instrument which can affect the fish resources.

It would be better if the Polish terminology, in the field of fisheries, were more standardized and more generally applied. Currently such integration is limited, both among different disciplines as well as in scientific circles working on related topics.

A wider discussion of terms: "fishing capability" 11 catching power" ?fishing power" (and productivity) of fishing vessel, found in the Polish literature, exceeds the limits of the present work.

Thus, I shall mention here the opinion of Niegolewski (1970) who maintains that, for estimation of economic results, for example, it is not necessary to differentiate between the concepts of potential and of actual capability of a production 7. enterprise. I consider that the above approach can be extended to the researchas such as those presented here, whose purpose is to analyze the fishing power of vessels, and which ultimately show the influence of man on the state of the resources.

On the assumption that standardization of terminology 10 will form the subject of a separate, comprehensive and collective wark, I shall limit myself only to the introduction of those concepts that I shall use myself.

am making the assumption that in the fishing operation the fishing vessel and its equipment or fishing gear form a fishing ensemble. The vessel by itself in a "strict sense" cannot carry on fishing operations; the same is true for most of the fishing gear (excepeEeveral types of gear used on the shore, completely omitted here). In certain cases, e.g. , this relationship is quite clear, in others less so, but it exists always.

Therefore, when speaking of a fishing vessel in the context of fishing operations, I shall always treat it in a wide sense, that is as a vessel operating with the aid of specific fishing gear.

1) With such an approach, I assume that fishing power of

1) The term nmoc lawcza" is an attempt to translate the term "fishing power", used in literature in the English language (Dunin-Kwinta 1964). However, the theoretical "fishing power" is close to the definition of "absolute fishing capability" of fishing gear used e.g. by Krepa and Pietkiewicz (168) or Swiniarski (1971). 8 . a fishing vessel can be expressed theoretically by the ratio of the quantity of fish caught by that vessel, to the density of fish (quantity of fish in a unit volume) in the fishing grounds. The actual determination of this theoretical ratio requires the knowledge of the quantity of fish present in the fishing grounds; this quantity, however, usually remains unknown. For this reason this theoretical ratio is not calcu- lated.

Not being able to calculate the theoretical ratio we can draw conclusions regarding the fishing power of the vessel by other methods: a) by assuming that the fishing power can be expressed 1) by the fishing efficiency of vessels operating in fishing grounds of constant or similar fish density (that is the quantity of fish in unit volume). h) by assuming that the fishing power can be expressed by the volume of water filtered (or penetrated) by the fishing gear in unit time (without considering the quantity of catch, or fish density).

The research procedure of the second assumption will not be considered here. A short outline of calculation of such values can be found in the work of Treszczew (1972).

1) Fishing efficiency is the quantity of fish caught by a vessel in a given unit of time. 9.

However, I shall discuss briefly those methods in which it is assumed that the fishing power is expressed as fish yield gained by vessels operating in conditions where fish abundance is similar (in simultaneous operations in the same place).

With this assumption the investigations are based on: a) data obtained from experiments,

b) data obtained from fishing statistics.

The two can be treated differently.

Correlation methods are widely used (e.g. Gulland 1956). 11 4 With their help it is possible to investigate the relationships between the fishing efficiencies of different vessels fishing in conditions of similar fish abundance, with the selected

technical parameters, e.g. tonnage, engine power, length, speed, age, size of crew etc.

These methods were developed in the forties and the

fifties. in the Western European countries. Keeping in mind the composition of the fleets of these countries ( a great variety of ) this was undoubtedly the most appropriate approach, which led to the discovery of many relationships.

One should remember that fishing output, (for instance for one fishing day) in addition to the abundance of fish in the fishing grounds whose variability in the method used is 10.

eliminated, depends on many factors. These factors can be combined in a very general way in the following groups: a) Specifications of fishing vessel itself: its age, static characteristics (speed, pull, menoeuvrability, sea worthiness etc.). h) Fish detection gear. In the same fishing grounds a vessel can have a different output of fish at the start of the fishing operations and different when it encounters acci- dentally a shoal of fish. c) Details of the fishing gear used: type of gear, netting material, size of ri, et eyes, size and method of prepa- ration of equipment, method of operation, auxiliary fishing gear, equipment for control amd measurement, and in case of mobile equipment, details of geometry and movement, and others. d) Factors influencing the work of the crew: their physical and psychological condition (connected among others with the duration of the expedition), financial incentive (e.g. wage scale), crew size, its skill and qualifications, its ability to work as a team etc. e) Organization of operations: these are different for a operating "individually" and different for operations in a "group" (e.g. number of ships in such a group; this is very important in encircling operations), the way in which the fleet is managed etc. f) Legal questions. In a region covered by an internatio- nal convention, in which the volume of catch for different countries is limited, the fishing output of technically identi- 11.

cal vessels sailing under different flags, can be quite different, depending on whether they are allowed to fish all species. g) The mutual interaction between the above mentioned factors, as well as the characteristics and production capa- bilities of the other processes which take place on an auto- nomous fishing vessel, and which affect the operations (for instance facilities for processing).

As can be seen, the number of factors is enormous and the influence of the individual factors can be appreciable. I shall mention a few examples only.

According to Bojanowski and Kasperek (1972) trawlers of Polish production (series B-22) under Roumanian flag achieved in 1971, on the fishing grounds of the North-West Atlantic, up to 60% inferior results compared to the same type of 12 vessel under the Polish flag. Schlundt (1964) suggests that introudction of certain changes in gear may improve catches by 22% in fishing. Owsinski (1961) cites the opinion of shipowners, that loss of time caused by imperfect trawl opera- tions can decrease fishing efficiency to 40%. Soviet researchers have shown that the uneven length of warps may cause a drop in *) catches of up to 50%.

When using correlation methods, such number of variables

*) according to Express Information 1969. 12.

considerably limits the scope of the research, since it is not possible to arrange all factors influencing fishing effi- ciency in the order of importance (for instance fish detection equipment or questions of organization).

For that reason, the author, staring in 1960 the investi- gations of the fishing efficiencies of the Polish fishing vessels, has chosen another method.

It is outlined in general terms by Beverton and Holt (1967). These authors have proposed to declare one vessel as standard and to assign to it the fishing efficiency of 1. With a unit so obtained, one can in conditions of similar abundance of fish, compare the fishing efficiency of all other vessels in relation to the fishing efficiency of the standard vessel. From the proportion so calculated, we obtain the relative 1) fishing power coefficients of all the vessels.

Such investigations of the fishing power of the Polish fishing vessels is the subject of this paper.

1) The above mentioned authors call these quantities "Relative Fishing Power Coefficients" since they are calculated in relation to a standard unit. According to the author of the present work, assuming that the fishing power of a certain vessel equals "1" (independently of the theoretical value, which may be smaller than one, since the vessel can only catch a portion of fish which are in the range of its penetration), we create a new unit of measure. By comparing other vessels with this unit we obtain information about their fishing power in these adopted units. I 13.

It was started by the author, as it was necessary to

estimate the changes in the state of the fish resources.

The volume of a catch (known as a rule) is a function of

two factors, abundance of fish and intensity of fishing. The

measure of fishing intensity in a given region is the so-called

"total fishing effort" that is the sum of the total time devoted

to fishing by all the vessels. In order to calculate such

fishing effort of various vessels and their fishing gear in

units which allow a comparison, we must first bring their

different fishing powers to a common denominator. Then one can calculate the total fishing effort in the so-called "standard units" (this being the sum of products of fishing r time and these values). Dividing the total volume of catch in any parti,cular year by the standard fishing effort, we obtain fishing efficiency, the changes in which are roughly proportio- nal to the changes in the resources from year to year.

Using the described method the author has estimated the 13 state of herring in the North Sea during the years 1953-1970 (Borlcowska-Kwinta 1967, 1971) and in a preliminary manner, the

resources of the Baltic Sea (1972). One can state, therefore, that in agreement with the original objective, the results of the investigations of the fishing power of vessels have been utilized. Separation and expansion of the subject in a separate publication was caused by the authorts conviction that these investigations may be of more general interest, both in economical and technical considerations. 1 4.

Some of these results have already been published, both in Polish (Borkowska-Kwinta 1966) as well as at meetings of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (1963, 1964 and 1970). The last was a paper at a special meeting of ICES devoted to "Measurement of Fishing Effort", which took place in Copenhagen. (This paper was accepted for publication in the regular publication of ICES, which accepted only à part of the submitted papers).

The present work consists of three sections:

A - Characteristics of the Polish fishing fleet with special reference to those factors which influence fishing power. This section describes also the equipment used.

B - Characteristics of regions exploited by the Polish fishing fleet and distribution of these vessels on the fishing grounds. A good knowledge of this subject is indispensable for correct execution of these investigations.

C - Investigations proper, of the fishing powers of the Polish fishing vessels in the conditions of similar abundance of fish.

These investigations covered all types of vessels used in the Polish fishing fleet during the last 25 years, i.e. trawlers, drift trawlers, dirfters and cutters. In the analysis made, fishing results were taken from all the bodies of water, 15. which played a major role in Polish fisheries, that is, for Baltic Sea, North Sea, the African Shelf and the North-West Atlantic.

All the investigations are based on the materials gathered over many years and in principle end with the year 1968; (the materials for later years were used only in some cases). In part I and part II the description of the deep- sea going fleet and its location (which may be of interest to the reader of a work published in 1973, independently of the investigations themselves), are based on the data of 1970 and, where possible, on the data of 1971.

Calculations of the fishing power of industrialized trawlers, which in recent years play an increasingly more important role in Polish fisheries, require modification and substantial expansion of the method. These investigations based on the materials of the recent years are continued by the author, but they are not completed and the results will not be presented here. 16

A. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POLISH FISHING FLEET WITH .15 REFERENCE TO THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FISHING POWER OF VESSELS

This section deals with certain selected characteris- tics of the vessels operating in the Polish fishing fleet, which are generally accepted as the deciding parameters describing the fishing power of the vessel; these are: tonnage, method of propulsion and engine power, length, speed and age, as well as identity of the shipowner, fishing gear used and size of crew.

The general technical specifications for the vessels used after 1961 are taken from the Polish Shipping Register and for units scrapped before that from Micinski and Kolicki (1962). Specifications of the fishing gear used come from various sources. Crew sizes are taken from Polanska (1969) and the ZGR (Union of Fishing Industries) records.

Larger vessels built in Polish shipyards in the so- called "series" are treated as whole series. The technical specifications of the vessels of the same series are repre- sented . by the limiting values (top and bottom); according to the records of the Register. gl, The scatter in some of the values may not reflect the actual differences, but may be due to errors and differences in measurements (particularly applicable to vessel speed). 1 7.

Vessel length in all instances was taken as the length L - this is the length measured at the level of the summer load waterline from the most forward point of the waterline to the axis of the rudderstock (according to the regulations for the classification and construction of the sea going vessels of PRS (Polish Shipping Register).

To indicate vessel age, the year in which it was built was recorded. In some cases, the year in which it was put in use for fishing purposes, was noted.

Tonnage of vessels. In all instances the gross register tonnage was considered - expressed in register tons RT (1 RT = approx. 2.83 m3 ).

Interpretation of tonnage of the so called indust- rialized trawlers (factory and freezer trawlers), requires special treatment. For many of these, the Registry speci- fications dealing with the register gross tonnage, are indicated by the sign V According to the signs and abbreviations used by PSR ) it is seen ‘ that it is used in cases when the vessel besides freeboard markings has also a tonnage mark. This may suggest mere formality (markings on ship's side). This is not so. For the same vessel, the gross register tonnage with the signN7 and without it are different. For example, M/T "Tasergal" has gross register tonnage of 1377 RT as registered in 1969. The 18. same vessel in the register of 1972 has C7999 RT. For the 16

sister vessels of the B - 18 series, the differences in gross tonnage, depending on whether they are provided with the tonnage sign or not, come to about 600 RT.

In the post-war period the Polish fishing fleet con- sisted of the following vessels: trawlers, drift trawlers,' drifters and cutters. Each group of these vessels will be discussed separately.

- TRAWLERS

At present the most important role in the Polish fish- ing industry is played by trawlers. These vessels constitute a very varied group. As far as the method of propulsion is concerned these are;steam trawlers and motor trawlers. As far as the technique of fishing is concerned these vessels employ mobile fishing gear (bottom trawl and mid-water trawl), which are operated from board or from stern.

To preserve the catch the trawlers can: a)salt, b)store on ice, c)freeze, d)process (to varying degree), e)consume (this refers both to commercial fish and to the by-products of processing).

Generally, all these vessels are able to employ several methods of preservation at the same time. For instance, salting 19

and storage on ice; salting and freezing; processing, freezing

and utilization, etc.

According to the Polish Shipping Register (1972) there

were 126 trawlers on December 31 1971 in the Polish fishing

fleet. In the post-war period our fleet had in addition to

the vessels operating to-day, 27 old trawlers, now withdrawn,

and 5 trawlers of Polish post-war production, which no longer

fish on a commercial scale.

These vessels will be discussed as groups in the order in which they entered into the fishing operations.

1. Non-typical old trawlers 0-

Starting in 1946 the Polish fishing fleet included trawlers of foreign construction, received after the war by

way of revendication and as supplies by UNRRA. In this way 27 trawlers entered our fleet.

These were the following vessels: (the years of the beginning and the end of operation in our fleet are given in

brackets: the data up to 1961 is taken from Micinski and Kolicki (1962) and the data for the later years have been collected by the author); Pokucie (1946-1956), Podlasie (1946-1960), Feniks ex Polesie (1946-1959), Lawica (1946-1956)., 0. Delta (1946-1956), Wega C1946-1963), Saturna (1946- 20.

1964), Jupiter (1947-1959), Saturn (1947-1962), Orion (1947- 1967), Syriusz (1947-1967), Merkury (1947-1960), Kastoria (1947-1953), Neptun (1947-1950), Neptunia (1947-1951), Uran (1948-1953), Urania (1948-1954), Wulkan (1948-1958), Wulkania 17 (1949-1958), Jowisz (1949-1961), Pluton (1950-1963), Pegaz (1950-1957), Perseusz (1950-1952), Maly Woz (1951-1962), Wielki Woz (1951-1961), Kassiopea (1951-1962), Pollux . (1952-1966).

In general these were old ships. At the time of their entry to the Polish fleet (a few of these sailed under the Polish banner before the war), four of these vessels were 30-31 years old, and another thirteen were 21-29 years old. There were only six vessels comparatively new (5 years and less). For several years these trawlers formed the core of our deep-sea fishing fleet (Fig. 1). Most of them from the moment of their return to Poland were in operation for addi- tional 10-15 years, (some even 20 years). 21. *N o . o i" vessels

Liczba etatlaw.t. 1/0 gib ' 150

130

160

110

k- eleeeeeeee e e îeîeîmee

Rys.l. Polska u dalekomorskan flota rybacka (dane na koniec kee.clego roku) Fig. 1. Polish "deep-sea going" fishing fleet • (data taken at the end of each year) From the technical point of view this was a very varied group. Mostly they were steam trawlers except for some four motor trawlers. The gross tonnage was in the range 244 RT to 597 RT. Engine power ranged from 450 HP to 1000 HP. All these trawlers were owned by PPD (Deep-sea Fishing Enterprise) "Dalmor" in Gdynia.

During the time of their service they used different types of trawl, the size of which over the years increased from 461) feet to 80 feet (more detailed data in Dunin - Kwinta (1964) ).

gemema■wee ll■■■•■■•■•■•Ile■Me+emaM••••■•■..■ 1) the number refers to the length of the bag, expressed in feet (Zebrowski 1954) 22.

2. Steam trawlers constructed in Poland 18

For the first time in 1951 trawlers built in Poland entered our fleet. These were steam vessels, produced in two series: B-10 and B-14.

Trawlers of B-10 series were built by Gdansk Shipyard. These were the following vessels (in brackets the year of entry into service is given after Micinski and Kolicki (1962)):

Rega (1951), Radunia (1952), Regalica (1954), Radomka (1954), Rawka (1954), Raba (1954), Rozoga (1955), Rudawa (1955), Bzura (1956), Biala (1956), Brynica (1956), (1956), Biebrza (1956), Brda (1956), Pradnik (1956), Poprad (1956), Przemsza (1956), Plona (1956), Wkra (1956), Leba (1957), Luzyca (1957-1964), 1) Lyna (1957).

All vessels constructed up to and including 1956, that is 19 units, entered the PPD "DALMOR" fleet in Gdynia. The gross tonnage of the first three was 613 RT 615 RT, and of the remaining 646 RT - 650 RT; engine power 1000 HP - 1220 HP. All vessels were designed to use solid fuel - coal; (in the years 1958 - 1964 they were modified for use with liquid fuel - mazout).

1) the second date is given for vessels which are no longer in our fishing fleet. 2 3.

The last three units, built in 1957, entered the PPDiUR "Odra" fleet in Swinoujscie. They were bigger in terms of tonnage (gross tonnage was 670 RT - 671 RT); and they were built to run on mazout.

Trawlers of B-lit series were constructed in the Paris Commune Memorial Shipyard in Gdynia. They were the following vessels:

Bystrzyca (1958), Wda (1958-1963), Szprotawa (1958), Wislok (1958-1964), Slupica (1958), Wierzyca (1958), Swider (1958), Skawa (1958), Sleza (1958), Skrwa (1958), Osa (1958), Obra (1959), Olawa (1959), (1959), Opawa (1959), Omulew (1959), Walsza (1959), Walpusza (1959), Welna (1959), (1959), Tanew (1959), Tysmienica (1959), Kwisa (1959), Kam- ienna (1959-1971), Nida (1959), Nurzec (1960), 0.960), Karwia (1960), Krepina (1969), Nidzica (1960), Hancza (1960), Radwa (1961).

All trawlers of B-14 series used liquid fuel mazout. They had engine power of 800 HP (only the first, , according to certain sources, possebsed an engine of 1000 HP). This vessel as well as the trawler Walpusza, in terms of tonnage, was rather similar to B-10 series (646 RT and 650 RT gross). The register tonnage of the remaining trawlers of B-14 series ranged from 673 RT - 686 RT.

Of the 32 vessels of B-14 series 1 21 units entered PPDiUR 24.

"Odra" fleet in Swinoujscie, 9 - PPDiUR "Dalmor" in Gdynia, and 2 went to PPDiUR "Gryf" in Szczecin. After 1961 "Odra" gradually transferred these vessels to PPDiUR "Gryf".

Of these 54 trawlers (counting vessels of the two similar series B-10 and B-14, sometimes referred to as "super-trawlers"), the majority is in operation up to this day, while two of these vessels sunk, and two were transferred to marine schools.

All these vessels carry out fishing operations from the side-deck. According to Dunin-Kwinta (1964), in the years 1953-1956, they used 72 ft. hemp trawls. In 1957-1959 they used 80 ft. hemp trawls. In 1960-1961 they changed over to stylon trawls of the same size. During 1961-1962 "Odra" introduced a new 90 ft. trawl (designed by W. Burawa) on some of its vessels. Starting in 1963 this trawl has been used commonly.

In 1965 these vessels were fishing in the region of traul / 1) the Norwegian Gully using pelagic pair- OK- 40/35 x 4 - .

According to Schleppnetz's Catalogue (1968) and according to Klosinski and Pruffer (1968), on the fishing

1) the number before the dash signifies length of bag, the number after the dash signifies one half of the perimeter of mouth (both lengths given in meters). 2 5.

grounds of the North Sea and the surrounding waters, as well as in the region of Georges Bank, herring fishing is performed by Using herring bottom trawl 26/30. In the Labrador region these vessels also use cod trawl 26/30.

The trawlers of B-10 and B-14 series are in principle best adapted for salting the fish in barrels. A part of catch from the last days of fishing from the near-water fishing grounds can also be preserved on ice. They have 28 crew members.

3. Side motor trawlers

In the years 1961-1962 the Paris Commune Memorial Ship- toN1 yard in Gdynia produced a new series of trawlers. These were the motor trawlers of B-20 series.

The following ships were used for commercial exploitation (year of construction given in brackets after PRS):

Mamry (1961), Miedwie (1961), Mielno (1961), Morag (1961), Morskie Oko (1961), Wicko (1961), Wigry (1961), Wieczno (1961), Gardno (1962), Goplo (1962), Jamno (1962), Jasien (1962), Sejno (1962), Szczytno (1962), Sniardwy (1962).

All these vessels joined the PPDiUR fleet "Odra" in Swinoujscie ("Wieczno" was transferred to MIR in 1966). 26.

Technically it was a very uniform series. The gross tonnage was 797 RT and engine power 1375 HP.

Trawlers of B-20 series carry out fishing operations from the side deck. They use the following fishing gear: in the region of the North Sea and the adjacent waters of Georges Bank and periodically on the African Shelf they use bottom trawl 28/32 for herring and mackerel. For white fish in the Labrador region they use bottom trawl 26/30. (According to Schleppnetz Catalogue (1968) and Klosinski and Pruffer (1.968).

The catch can be salted and part of it frozen i on the trawlers of B-20 series. These vessels represent a transition 20 in the Polish from the conventional fleet (which would include the already mentioned steam trawlers) to the modern industrialized fleet.

Like steam trawlers these vessels perform fishing oper- ations from the side only, but they are far superior as far as preservation processes are concerned (they have facilities for partial freezing of the catch). Their crews consist of 32 members.

The vessels produced later: factory - trawlers and freezer - trawlers which belong to the so-called industrialized fleet, now completely modern. 2 7.

4. Factory-trawlers

All factory trawlers are motor-driven vessels, performing all fishing operations from the stem. These

vessels were built in the following series: B-15, B-18 , B-22, B-418.

Trayllersof_LnUsjurs were built in the Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk. These are the following vessels (in brackets year of construction after PRS): Dalmor (1959), Kastor (1960), Uran (1960), Neptun (1961), Pegaz (1961), Feniks (1963), Jowisz (1963), Jupiter (1963), Andromeda (1964), Merkury (1964), Virgo (1964), Antilia (1965), General Rachimow Lid (1965), Apus (1966), Aries (1966), Auriga (1966), Centaurus (1966), Cetus (1966), Columba (1967), Crater (1967), Cygnus (1967).

All 21 vessels belong to PPDiUR "Dalmor" in Gdynia. Their tonna:ge ranges from 2794 RT to 2892 RT gross; length ranges from 77.95 m. to 78.7 m., engine power 2400 HP, speed 12.5 knots. Direct drive through variable-pitch propeller.

These vessels, in the region of Labrador fishing grounds, Newfoundland and occasionally in Greenland use

cé4 IPSOÈ't Of the sources describ e -. trawlers of B-18 series as "freezer-trawler". I have adopted the nomenclature • 1.1 after the Polish Ship Registry. 28. bottom trawls for white fish; 26/30 and 30/36. In the fishing grounds of Georges Bank they employ herring trawl 33/37 and 38/37. Data according to Schleppnetz Catalogue (1968) and Klosinski and Pruffer (1968). Crew 102 members.

Trawlers of B-18 series were built in the Paris Commune Memorial Shipyard in Gdynia. These are the following vessels:

Finwal (1964), Foka (1964), Orkan (1964), Pletwal (1964), Homar (1965), Langusta (1966), Narwal (1967), Kaszalot (1968).

Vessels belonging to this series have gross tonnage of 3096 RT 2) length from 81.81 to 82.04 m. and speed of 14 knots. All these trawlers are epuipped with engines of 2250 HP. Direct drive through variable-pitch propeller. All are owned by PPDiUR 21 "Odra".

These vessels during the years under investigation were using the following fishing equipment: on the fishing grounds of the African Shelf and on Georges Bank, herring bottom trawl 33/37 and 38/37; for white fish bottom trawls 26/30 and 30/36. In addition, beginning in 1966, pelagic trawls 42/55 x 37/36 came into use.

2) In the Registry of 1969, for the last three vessels; In the Registry of 1972 the tonnage ranges from 2478 _ 2476 RT gross for all trawlers of B-18 series. 29.

(According to Schleppnetz Catalogue - 1968; Burawa, Czajka - 1968, Czajka, Burawa 1968; Klosinski, Pruffer 1968). There are 88 crew members.

Trawlers of B-22 series like trawlers of B-15 series were built in Gdansk, in Lenin Shipyard. These are the following vessels:

Cari a (1967), Libra (1967), Lacerta (1968), Lyra (1968), Lepus (1969).

All trawlers of B-22 series belong to PPDiUR "Dalmor". Their registered gross tonnage: from 2645 RT to 2693 RT 1) . àmr All vessels of almost identical length 83.70 to 83.71 m. Engine power 2500 HP, speed 13 knots.

Trawlers of B-41.8 series the first factory-trawler of this series was built in 1970 in the Paris Commune Memorial Shipyard in Gdansk.

This vessel is known as "Kalmar". Its gross tonnage is 2498 RT, length 85.38, engine power 2700 HP, attains speed of 14.5 knots. It was turned over to PPDiUR "Odra" in Swinoujscie.

1) In the Registry of 1969 - for the first of the series Air (Cari a) gross tonnage of 3196 RT was given (see comment re vessels of B-18 series). 30.

At the end of 1971 there were already 4 trawlers of B-418 series in the fleet. The number of crew members - 76.

5. Freezer-trawlers

Freezer-trawlers built by the Paris Commune Memorial Shipyards in Gdynia are currently employed in the Polish fishing fleet. They were built in two series: B-23 and B-29.

These craft are smaller than factory-trawlers. Like factory-trawlers, all these vessels are motor driven and fishing operations are done from the stern.

(Psi Trawlers of B-23 series are as follows:

Barwena (1963), Granik (1963), Albakora (1963), Barakuda (1963), Barbata (1963), Belona (1963), Dorada (1963), Murena (1964), Ramada (1964), Tarpon (1964-1965), Tasergal (1964)) Konger (1965).

At first, seven of the above - mentioned vessels belonged to the PPDiUR "Odra", and the remaining four to PPDiUR "Gryf". In 1971 one was transferred from "Gryf" to "Odra". • Trawlers of B-23 series have a registered gross tonnage 31.

1) of 1374 RT to 1377 RT . The length is very uniform for the whole series - 63.83 m. to 63.84 m. All have the same engine power 1600» - HP, speed 13.5 to 14 knots. Drive through gearing with variable-pitch propeller.

11m19.x.1..212_21..w. are as follows: 22

Laskara (l968), Likodyn (1968), Lodowik (1968), Kanaryjka (1968), Kantar (1968), Kniazik (1969), Kolen (1969), Korwin (1969), Kulbin (1969), Likomur (1969), Lutjan (1969).

All eleven freezer-trawlers of B-29 series belong to PPDJUR "Gryfn in Szczecin.

Technically they represent a very uniform group: gross tonnage 1479 RT - 1485 RT, length 71.53 m. - 71.94 m., engine power 2500 HP, speed 14.5 knots.

II - DRIFT TRAWLERS

A new type of vessel was introduced to our fleet in 1951. They were drift trawlers built by the North Shipyard in Gdansk.

1) The Registry of 1972 - for five of these vessels records the tonnage of 999 - 1008 RT. 32.

The drift trawlers were vessels of a particular construction. They were designed for "universality": they possessed facilities for fishing by means of trawls (like trawlers) and by means of drift-nets (like drifters), however adaptation for trawling was rather more emphasized; (according to Grzywaczewski et al (1959) these vessels should have been called trawleriidrifters).

This construction was supposed to enable drift-trawlers to perforai spring operations for cod in the Baltic, and for the remaining period to fish for herring in the North Sea. This was because in these waters the trawling seasons (for cod) and drifting seasons (for herring) were alternating.

All drift-trawlers were motor driven. For fish preservation they were adapted for salting the fish in barrels.

They were constructed in two series: B-11 (in:years 1951-1953) and B-17 (1955-1957).

1. Drift trawlers of B-11 series

The following vessels were built in B-11 series (in brackets are given the years of construction and withdrawal from fishing operations, if applicable): 33.

Kulik (1951-1961), Kania (1951-1969), Kaczor ( 1951-1969), Kwiczol (1951-1970), Kos (1952-1961), Drozd (1952-1972), 1) Drop (1952-1971), Dudek (1952-1971), Derkacz (1952-1970), Dzieciol (1952-1971), Ozajka (1952-1972), Czubatka (1952-1955), Cietrzew (1952-1957), Czapla (1952-1957), Cyranka (1952-1956), Birkut (1952-1953), Bak (1952-1971), Bekas (1952-1971), Blotniak (1952-1971), Bocian (1953-1971), Skowronek (1953-1965), Sikora (1953-1971), Slowik (1953-1963), Szpak (1953), Sowa

(1953 - 1971), Sojka (1953-1971), Pelikan (1953-1964), Pingwin (1953-1965), Puchacz (1953-1962), Puszczyk (1953), Perkoz (1953-1971).

The drift-trawlers of B-11 series had gross registered 23 tonnage of 153 RT to 175 RT, length of about 30 m., engine power of 300 HP, where first 14 vessels were fitted with JUNE MUNKTELL engines, and the rest with BUCKAU WOLF engines. Speed reached by the drift-trawlers ranged between 8 and 9 knots.

After 1962 some of these vessels were remodelled and equipped with 400 HP engines.

2. Drift trawlers c111:12_peries

Drift trawlers of B-17 series include the following vessels:

1) _At the time of completion of these materials, that is in November 1971, vessels marked with this sign were intended for scrapping in 1972. 34. • Mewa (1955-1972) , Maskonar (1955-1971), Marabut (1955-1971), Myszolow (1955-1971), Makolagwa (1955-1969), Mornel (1952-1972) Mazurek (1955-1963), Mysikrolik (1952-1972) , Jaskolka (1956-1971), Jastrzab (1956), Jarzabek (1956), Jemiolucha (1956-1972) , Gil (1956-1972) , Gluszec (1956-1965), Gawron (1956-1971), Golab (1956-1972) , Rybitwa (1956-1971), Rybolow (1956-1971), Raszka ( 1956 ), Rarog (1957-1971), Rokietniczka (1957-1971), Zieba (1957-1971)) Zuraw (1957-1970), Zimorodek (1957-1970), Zolna (1957-1970).

These trawlers were slightly bigger than drift trawlers of B-11 series. Their gross tonnage ranged from 183 RT to 185 RT, length of about 32 m. (vessels of this series are sometimes referred to as "stretched"). For the total number of 26 drift trawlers of B-17 series 22 have 300 HP BUCKAU WOLF engines, and the remaining four 390 HP "MAK" engines.

In practise all drift trawlers have proved to be not too successful. They behaved poorly at sea, particularly in terms of stability, (four vessels sunk).

From the point of view of operation, their universal character did not produce the expected results; even though they were able to fish both with trawls and drift-nets, nevertheless, their fishing performance was lower than that of the vessels specialised in one of these methods (drifters and trawlers). 35.

The history of these vessels in our fishing industry was full of variety. Of 57 vessels built (counting both series) one was transferred to other use, only after one year. (This was the vessel "Birkut" transferred to the Sea Fishing Institute and converted into a research ship). Currently that is about twenty years after construction of the first drift trawler, only five vessels are still used for fishing 1) ; four vessels, as mentioned before, sunk; 20 were scrapped; 14 were sold abroad, and 13 were converted for other purposes (training, research, control and aux- iliary vessels; one was converted into a sailing yacht).

Of the drift trawlers withdrawn from the Polish fleet, 9 vessels operated for less than 10 years; eleven from 11 to 14 years; twenty nine vessels from 15 to 19 years and only two were used as fishing vessels for 20 years.

During the time of their employment Polish drift trawlers were owned by several different owners: up to 1953 all belonged to PPD "Dalmor" in Gdynia. In the follow- ing years they became a property of PPDiUR "Odra" in Swinoujscie. In 1958 and 1959 they were taken over by PPDiUR "Gryf" in Szczecin, and in 1969-1970 two vessels were trans- ferred to PPDiUR "SZKUNER" in Wladyslawowo.

I) According to Kalinowski and Wenski (1972) at the present moment there are only 2 drift trawlers of B-17 series used as fishing vessels. 36.

r\ • The drift trawlers used different type of fishing gear. Up to 1960 they only used bottom trawl and drift nets; later on they started to use also a pelagic trawl.

Initially, of the bottom trawls only hemp trawls were used: in early years 46 ft. trawls (some vessels used these until 1956), in the interim years 54 ft. trawls were used, and later on the 63 ft. trawl came into use (introduced in 1955).

After 1960, steelon trawls begun to be used; at first they were of the same dimensions (that is 63 feet), but after 1962 72 ft. trawls were , also used (Dunin Kwinta - 1964). There are 19 crew members in drift trawlers.

III - DRIFTERS

After the war 3 drifters also returned to Poland; these vessels were intended exclusively for use with drift nets.

Vessels of this type played an important role in the Polish pre-war herring fishing operations in the North Sea. At the outbreak of the war, Polish fishing fleet

ee* possessed 20 vessels of this type (Ropelewski - 1963). 37.

Three of them came back in 1949. They were: "Korab I", "Korab II" and "Delfin II".

All were built in 1938 in foreign shipyards. Their tonnage ranged from 253 BRT to 262 BRT, length from 35.2 m. to 37.6 m., engine power from 330 to 350 HP.

In fishing operations carried out after the war the drifters played a very small role. Our shipyards did not start construction of this type of vessel. For twelve years, that is up to 1961, their number remained unchanged (three units). Only two drifters were left by 1962, one in 1963 and in 1964 there were no drifters in our fleet.

IV - POLISH DEEP.;SEA FISHING FLEET (conclusions)

The structure of our deep-sea fishing fleet is in Fig. 1. As can be seen, the fleet composition given underwent numerous changes during the 25 year period under study.

For a few years after the war it was made up exclusively of vessels built outside the country: 3 8.

steam trawlers (as old as 40 years) and drifters which were in use for about 25 years.

After 1951 the first vessels built in Poland come

into use. They are steam trawlers (series B-10 and B-14) and drift trawlers (series B-11 and B-17).

At the beginning of the sixties we are beginning to build motor trawlers; partially (B-20) or completely industrialized. These are factory trawlers (B-15, B-18, B-22, B-418) and freezer trawlers (B-23, and B-29). .

At the end of the sixties and beginning of the (.1* seventies, the fleet of drift trawlers is almost completely withdrawn; these vessels, as a rule, operated for less than 20 years. From that point, our only deep-sea going vessels are the trawlers. The so-called "Conventional" trawlers (side trawlers mainly steam powered) form 50%. The remaining trawlers are industrialized, motor driven, performing fishing operations from the stern.

All steam trawlers are to be withdrawn in the seventies. Then, our deep-sea fleet will consist only of modern vessels, whose length of service in all probability will be shortened: (according to Domagala - 1963, the age of trawlers B-15, for example, should not exceed 16 years). 39.

V - CUTTERS

Cutters form the most numerous group of vessels in the Polish Fishing Fleet. In the Polish literature this group of vessels is treated often very superficially. This is probably due to their large number and great variety.

Because of this, description of the characteristics of cutters will be based on slightly different principles than in the preceeding paragraphs. Some of the factors out of necessity will be omitted, while others will be expanded.

According to the Polish Shipping Registry (1969) on December 31, 1968 there were 597 fishing cutters in the Polish fleet. According to other data e.g. MIR (Marine Fishing Institute) records (1970), at the same time there were 555 vessels.

This difference is probably due to the acceptance of different definition of a cutter. According to some sources, all cutters have to be longer than 13 m., anything below that length should be considered as a fishing boat. On the other hand, the Polish Shipping Registry uses other criteria than length, often defining as cutters vessels of about 10 m. in length (at the same time defining some vessels as fishing motor boats which are more than 12 m. long). I have been unable to find out the principal of the vessel classification used by the PRS. 40.

In the following discussion I have accepted the above classification. I have also used all the other data from the Polish Shipping Registry for the cutters discussed in sub-sections 1 to 7.

1. Characteristics of cutters in terms of length 26

In Poland it is rather a common practice to use the length of cutters as the basis for classification and for grouping them together for different pusposes.

Reporting of fishing performance can be taken as an example. In the literature and in various reports such infor- mation is given for a group as a whole e.g. for cutters of length 24 m., 17., 15. and sometimes 13 m.

The cutters were grouped according to their length

(L) at 1 m. increments (details of ships in appendix 1).

The numbers of cutters in these length-classes are shown in Fig. 2, hp • o cm-tterS 41.

44M4y

134

tbe

4»

1,4

1110 Me

190

1154

174

144 0

154 cit Me' s- 154 e ta 124 a 110 r , e

10é• 94. ee: I Il , 7. E G.

4.

-e e 20 • to 0- • d* 1 •

1 e e. s 8 g g 8 8 8 8 8 8 g 8 8 2 eri 5; 5; Cl ▪ à Cl A 4: A N 5; g

Rys.2. Ilod kutrdw w klasach dlugoci (t) wg stanu w dniu 31 XII 1968

Fig. 2. NuMber of cutters in terms of length (L) according to the records from July 31, 1968

When the curve is examined it can be noticed that for values from 10.00 m. up to 19.99 m. it runs continuously. In the 20.00 m. to 20.99 m. class, there are no cutters. Starting at 21.00 m. the bigger cutters form another continuous curve ending at 24.99 m. Again there are no cutters between 25.00 m. and 25.99 m. Above 26 m. we had only one cutter, at the end of 1968. 42.

This curve shows three distinct peaks: around 13, 16, and 23 meters. These peaks would roughly correspond to the "13 m.", "17 m.", and "24 m." cutters according to the generally accepted classification.

However, it is easy to see that there are a number of cutters of different lengths and that inclusion of these into a group of a specific length (eg. "13 m." or "17 m.") should be based on an unambiguous and generally accepted criterion. In the Polish literature majority of authors do not give any guide lines as to the methods of placing vessels into classes.

11› It would seem more rational in a situation like this to divide the cutters into three groups:

"Small cutters" - these would include the smallest vessels (as described by PRS) up to vessels of 14.99 m. in length. (In 1968 the number of cutters in this group was 125 )'.

"Medium cutters" - these would include vessels from 15.00 m. to 19.99 m. (altogether 334 vessels).

"Large cutters" - these would include lengths from

21.00 m. to 24.99 m. (altogether 137 vessels). 43.

It would seem that the above classification would be more natural than the division according to the selected lengths (even if they are represented in large numbers), and the number of cutters in each of these three groups, statistically, would reflect quite closely the normal distribution.

Accepting for further study these three auxilliary groups, one cutter TR-27 is left outside the limits of this division. However this vessel in character departs markedly from the whole group of cutters, (29 m. in length, tonnage 185 GRI, engine power of 454 HP - stern fishing). Perhaps this particular vessel should be called "small trawler" as proposed by some authors (Pradzynski 1965a, Wojcik - 1965).

The vessel TR-27 will not be considered henceforth.

2. Tonnage of cutters

In the Polish fleet we have had cutters whose gross register tonnage ranged between 8 RT and 108 RT. 44.

50

large cutters 1.0 ,.._.._...medlim cutters SO ...... small cutters

20

10

Ryo.3. Tonai kuL-rdw

Fig. 3. Tonnage of cutters

For further study of tonnage, these vessels were 2$

divided into statistical classes (every 5 RT).

In these classes the vessels were divided into three main sub-groups that is: "small", "tmedium" and "large" cutters.

Because of the different numbers of vessels in

these sub-groups (see section 1), percentage values were

also calculated for each of thém. The latter are shown

in Fig. 3. 45.

3mall Cutters. For twelve cutters of this group tonnage is not given by PRS. Gross tonnage of the remaining cutters ranged from 7 RT to 30 RT, the largest number (about 49%) of cutters being in the 15 - 19 RT class. The curve representing cutter tonnage is continuous; it has one peak and is symmetrical.

Medium Cutters. Gross tonnage of medium cutters ranged from 21 RT to 43 RT (it was not given for one vessel). The curve is continuous for the whole range. It has two peaks.

As it can be seen, more than 20% of cutters are. in • the classes 20 RT to 29 RT. (Most likely this peak corresponds to the "15 m. cutters" often quoted in the literature). About 75% of cutters are in the classes 35 RT to 44 RT. The second, more pronounced peak corresponds obviously to the "17 m. cutters".

Large Cutters. Gross tonnage of large cutters ranged from 63 RT to l08 RT. The 63•gross RT represents the tonnage of one vessel, the "GDA-1". This data is not given in the Figure. The remaining large cutters illustrated in Figure 3 have two separate sets of data.

reb.41 Cutters ranging in gross tonnage from 75 RT to 89 RT form together 1111 - about 48%. The remaining 51% are in the range 105 - 10 8 RT.

46.

The tonnage of Polish cutters is shown in Table 1. Table 1. • Tonnage of Polish cutters as recorded on 31 Dec. ,1968 (evaluated by the T a b e 1 a 1 author on the basis of TorlaZ polskich kutrdw wg stanu na 31 XII 1968 r. the data from (opracowane przez.autork na podstawie Polish Shipping Register danych w Polskim Rejestrze Statk6w — 1969) Tone,Z ...t ON 4 CTN -"- ON C \ a\ -,:ct, as -t 0..1 4 0'. 4 ? brutto ? ri'Y Cu '''^ N'. 1 CO Gross Register Tonne-ge- Ô L11 0 In Ô ' Lfil 1 el Ô tUi\ Ô tÀC' t.Z 'Ç. t11% °°.Ô A O.Z!. 9'7 tf\- (RT) 4), v. .-- C\I C \I M1 r". • -t In 1.1-‘ ,..0 '.o N. N CO CO o'. ,..., 0 Liczba statk6w e" P..1 'US .I .ir -\ et i ii t(S \ ° ° ° ' - ° ° Ca■Î &)1 CC: 0 0 F.: • No. of vessels (szt.) c- (NJ Ch■ 50 MN N .4- o 1•■-■ N 0 4. ON V. % v7 t‘- ce cr; r.: (.7 .1; ur o o o 5 o 0 tri 1,:s. j o o nr o C■I r. c. 0 v.

As it can be seen, the largest group of 247 vessels consists of cutters of gross tonnage around 40 RT. Cutters with tonnage around 20 RT take the second place (together 110 units). In the third place we find cutters with tonnage around •107 RT (71 units), these being followed by vessels with tonnage around 80 RT (66 units).

3- l'inue_29...um. 29

All cutters studied were equipped with engines of 1) 25 HP to 330 HP.

Like in the previous chapter the vessels were divided into statistical classes (every 10 HP), and the results were tabulated for the three main sub-groups)

1) The vessel is entered into the books of Polish Shipping Registry only when the engine power is not less than 25 h.p.

47.

The above data is shown in Table 2. For the percentage values for combined classes (every 20 HP), graphs were also made (Fig. 4). Table 2

Engine power of cutters - as recorded on 31 Dec., 1968 (evaluated by the author on the basis of the da -ta fin the Polish Shipping Register of 1969)

Tabe la 2 Moc silnik6w kutr6w - wg stanu na 31 XII 1968 roku (opracowane przez autora na podstawle danych w Polskim Rejestrze Statk6w)

Kutry male Kutry 6rednie Kutry due 0g6lem Moc c.,..tber ç -1- o b A (..- silnik6w Small. e.Arers h eds...%,,a c...tt. r 5 Le , 1 e_ sztuk £ i‘Càànc.. r %a tr sztuk % sztuk % sztuk % % blo, ho• e0. h ■D ,

25 - 29 1 0,8 1 0,2 30 - 39 7 5,6 7 1,2 40 - 49 5 4, 0 5 0,8 50,- 59 18 14,4 18 3,0 6 0 - 69 6 4,8 6 1,0 70 - 79 61 48,8 9 2,7 70 11,7 80 - 89 7 5,6 12 3,6 19 3,2 90 - 99 3 2,4 6 1,8 9 1,5 loo - 109 13 10, 4 114 33,9 127 21,1 110 - 119 0 0 1 . 0,3 1 0,2 - 120 129 4 3,2 180 54, 0 184 30,9 - 139 130 140 - 149 1 0,3 1 0,2 150 - 159 7 2,1 7 1,2 160 - 169 170 - 179 180 - 189 2 0 ,6 3 2,2 5 0,8 190 - 199 200 - 209 . 210 - 219 43 31,2 43 7,2 220 - 229 1 0 ,3 88 e4,5 89 15,1

230 - 239 . 240 - 249 1 0 ,3 1 0,2 250 - 259 1 0,7 1 0,2

2 1,4 2 0,3 330 . 125 100 333 loo 137 100 596 100

Smâll Cutters. These vessels were equipped with engines 30 in the range 25 HP to 120 HP, with more than 48% of cutters having engines of 70 - 75 HP. 48.

Medium Cutters. Medium cutters were equipped with engines of 70 HP to 240 HP, and where the largest number of vessels (about 54%) had engines of 120 HP, and about 34% had 100 HP engines. In these two groups together (100 - 120 HP) there were 88% of vessels in this sub-group.

Large Cutters. The large cutters were outfitted with of 180 HP to 330 HP, where 64% had 225 HP engines, engines and 31% 210 HP engines. In these two groups together (210 - 225 HP), there were around 95% of the vesséls..

The cutters were equipped with both Polish and foreign made engines. In 1968, 257 vessels had Polish engines while

340 vessels had foreign made engines. Almost all of the Polish engines came from the Mechanical Works in Puck.

Among foreign-made engines the first place belonged to Danish engines (around 73%), followed by Swedish engines

(around 11%), German (8.5%), and Dutch engines (4.5%). Six cutters had engines produced in Great Britain and two in CSR. 49. •

©

r ---la.rge cutters © ; ^..^...... medium cutters ....small cutters

M

N

q

to

s s r r ^ ^ a x x x ^ ^ R a ? r Rye.4. Moc silnikdw kutrdw

Fig. 4. Engine power of cutters

4. Speed of cutters

The speed of the cutters is listed in Table 3., According to the Polish Shipping Registry the speed ranges from 5 to 11

knots. Although the data provided by PSR on vessel speed contains substantial measurement errors, nonetheless these vessels will be discussed. •

50. Table 3. Speed of cutters Presented by the author accordi% to the PRS

141 N N e e coCO - c; e 5

Ch CO 0 a- 31 1.110 10 0.7 ,) A 0 in 1-- In 01 • otl

CO 1f1 Ci) e LIN " ,.0 M 0 . 10 e S CO e e e -r e an e In CI1 I.. . s C-Cr 01 .... ON DJ -; If% CIN n fs,1 o N e e 1 -6 N M 0- tr1 4. - 0 n n CO D r (5' tnAt W ce e N 0.1 ....t CM N e e tà Q.... O 9 ,d rn co N N 0 a . . . ç. › 0 01 e 5 H ■ MD tcl ic CO e • M e Ce e 1- .0 e e 4-, 0 e N 6in - et .3 el cq .H e C/3 N cv r e n . e 5 4-, › - e N ia ce (.4 N 0 • 0

4-, > du O - N m 4)1 ,c, o k 'N . 4-* o N o [...., 3 c"; ta .. D- 01 ..0 e

,0 O i o >, • ç) b.0 N 4 › 01 ,c1 VI n . - e N e 5 N 5 e I '.0 el NI 6w o

tr a. 4" M ec- H In ... 0- te " .. ku .0 ■. 0/ 1- e DJ O 11) ..0 v m. e ',- % e N I 'e S S 3.1 Ill e a. LS) t.Q ■ bko PV e__ to .. bn 1.11 0 0 0 0 • 3 do Szy

0 o _ e 0 N t

tu dop 4, . O e 5 dan s

N tki o aw .0 0 r s p ) 0 p

e dno — ift e 10 —9 lo N 4 6w e • c.7.0 W ts 10 In I je ij 15 1% ma z :20, N et 0 e e • rn ...t. 0 co C- 0 01 0 N e e e -* e 7 t e to we

ô tA o) • 0 i 0 jes

(a 1 03 > tk W 1-1- lâ 10 h 14111 ta 1:&11).. c tn .-1 0 rt.,N, 0 OON t) 0 N s O CS. no o 4. e e en o iy +, .:2?1e "- s- '.- ((I cd •

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Small Cutters. Very often for this FToup of vessels 32 speed is not recorded in the Polish Shipping Registry; only for 45 units (about 37%) of the total number of vessels speed was recorded, usually to the nearest knot.

Of this number, 60% have a speed of seven knots. About 13% - 6 knots and another 13% a speed of knots. Less than 1% have a speed of 5 or 9 knots. As can be seen this distribution is almost ideally symmetrical: the arithmetic mean is equal to the median and the modal value.

Medium Cutters. In this group speed has been recorded for about 83% of the vessels. Of this over 95% have a speed of 8 to 9 knots, of which the largest part (125 units) consists of vessels with a speed of 8.5 knots. A lower speed of 6 - 7 knots is shown by only 4.7% of vessels.

When we analyze the vessels of the highest speed (9 knots), it is noticed that of 25 vessels, 19 vessels were built during 1948 - 1950. Medium cutters built later, achieve such speed only occasionally, having on the whole a lower speed.

Large cutters. Speed was given for almost all units of this group.

It can be seen from Table 3 that large cutters move with a speed of 6.5 to 11 knots, while more than 95% have a speed of 8-10 knots. 52.

Analyzing the speed of these units and the years of their construction, it can be seen that the vessels which were built earlier have lower speeds, of 9 knots. The first vessels with the speed of 10 knots were built for the first time in 1957. The great majority of polish cutters (over 76%) have a speed of 8-9 knots.

It can also be seen that'the vessel speeds of the three groups differ among themselves. Most frequently small cutters have a speed of 7 knots, medium cutters of 8-8.5 knots, while large cutters 9-10 knots.

For the two latter groups in particular, more significant changes in speed occurred, most likely, in the second half of the fifties.

5. Li_e_ofaiL____tters

The age of cutters in the Polish fishing fleet varies greatly. In 1968 it consisted of vessels built in 1968 (less than 1 year old) and of vessels built before 1928 (more than 40 years old).

More precise data on the age of cutters is listed in Table 4.

53.

As can be seen, vessels built during 1954-1958 (11 to

15 years old), together with vessels built during 1949-1953 (16 - 20 years old) are in the first place; jointly they represent nearly 50%. Units older than 20 years constituted around 20% of the fleet. There were 168 newer units, less than 10 years old, representing 28.3%; in addition there were nine vessels for which the age was not determined.

Table 4. Age of cutters

Listed by the author according to the deta of PRS (for 31 Dec.

Tabela 4 Wiek kutrdw Zestawiony przez autora wg danych Polskiego Rejestru Statkciw (na 31 XII 1968 r.) t, esVcx.6tvs r_c wiek1 a y. (..s4,c..41%) po- nie- S Wiek (lata) do 5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-30 31-40 nad usta- uma 40 lony Kutry szt. 0 4 11 47 40 16 2 5 125 Small cutters 4-- male % 0 3,3 8,3 37,2 32,2 13,2 1,7 4,1 100 Kutry szt. 47 49 105 68 43 18 0 3 334 Medium cutters 4-- érednie % 14 14,6 31,4 20,6 13,1 5,4 0 0,9 100 Kutry szt. 28 40 41 24 3 0 0 1 137 Large cutters due % 20,3 29,0 29,7 18,1 2,2 0 0 0,7 100 szt. 75 93 157 140 86 34 2 9 596 Oelem Total % 12,6 15,7 26,3 23,4 14,5 5,7 0,3 . 1,5 100

In the small cutters group, vessels 10 - 30 years old 33 were in the first place (jointly around 70%). The two oldest vessels (More than 40 years old) were in the small cutters group together with the largest number of ships of undetermined age. There were no newer vessels (less than five years old) in this group. 54.

In the medium cutters group, the largest number of • vessels were 11 - 20 years old. Together they represented 52%. The oldest units were constructed in the thirties. Ninety six vessels (about 29%) were less than 10 years old. The age of three ships in this group Was not known.

In the large cutters group, the oldest vessels dated . back to the forties and represented 2.2% of the total number of vess'els. The biggest number of large cutters (81 vessels, about 59%) were 6 - 15 years old. Large cutters are the most recent group of ships in the Polish cutter fleet. ,

The cutters t years of construction are shown in a more detailed fashion in Fig. 5.

As can be seen, in the post-war period, most of the small cutters were built in 1947 and 1948. In these years the fleet acquired respectively 15 and 16 ships. From 1952, only a small number of small cutters was constructed. In 1957, after a complete standstill of two years, 9 vessels were built. Since 1958, only four small cutters were produced (the last in 1963).

In the post-war period, starting in 1946, medium cutters were produced continuously. aar. Most of them were built during 1957-1958. In all, 74 cutters were constructed at that time, representing 24% of 5 5.

I

vessels of this size built after the war. Sixty nine medium cutters ( 21%) were built during 1947 - 1950, while in the remaining years $ to 15 vessels were produced annually.

34 6.t^, a... k.t., Ar.a.l.

- tutry rl.

^ ^ I -T -- Zk â ^ ^ .. .. .

:tys.5. Lata budowy kutrdw

Fig. 5. Years in which cutters were built

Large cutters, wholly produced in Poland, were construc- ted in the fifties, most of them (33 vessels, 23%) being built during 1953 - 1954. In the following four years a decrease in the rate of production is noticed - nine to three large cutters a year. In 1959, eleven new vessels were built and from then on six to nine vessels were produced annually. From 1966 to 1958 a significantly reduced number of ships was 40 built: 3 - 4 ships a year.

56.

6. Origins and typesof_nners

In 1968 the Polish cutter fleet consisted mainly of vessels produced in Poland. There were 564 such ships, this representing 94% of the total number of vessels. Twenty two vessels (4%) were of foreign make. The origin of 10 vessels was not known.

Vessels built in Poland

Among ships of Polish construction vessels built in the state-owned shipyards occupy the first place. They form 91%. Only 9% of ships corne from private and co-operative shipwrights. Ships produced by the shipyards are mostly series-built vessels.

The data for the different series is readily obtained from the literature. Condensed descriptions, taken from Grzywaczewski (1960), are given here. This author also divides cutters into three basic groups. They are: 1 - super- cutters of 24 m., 2 - medium Baltic cutters 15 - 17 m., 3 - small cutters 13 - 15 m., and boats of shorter lengths.

. The super-cutters are patterned on the German cutters type KFK, intended Air for distant fishing-grounds of the North Sea. 57.

Their construction was started in Szczecin as type SKS-240 and subsequently transferred to Fisheries Shipyard in Gdynia, where a large number of these units were produced as type B-12.

From the experience gained during the fishing operations in the North Sea, it was learned that working conditions for the crew had to be improved on these vessels; therefore two new versions were designed. B-25 with an elevated bow and B-25S, wholly of steel construction, which went into production in 1958.

The second type, mentioned by Grzywaczewski; is the er very successful 17 m. steel cutter designed in 1946-47. Their construction was started in the Gdansk Shipyard as early as 1947. Today, they are being built in two modernised versions: K-15 built by A. Warski Shipyard and "Storem" built by the Szczecin Repair Shipyard.

Of the numerous series of medium and small wooden cutters, type "MIR 20A" deserves a special mention; it was introduced before the war by the Maritime Fishing Institute and modelled on Dutch cutters. Built before the war in Gdynia from 1936, its construction was revived during 1946-8 by several shipyards: North Shipyard in Gdansk, Shipyards in Sianki and in Gdynia. 58.

In addition, other types were produced by a number of

yards in smaller and larger series, mainly during 1946-50. They are identified by the letter "K'r at the beginning (K stands for - cutter) and with letters "G", "SIT, "D'r and "U" derived

from the names of the places: Gdynia, Szczecin, Darlowo and Ustka in the second place. The number after the letters

indicates length of cutter in decimeters, e.g. 177 = 17.7 m:

The following series should be mentioned:

KG-152 and KG-177A - cutters built by Fisheries Shipyard

in Gdynia during 194$-51;

f*+ KS-150 and KS-177 - cutters built by Fisheries Shipyard •. in Gdansk and Sianki during 1947-49;

KU-165, KU-160L, KU-135, KU-12$ - cutters built by Fisheries Shipyard in Ustka during 1947-58;

KD-153 - cutters built in Fisheries Shipyard in Darlow in 1948.

In addition there were other markings used to describe

steel cutters. In the early days the letter S and numbers 1 to l0were used to denote the series produced in the Gdansk

Shipyard. The series from North Shipyard was marked with the letter 'rSt' and numbers starting from 100. Vessels produced in Szczecin Shipyard were marked with letters "KS" and with 59.

• consecutive numbers, while for those from Szczecin's Repair Shipyard the numbers started from 200, and the series was identified as K-15/R.

More detailed data for 17 m. cutters can be found in Pradzynski (1959, 1961).

Table 5 A list, of characteristics of fishinp cutters Tabela'5 acc. to Zestawienie danych charakteryutycznych kutrdw rybackich wg Grzywaczewskiego (1960) Grzywaczewski (196 .." Typ Jedn. KS-17 ,Sto- „MIR KG KU ozna- miary (B-368) rem" 20A" B-12 8-25 8-25a czehia (K-15,) „4" 177a 134 DIugoge over-all length caIkowi- ta m 17,45 1 7,60 15,00 17,70 13,40 24,00 24,11 24,60 'Dlugogé Length between m. piona- perpendiculars .mi m 15,00 15,00 14,25 14,96 11,50 20,70 21,10 21,85 Szerokoéé m 5,00 5,20 4,90 4,98 4,98 6,31 6,41 6,57 - Width Deadweight capacity Nognog6 TDW 10 16 6 - 10 6 53 5,3 55 'Pojemnogé Gross Register Ton. rejestro- wa BRT 36 42 25 28 17 75 82 107 Engine power Mac sil- nika KM 120 120 70 100 70 210-225 210-225 225-247 Speed during fish. Szybkog6 operations eksploat. w 9 8 7 8 7 . 9,5 9 10 Liczba ' No. of cpew zalogi os6b 5 5 4 4 3 9-10 10 10 7. Shipowners

Polish shipowners belong to three sectors of the economy. Vessels are owned by State enterprises, by co- operatives and by private individual fishermen. 60.

State Enterprises

PPiUR "BARKA" - (Kolobrzeg). There were 51 cutters in this company in 1968. Of these, 38 were medium cutters and 12 large cutters. In 1968 this company also owned the cutter TR-27, which in 1970 was transferred to PPiUR "KOGA" in Hel.

PPiUR "KOGA" (Hel). This company had a total of 36 cutters, 34 large and 2 medium.

PPiUR "KORAB" - (Ustka). This company owned 41 cutters; 32 medium and 9 large.

PPiUR "KUTER" - (Darlowo). It owned 49 cutters of which 35 units were medium and 14 large.

PPiUR "SZKUNER" - (Wladyslawowo). This company owned 52 cutters, all of which were large.

Altogether the cutter fleet, owned by the state enter- prises, consisted of 229 vessels. Of this 122 vessels were large (including the TR-27) and 107 medium size.

Fishing Co-operatives 37

SPRM "BALTYK" - (Kolobrzeg) owned 14 cutters. They were all medium cutters. 61.

SPRM "BELONA" - (Dziwnow) owned 20 cutters. They were medium cutters (there were also 2 fishing boats in this co- 1) operative, registered with PRS ).

SPRM "GRYF" (Wladysla;rowo). This co-operative owned 40 cutters - all medium (plus 1 motor boat).

SPRM "JEDNOSC RYBACKA" - (Gdynia) owned 22 cutters. This included'14 large cutters and 8 medium cutters. In addition there were 20 motor boats. Thus "Jednosc Rybacka" possessed the most varied fleet of all the co-operatives.

SPRM "JESIOTR" -(lowy). Only three units owned by this co-operative were registered with PRS. There were 22 small cutters and 1 boat.

SPRM "LAWICA" (Darlowo). Owned 7 cutters and 57 fishing boats. (This co-operative, therefore, owned the largest number of vessels registered with PRS; consisting -. mainly of fishing boats).

SPRM "LOSOS" - (Ustka). This establishment owned 12 medium cutters.

SPRM "WYZWOLENIE" - (Swibno), owned 1 small cutter and 5 boats registered wlth PRS.

1 ) - this means boats with motors of more than 25 HP. All subsequent information about fishing boats will refer to boats of this type. 62.

SPRM "RYBMOR" (Leba) owned 25 medium cutters.

Besides the above-mentioned, there are four other co-operatives of Marine Fishing, possessing only fishing boats. They are: "Kotwica", "Certa", "Rega" and "Sieja".

Altogether the co-operatives fleet consisted of 146 cutters. These were mainly medium cutters (127), 14 large cutters (all awned by SPRM "Jednosc Rybacka") and 5 small cutters.

Private Owners

Private owners, members of the Union of Marine Fishermen, possessed 222 cutters. Of these 119 were small, 100 medium and 3 large cutters.

8. Locations of Cutters

In 1968 there were 15 ports for cutters.

Western Coast

Swinoujscie (abbreviated to "SWI") - 8 cutters, owned by individual fishermen. 63.

Dziwnow (abbr. "DZI"), sheltered 23 cutters. Twenty belonged to fishing co-operatives, and 3 to individual fishermen.

Altogether, on the Western Coast, there were 31 cutters of which 2/3 belonged to co-operatives and 1/3 to private owners. On this part of the coastline there are no state enter- prises.

Central Coast

Kolobrzeg (abbr. "KOL") - harboured 82 cutters. Of 4 this number 51 belonged to the state, 14 to co-operatives and 16 to private fishermen.

Darlowo (abbr. "DAR"). - There were 64 cutters in this port. Of this number 49 belonged to the state, 7 to co-operatives, and 8 to individual fishermen.

Ustka (abbr. "UST"). In this port there were.63 cutters, of which 41 units belonged to. the state, 12 to co-operatives and 10 were owned privately.

Rowy (abbr. "ROW"). There were 2 cutters - both owned by a • co-operative. 64.

Loba (abbr. "LEB"). There were 42 cutters. 25 belonged to the fishing co-operatives, and the rest were privately owned.

AltOgether there were 253 cutters located on the Central Coast, of this number 141 belonging to the state.

Eastern Coast

The largest concentration of home ports for cutters was on the Eastern Coast (8 different places). They were:

112,211112mo (abbr. "WLA!'). This is the largest Polish harbour for cutters. There were 144 cutters altogether, of which 52 were owned by the state, 40 by fishing co-operatives and 52 by private fishermen.

Jastarnia (abbr. "JAS"). Had 37 cutters, all of which were owned privately.

Hel (abbr. "HEL"). There were 55 cutters, of which 36 belonged to the state and the rest to individual fishermen.

Gdynia (abbr. "GDY") was the home port for 32 cutters. Of this number 22 units were owned by co-operatives and 10 by individual fishermen. 65.

39

s. 16° '7- 19 79 ° 20 ° 21 •

55°

D u 1r y pa/is/ramie kulry J;.?(Slolzielczo ri »dry preacrtne

Rys.6. Rozmieszczenie polskich kutr6w w 1968 roku

Fig. 6. The distribution of Polish cutters in 1968

E] state owned cutters c o—operative owned Fl cutters 01 privately owned cutters 66.

Gdansk (abbr. "GDA") was the home port for 23 cutters all owned by private fishermen.

Gorki Wschodnie (abbr. WSG") - 11 cutters owned by private fishermen.

Gorki Zachodnie (abbr. "ZAG") - 11 cutters owned by private fishermen.

Swibno (abbr. "SWB") - 6 cutters, 1 co-operative -owned 40 and 5 privately owned.

Thus the largest number of cutters (314 units) were located on the Eastern Coast. Of this number only 88 vessels were owned by the state, 63 were owned by co-operatives and the remaining 163 were privately owned.

9. Fishing gear used by cutters

Of all the Polish cutters only one vessel (TR-27) carries out fishing operations from the stern. All other cutters fish from the side. Description of the fishing gear used by Polish cutters is much more complicated than that for bigger vessels. This is because for many years a variety of different fishing gear was used. This wide range in fishing gear was partly due to the large number of vessels, large number of shipowners and a wide distribution of home ports. L) 6 7.

In the early years of the post-war period, bottom trawls were used as the basic fishing equipment on cutters.

In the mid-fifties pair trawls were introduced on 24 in. cutters

on the Eastern Coast. At the end of the fifties, this equip- . ment, after certain modification, together with the 24 in.

cutters, was introduced to the Central Coast (H. Krawczak - 1965).

The catalogue of trawls used by Polish Maritime Fisheries

(of 195$) enumerates 22 types of herring trawls, 6 types of -

herring pair trawls and $ types of cod trawls; in all 36 types

of fishing gear used by Polish cutters (the same catalogue for

all other types of vessels gives only 3 types of trawl).

The catalogue of trawls and herring drift-nets used by Polish Maritime Fisheries (1961) gives 31 herring and sardine- herring trawls, 4 sardine trawls, 19 cod trawls and 12 pair trawls (ll bottom and 1 mid-water); altogether 67 types of fishing gear used by Polish cutters. (The same catalogue for all other vessels gives only 4 types of trawl).

A decision to standardize the fishing gear was not made until 1965 (Krepa - 1970).

The FAO Catalogue (1965) for 24 m. cutters enumerates

only 1 trawl, while the Schleppnetz Catalogue (196$ gives 2 lir types of bottom trawl and 1 type of mid-water pair trawl. 68.

The 1971 catalogue of the fishing gear for 24 m. cutters which was established as a result of years of research on standardization of equipment, enumerates the following fishing gear: bottom cod trawl 18/22; bottom cod trawl 23/26-N; bottom herring trawl 20/25 for the Baltic Sea; bottom herring trawl 17/35-N for the North Sea; mid-water trawl 23/32x4; mid-water pair trawl 30/51x4; bottom herring pair trawl 35/56; bottom herring pair trawl 40/52-N. The corresponding eatalogue for 17 m. cutters enumerates the following fishing gear: cod bottom trawl 23/21; herring bottom trawl 18/24; mid-water 41 pair trawl 27/47x4; herring bottom pair trawl 28/38; herring bottom pair trawl 33/48.

In the present study the fishing gear of the cutters will hot be discussed in any more detail.

10. Preservation of the catch on cutters (after Pradzinski - 1971)

The basic method of preserving fish on Polish cutters is to store them on ice.

Cleaning of cod is the principal measure of processing. For many years this was done on the open deck. This created additional hardships for the men, since the cod season in the Baltic is mainly in winter.

In the second half of the sixties to improve working conditions : gutting was transferred to the ship's hold 69.

(together with beheading of the fish introduced later). This made work easier for the men but at the same time prevented them from rinsing out the fish, which in turn decreased the quality of the fish brought to the ports.

11. Size of crew

The 17 m. cutters have a crew of 5 men. The 24 m. cutters for Baltic operations take 8 men and for the North Sea - 9 men.

12. Summing up

The characteristics of the cutters given in sections 1 - 8 are based on the state of the fleet as of 31 December, 1968.

For this group of vessels no attempt was made to enume- rate the changes occurring over the years (as was done for other groups of vessels).

The study of this particular aspect of Polish cutters is difficult for the following reasons: 1. The cutters constitute a very large group of vessels. 2. They are the most "mobile" group in the fleet. Of 596 studied vessels only 265 from the start of service did not change the owner, the home port or the registry number. The 70.

remaining 332 have a busy history. For example, the cutter "Swi-311f (ex- "Dar-23", ex- "Dar-23", ex- "Wla-6$", ex-"Swi-61", ex- "Gdy-113", ex- "Swi-34", ex- "Dar-2811), went through 7 different changes.

3. The "Supplements" to the Polish Registry of Ships, where changes of name, owner, port of registry (and changes in classification) are given, comes out as a quarterly, three times a year. Number 3 (the last one) usually provides data up to September. Therefore to see the changes which took place in the last quarter of the year, it is necessary to look up the following registry (which means searching among several thousands of ships).

4. Polish Registry of Ships, established in 1946, published its first data concerning ships in the form of the widely 4vailable Registry Book in 195$; therefore to determine the data for the cutters withdrawn from service before 195$ is even more difficult. 71.

B. REGIONS EXPLOITED BY THE . POLISH FISHING FLEET AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF VESSELS IN THESE REGIONS

The output of the Polish fisheries expanded in the post-war period from 2606 tons in 1945 to 449,419 tons in 1970. In this period the Polish fishing fleet operated in the following regions: - Baltic Sea - North Sea and adjacent waters - North-West Atlantic - East-Central Atlantic (mainly African Shelf) - Barents Sea

Besides the above regions, Polish vessels occasionally hunted on other waters, e.g. in the region of and in the Norwegian Sea; but these catches were of small importance.

As can be seen the range of operation of the Polish fishinLr fleet is very wide. Polish vessels are catching fish in the off-shore fishing grounds, within territorial waters, as well as in distant waters many thousands of nautical miles away from home ports.

The fishing grounds hunted by Polish vessels lie both in the Arctic as well as in the tropical regions - in two different meteorological extremes. In these waters, with completely different fish populations, different methods of 72. fishing and different methods of preservation of catch have to be used.

The biological contents of the waters exploited by the Polish fishing fleet showed very large fluctuations in abundance.

As airesult of this, the distribution of vessels was uneven and over the years went through many changes. Not infrequently vessels designed for one specific region, immediately after leaving the shipyard were redirected to a different place.

This section will deal briefly with fishing operations in the regions used by the Polish fleet, their role in the Polish fisheries (Fig. 7) and the distribution of vessels on the fishing grounds. 73.

44 volume of catch in the region A. tut Wto1koà6 poloodw w rojobabla 220 210 1. Baltic 200 2. North Sea & 190 a. U.P6Ine.m. adjacent waters 100 1 wady praylegle 3. NE Atlantic 170 3. 0 W Atlamtyk 160 4. NW Atlantic 4. Id 11 Atlantyk 150 4 5. Barents Sea 140 4 5. M.Bargi*toke 130 120 110 100 4 90

70 60 50 4-0 30 20 44 10 14 " Years eeee e 'érs• cr■ cr,

Preciatowg udaiol polow6w w rejoiced% 1.

Percentage of Cflt, from th various regions 100 so

70

Go

50

40

20

10 Lots ï

Rya.7. Polakie po/owy w latach 1945-1968

Fig. 7. Polish catches during the years of 1945 — 1968 74.

1. Baltic Sea 45

The fishing grounds in the Baltic, used by Polish vessels, lie most frequently no further than 100 nautical miles from home ports. Only in exceptional circumstances 1) do these vessels hunt farther (up to 250 sea miles)

The post-war fishing operations in the Baltic started as early as 1945, bringing in 2606 tons. In 1952 these in- creased to 73 thousand tons. In 1952 -1959 we observe levelling off in the amount of fish caught (around 70 thousand tons), followed by a new increase to about 144 thousand tons in 1970. quir. The composition of fish species caught in the Baltic was as follows: throughout the 25-year period cod was the dominant species, while herring did not play any significant

role up to 1952. The intake of herring increased significantly after 1953 and again after 1962. There was almost no trace of sprat in the early post-war catches. This species became important after 1959. Altogether these three species consti- tute over 90% of the total catch by the Polish fleet in the Baltic.

As can be seen in Fig. 7, the Baltic, in the early post- war years, played the dominant role in the Polish fisheries.

1) All data dealing with the distances of fishing grounds are given after Walczak (1971). 75.

To the end of 1954, 70% of the caught fish came from the Baltic. However it can be noticed that inspite of the continuous increase in the volume of the catches from the Baltic, their percentage contribution to the Polish fisheries was decreasing. Beginning with 1964 the part played by the Baltic in the Polish fisheries becomes stable at 1/3 of the total fish intake.

The vessels that operated in the Baltic can be divided into three groups. a) Vessels operating exclusively in the Baltic Sea. To this group belong all medium and small cutters. These units participated in fishing operations continuously throughout the 25-year period. h) Vessels operating mainly in the Baltic, occasionally, during certain years (or seasons), leaving it to hunt in other regions. To this group belong large cutters, which during 1952-1967 (and occasionally in 1969) fished in the North Sea. c) Vessels usually fishing in other regions, but which in certain years (or seasons) were engaged in Baltic operations. To this group belong drift trawlers, which fished in the Baltic during two seasons: 1951-1956 (1958) and after 1967. Old steam trawlers carried out fishing operations in the Baltic during 1949-1958. Trawlers of the B-10 series fished there in 1951 and 1956.

Baltic is the only sea bordering on Poland. All home ports both for coastal fishing and for deep-sea fishing, lie on its coast; it happens therefore that Polish deep-sea vessels crossing Baltic's waters perform additional catches. But this only happens occasionally. 76.

2. North Sea

The fishing grounds of the North Sea proper, are at the distance of about 400 to 900 nautical miles from the Polish ports.

After the war the Polish fleet started fishing operations in 1946 catching 1165 tons.

The volume of catches was increasing up to 1960, in which year it reached 85 thousand tons. During 1961-1965 a slight decline is noted,followed again by an increase to about 115 thousand tons in

1965 (these were the peak catches in the Polish North Sea fishing operations). After that, during 1966-1970 a sudden decline in - volume of catches to 6679 tons occurs in the region of North Sea proper. This represents a decrease by a factor of more than a dozen over the 5 year period.

In recent years an increasingly more important role in Polish was played by the so called "Celtic shelf". For a number of years the results from the occasional fishing operations done in those water were so small, that in statistics they were hidden under the name: North Sea and adjacent waters. At present, however, this is changed. In 1969, 9 thousand tons came from there, and in 1970 around 22 thousand tons. ge The dominant species taken in the North Sea proper is the herring. It constitutes 75% - 93% of Polish catches. 77.

, Polish deep-sea fishing (name commonly given to all fishing done outside the Baltic) for many years was done exclusively in the North Sea and the adjacent waters.

At the beginning the importance of this body of water for the post-war fisheries, was growing very quickly. In 1953 25% of the catches came from there, while during 1953-1960 this was over 50%.

However, after this period the catches from the North Sea have become less important to Polish fisheries. The peak fish intake from the North Sea in 1965 represented only 41% of the total catch.

The first Polish vessels to start operations in the North Sea after the war were the old non-typical trawlers.

In the forties and in the early fifties they played there a most important role. Later, as new vessels built in Poland were brought into service, gradually replacing the old ones, their role became progressively smaller. The last Polish non-typical trawler operated in the North Sea as late as 1967.

In 1949 three drifters began operations in the North

Sea. Because of their small number they never attained any larger importance in the exploitation of those waters; nevertheless they were the only vessels operating exclusively in the North Sea. 7 8.

In 1951 the North Sea fleet was increased by two types of vessels: drift trawlers and trawlers of B-10 series. Both of these, together with trawlers of B-14 series (introduced in 1958), formed the core of the Polish fleet operating in the North Sea up to 1970.

Also, in the years 1952-1967, the Polish 24 m. cutters 47 operated in the North eal) . During the summer and fall months these vessels represented an impressive proportion of the Polish fleet in the North Sea; during spring and winter they mainly operated in the Baltic.

In the years 1961-1962 the North Sea fleet was increased by motor trawlers of B-20 series. They operated in those waters until 1968. Also, during 1963-1966 freezer trawlers of B-23 series were engaged in the North Sea, but their fishing role was insignificant.

Besides the above-enumerated vessels, random fishing operations were performed by other vessels e.g. factory trawlers of B-15 series (altogether 10 fishing days during the years 1965-1966). In 1970 for a period of 16 days, the cutter TR-27 performed trial fishing.

1) For the first trial of Polish cutters in the North Sea, PPDiUR "Arka" in Gdynia, sent in 1950 two 17 m. cutters and one 24 m. cutter (SKS). Bigger vessels proved to be superior (this fact influenced the decision to construct more of these vessels). In 1952 "Arka" sent another nine 24 m. cutters, which operated in the North Sea having the Dutch port Ijmujden as their base (Bruski - 1954). 79.

3. North-West Atlantic

Polish fishing operations in North-West Atlantic started in 1959. That year 232 tons of fish were caught there. In 1970 the catch amounted to 216 thousand tons. The size of catches in the region of North-West Atlantic showed a most dynamic increase. After only 10 years, in 1968, this constituted over one half (51.7%) of the total catch.

North-West Atlantic represents a very large area, its fishing grounds being about 2.5 to 3.5 thousand nautical miles from the Polish ports. It has been divided into five, and later six regions. Starting from the north they are: - Shelf of Western Greenland - Shelf of Labrador - Grand Banks of Newfoundland - New Scotland Shelf - Region of George's Shelf - Shelf of USA

These areas differ from each other; both the hydro- logical conditions and fish fauna are different.

Cod dominates in the northern part. In waters laying to the south, where the fish fauna is more varied, herring (lately, also mackerel) was the dominant species in the Polish catches. 80.

Exploitation of the North-West Atlantic by Polish vessels started in 1959 on the Shelf of Labrador. This area is hunted by Polish vessels up to this day.

In 1960 Polish vessels were also fishing in the two adjacent areas: Shelf of Western Greenland and in the region of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. In the latter region

Polish vessels are fishing up to the present, while exploitation of the Greenland waters has been abandoned (for hydrological reasons, among others).

In 1962, Polish vessels started fishing in the region of George's Bank; the catches taken there, play, at present, a most important role.

Currently the Polish fishing fleet is carrying fishing 4$ operations in the region of New Scotland and in the Shelf of

USA.

Factory trawlers of B-15 series started operations in

North-1-11est Atlantic. Vessels of this series (fishing there until today, particularly in the more northerly parts of this region), were, for a number of years, the only Polish vessels in this area.

In later years, all industrialized trawlers, that is factory trawlers (of B-1$, and B-41$ series) and freezer 81.

trawlers (of B-23 and B-29 series) were sent to North-West Atlantic.

Since 1967 conventional vessels are also engaged there. At first motor trawlers of B-20 series, later also steam trawlers (of B-10 and B-14 series) supported by mother-ships. This conventional fleet operates mainly in the southern part of this area.

4. African Shelf

Of the narrow stretch of the African Shelf, with bottom suitable for , Polish vessels operate mainly in the northern region and in the central region; these regions lie from about 2 to over 5 thousand nautical miles from Polish ports.

A tentative Polish reconnaissance of African fishing grounds, little known at the time even in the foreign literature, was undertaken in 1958 by the research ship "Birkut". In 1959 these waters were also investigated by the training ship MIT "J. Turlejski".

The fish intake from the African Shelf amounted to 205 tons in 1961. In 1967 this increased to 46 774 tons. A year later they declined by about 13 thousand tons and then went up again, to about 42 thousand tons. In 1970 the catches amounted to 31 281 tons. 82.

The number of species of the fish taken there is very varied, therefore it is difficult to point out dominant species for this region.

On the whole the African Shelf has not played so far any significant role in the Polish fishery in spite of the projections of 1964 anticipating catches for the 1980 of the order of 200 thousand tons (according to Szwarc 1965). Initially the percentage of the fish caught on the African Shelf, increased from 1.2% to 14.6% of the total fish intake (in 1967) by Poland. In succeeding years this area yielded only 7% to 11%. rei) • Commercial exploitation of this region started with

support from the Polish-Guinea Fishing Company "Soquipol", to which, in 1961, six 17 m. cutters and two drift trawlers

were sent (this company was dissolved in 1964).

In 1962 "Neptun" (B-15) and nlamry" (B-20) were engaged there in fishing operations. In the first quarter of 1963 part of the B-14 series and almost all trawlers of the B-20 1) series also finished there.

1) Thesé last units, in the second half of 1963, were very profitable, since they were selling their whole catch (fresh and frozen fish) in African ports. At the end of 1963 the Ministry of Agriculture of Ghana, changed regula- tions and withdrew licences from the buyers, as a result of which in 1964 only frozen fish could be sold in African ports (Szwarc, 1965). 8 3 .

After 1963 only industrialized trawlers of 13-23 series, and later of B-18 and B-29 series, hunted the . African fishing grounds.

5. Barents Sea

The history of Polish fishing in this region is . long and eventful, there were random attempts at fishing during the years 1952-1953 and during 1959-1960; but fishing on a regular basis dates back only to 1969, where ships were directed to these productive fishing grounds by a scouting party from MIR.

These waters yielded 5.2% and in 1970 7.5% of the total Polish fish intake. Fishing operationsin that region are carried out by factory trawlers, mainly of B-15 series.

6. Summary

Vessels forming part of the Polish fishing fleet operated in the following regions: Factory trawlers of B-15 series at first operated exclusively in the fishing grounds of the North-West Atlantic (not counting a reconnaissance trip to the African Shelf), and after 1969 they extended their fishing to Barents Sea. Factory trawlers of B-22 series fished in the region of • North-West Atlantic. Factory trawlers of B- 18 series operated exclusively in the region of North-West Atlantic. Factory trawlers of B-18 series were engaged in the area of the African Shelf and North-West Atlantic. Freezer trawlers of B-29 series operated mainly in the North-West Atlantic and to a lesser degree also on the African fishing grounds. Freezer trawlers of B-23 series, which according to initial plans were designed to operate in the North Sea and in the Norwegian Sea (Sonta 1965). They carried fishing operations mainly on the African Shelf. Also occasionally they fished in the North Sea. Motor trawlers of B-20 series fished mainly in the North Sea and North-West Atlantic. Also, for a very short time on the African Shelf. Steam trawlers of B-10 and B-14 series fished mainly in the North Sea. Lately, these vessels are engaged also in the North-West Atlantic and on the Celtic Shelf. Also, in the fifties, occasionally in the Baltic. Old non-typical trawlers in the post-war period operated mainly in the North Sea; also in the Baltic. Drift trawlers fished mainly in the North Sea, occasionally also in the Baltic, Celtic Shelf (and sporadically in the African fishing grounds). Drifters operated exclusively in the North Sea. 8 5.

Large cutters (24 m. type and TR-27) in the Baltic Sea and periodically in the North Sea. Medium cutters - almost exclusively in the Baltic (however several vessels in 1950 took part in reconnaissance operations in the North Sea, and in 1961 on the African Shelf). Small cutters - exclusively in the Baltic. 86.

C. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FISHING POWER OF VESSELS UNDER CONDITIONS OF SIMILAR ABUNDANCE OF FISH.

I. MATERIALS AND METHOD

The object of the investigation has been described in section A.

Calculations of the fishing power are based on the fishing data acquired from the following sources: 1) records of the fishing companiès; 2) data published in the various available statistics. 3) data in papers by various authors.

A detailed account of the sources used is given in the text.

The research was carried out in four stages: First stage involved calculations of fishing power of vessels operating on the fishing grounds in the same body of water.

Stcond stage - is an analysis of changes of these values, during cycles at several years' duration. Third stage is an attempt to explain the observed changes, in the light of the changes in the factors described in section I, which may have influenced the fishing power of the vessels. th Four stage is a comparison of fishing power of vessels operating in different bodies of water. 87.

In the first, most work-consuming stage, the method outlined broadly by Beverton and Holt (1957) was used.

These authors proposed to take one vessel as standard and assume it to have the fishing power of 1.

this With/assumption, it is possible to pbtain an indication of fishing power of all vessels, by comparing the fishing efficiency of different vessels, with the fishing efficiency of standard vessels, the catches being taken at the same time and on the same fishing grounds.

This indeces may be called "factors of relative fishing power" and this expression will be used in the text. (However in the authorls opinion, as expressed in the introduction, assuming that the fishing power of a certain vessel is 1, a unit for measuring is formed. With this assumption the calculated "factors of the relative fishing power" characterize fishing power of different vessels in units so formed):

The generally accepted method used for defining the

• fishing power of individual vessels with various technical parameters, has been modified by the author of this paper.

This modification is justified by the structure of the 52 Polish fishing fleet, which consists of "typical" vessels, built in larger series of over ten to several tens of units. Vessels 88.

belonging to the same series are characterized by almost identical technical parameters.

Taking this into account, fishing power was investigated for whole groups of technically uniform vessels (and not for individual units).

Selection of the basic groups of vessels was a preliminary step in the research. Very often these groups were identical to the shipyard series, described in part one. In some cases however, groups larger than one series were formed, sometimes they were divided into smaller sub-groups. These decisions were always preceeded by special tests l) , the results of which justified the selection. Sometimes for vessels using different kinds of fishing gear, the fishing power was calculated with regard to the equipment used.

Calculations based on more extensive material were possible because of this method. In the method used this was of particular importance. For example if a vessel "A" caught 1 ton of fish and vessel "B" (taken as standard) on the same day caught 4 tons of fish, the "relative fishing power" of vessel "A" to vessel "B" can be calculated as the ratio 1:4 0.25.

Now, if these figures were to be based on the performance

1) e.g. analysis of variance 89.

of one fishing day, then the result most certainly would

have a large random error. For example, for the same two

vessels, "Al' and "B" the catch next day could be 7 and 3

tons respectively, which according to the given rule (7:3)

would give vessel "A", compared to'vessel "B", the factor

of relative fishing power of 3•5.

However, if these calculations are made for a large number of vessels, then in compliance with the law of large numbers, the chances of obtaining a more realistic value, which would reflect the relative fishing power of the two investigated groups, would be greater.

This work is based on a very extensive material. (e.g. for the North Sea, where it was possible to analyze the fishing data gathered over 1$ years and the calculations are based on the results of about 150 thousand fishing days).

The selection of the standard group, was the next most important step.

For the selection of the standard group the following

criteria were taken into consideration:

- Number of vessels (an effort was made to select a large group to eliminate random errors).

- Duration of continuous service (only these vessels were

selected which in every body of water fished for a number of years without interruption). 90 .

- Fishing gear used (vessels with uniform fishing gear and

where possible where the gear was unchanged during the year).

- Ship ownership (it was better when standard vessels belonged

to several different owners).

Calculations of the first stage were made separately for 53

each of the four regions exploited by the Polish fisheries, that

is: for Baltic Sea, North Sea, for region of North-West Atlantic

and for the fishing grounds of the West African Shelf.

Finally the following standard groups were selected: for Baltic Sea - 17 m. cutters 1.)

for North Sea - steam trawlers of B-10 and B-14 series

for the region covered by the ICNAF convention (Nd Atlantic),

in the northern part - B-15 trawlers in the southern part - B-20 trawlers

for African Shelf - B-23 trawlers.

When using .he fishing efficiency, i.e. volume of catch

in a unit time, it was necessary to deside what unit time to adopt. In researches of this type it is customary to use the following units: output for one hour, for a single trawl, for' a day of fishing, or for a day spent on the fishing grounds.

For some methods (e.g. trawl fishing), the output for one fishing hour provides the most precise results (Borkowska - Kwinta 1967).

1) "17 ni. cutters" - according to the shipowners' records. 9 1.

HoWever, this unit does not work well for other fishing gear (e.g. for drift nets). Therefore, the average catch of one

-fishing day (in cubic meters) has been adopted as a basic unit in the subsequent discussion.

Calculations were made only, in those instances, where catches of the standard group were considered to be representative of the fishing efficiency of the standard vessels: when the calculations were based on more than 300 fishing days in a month - for the Baltic, over 100 days - for the North Sea and over 30 days for the African Shelf and for North-West Atlantic. Different numbers of fishing days were adopted because of the different numbers of vessels in the standard groups and different intensity of exploitation of the investigated regions.

For the remaining vessels, all fishing days were considered for the calculation of the fishing efficiency.

The relative fishing power was calculated as a yearly average weighted as shown in the example (Table 6).

The method described above was used as a general method, in some instances however, modified as required.

In the second stage, when the changes of the fishing power from year to year were investigated, calculations of the so called "moving average" over two or three years were used.

92.

The third stage, in which an attempt was made to explain the observed changes in the fishing power of the vessels, by change in the factors described in section 1, needs no detailed discussion.

In stage four, a comparison of the fishing power of all vessels was made in an indirect way - taking advantage of the fact that vessels of the same type were fishing in different regions at the same time and that they were changing fishing regions over the years.

Table 6 54 An example of calculations of fishing power Year:1968 typè . .of vessel drift trawle Tabela6 fishing gear bottom trawl Przyklad obliczenia mocy lowczej Species: cod Rok: 1968 Akwen: Baltyk Weter region: Baltic Typ atatku lugrotrawlery Jednostka K utry 17m narzçdzia wIok denny standardowe denny Standard vessels L7 m cutie Gatunek: dorez irddla: MaLerialy Zwittdu bottom tra-iil Rybackiego MIR Sources:Fishing reports of 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 161.61- liopéd E3. 9. MIR Wydaj- Wydaj- czynnik dni po- Oblicze- Iredni 1. No. of tests Numer Re- Mie- no6 nod wzgled- lowowych nia po- roczny pow- jon sic grupy grupy nej mo- grupy mocnicze wsp6I- 2: Region t6rze- titan- bads.- cy low- standar- 6x7 czynnik 3. Month nia dar- nej czej dowej dowej (5:4) (waga Efficiency of standard statyst.) r group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 _9 5: Efficiency of tested 1) 1 106 IV - 0,9 - 2 - group 2 108 I 1,8 1,2 0,67 1 0,67 6. Coefficient of relative f ishing power (5:4) 3 108 II 1,6 1,2 0,75 6 4,50 a, 7: No of fishing days of 4 108 IV 1,7 0,3 0,18 5 0,90 ô s tandared group 5 112 I 0,9 0,9 1,00 30 30,00 II (stat. weight) c7 8. Intermediate calculption 6 112 II 1,0 0,5 0,50 2 1,00 " 6 x 7 a, 7 112 III 1,5 2,7 1,80 1 1,80 :- 9. Yearly average coefficieil 1 8 112 V 0,3 0,4 1,33 3 3,99 m 8 9 113 I 1,5 1,0 0,67 30 20,10 ol. 7 10 113 III 1,4 3,4 2,43 5 12,15 11 113 IV 1,4 1,7 1,21 8 9,68 91 84,79

Rejony Lowiskowe wg Zwiad6w Rybackich MIR. t, clj t c..c...t-clet,â - n‘R ( 93.

II INVESTIGATION OF FISHING POWER OF VESSELS FISHING IN THE BALTIC

As it was mentioned in section two, in the early days of the pody-was period, all vessels of the Polish fishing fleet carried out fishing operations in the Baltic. This included: old non-typical trawlers, trawlers of B-10 series, drift trawlers, cutters and fishing boats. In later years, however, fishing operations by trawlers and drift trawlers became more and more limited in the Baltic Sea, as they were being transferred to the North Sea. For many years now, only cutters and fishing boats have been fishing in the Baltic (the 24 m. cutters, for many months during the years 1951-1968 fished also in the North Sea). After 1966, drift trawlers have also been fishing in the Baltic.

On the basis of the Baltic catches it was possible to 55 analyze the fishing power of the following vessels: - cutters (24 m., 17 m., and smaller units) - trawlers (old non-typical and newer of B-10 series) - drift trawlers.

Calculations for cutters are based on the most extensive' material. 'For the latter two groups, calculations are based on appreciably more limited data. Fishing boats were not investigated.

The 17 m. cutters were adopted as a standard group. They constitute a most numerous group of vessels, which fished in the 94.

Baltic on a continuous basis, and which are the only ships belonging to owners of different economic classes: state companies, fishing co-operatives and private fishermen.

The relative fishing power of all other units was calculated in relation to these vessels.

The research covers the period 1951-1969, with the exclusion of four years 1959-1962 due to the lack of complete data.

As mentioned in part II, cod, herring and sardine form the major portion of the Baltic catches (together over 90% of the catches). Consequently, calculations of fishing power for vessels operating in the Baltic, were done separately for each of these three species.

A comparison of the fishing powers of vessels fishing in conditions of approximately the same abundance of fish, is based on the assumption that the condition of "approximately the same abundance of fish" is fulfilled, when catches are made at the saine time and in the same place.

In the case of the Baltic catches, gathering of material with recorded time of catch (with accuracy of one month) was comparativaly easy. 95.

However, the location of the fishing operations was much more difficult to determine. This is because for many years Polish statistics did not differentiate between the various fishing regions of the Baltic, (in the international statistics the Baltic still represents one statistical area IIId).

This was somewhat simplified by the fact that our cutters most often exploit the fishing grounds close to the home ports. Having this in mind, the comparison of the fishing powers of different vessels belonging to the same owner, or to various owners in the same harbour, to a large degree fulfil the condition that comparisons be made for the same location.

1. Fishing_power of the 24 m. cutters

The calculations of the fishing power of the 24 m. cutters were made by two methods: A - independently of the fishing gear employed, for the years 1951-1958 and 1963-1968. B - with consideration of the fishing gear used, (separate calculations for trawling and separate for ) for the years 1965-1969.

In method A, in the years 1951-1958, the calculations were exclusively based on the catches of cod and herring by

PPDiUR "Arka" in Gdynia. All calculations of the relative 9 6 .

("•' e ‘ fishing power were made by the author, on the basis of the fishing data given in the works of Laszczynski (1957) and Daszkowska (1960).

For the years 1963-1967 the calculations of students working for master's degree in the Institute of Fisheries and Marine Resources of WSR in Olsztyn, were utilized. These were the works by: Zbanyszek 1966 (for the years 1963-1964, for all state companies and co-operatives, based on the catches of herring), Czapiewski 1967 (for the years 1963-1965, for PpiUR "Kuter" based on cod, herring and ,sprat catches), Rajs 1967 (for the years 1963-1965, for PPiUR "Korab", based on towN1 cod, herring and sprat ), Pochlid 1967 (for the years 1964- • 1965, for PPiUR "Barka" based on catches of herring and sprat ), and Abramczyk 1969 (for the years 1966-1967, for all the state companies).

The calculations for 1968, were made by the author, (on the basis of data from the Reconnaissance Center of MIR (1969).

All calculations in method B were made by the author, on the basis of the fishing data, listed in the reports STANA, prepared by MIR.

a. Investigations of the fishing power independently of the fishing _gear. 97

The factors of the relative fishing power for cod

• and herring are listed in Table 7 and the moving averages (for 2 years) are given in Fig. 8.

As can be seen, in the first years of the period under

investigation (1951-1952), the fishing power of the 24 m. cutters as compared to the 17 m. cutters for herring and cod catches was almost identical: it was 1.51 for cod, and 1.52 for herring. For cod this value up to 1955 was subject to minimal fluctuations only.

Table 7

The fishing efficiency of 24 m. cutters as compared to 17 m. cutters

24 m cutters Year Standard cutters , (17 m) Cod Herring

Kutry 24m Rok Kutry standardowe . (17m) ' Dorez ' Cledi 1951 1 1,51 1,56 1952 1 1,e1 1,48 1953 1 1,36 1,15 1954 1 1,45 2,31 1955 1 1,42 1,44 1956 1 2,05 1,38 1957 1 1,90 2,22 1958 1 2,78 1,46 1963 1) 1 1,18 2,53 1964 1) 1 1,10 2,45 1965 1) 1 1,09 2,37 1966 1 1,40 2,30 1967 1 . 1,60 3,50 1968 1 1,26 2,01

1) Dane (lia lat 1963-1965 obliczone jako 1-..ednie z kilku irddel, uprzednio wymienionych. 1) Figures for years 1963-1965 are averages of data from several sources mentioned previously

98.

emity CUTTERS

catchE 24 m paory dmmm cod Amami, miempo 2-1otode --- imlowy lilifiula herring CE tches 3 "2—year moving average 2 _... „..._---.. _. —__----

r.,,, .4. I r 1 Cf. f 1 1 11 T. TI:: :I2 'CrAl WON 1:1 : :i: q§', 1î i ir ï 15 . r

141 13. =

› LUGROMILERY U 3 DRIFT TRAWLERS 1 1 0 Kb • • 1 a 2 ,----- 1 CO 1 » 1 1; 61 SO e",. • . v. eo'.a'. n Ii Q 7 TRDURY q 0 1— itylice dorw cr for cod only 5 -- Trawler>, e—id

--- / Store traMory Metypore . old non typic 1 trawlers / / /

ca% in N- co co ut. n g tr.■ IA If. th IA cr, cr e, C" o's ON qîîâ' iri e. !.‘ Years

Rys.8. Wzgledna moc Iowcza statk6w baltyckich (jednostka standardowa — kutry 17m)

Fig. 8. The relative fishing power of Baltic vessels (standard unit — 17 m cutters) 99.

In the following six years (1953-195$) it can be 58 observed that, values of the factors differ, sometimes quite substantially; in certain years the values of the relative fishing power of 24 m. cutters and 17 m. cutters is higher for cod, while in other years it is higher for herring. In general the average, for the six years, is higher for cod (1.$3) than for herring (1.66).

After a four year interval (as mentioned before there was a lack of data for the years;1959-1962), startingC3 in 1963 the situation changed radically. The values obtained for cod were always lower than those for herring, and the differences between the two were very substantial particularly in 1967.

For this second period (1963-196$) the average value obtained from cod catches equals 1.27 while that for the herring equals 2.53.

An attempt to explain this phenomenon will be'made in the next part of the analysis.

Besides the research done on cod and herring an attempt was made to investigate the fishing power of the 24 m. cutters involved in fishing operations of the third species, sprat , which plays a major economic role in the Polish fisheries. 100.

This problem was investigated in Master theses by Pochlid (1967), Rajs (1967), Czapiewski (1967) and Abramczyk (1969). The results obtained by these authors are listed in Table 8.

Table 8

Ratios of fishing of fishing efficiency of 24 m citters to that of 17 m cutters for sprat catches, obtained by various authors.

Tabel.a 8 Stosunki wydajmAci polowowych kutr6w 24 m do kutr6w 17m w polowach szprota uzyskane przez r6Znych autor6w

H.Ozapiewski R.Rajs K.Pochlid Autor J.Abramczyk (1969) (1967) (1967) (1967) Armator (wszyscy "Kuter" "Korab" "Barka" Lata armatorzy) 1963 — 0,68 13,72 — 1964 — 0,89 2,33 19, 0 9 1965 _ 1,65 35,70 — 1966 5,3 — — — 1967 11,8 — — _

As it can be seen, the factors of the relative fishing power in the sprat_ operations, calculated by the method used for cod, herring and all other species, show such large fluctuations as reported different authors, owners and for different years (from 0.68 to 35.70), that it becomes quite obvious that it can not be used to investigate the fishing power of the vessels in the case of the sprat 101.

Most probably for this species of fish of greatest

importance is, a proper preparation of cutters for these

catches (this depends on a large number of factors, particularly

on the ability of home ports to process these catches). For

this reason, for accurate calculations of the fishing power of vessels involved in sprat operations, it is advisable to base these calculations on an experiment.

b. Investigations of the fishing power of vessels using 59 various fishing gear.

According to Orlowski (1960) the species content in a catch depends to a large extent on the fishing gear used. The species composition of the catches made by 17 m. cutters

as a function of the fishing gear used, for the years of 1954-1957, is given in Table 9.

Table 9

Percentage composition of catch during 1954-1957 using different fishing gear (after Orlowski)

T a b e 1 a 9 Procentowy skxad gatunkowy poxow6w w latach 1954-1957 przy zastosowaniu rdznych narz@dzi poxowu (wg Orxowskiego)

VI x o k K u t r y 17m Trawl cod Dorsz herrln# cod• • • • • Dorszowy 99,2 0 , 3 •herring-cod • • • Dorszowo-61edziowy 94,1 4,3 r ing .p... ;••^• 6ledziowy 57,5 37,4 ntodelowy 28,6 66,9 Cttom pair trawjpka denna 23,5 74,1 102.

For this reason, based on the data contained in the reports STANA, for the 5 years (1965-1969), calculations of the relative fishing power of vessels for cod and herring were made, to show the dependence or the fishing gear used.

At this stage of research, five types of comparisons were made to calculate the relative fishing efficiency: a) for 17 m. cutters the efficiency of mid-water pair trawl as compared to the efficiency of bottom trawl, (results are given in Table 10), h) for 24 m. cutters the efficiency of mid-water pair trawl as compared to the bottom trawl, (results given in Table 11), c) the efficiency of pair trawl fishing by 24 m. cutters as compared to the efficiency of trawl fishing of 17 m. cutters, (Table 12), d) the efficiency of trawl fishing of 24 m. cutters as compared to the efficiency of trawling by 17 m. cutters (Table 13), e) the fishing efficiency of pair trawling by 24 m. cutters as

compared to the trawling efficiency of 17 m. cutters (Table 14).

In addition to the results for every year, 2 - year moving averages were also calculated.

As can be seen from all the tables and figures, the relative fishing powers in all comparisons take different values for cod and different for herring.

4

103.

For cod. If we accept the results of trawl fishing of 17 m. cutters as standard, higher results are obtained

only by 24 m. cutters using trawl. Their ratio equals 1:1.23. In pair trawl catches, both 17 m. cutters and 24 m. cutters give lower fishing results: for 17 m. cutters the ratio is

1:0.87, and for 24 m. cutters the ratio is 1:0.60. Comparing the fishing efficiency of pair trawling for both types of

vessel e it can be seen that the factors of the relative fishing power for cod are practically the saine (the average for five

years is 1:0.99). 60 Table 10 17 m cutters:ratio of pair trawl fishing efficiency to that of train-, Tabla 10 Kutry 17ms stosunek wydajnoéci poIow6w tukowych do wlokowych

dia doreza c....oci ' dla éledzinticm-,1

Lata érednia ru- ■Vb.act., érednia choma roczna ruchoma \le.u,r« roczna oomfluxa., 2-letnia .averzece- 1965 1,07 4,24 0,86 5,65 1966 0,65 7,07 0,80 1967 0,95 (10,53) 6,87 1,01 1968 1,08 6,67 0,86 5,53 1969 0,59 4,39 auelmeie .o.e érednia z pigciu lat 0,87 9.---Veen'à 8,14 cwera2e., , érednia z czterech lat h,..oe,...1 5,51 I-I-- Auei ale Table 11 trawl fishins efficiency to that of - 24 M cutters: ratio of pair trawl Tabela 11 : Kutry 24m2 stosunek wydajnoéci polow6w tukowych do wlokowych

dia dorsza e-c,c( dia éledzia Luta . érednia ruchoma érednia ruchoma Lj •-le4m.5., roczna 2-letnia roczna 2-letnia 4 v. we_ t yeAtUl cz,‘5.--ote 1965 0,52 1,55 0,58 2,60 1966 0,64 3,65 . 0,48 1967 0,31 (7,13) 0,63 1968 0,85 ' 2,53 0,69 2,61 1969 0,54 3,29 , r érednia z pigciu lat 0,57 3,63 _ nverage from five years 0.57

104. Ratio. _ of fishing efficiency of 24 m cutters to tbat Cf 17 m ' • cutters using pair trawl gip Tabela 12 Polowy tukowe: stosunek wydajnogci kutr6w 24m do kutrdw 17m

dia dorsza dia gledzia Lata roczna àrednia ruchoma roczna grednia ruchoma 2-letnia 2-letnia '"*-k ext4. yza iut it.e., IlLi 1965 0,56 1,52 0,92 1,64 1966 1,29 1,76 0,93 1967 0,57 2,18 0,82 1968 1,07 1,98 1,27 1,75 1969 1,47 1,53 grednia z pleciu lat 0,99 2-`teed 0-00i49 1,79 - (5 • 9

Ratio of fishing efficiency of 24 m cutters to that of 17 m cutters using trawl Tabela 13 Polowy wlokowe stosunek wydajnogci kutrdw 24m do kutrdw 17m

dia dorsza dia gledzia Lata grednia ruchoma grednia ruchoma roczna 2-letnia roc zna 2-letnia 1965 1,36 2,32 1,19 2,74 1966 1,02 3,17 1,26 3,00 1967 1,51 2,83 1,46 3,70 1968 1,41 4,58 1,29 3,48 1969 1,17 2,38 grednia z pieciu lat 1,29 3,06 . _ cave-ick,c\e__ Ratio of fishing efficiency of 24 m cutters using pair trawl to fishing efficiency of 17 m cutters using trawl

- T a - b e 1 a --- 14 Stosunek wydajnogoi polowowych kutrowych 24m lowiqcych tukti do kutr6w 17m lowiqcych wlokiem

dia dorsza dia gledzia Lata grednia ruchoma érednia ruchoma roczna 2-letnia roc zna 2-lebnia 1965 0,50 4,50 0,58 6,47 1966 0,66 8,44 0,53 1967 0,40 (18,32) 7,98 0,69 1968 0,98 9,52 0,73 8,58 1969 0,48 7,64 grednia z piecil lat 0,60 9,68 grednia z czterech lat 7,52

--e elie, 6 o _ 1€L 4 C‘,ve-ivIce--• 10 5.

For all types of fishing gear, the fluctuations in the factors of the relative fishing power, using two-year moving averages, were insignificant.

For herring. Taking the fishing efficiency of trawls used by 17 m. cutters as a standard unit, it can be seen that, the results obtained for herring by all other vessels and fishing gear are always higher.

The factors of the relative fishing power for 24 m. cutters using the same type of fishing gear amounted, on average, over the five year period, to 3.06. For the same vessels using mid-water pair trawl, they were 7.52. While for pair trawl fishing by 17 m. cutters they were on average 5.51.

It should be mentioned, that the two latter averages illustrating the ratios of fishing efficiency of 17 m. and 24 m. cutters using pair trawl to the fishing efficiency of 17 m. cutters using trawl, were calculated on the basis of four rather than five years. In both cases the results of 1967 were excluded from the calculations as that year showed exceptionally high factor of relative fishing power (18.32 and 10.53). Therefore it would seem that this exclusion is well justified. In all probability the exceptionally high 62 fishing efficiency of pair trawl catches,were due to the fish 106.

behaviour. This phenomenon needs more detailed explanation, .yet the exclusion of that year from the calculations of the factors of the relative fishing power is necessary.

For pair trawl the factor of the relative fishing power of 24 m. cutters as compared to 17 m. cutters is 1.79 and the fluctuations are very small.

Summing up: a significant increase, observed in the sixties, in the fishing power of 24 m. cutters in relation to herring, may be due to the introduction of mid-water pair trawling. According to Krawczak (1965) mid-water pair trawls were introduced on the eastern. coast in the mid-fifties and after certain modifications they were introduced, throughout the coast, as late as the end of the present decade.

The second factor which may have influenced this phenomenon was the introduction after 1957 of cutters of the B-25 series. These vessels when compared to the cutters of B-12 and B-25 series, (combined in statistics under "24 m. cutters") have slightly different technical parameters - in particular greater speed - important for herring operations.

2. The fishing power of smaller cutters

For 13 m. and 15 m. cutters a limited number of calculations were done for some of the years only. 107.

15 m. cutters

Calculations for these were made only for the years 1960 (Moraczewski 1963) and 1963 and 1964 (Zbanyszek 1966). Calculations for 1963 and 1964 were only related to herring catches. The factors of the relative fishing power for these two years: were 0.6 and 0.4 (average 0.5). In 1960 calculations were made only for cod and only for the cod season (that is from January to April).

The factors of relative fishing power equaled 0.85.

13 m. cutters

The factors of the relative fishing power for 13 m. cutters were calculated by Zbanyszek (1966) for the years 1963 and 1964 only on the basis of herring catches. For both years they are indentical and equal to 0.3.

3. Trawlers

Calculations of the factors of relative fishing power for trawlers operating in the Baltic were made by the author on the basis of the data gathered by Daszkowska (1960).

Thesei cover the years of 1953-1958; they are based only on the spring catches of cod. 108

The values of the factors are given in Table 15 and in Fig. E.

As can be seen, the factors of the relative fishing power of the old non-typical steam trawlers and those of B-10 series, have very similar values and similar tendency in changes, over the six-year period investigated.

Table 15 63 Baltic Sea The factors of the relative fishing power for trawlers (for cod during spring season)

Stare trawlery Nowe trawlery serii a. Standard fishing Wydajno66 nietypowe B-10 efficiency of s t and ardow a Lata kutr6w 17m Wartogci Warto§ci 17 m. cutters. wspdxczyn- Lf-cex wsp6lczyn- M-ce b. Old non-typical nika nika trawlers 1953 1 2,59 I-V 1,93 I-IV c. Values of factors. 1954 1 2,43 I-IV - - d. New trawlers of 1955 1 - - 2,10 II B-10 series. 1956 1 1,68 I-IV 2,03 I-IV e...Values of factors. 1957 1 3,73 Ï-III 3,07 II-III 1958 1 5,74 I-III 6,83 I-III

x - values of the factors for the individual years were calculated on the basis of the fishing efficiencies for the months given in the Table.

For the first four years, for the old non-typical trawlers, the values remain constant in the range 1.6$-2.59, and for trawlers of B-10 series in the range 1.93-2.10, but in the last two years (1957 and 195$) a significant increase in the value of the factors can be observed, which in 1957 equals 3.73 for the old non-typical trawlers, and 3.07 for trawlers of B-10 series, while in 1958 they were 5.74 and 6.$3 respectively. 109.

An attempt to explain this increase in the fishing power in the years 1957-l95 8.will be presented in the sub- chapter dealing with the fishing power of standard cutters.

4. Drift trawlers

As already mentioned, drift trawlers were carrying fishing operations in the Baltic in the years 1951-1954. In later years these vessels were and returned to the Baltic Sea in 1966. In 1967 the catches contributed by drift trawlers amounted to 0.7% of the total catches from the Baltic and in 1968 this was 3.3%. Investigations of fishing efficiency of these ships were done for widely separated periods of time: for the years 1953 and 1954 and for the year 1968.

The factors of the relative fishing power for cod are listed in Table 16.

In the author's opinion inspite of the fact that the data was obtained a long time ago and that it comes from different sources, the results may be used for comparisons. Both are based on catches of the same months (I-IV), and

- aai nd h:lolrghtth:e (4% 110 mentioned, it should be recalled that fishing in those years was done by means of trawls. 110.

On comparing the results, one notes that the fishing power of drift trawlers for cod is in 1968 appreciably lower than for the preceding period. The calculated mean for the years 1953 and 1954 equals 1.73, while for 1968 it equals 0.93. Table 16 64 The factors of relative fishing power for drift trawlers (for cod catches) lugrotrawlery— driP .treAvalers Wydajnoéd standar- Lata dcwa kutrdw Nia-1.4..ese Wartoéci M-ce x y ea rs stonaanCle7t4r:te;t:e.leFtI , . wspdlczynnika pat.ter „ohttas 1953 1 1,54 [-IV 1,73 1954 1 f 1,91 I-II E.ottPra truvL) 1968 1 (wlok denny) 0,93 (wlok denny) I-IV . x - Wartoéci wspdlczynnika dia poszczeelnych let zostaly obliczone na podstawie wydajnoéci w miesigcach przedstawionych w rubryce. - values of the factors for the individual years were calculated on the basis of monthly fishing efficiencies listed in the Table

It seems that the above can be justified by the better adaptation of drift trawlers for herring operations. In 1968, these vessels carried out fishing operations mainly by means of pair trawl, devoting only 90 fishing days to bottom trawling while 705 fishing days were devoted to pair trawling.

A straight forward comparison of fishing efficiency for herring by drift trawlers using pair trawling with the 17 m. cutters using the same gear was impossible in 1968. This difficulty was due to the fact that the calculation, dealing with fishing efficiency as function of type of vessel and fishing gear, made by Fishing Reconnaissance Centre of MIR, applied only to small fishing areas (such as Lawica Srodkowa or Rynna Slupska), these regions did not provide sufficient data 111.

for direct comparison of fishing efficiency between drift trawlers and 17 m. cutters. On the other hand, extensive material for comparison of the fishing efficiencies of drift trawlers and 24 m. cutters, was found.

Consequently, for pair trawling, in the first place a comparison of fishing efficiency of drift trawlers and 24 m. cutters was made . (by a direct method) and then, from the previously calculated rate of fishing efficiency of 24 m. cutters as compared to 17 m. cutters, the factors of the relative fishing power of drift trawlers and 17 m , cutters were calculated. (As we know the 17 m. cutters have been accepted universally as a standard unit for the Baltic).

The obtained results are listed in Table 17.

Table 17 Baltic 1968. Pair—trawling Fishing power of drift trawlers (as compared to 24 and 17 m cutters)

by direct calculatior Fishing Drift— Cutters power of Trawlers 24:17m Fishing 24 m (from power of Drift— cutters Tab. 12) càtîefs Trawlers

Wydajnoéé Kutry Z poéredniegp obliczenia kutr6w Lugro- 24:17m Wydajnoéé jednost. trawlery (z tab.12) jednost. lugrotrawlery. re'* 24m kutr6w 17m • 1 1,60 1,98:1 1 3,17 112.

The fishing power of standard 17 m. cutters 65

A comparison of fishing efficiencies of various types of vessels to one type of vessel, enables us to observe changes in the relative fishing power of these vessels in relation to the one chosen as the standard unit. However, by the same token, it does not allow us to observe the changes in the fishing power of the said standard vessel. If we were to accept the fishing efficiencies of these vessels, for the whole period under investigation, as uniform, then we would "freeze r so to speak, their absolute fishing power at one level.

It is quite clear, that such an assumption would be incorrect. It is difficult to imagine any type of vessel that, over a period of years, would not alter or improve its fishing technique. This of course, applies to our standard units, in this case the 17 m, cutters operating in Baltic.

At present it is difficult to appraise the extent of these changes. It would seem that such investigations accompanied by introduction of new technique have every chance of success. On the assumption, that technical progress is introduced simul- taneously on all vessels, it is possible to compare the fishing efficiencies of the vessels which adopted these changes with the vessels fishing in a traditional manner; and in this way acquire quantitative indication of the extent of success due to the introduced improvements. However, after many years such conclusions are not easy to make.

113.

Only certain indications can be obtained from careful observations of the variations in the fishing power of the remaining groups of vessels.

When considering the changes during the years 1956-1.958 of the relative fishing power for cod of all vessels (Fig. 8, Table 7), it can be noticed that during those years an increase in the volume of the factors of the relative fishing power is observed for both the 24 m. cutters and the trawlers (old and new). This is shown in Table 18.

Table 18

Comparison of the relative fishing power of different v essels at the beginning and at the end of the fifties

Average Average Value value of the of the Increse Vessels Years factor Years,_actor during % Inc rease of rela— of rela- tive fish. tive fish.Years prer power Jrednia rednio , Statki Lata wartoé wartoU Wzrost % wap.wzgl. Lata wsp.wzgl. w wzrostu mocy mocy latach lowczej -lowczej 4 111 CUt ter 3Ku t ry 24m 1951-55 1,45 1956-58 2,25 1956-58 55 Stare trawle- Old trawlerey 1953-56 2,23 1957-58 4,73 1957-58 112 ., ,kers B— Trawlery B-10 1953-56 2,02 1957-58 4,95 1957,58 145 114.

Such simultaneous increase in the fishing power of different vessels such as cutters and trawlers, owned by various owners, is most unlikely. This increase could be

partly explained by the full preparedness for service of

these vessels, which in the preceeding years were just

coming out of the shipyards; (trawlers B-10 and 24 m. cutters of the B-25 and B-25S series). A similar behaviour was observed for these vessels in the North Sea (Borkowska - 66 Kwinta 1966). Further explanation of this fact can also be explained by the change in the absolute fishing power of standard vessels. It seems most likely that the 17 m. cutters experienced a decrease in fishing power during those years. r It is most unfortunate that there is no data for the next four years and that this occurrence could not be investigated in a more continuous manner. After a long interval, the values of the relative factors of the 24 m. cutters (trawlers were not employed in the Baltic after this) for cod, go back to the approximately the same level as during 1951-1955.

The suspected decrease in the absolute fishing power of

17 m. cutters during 1957-195$, could have been caused by certain organizational changes in the cutter fleet ( change of ownership). Most probably however, this was due to the introduction of many

new 17 m. cutters: during 1957-195$, as many as 74 cutters were 41P built ( Fig. 5). The new units, in the first years of exploitation, lacked the full fishing capability and consequently they lowered the fishing power for the whole standard group. 115

The occurrence of lower fishing power of vessels in certain years of their introduction to fishing operations, was observed earlier on the example of the North Sea catches (Dunin - Kwinta 1964).

III. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FISHING POWER OF VESSELS OPERATING IN THE REGION OF THE NORTH SEA AND IN. THE ADJACENT WATERS

Calculations of fishing power for the Polish vessels operating in the North Sea and the adjacent waters, deal in principle only with herring catches. This species is more dominant for the Polish fishing in that area than it is for the other nations fishing there. Only in one instance was it necessary to refer to general fishing, when this was justified.

The analysis is based on the most complete data, and it was possible to calculate the factors of the fishing power for all vessels, in a complete manner, continuously for the 18 year period (from 1953 to 1970).

The analysis was made in three stages: for the years 1953-1962, 1961-1967 and 1968-1970.

The first stage of ten years in the analysis dealt with the North Sea area and the English Channel treated as a whole. This stage was the most detailed one. The calcu- lations were based on the data from the fishing enterprises. 116

Trawlers of the B-10 series were taken as a standard group, using solid fuel (coal), and which were owned by PPiUR "Delmar" in Gdynia. (Results from this stage have already been publiàhed).

The second and third stages of the analysis for the years 1961-1970, dealt exclusively with the area of the North Sea proper. The fishing data for this period came from the combined records produced by MIR on the basis of the data supplied by the enterprises; the same ones that were used for the calculations of the first stage. Therefore, it could be assumed that for the whole period of the 18 years, 1953-1970, the material was uniform in character and comparable, more so, since the catches from the region of the so called "adjacent waters" of the North Sea (this includes the English Channel) played a very small 67 part in the Polish fisheries before 1960.

In the second stage, on the basis of the results from 1963, a comparison of the fish caught per fishing day was made for all the trawlers of B-10 and B-14 series.

In this comparison the Wilcox test was used (according to Guilford 1960). It was established that there are no significant differences between fishing efficiencies of trawlers of B-10 series and those of B-14 series, provided that these vessels operated in conditions of similar fish abundance; this applies to all levels of fish existence (001; 003; 005). 117

Therefore, considering this, the trawlers of B-10 and

B-14 series fishing with trawl were taken as the standard unit for the calculations of the factors of the relative fishing poWer for all the following years. This was further justified by the fact that a11 later statistics treated these two vessel series as one.

The results of the fishing power investigations for the first and second stages, for the 15-year period, 1953-1967, will be discussed in the following sub-paragraphs, for all basic types of vessels: trawlers, drift trawlers, drift ers and cutters.

The result of the analysis of the third stage, for years

196$-1970, because of the different method of exploitation in the North Sea employed by the Polish fishing fleet during this period, will be presented separately at the end.

1. Trawlers

The results of calculations of the factors of'the relative fishing power for trawlers, obtained in the first and second stages of investigations, are listed in Tables 20 and 21 and also in Figure 9.

As can be seen, it was possible to investigate the fishing powers of the following vessels operating in the North Sea: old non-typical trawlers, steam trawlers of B-10 and B-14 series 118

(using liquid fuel mazut as well as coal), motor trawlers of B-20 series and freezer trawlers of B-23 series.

Fishing power of old non-typical trawlers

As can be seen from Table 11, the factors of the relative fishing power of old non-typical trawlers, calculated for the years 1953-1962, fluctuated slightly from 0.73 to 0.86; the average for the whole period was 0.78. Consequently, in the following years for this group of vessels the factors were no longer calculated. In addition these vessels played no part in the Polish fisheries in later years.

It can be seen in Fig. 9 that initially the fishing power of these vessels was increasing - this was probably due to the change of the fishing gear. However, later on we observe a slight but continuous decrease in the fishing power, probably caused by ageing of the vessels.

The fishing power of motor trawlers of B-20 series 68

In the years of 1961-1967 trawlers of B-20 series compare d with the standard group showed rather large fluctuations in the fishing power. The yearly values of the factors of the relative fishing power ranged from 0.90 (in 1967) to 1.41 (in 1966). 119

A careful analysis of these changes showed the following. In 1961 the value of the factor of the relative fishing power , was 1.08. A year later it increased to 1.20. In 1963, we observe a decline in the fishing power for these vessels when it equals 1.02. In the next three years (1964-1966) there is a continuous increase of the factor (from 1.19 to 1.41 - average 1.29 ), , followed by a decline in 1967 to 0.90.

It seems that the above changes could be due to both technical factors and exploitation methods.

Thus the increase in the fishing power between 1961 and 1962 is probably due to the gradual introduction of the investigated vessels into service (trawlers of B-20 series were constructed during the years 1961-1962).

The decline in 1963 in the fishing power of B-20 trawlers in the North Sea, could have been caused by the change in the fishing grounds by the vessels of this series. Due to the exceptionally favourable circumstances (discussed in detail in part two) in 1963, B-20 trawlers obtained very good economic results on the African Shelf. What happened was most likely that the best ships were sent to these more distant regions; thus the 'results of the remaining vessels in the North Sea, declined proportionately. 120

It can also be explained by the principle discussed by Krepa (1972), who suggests that with diminished abundance of fish, the fishing efficiency of larger vessels decreases more drastically. In 1963 herring was scarce in the North Sea.

The years 1964-1966 mark the most active period of fishing operations by the Polish fleet in the North Sea. This applies to both standard vessels and to trawlers of B-20 series. It would appear that the factors calculated on the basis of this period characterize best the fishing power of B-20 trawlers in comparison to B-10 and B-14. Its value, on average, equals 1.29.

The decrease in the values of the factors in 1967 was most probably due to yet another change in the fishing grounds by these vessels, of which the best ones were sent to the North-West Atlantic, and also due to another decline in fish density in the North Sea.

In addition, it would seem that these large fluctuations from year to year in the values of the factor of the relative fishing power of B-20 tràwlers, can be partly explained by differences in the facilities for preservation of the catch between the standard and the B-20 trawlers, and the subsequent differences in the species composition in the catches of both these groups of vessels. ▪

121 Table 20

loactors of relative fishing power of trawlers during the years 69 1953 — 1962

J

69

ô c;« cv VI ezy .... >,ai o

,3 4.... I ., e , CD 0 ....1 0 ... rItAPN CO 0 •...e 9 >001 0 01 ...1, ,-_,cr ilC 4 ..• VI el ... .0 8 5 »-. I s .§. 0 D -07) 0 tq7., 01 ' 5 . U --• co › 0 P. ‘0 el W h a) r• C.- CO ....t LA 00 - -40 0 14 0 .-I }, 0 h h CO CO h 00 h h h h h a. Et/I .. 0 0 0 0 0 if; 'cl . . ?-i 0 0 0 0 0 Ô 43 .., e

•o a co 4. 4-■ 1/40 0 c0 0• t-' 1. • ta 0 4 - I 0 0.... .m 0 0 oa Z - 3 —

3 ,o s. t-, . o 0 .--% a 01 . c., W n- 01 .c- I Jg o m .. - • r. c- c- M .-1 CL nnl o 0 o 3 .1-) 0 4, 0 1-0 • U Ol CO ■ al ..-.. o D P. 4. M c0 cd ' > Os ...1- e g... ....t tA ON h t•■•■ co o v• ›-, c.. ti Mi .)J ts- C-- aN 0 0 cr. m 1 L. I 0 0 0 N". 0 CO •,,,I Ô Ô c" n: Ô CL >, in ,--1 › xe S OC-'. e 0 C- 0 0 • 1. .0 4. •,-, 0 tll o Cu ai_ 0 • `5 1,0 •cl 61 •., 0 4. ci1 CO 0 ■ 6».-1 —. P. 0 C C. 01 O'. ('J KN 0- 0 -9 .--; g >3 r• Et 21 ...sa ON CO ON Cl a) 0'. b0 3 , 4-, 1 cd 0 0 . - N V tm z c,...1 0' .:5. Ci 0.. ce 0 3 1.- 0 H ..-1 in D- CL- M 3 ,-. 0 o 0 21 ›,L) f as e..0 . I 9 --ts CI 4. 0 CO ....t 2 -4'e n *el 9 ,,, %-. El •-■ .. e -8 P `;- 4-3 P. ./- I 6.1 0 0 .. ..., . . 4 In 0 cg Z Ezi .41 MO r• c- \-- V' › a ) 4-, 0 > AI a«.) , •-• , .— ,-- .-- •-• •-- ,-- c. W s 7 4,, al,....p0 a . D â cro ,c1 6 ‘e cd cd 0 ■-• 0 -4. .1 Pe . e 4.4. ai .-1 lai )1 •O N :h ; 4-J $-■ P. .0 › Tt) ai Id IL-4 • •ef ... I ai xi ai L) ti .,% e, ,r, .i.?, .C.-. us, u.,., CiD \I „g 0 g Ig, ..-i 4 ,:i, ,7:, i Li-xi 'COI, .•Jaci' ON ON ON 01 (31 01 01 01 ON ON 0 Li 0 L. w O C. .. r. 1-- c- %-- ç- %"- n- s- s- c- L. 0 Si P. 0 7- VI .0 •-,4 › •c./ ff)

122

The standard trawlers are best adapted for catching herring preserved by salting. On the other hand B-20 trawlers are able also to freeze the fish and consequently can be adapted more easily for the various seasons and different species of fish. Therefore, the factors of relative fishing power based solely on herring catches may show greater differences in different years. upo Table 21 Factors of relative fishing power for trawlers during the years 1963 - 1967 Standar B-10 Motor lactory trawlers vessel and trawlers B-23 Years all B-1 B-14 and B-1I. mid- B-20 Herring All vessels water air travl species _ Statki B-10 i B-14 Trawlery Trawlery zcmraZalnie B-23 standardo- tuka motorowe Lata we (wszys- pelagiczna B-20 ledi wszystkie . tkie B-10 gatunki I B-14) 1963 1 - 1,02 x 1964 1 - 1,19 1,03 x 1965 1 a) 1 1 16 1,27 0,99 b) 1966 1 1,13 1,41 1,29 2,18 1967 1 - 0,90 5- yearly average 1.15 x - period of introduction of vessels into the service a)- on the basis of yearly averages b)- for all species of fish on the basis of data from MIR

The fishing power of freezer trawlers of B-23 series,

The freezer trawlers of B-23 series, during the three years (1964-1966) when it was possible to compare their fishing efficiency with the standard vessels in the North Sea, showed a

surprisingly low relative fishing power: 1.03, 0.99, 1.29. 123

Even if the factors from the first two years were ignored (considered as a training period), the relative fishing factor, equaled only 1.29 in 1966. If we consider that these vessels are twice as big as the standard vessels in terms of tonnage and have nearly twice as much engine power, this ratio appeared unlikely, in particular since in the sanie year of 1966 considerably smaller trawlers of series B-20 showed a higher factor of the relative fishing power (1.41).

Consequently, for these vessels in 1966, calculations of the factor of the relative fishing power were made on the basis of catches of all species of fish (not only of herring). It became evident that with this method the factor of the relative fishing power was 2.18 for freezer trawlers of B-23 series.

It would seem that the above is due to different degrees of specialisation of the investigated vessels as far as catch preservation is concerned. Standard trawlers are specially equipped for catching herring and this species is their main objective. While trawlers of series B-23 can freeze virtually any caught fish, because of this herring plays a much lesser role in the catches of this group of vessels.

The fiship,.g power of the standard vessels (trawlers of series

B-10 and B-14) 71

As it was mentioned in the first stage of the analysis, for the years 1953-1963, steam trawlers of B-10 series, owned 124

by PPDiUR "Dalmor" in Gdynia, were used as standard vessels

exclusively in the North Sea. In the second stage, for the

years 1963-1967, the standard group was represented by all

trawlers of B-10 and B-14 series.

It is generally assumed, when investigating the fishing

power of the standard vessels, that the fishing power of this

group equals 'toner'.

It would seem, however that these investigations, based

on many years and on very extensive material, make it possible

to evaluate the variation in the fishing power of the standard

vessels thèmselves. • For example, during the first stage of the analysis, it

was possible to follow quite clearly the fishing power of trawlers

of B-14 series, built during 195$-1960.

It can be seen that the fishing power of these vessels

is always lower in the first year of their service than in the

following years. It should be accepted therefore that only in

this second period, after full training, these vessels show real

indication of their fishing power. Assuniing that it equals 100%,

it can be observed that during their period of training, these

vessels reach only 80% of their potential.

• Taking this into consideration, a decrease in the fishing power of trawlers of B-10 in 1953 would seem justified, as indicated 12 5

by the described principle, since at that time these vessels were still in training.

The second variable which could be partly investigated in the first stage, is the effect of the introduced fishing gear.

As already said (in section one), vessels of B-10 series at the beginning used a 72 foot trawl. During the years 1957-. 1959, together with trawlers of series B-14 1 they started to use 80 foot trawl, and in the years 1961-1963, 90 foot trawl.

For this last change, it was possible to compare the fishing results of the vessels, using trawls of both sizes, on the basis of the fishing results of the trawlers of PPDiUR "Odra" for the years 1961 and 1962.

On these vessels it was possible to prove that the increase of the size of trawl (from 70 to 90 feet) increased their fishing power, as compared to the vessels using 80 foot trawl, by 16%. Since this trawl has been later on introduced to all vessels of B-10 and B-14 series, it can be assumed that the fishing power of all standard vessels, as of 1963, increased by this amount.

The catches made by trawlers of B-10 and B-14 series in 1965 by means of mid-water pair trawl (in the region of the Norwegian Gully) show a bigger gain (13% to 16%) as compared 126

to the trawl catches. Except for this one instance, these vessels did not use this type of fishing gear.

2. Drift trawlers 72

The investigations of the fishing power of drift trawlers were done in two stages and two versions: 1) for the years of 1953-1962, a comparison was made of fishing efficiencies of vessels independently of the fishing gear used, but in relation to the technical parameters. 2) for the years 1958-1967, independently of technical parameters, but in relation to the fishing gear used.

r>* In this way we obtain a period of five years, from 1958 to 1962, which is covered by both analyses.

Fishing power of drift trawlers (independently of the fishing gear used)

In the first analysis vessels were divided into three groups: - drift trawlers of B-11 series (300 HP engine) - drift trawlers of 13-17 series, so called "extended", also with 300 HP engine. - drift trawlers of B-17 series (with 390 HP engine)

• The obtained factors of the relative fishing power are listed in Table 22. 127 . Table 22

Factors of relative fishing power for drift trawlers (independently of the fishing gear used)

series Stan d ar d ears Owners vessels y Al - steam B-11 B-17 B-^17-Z ogeth r trawlers 300HP 390HP Stak-10 S e r i otandardowe, Lata Armator Razem trawlery B-17 B--17-Z parowe B-10 B-11 (300 Pi)SM (390 K21 p)

1953 „Dalmor" 0,88 0,40 - - 0,40 1954 „Odra" 1,00 0,40 - - 0,40 1955 ,Odra" 1,00 0,41 0,66 - 0,41 1956 „Odra" 1;00 (0,36) (0,41) - (0,37) 1957 „Odra" 1,00 0,40 0,50 0,47 0,46 ,,Odra" 1,00 0,44 0,47 0,47 0,46 1958 „Gryf" 1,00 0,40 0,46 - 0,45 ,,Odra" 1,00 0,25 0,42 - 0,36 1959 „Gryf" 1,00 0,30 0,36 0,41 0,34 1960 „Gryf" 1,00 0,38 0,44. 0,51 0,42 1961 ,Gryf" 1,00 0,37 0,44 0,53 0,42 1962 „Gryf" 1,00 0,32 0,41 - 0,38

srednia dziesigciolecia 0,37 0,43 0,48 0,41

10-yearly average

As can be seen from.the Table the fishing power of

drift trawlers of the B-11 series (ships in service for the

longest period, up to 195$), fluctuated very slightly from

0.40 to 0.44. In 1959a sharp decline in the factor occurs, ranging from 0.25 to 0.30. In spite of a slight improvement 73 as compared to 1959, a continuous decrease of the factors

from 0.3$ to 0.32, in the succeeding years is observed.

On average, for the years of 1953-1962, the factor of relative fishing power for the drift trawlers of I3-11 series was 0.37. 128

In 1955, the so called extended trawlers of series B-17 with engines of 300 H.P., entered service. In the first year of service the factor of the relative fishing power was lower for these vessels than for the vessels from B-11 series; it was 0.36. However, in all the following years it was higher. In 1957-1958 it equa>d 0.46 - 0.50, in 1959 it declines to 0.36 - 0.42, and in the following years it remains stable at 0.41 - 0.44.

Drift trawlers of series B-17 with engines of 390 H.P. were the last to enter fishing service - as late as 1957. During the first year their factor of the relative fishing power was lower than that of the drift trawlers of B-17 series with 300 H.P. engines. However in the following year it was the same for both groups (it equaled 0.47), and in the following years the drift trawlers with the more powerful engine, always had a higher factor of the relative fishing power; it was 14%, 17%, and 24% in successive years.

The fishing power of all drift trawlers is shown in Fig. 9. As shown, it fluctuated only very slightly during the period under investigation, and twice (in 1955 and 1956 as well as during 1959-1960) we can observe a decline in the fishing capability of these vessels. In both these instances this was related to change of ownership. 129

The increase of fishing power for the group as a whole, in 1957 and 1.958, coincided with entry into service of new vessels of B-17-Z. series (with more powerful engines).

Fishine:power of drift trawlers in relation to fishing_gear used.

In the second part of the analysis, in which relative fishing power was investigated independently of technical parameters, the factors of relative fishing power were calculated for three types of fishing gear: bottom trawl, pair trawl and drift nets.

In the second part of the analysis the calculations were based on three sources and three methods of calculating the factors of relative fishing power.

Method A: Calculations in method A are based on the average monthly catch for one fishing day. During the first five years of the analysis, trawlers of B-11 series using coal, are used as standard units, and the results refer to the whole of the North Sea together with the English Channel. For the next five years 1963-1967 all trawlers of B-10 and 13-14 series are used as standard units, the calculations being based only on the region of the North Sea treated as a whole. 130

Method B: In method B all trawlers of B -10 and B - 14 series are taken as a standard unit. The factors were calculated, consideration being given to the area where the catches were taken, (sub-regions IVa, IVb, IVc). The calculations in method B refer to six years (1962-1967).

Method C: As in methods A and B, starting in 1963 all 74 trawlers of series B-10 and B-14 were used as a standard unit. The results are based exclusively on the catches taken from the Norwegian Gully and were calculated as the average yearly catch for one fishing day (and not as a monthly average as it was done in methods A and B). The average factors obtained from all three methods are listed in Table 23.

Table 23

Factors of relative fishing power of drift trawlers for drift net, trawl and pair trawl fishing

Standard Standard - vessels vessels Mid -wat Years Drift- Trawl pair - 3 -10(coal) B-10 nets trawl for A&B B-L4 Jednostki Jednostki Lata standardowe standardowe Plawnice Wlok Tuka B-10 B-10 pelagiczna wmlowe B-14 dia A i B 1958 1 - 0,60 0,34 - 1959 1 - 0,75 0,39 - 1960 1 - 0,65 0,27 - 1961 ' 1 - 1,00 0,32 0,59 1962 1 - 0,56 0,37 0,34 1963 1 0,69 0,84 1964 1 • 0,45 0,52 0,81 1965 1 0,50 0,47 0,58 1966 1 0,77 0,52 0,27 1967 1 0,58 0,53 131

Table 23 shows that the relative fishing power for the drift net catches, starting in 1963, decreased sharply. The average value of the factor of the relative fishing power for drift nets, during the years of 1958-1962, was 0.71, while in the next five years it was 0.60. This decrease has an average value of 15%.

The fishing power of the encircling gear such as drift nets, to a large extent depends on the material of the net. For example, according to the research made by Sztabelko (1957), the drift nets used in the Baltic showed a ten fold increase in fishing power when new net material was used.

Drift nets used in Polish fisheries were at first made of cotton. Kuralon was introduced in 1962. However, according to the research of Zaucha (1969), both cotton twine and kuralon twine showed similar fishing ability. Therefore, it may be concluded that fishing power of drift nets, during the years under the investigation did not change, even though a different kind of material for netting was introduced in 1962.

It appears that the proportionate decrease in fishing power of vessels fishing with drift nets, can be explained by the increase in the fishing power of standard vessels, which starting in 1963 began using 90 foot trawls. By comparing the fishing efficiencies of the vessels using 90 foot trawls with 75 the same vessels using 80 foot trawls (see trawlers), it was shown that the fishing power due to the greater size of trawl equalted 16%. 132

This would indicate that the fishing power for drift net fishing remained unchanged tlroughout the ten-year period under investigation and therefore the suggestion that relative fishing power of the standard vessels increased after 1963, is correct. Fluctuations of the factors in drift net fishing are very large from year to year.

During the years 1958-1959 and in 1962 fishing power for trawl fishing (Fig. 9.) was similar. However, in the years 1960- 1961 a slight decrease is observed. It would appear that in 1960 this was caused, as mentioned before, by a change in ownership, and in 1961 by exceptionally abundant catches by drift nets. As these vessels could use either technique, the more efficient one was more popular, and this could have affected trawl fishing unfavourably.

An increase in fishing power can be observed starting in 1963. In those years some of the drift trawlers of B-11 series, equipped with 300 H.P. engines, were rebuilt and equipped with 400 H.P. engines as can be seen in Table 22, on equivalent vessels e.g. drift trawlers of B-17 series a 30% difference engine power (300 H.P. and 390 H.P.), resulted in an increase of 24% in the fishing power of the vessel with the more powerful engine. The equipment Of some of the vessels of B-11 series with bigger engines could have increased somewhat the fishing power of the whole group in trawl fishing; however it would seem that the extent of this increase is too large to be explained only by this fact. Possibly 133

this was also due to the fact that some less efficient units were withdrawn from service, and also due to the change to a larger trawl as well as due to a different netting material.

The factors of the fishing power in mid-water pair trawling show very large fluctuations from year to year; this is characteristic to all mid-water techniques.

. Drifters

The factors of the relative fishing power of drifters during the years 1958-1962, as compared to standard trawlers, fluctuated widely from 0.19 to 0.77. re

Possibly, the above could be explained by the very small number of these vessels (in the Polish post-war fisheries there were only 3 drifters in the fleet), and also by the observation that factors of the fishing power for mid-water techniques show largest fluctuations from year to year. This is probably related to the skill of finding fish and to the still imperfect technique of these catches.

4. Cutters

During the years of 1953 -1967, only 24 m. cutters carried out fishing operations in the North Sea. These vessels throughout the 15-year period under investigation, used bottom trawl (on • continuous basis) and mid-water trawl (starting from 1960). 13 4

Investigations of fishing power for these vessels were 76 • made separately, for trawl fishing and for mid-water pair trawl operations.

For both types of the fishing gear the investigations were made in two different methods; land B, in the same fashion as for the drift trawlers (a detailed description of method and sources of these calculations is given in the sub-paragraph 3).

The obtained results for the whole period of the 15 years are listed in Table 24.

Table 24 Factors of relative fishing power of cutters Standard stand. vess.Mid-wate Years v essels B -10&B - 14 Trawl pairB-10(coal) traw1 for A to11962 Jednostki Jednostki . standard. standardowe Tuka Leta B-10 B-10 pelagiczna nok wgglowe i dia A do B-14 1962 r.

1953 0,88 1 0,22 1954 1 1 0,23 1955 1 1 0,36 1956 1 1 0,32 1957 1 1 0,37 1958 1 1 0,31 1959 1 1 0,36 1960' 1 1 0,42 0,36 1961 1 1 0,50 0,38 1962 1 1 0,29 1963 1 0,56 0,52 1964 1 0,36 0,30 1965 1 0,40 0,48 1966 1 0,69 1967 1 0,50 0,44 135

On the basis of these values graphs were made illustrating the changes of the factors of the relative fishing power in trawl fishing. This curve is shown in Fig. 9.

As can be seen from the Figure, the factors of the relative fishing power for mid-water pair trawling show large fluctuations throughout the whole period under investigation.

The factors of the relative fishing power for bottom trawl show only a slight increase during the first two years (probably due to the fact that these vessels were still in their training period), then this is followed by a stabilisation period up to 1962, while starting in 1963 eiv*.1 there is an increase of this value, particularly noticeable in the last few years.

Most probably this last increase was caused by the change 77 in the fishing gear.

It is an interesting fact that the fishing power of cutters in trawl fishing was equal to the fishing power of drift trawlers, that is vessels of greater tonnage and with more powerful engines.

It would seem that the above can be explained by the duration of the average fishing day of these vessels. As shown by the research of (Borkowska-Kwinta 1967), the average fishing time per 24 hours during the years of 1958-1962, was much longer for cutters than for drift trawlers. 136

Thefishing Power of vessels in the North Sea during the years 196$-1970

After 196$ Polish fisheries in the North Sea underwent

extensive changes. As it was mentioned in section B. cutters

ceased their fishing operations in the North Sea almost completely,

while trawlers of B-10 and B-14 series on their transfer to North- West Atlantic ceased to have any significant role in these waters.

From that time, these vessels have become less suitable as standard units. In all likelihood, the trawlers.of B-10 and B-14 series, which stayed behind in the North Sea after 1967, had smaller fishing power than the same vessels in previous years.

• (This phenomenon was, for example, observed in trawlers of B-20 series), see sub-paragraph 1.

This can be explained by several factors:

Most probably best vessels were selected for the more difficult meteorological conditions and for more distant fishing grounds of the North West Atlantic.

The establishment of fishing operations in the distant fishing grounds by the Polish fisheries could have also caused a drain of,best crewmen from the inshore vessels to the deep-sea going vessels. This could have happened because of promotions (as a reward good fishermen were sent to regions with better earning potential) or because of regulations. According to the 137

Polish regulations the region of the North Sea belongs to the "Coastal Shipping", while the regions lying within IGNAF agreements are considered as "Deep-sea Shipping". Consequently, qualifications required of the crew are higher.

In addition, the decrease in resources observed in 1966

(Borkowska-Kwinta 1971), in agreement with the research results of Krepa (1972), could have decreased the fishing power of this group of vessels to the largest extent.

An evaluation of the extent of this apparent decrease in the fishing power of B-10 and B-14 trawlers in the fishing operations during the years of 196$-1970, were made by an indirect method.

Similarly, with the method used in the previous years for trawlers of B-10 and B-14 series, this was calculated by means of the factors of the relative fishing power of drift trawlers using drift-nets and of drift trawlers using trawls. The average of the actual values of the factors for the three years under investigation e qua 11e_ d:

- for drift trawlers using trawl 0.64, - for drift trawlers using drift nets 0.75. ▪

138 Figure

Relative fishing power of vessels operating in the North Sea

( 2-yearly moving averages - herring catches) 78

78 1 a , o 0

A

e.• 7 • ra I - al CI r m 6961

- 11964 9 I- N We • L961. ›• cE 'S N eit 996 1

DO 11)

m DA N • 5961

STA A ts• I 61nocny o

4/961. P • S TATK I- Morzu X " C96 . m

0

6w 0 0. Z96 tk ta a) 1.9

co s 1,96 t wcza hi) ,S)

lo 9:1

.;* c (.» 096 0 mo 14) 0 0) 44 bit O 0 O › 'xi 0 6561. LI a) 0) › 1:1 e • w B561 • g-1 • WI o. »gn ul •-• 4 1: efi Z,S6 kiM.,Ae.,„, • u. ,•• ,g. .1/Ï. 966 e e. . ....,,, 5 e0"4 Ze 556 t Ic..4 In ul e7N \ TiVi ;:-., .1 \ rfre,61. . el s . . . -re .--o Pe" › / If In ...I. r-% csa .... o at ce. r- to t" -4 r'N . . . . . . - - - • • - - - • - .. r. ,... ,-. ..... ..- 0 0 0 0 0 0 o 0 › .3 d • AQIINHAZDIQ

The obtained results were compared with those receiyed in the years 1963-1967 namely 0.51 and 0.60 respectively. The ratios of 0.64 to 0.51 and 0.75 to 0.60 were calculated. The results obtained from the two ratios were almost identical and equa]bd about 1.25.

Nonetheless, the almost identical (0.25%) increase in the fishing power of drift trawlers, employing different techniques, was unlikely. More so, since all of the drift trawlers were at the time on the eve of their withdrawal from service, hence were most "economically exploited 1t 1) . In the actual fact their fishing power could only be on the decrease.

Because of this, the increase in the fishing efficiency gained by these vessels, when compared wlth the standard vessels, may be treated as an indication of the decrease of the fishing power of the standard vessels after the year 1967 - of about 25%.

The factors of the relative fishing power of all fishing vessels in the North Sa are listed in Fig. 9.

1) I am using the terminology of Domagea (1966). 140

IV INVESTIGATION OF THE FISHING POWER OF VESSELS OPERATING IN THE REGION OF WEST AFRICAN SHELF

Investigations of the relative fishing power of the Polish vessels operating in the region of the West African Shelf were made by three different methods.

METHOD A. On the basis of the average monthly catches per one fishing day. Comparisons were made of the catches taken from the same statistical region, according to the statistical division by MIR. The region of the West African Shelf is very extensive. The Marine Fishing Institute in a statistical survey of that area recognised 13 different zones, • which are not exploited with the same degree of intensity by Polish vessels.

The investigations in method A cover three years only: 1966-1968.

METHOD B. The calculations in method B are baSed on the monthly average per fishing day, independant of place in which the catches were made. They are based on the figures listed in the work of Bojanowski (1969) and apply only to 1968.

METHOD C. The calculations in method C are based on the data of the daily radio fishing service. For these gl, 1141

calculations, only these figures were considered, for which the vessels gave "common" locations of fishing operations. These calculations apply to 1965-1970, and are based on the data of two of four months, taken at random from each year.

For the investigated region factors were calculated on the basis of the fishing efficiency for all species of fish, due to large variety in the composition of the ichthyo- fauna, in which there were no distinct dominant species.

The calculations apply only to the vessels of B-23 and 8o B-18 type. The first of these were taken as standard.

Freezer trawlers of B-23 series were taken as standard vessels for the African region, because of the fact that this type of vessel was most numerous on the African fishing grounds (this provided a large number of fishing days which was of importance to this method of investigation).

On the other hand it was feared, that this was not the best choice. According to the work of Zaucha (1968), pauses caused by surplus of fish (due to the necessity of processing them) were the longest on the vessels of this type. These pauses on B-23 vessels, when compared with the actual time of trawling, were from 17.1% to 20.1%, while at the same time on vessels of B-15 series it ranged from 1.4% to 6.6%, on vessels B-20 it amounted to 0.9%, and on vessels B-18 there were no pauses caused by this factor (in the last two examples investi- gations are based on one vessel only). 142

According to the work of Swiniarski (1965), based on M/T "Albakora" expedition (vessel of B-23 series), it was found that the amount of processing accomplished by this vessel during a 24 hr. period, equaled 28 tons; (this vessel achieved the maximum monthly average in processing fish among the six vessels of B-23 series investigated by that author).

Because of this, in Method C based on the daily fishing efficiency (and not on average), an effort was made to investigate the influence of this factor by a special analysis. egles

An attempt was made to exclude those days in which the daily fishing efficiency of B-23 trawlers were equal, or higher than 28 tons, that is those days in which it could be assumed that the fishing efficiency of the standard vessels decreased in relation to their fishing capability, due to the surplus of fish.

In the years 1965, 1969 and 1970 there were no such days. During those years fishing efficiency of B-23 vessels during 24 hour periods was always less than 28 tons. In years 1966, 1967 and 1968, 11% to 25% of days in which the fishing efficiency of B-23 vessels was equal of higher than 28 tons were found. The factors of the relative fishing 14.3

power, calculated on the basis of these days only, were compared with the average yearly values of the factors of the relative fishing power for those years.

It was established that in all instances they were lower than the average yearly factors based on the whole material.

It can be assumed therefore that in the calculations which were made, the limitation of performance due to the surplus of fish on the standard vessels did not distort the

calculations. •

Hence, in all three methods, freezer trawlers of B-23 series were taken as standard vessels.

The obtained factors of the relative fishing power from all three methods are listed in Table 25. 81 Table 25 Fishing power of vessels in the region of African Shelf , - Years Standard vessels )a—l8 B-23 A B C B-18 , LatA Statki standardowe B-23 ' A B C 1965 1 1,33 1966. 1 1,43 1,66 1967 . 1 1,53 1,72 1968 1 1,75 1,68 1,65 1969 1 2,34 1970 1 2,32 Srednia (1,57) A, - - L . 144 Th • As can be seen from the Table the factors obtained in all three methods in 1968 are similar (1.65, 1.68, and 1.75). On comparing the changes in the values of the factors from year to year in methods A and C, it can be noticed that in both cases the trend is similar - i.e. it showed an increase.

Analyzing changes in the values of the factors in method C (where data from six years was available), it is noticed that during the first five years i.e. 1965 to 1969 the value of the factor increases continuously. The largest jump in the value is observed between the years of 1968 and 1969. In the following year, i.e. 1970, the value of the factor of the relative fishing power is almost identical with that for the year 1969.

This can probably be explained by the period of introduction of new vessels into service, since vessels of series B-18 were built during the years 1964-1968. It may also be caused by the use of mid-water trawl in addition to bottom trawl. According to the work of Balinski (1969) introduction of the mid-water trawl (in addition to bottom trawl) increased the use of the processing equipment on the B-l8 trawler, investigated by the author, from 54.5% to 62.2%. The above example illustrates the increase in the fishing efficiency of vessels using both types of fishing gear. • 14.5

V. INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FISHING POWER OF VESSELS FISHING IN THE REGION OF NORTH-WEST ATLANTIC

The investigations of the fishing power in the region of North-West Atlantic are based on the material from three years: 1966 to 1968.

Exploitation of this region by Polish fisheries started after 1959. In the early days only factory trawlers of B-15 series operated there. In 1966 factory trawlers of B-18 series began to fish there, and a year later freezer trawlers of B-23 series and motor trawlers of B-20 series, as well as steam trawlers of B-10 and B-14 series were engaged there.

During the years under investigation, factory trawlers were performing catches both in the northern and the southern parts of this region. Fishing operations of the rest of the vessels were limited mainly to the southern part, i.e. the region of Georges Bank. Consequently, investigations of the 82 factors of the relative fishing power are based exclusively on the catches made in the southern part.

In 1966 and 1967 factory trawlers of B-15 series, owing to the fact that they were engaged there for the longest period of time, were taken as standard units. In 1966 it was possible to compare fishing efficiencies of this type of vessels with vessels of B-18, B-23 and B-20 series. 146

• However, in 1968 comparison of all the vessels with B-15 trawlers became impossible, because in that year trawlers of the B-15 series were not engaged in fishing operations in the region of Georges Bank, since they were moved to more northernly fishing grounds. This made it necessary to select another group of vessels as a standard for the Georges Bank region. Motor trawlers of B-20 series were chosen as standard, since in spite of their small number, they had the highest number of fishing days. Also, in relation to this group the factor of relative fishing power for the year 1967 was calcu- lated. In this way, during the three years under investigation, trawlers of B-15 series served as standard vessels in 1966, while in 1967 the factors of the relative fishing power were calculated for both - in relation to trawlers B-15 as well as to trawlers B-20. In 1968 only B-20 trawlers were used as standard.

The following comparisons were made: In relation to B-15 trawlers: for vessels B-20 based on herring catches, cod catches and on general catches. For B-18 and B-23 based on herring catches and on general catches. In relation to B-20 vessels: for vessels B-10 and B-14 based on herring catches only; for vessels B-18 and B-23 based on herring catches and on general catches.

The obtained factors of relative fishing power are listed in Table 26.

14.7 Table 26

Factors of relative fishing power in the region of Georges Bank

Yenrs Vessels ._ Species Statki - Gatunki Lata B-15 D-20 B-1.0, B-14 B-18 B-23 , I jg 't.1 N g 'N N g 'N g 'CI g i"-11V N dM MJ N M ,CIO M 'CO M .L1 M -e ` %') 11 '-'i _„ -(:) Q) f-t '0 0.) FA '0 ci `O ci '0 CH Ct 0 ---n, 60 • H 0 60 H 0 60 H 60 H 60 e. `tri ,r0 ... 0 "tri rd o mn td 0 mn o mn o e 1966 1 1 1 - - - - - - 0,91 1,13 - - 1967 1 1 1 0,48 0,26 0,46 - - - 0,90 1,01 0,60 0,64 1967 - - - 1 - 1 0,55 - - 1,42 2,03 1,09 1,41 1968 1 - 1 0,77 - - 1,57 2,04 0,97 1,22

The analysis applies to three years only, therefore it is rather difficult to speak of trends on its basis alone. However, it can be seen that the values of the factors for freezer and factory trawlers (B-le and B-23) in relation to factory trawlers, do not show any significant differences with regard to the species of the fish caught. Comparison with them of vessels on which preserv9tion processes are adopted for herring catches, usually gives a higher value of the factor when it is based on this species than for general catches.

In turn, a comparison of fishing results of factory and freezer vessels in relation to "herring" vessels shows that the values of the factors obtained on the basis of herring catches are always lower than the values of the 148

factors calculated on the basis of general catches (like in

• the case of the North Sea).

To investigate fishing power of vessels fishing in the region of North -West Atlantic (which today plays the most

important role in Polish fisheries), it would be necessary

for the coming years to broaden the scale and at the same time to modify the method of investigation.

The above can be supported by a number of factors:

After 1969, the composition of species changes in the Polish catches taken in the region of North-West Atlantic. Mackerel begins to play increasingly more important role; there is also an increase in species due to the expansion of fishing operations to the waters of the so-called "U.S.A. Shelf" lying further to the south. Furthermore, the quantity of fishing gear used by Polish trawlers is increasing and the fish detecting devices are becoming more specialized.

As mentioned in the introduction, the author is carrying on with investigations of the fishing power of the industriali- zed trawlers using new and more expanded methods. These inves- tigations are not yet complete and will not be discussed here.

VI. COMPARISON OF THE FISHING POWERS OF THE SAME

VESSELS IN DIFFERENT WATERS

During the many years of fishing operations Polish vessels were changing:the.ir fishing grounds and this presents 149

us with an opportunity to compare the relative fishing powers -of the same vessels operating in different fishing grounds.

For example, trawlers of B-10 and B-14 1 B-20 and B-23 series carried out fishing operations both in the North Sea and in the region of Georges Bank. While trawlers of B-23 and B-18 series, during the years under investigation, fished in the region of Georges Bank and African Shelf.

These calculations were made with the following results: The ratios of the fishing efficiencies for trawlers B-20, B-10 and B-14 in Georges Bank in 1968 are very similar to the ratios calculated for the North Sea. When we take vessels of B-10 and B-14 series as standard for the region of Georges Bank (which means the same standard units as for the North Sea), then the factor of the relative fishing power calculated indirectly in relation to these vessels for B-20 vessels equals 1.30. While for the North Sea a factor of 1.29 was accepted as characteristic.

The fishing power of trawlers B-23 in relation to B-10 and B-14 for herring catches in the North Sea equalled 1.29, while for Georges Bank, by means of indirect calculation, it equalled 1:27.

Comparison of the relative fishing power of B-18 and 84 B-23 trawlers on the basis of general catches in the region of 150

the African Shelf and Georges Bank also gives similar results.

The factors for the African Shelf, for the years 1966-196$ on

average equalled 1.57. While from indirect calculations, for the years 1967-196$ for the region of Georges Bank it equalled 1.55.

On the basis of this, it is possible to draw the con- clusion that the relative fishing power of the vessels for different fishing grounds is the same.

In that case, taking into consideration the distribution of Polish vessels on various fishing grounds, it is possible by an indirect method to calculate the fishing power for the whole Polish fishing fleet.

Taking as basis the fishing power of the smallest vessels, in this case 17 M. cutters, we can calculate:

The fishing power of 24 M. cutters by a direct method on the basis of the Baltic catches. And by the indirect method

(through 24 m. cutters), the fishing power of drift trawlers, trawlers B-10 and B-14 on the basis of the North Sea catches.

The fishing power of factory trawlers B-15 and B-l8, through trawlers B-10 and B-14, as well as B-20 trawlers from the catches made in the region of Georges Bank. While the fishing power of the freezer trawlers B-23 can be calculated in the same way, or through B-1$ trawlers on the basis of the African

Shelf catches. 151 Figure 10

Fishing power FS compared to tonnage and engine power (Calculations based on the fishing results of 1967 -1968)

c • %

C s : Cf, e- • 3200

3000 ;DI

2800 .

engine ppwer ■ ÷ Mo. 3 1.111711 /U1/ 2600 relative - fishing powe •-■-••■ MI» love» Gross Register Tonnage Tema! 817 2400 2200

2000

1800 1 7 1600 .• 15 14 1400 • • 13 12 1200 - e' 11 / •■ 10 1000 • 9 is 8 800 2• . 7 6 600 5 4 400 • . 3 eJ ba 2 200 O › 1

e • -§' Its ce g bm.t. e `1% fr, 1"

The results of the .calculations on the basis of the years 1967-68 are presented in.Fig. 10.

As can be seen the fishing power of 24 m. cutters for 1) general catches was more than two times as great (2.30) as

1) in the paragraph dealing with fishing power of 24 m. cutters in the Baltic, separate calculations were made for different species. Calculations, based on general catches, were made separately for this comparison. 15.2

the fishing power of 17 m. cutters. These vessels have twice as powerful engines and are also twice as big in terms of tonnage.

It should be mentioned, however, that in the early stages the fishing power of this group was lower; the factor of the relative fishing power equalled about 1.5. The increase in the fishing capability of 24 m. cutters occurred as a result of introduction of new fishing gear (mainly pair mid-water trawl) and due to the production of a more successful series of vessels B-25-S, which are generally known under the common name (as 24 m. cutters) together with vessels of B-25 and B-12 series.

Fishing power of drift trawlers was more or less equal to the fishing power of 24 m. cutters in spite of the fact that both tonnage and engine power of these vessels was about one and a half times bigger. To a large extent the fishing power of this group of vessels was limited by: too small an engine, low average fishing time per 24 hr. (Borkowska-Kwinta 1967), and due to poor manoeuvrability, important in drift net fishing. (According to Nowak (1954) the optimal surface area per one should be around 7.5 m., and on drift trawlers around 5 m.). This diminishes the number of nets set up (according to Kwiatkowski and Orlowski (1955); in 1953 drift trawlers on average set up 43 nets less than the drifters). According to Zebrowski (1955), poor fishing results of drift trawlers were also related to poor manoeuvrability. 153

It can also be noticed that on these vessels the increase in the size of trawl over a number of years did not increase their fishing power.

The fishing_power of 13-10 trawlers was about 5 times bigger than that of 17 m. cutters. The tonnage of these vessels was 15 times greater, and the engine power about 10 . times bigger.

The fishing power of B-14 trawlers was equal to the fishing power of B-10 trawlers, in spite of the fact that their engines were 20% less powerful. It should be mentioned that on these vessels ( 13 -10 and B-14), the increase in the trawl size increased their fishing power.

The fishing power of motor trawlers of B-20 series was larger by 30% than that of B-10 and B-14 trawlers, which means that compared with the 17 m. cutters, for which engine power was 13 times greater and tonnage 20 times bigger, the fishing power was 6.5 times bigger.

The fishing power of freezer trawlers of B-2, series was around 30% greater than of B-20 vessels, consequently the factor of the relative fishing power of these vessels as compared to the 17 m. trawlers, equalled 8.5. These vessels in terms of tonnage were about 30 times larger, and their engine power was 16 times bigger. 154

The fishing power of trawlers of B-15 series was two times bigger than that of the trawlers of B-20 series, and when compared to the 17 m. trawlers, the fishing power of these vessels was about 13 times bigger. The engine power of these vessels was about 13 times bigger. The engine power of these vessels, as compared to the 17 m. cutters was 24 times bigger, while in terms of tonnage about 60 times larger.

The fishing power of B-18 trawlers was approximately equal to the fishing power of B-15 trawlers. In relation to the latter they had a slightly less powerful engine and slightly higher tonnage. It should be also mentioned that the fishing power of this group of vessels had a strong tendency for increase after 1968 in the region of the African fishing grounds, probably due to new fishing gear and due to better fish detecting equipment.

On summing up it can be noticed that the fishing power of vessels increases much more slowly than their tonnage and engine power. 155

CONCLUSIONS

During the course of investigations of the fishing power of Polish vessels, made by means of numerous comparisons of the fishing efficiency of vessels operating in conditions of similar abundance of fish and based on very extensive material, the folllowing observations were made:

1. When using the same fishing technique, the mutual ratio of the fishing power of the same vessels remains constant. a) The factor of the relative fishing power fluctuates only slightly from year to year (particularly true in case of large groups of vessels). h) The values of the factor of the relative fishing power remain almost identical for different fishing grounds.

2. Any significant change in the factor of the relative fishing power, observed in the investigated material, e.g. an increase (or decrease) of the factor, lasting for several years, was adequately explained by the intro- duction at the time, of a new fishing technique, new equipment or by the change in technical parameters or by organizational changes etc.

3. In the investigated material there were examples, where a change of fishing gear did not alter fishing power of the vessels, or even marked differences in technical parameters, 15.6

considered in the world literature as important for the fishing power of the vessels, did not in reality influence the fishing power of these vessels.

4. Investigations of the fishing power of vessels in conditions of similar abundance of fish as presented here, should be continued in a steady and systematic manner.

The results obtained could be useful: a) as indicators, in the study of the general production capability of fishing vessels, h) for the calculations of the standard fishing effort. This aspect has gained importance lately due to the Inn IMP probability of introduction of quotas for the fishing effort in certain regions. Knowledge of the fishing effort would allow us to assess the fish resources on the basis of the size of catch (the author has undertaken investi- gations dealing with this problem), c) as measures (almost empirical) of the effectiveness of technical progress in the field of . d) Some of the results might be of interest to designers of fishing vessels. For example, the observation that fishing power increases proportionally much more slowly than their size (tonnage or engine power).

5. The presented method of calculations of values of the factors of fishing power, seems to be more rational than 157

the correlation methods, used widely in this type of investigation. The number of factors which can influence the value of the fishing power is very large, and there- fore correlation of it with a few selected factors leads to over-simplification. The method proposed by the author seems to be more effective, both for practical and for theoretical purposes. Having calculated some specific values of the factors and having been able to observe their changes over the years, it becomes possible to make a more realistic assessment as to which factor had a decisively limiting effect on fishing power. eer* . 15$

BIBLIOGRAPHY $$

Abramczyk, J. 1969: Investigations of the fishing power of cutters fishing in the Baltic during the years 1966-1967. MasterTs thesis (ty e- script), College of Agriculture (A.R.^, Szczecin.

Basinski, A. 1969: Fishing indicators for freezer trawlers B-l$ for bottom and mid-water trawling.. Master's thesis (typescript), College of Agriculture, Szczecin. Beverton, R.J.H., 1957: On the dynamics and exploited fish popu- Holt) S.J. lations. Fishery Investigations Ser. II, XIX, London. Bojanowski, A. 1969: The characteristics of Polish,catches on the African Coast in 1968. Plasterts thesis (typescript), College of Agriculture, Szczecin. Bojanowski A., 1972: The fishing,efficiencies attained by indus- Kasperek, S. trialized trawlers of the socialist countries in the southern part of the IGNAF region in 1971. WSM Zespol Wiedzy Rybackiej in Szczecin (typescript).

Borkowska, I. 1963: An attempt at comparison of fishing power of Polish trawlers, operating in the North Sea. ICES, Comparative Fishing Committee, No. 72, Madrid.

Borkowska- I. 1964: Preliminary account of the Polish fishing Kwinta effort in the North Sea and English Channel during 1953-1962. ICES, Comparative Fishing Committee, No. 71, Copenhagen. Borkowska- I. 1966: An introductory analysis of fishing power Kwinta of the Polish fishing fleet in the North Sea. Zesz. nauk. AR Olsztyn, 21, 505.

Borkowska- I. 1967: An attempt to assess the abundance of herring Kwinta stocks on the basis of fishing results in the North Sea and in the English Channel (in the years 1953-1962). Reports of the Sea Fisheries Institute, Ser. A, 14, Gdynia. Borkowska- I. 1967: The fishing day as a measure of fishing Kwinta effort. (Investigations of trawling time • during the 24 hr. period in the North Sea). Zesz. nauk. AR Olsztyn, 563. 159

Borkowska- I. 1970: Research on the fishing power of the Polish Kwinta fishing fleet, ICES Special Meeting on nleasurement of Fishing Effort", 12. Borkowska- I. 1971: An assessment of herring resources in the Kwinta North Sea during the years 1961-1970. Zjednoczenie Gospodarki Rybnej (united fishing industry), Szczecin (typescript). Borkawska- I. 1972: Some of the factors influencing the volume 89 Kwinta of Polish catches in the Baltic. Paper given at the Symposium on Productivity of Sea Ecosystems IBP, Szczecin (typescript). Bruski, Z. 1954: Fishing operations of the 24 m. cutters in the North Sea. Techn. Gosp. Mor. ) 9. Burawa, Wl., 1967: Mid-water trawling on stern trawlers of Czajka, Wl. type B-23 and B-18. Stud. Mater. Nor. 3 . 0 .2. Inst.,Ryb., Czajka, Wl., 1968: Bottom trawls used by Polish trawlers on Burawa, Wl. West African fishing grounds. Stud. Mater. Mor. Inst. Ryb., S.C. 2. Czapiewski, H. 1967: Investigations of the fishing power of cutters of PPiUR "Kuter" in Darlowo, on the basis of Baltic cod, herring and sprat catches during the years 1963-1965. Masterts thesis (typescript), AR Szczecin, Olsztyn. • Daszkowska, M. 1960: Statistics of the fishing efficiencies of the Polish Baltic and deep-sea fishing vessels in the post-war period. MIR Insti- tute of Fishing Economics, Gdynia (typescript). Domagala, M. 1963: Period of exploitation of fishing vessels. Ship Construction, 5. Domagala, M., 1965: Processes and production cycles in the Rebizak, E. exploitation of fishing vessels. Tech. Gasp. Mor. 8-9. Domagala, M. 1966: An outline of definitions in the theory of exploitation of means of production, Zesz. nauk. P. Szcec., 78. Dunin-Kwinta, I. 1964: Standardization and attempt at estimation of the fishing effort of the Polish fishing fleet in the North Sea during the 10-year period 1953-1962. Doctorate thesis, Olsztyn, (typescript). 160

• Express Information, 1969: BOINTE, Gdynia 2. FAO Catalogue of Fishing Gear, prepared by Fishing Gear Section FAO, Fisheries Division, Rome 1965.

Grzywaczewski, Z., 1959: Contemporary fishing vessels. Wyd. Huelle, Z., Szmid, S., Morskie, Gdynia. Swiecicki, J.

Grzywaczewski, Z. 1960: A review of fishing vessels built in Poland, Bud. Okret. 5. Guilford, J. 1960: Basic statistical methods in psychology and education. Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Warsaw. Gulland, J.A. 1956: On the fishing effort in English demersal fisheries. Fish. Invest. London (2), vol. XX.

Kalinowski, W., 1972: Assessment of the technical and commer- cial aspects of the existing Polish fishing fleet. NOT, Fishing Section Z6, SITP Spoz. Union of Fishing Industry. e"S Scientific and technical conference on modernization and trends in development of the fishing fleet, Szczecin. Catalogue of fishing gear for 24 m. cutters. Collective work, MIR, Gdynia 1961.

Catalogue of fishing gear for 17 m. cutters, MIR, Gdynia 1971. 90 Catalogue of trawls used in the Polish sea fisheries in 195$• Catalogue of trawls and dirft-nets for herring, used in the Polish fisheries in 1961. Union of Fishing Industry, Fisheries Branch, Warsaw 1961. Klosinski W. 1968: The existing state and prospects for Pruffer, development of trawl fishing in Polish sea fisheries. Paper given at the III Scientific and Technical Conference dealing with development of fishing fleets in socialist countries. Union of Fishing Industry, Szczecin (typescript). Krawczak, 11. 1965: The application of mid-water pair ttawl on the central coast. Techn. Gosp. 6.

Krepa, J., 196$: The fishing efficiency of trawler-trawl Pietkiewicz, J. combination and fishing abilities of trawl. Stud.Mater.Marine Fishing Insti- tute, S.C. 2. 161

Krepa, J. 1970: Standardized fishing gear for 17 m. cutters. MIR Bulletin, Gdynia 1. Krepa, J. 1972: The analysis of construction, drag charac- teristics and fishing ability of trawl and pair trawl combinations used in the Polish Baltic fishery. Doctorate thesis, Szczecin, ttypescript). Kwiatkowski, P.,1955: Fishing efficiency of drift-nets used by Orlowski, J. drifters and drift trawlers in the North Sea. Techn. Gosp. Mor., 5. Laszczynski, S. 19 : Fishing efficiency of Baltic catches during the years 1953, 1955, compared to the previous years. MIR paper, Gdynia 9. Materials for research. Fishing management during the years 1967- 1969. Stud. Mater. Mor. Inst. Ryb., S.E. Gdynia, 15. Micinski, J.. 1962: Under the Polish Flag. Wyd. Morskie, Kolicki, S. Gdynia. Moraczewski, J. 1963: A comparison of fishing efficiencies of different types of Polish cutters during the cod season in 1960. Master's thesis AR Olsztyn (typescript). Niegolewski, A. 1970: General problems in the economics of the fishing industry. Techn. Gosp. Mor., Gdansk. Nowak, A. 1954: Exploitation experiences and conclusions regarding drift trawlers. Techn. Gosp. Mor. 1.

, Orlowski, J. 1960: The fishing efficiency of .trawl cutters in the State Baltic fisheries. MIR paper, Gdynia 11. Owsinski, A. 1961: Trends in industrialization of the fishing fleet. Bud. Okr. 5. Pochlid, K. 1967: Investigation of the fishing power of cutters of PPiUR "Barka" in Kolobrzeg based on the Baltic catches of cod, herring and sprat during the years 1964-1965. Master's thesis, College of Agriculture, Szczecin, Olsztyn (typescript). Polanska, A. 1969: A study of work effectiveness in the sea 91 fisheries. Zesz. nauk. W.S.E. Sopot, 24. 162

Polish Shipping Register. Registers for 1962-1972, PRS HQ, Gdansk. Pradzynski, B. 1959: The evolution of Polish steel cutters of type KS-17, Ship Construction. Pradzynski, B. 1961: Evolution of the super-cutters. Ship Construction, 1. Pradzynski, B. 1965: A small stern cutter for Polish fisheries. Techn. Gosp. Nor. 12. Pradzynski, B. 1971: Trends in construction of fishing cutters with particular consideration of the developments in European fisheries. Union of Fishing Industry, Szczecin (typescript). Regulations on Classification and Construction of Sea-going Vessels. Polish Shipping Register, 1970. Gdansk. Rajs„ R. 1967: Investigation of the fishing power of cutters of PPiUR "Korab" in Ustka, based on Baltic catches of cod, herring and sprat in the years 1961-1965. Master's thesis, College of Agriculture Szczecin, Olsztyn (typescript). Schleppnetz Catalogue, Catalogue of trawl-type fishing gear. 1968: Catalogue of participating countries. Agreements on scientific and technical co-operation in the field of sea fishery between Poland, Bulgaria, East Germany and U.S.S.R., Rostok-Marienehe. Ropelewski, A. 1963: 1000 years of Polish fishery. Wyd. Morskie, Gdynia. Schlund, H. 1964: Technology of stern fishing and its appli- cation. Ship construction, 10. Sonta, W. 1965: Regions and methods of exploitation of Polish deep-sea fishing fleet. Techn. Gosp. Nor., 6. Szatybelko, M. 1957: Studies of the factors influencing the yield of the gear for catching salmon and trout. Report of the Sea Fisheries Insti- tute, Gdynia, 9. Szwarc, T. 1965: The development of sea fishing in the region of West-Central Atlantic. Zesz. Nauk. WSE Sopot, 11. 163

Swiniarski, J. 1965: Preliminary analysis of exploitation of the B-23 trawlers on the fishing grounds of the North-West African Shelf. Zesz. Nauk., College of Agriculture, Olsztyn, 424, 20. Swiniarski, J. 1971: Fishing gear and fishing methods. College of Agriculture, Szczecin. Treszczew, A.J. 1972:

Walczak, A. 1971: The Table of distances of the Polish fishing grounds. College of Agriculture, Szczecin. Wojcik, T. 1965: The small fishing trawler of the Type TR-27. Techn. Gosp. Nor. 8. Zaucha, J. 1968: The fishing gear and its use on vessels of type B-15, B-18, B-20 and B-23. Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia. Zaucha, J. 1969: Influence of different kinds of net on 92 the composition of herring catches, quail- _ ty of fish and time spent on these catches, in the North Sea. Doctor's thesis, College of Agriculture, Szczecin (typescript). Zbanyszek, R. 1966: Investigations of the fishing power of Polish cutters, based on the Baltic catches of herring during the years 1963- 1964. Master's thesis, College of Agri- culture, Olsztyn (typescript).

Zebrowski, Z. 1954: Trawls used by trawlers. Wyd. Komunika-• cyjne, Warsaw. Zebrowski, Z. 1955: The active rudder on drift-trawlers. Tech. Gosp Nor. 5. 164. ••••

11-P? E ND I.X ZALA,CZN1K

C..td,ters o Ç cÇÇQce,st. Oesizei ?ol;tt, Zt, %'/3p.' ■ ,p,r ee-1çki '9 F.

Kutry w klasach dIugoàci (L) co 1 m (wg PRS - stan na 31 XII 1968 r.1 I 1-bec-e-w.lett

e-1/4.tteit \ess "Kmak, 10.00 4% ; Kutry o dlugoéci poniZej 10,00 m: Jas-51. Cu.et o p Lcree, Kutry o dlugoàcl. 10,00 do 10,99 m: Dar-7, Dar-13, Gdy-32, Jas-53, Jas- -77, Kol-1, Row-14, Row-27, Swb-3, Swb-30, Wla-15, Wla-40.

* Kutry o dIugoci 11,00 m do 11,99 ms Dzi-60, Gdy-4, Gdy-6, Gdy-17, Hel -1, Hel-5, Jas-25, Jas-47, Jas-94, Kol-104, Leb-53, Swb-32, Swb- -93, wi-32, W1a-22, Wsg-15. Kutry o dlugoci 12,00 do 12,99 ms Dzi-10, Gdy-22, Gdy-30, Gdy-118, Jas-7, Jas-10, Jas-18, Jas-52, Jas-74, Kol-89, Leb-8, Leb-54, ewi-52, Wla-5, WIa-21, W1a-34, W1a-43, Wla-46, W1a-75, Zag-8. Kutry o dlugoéci od 13,00 m do 13,99 ms Dar-16, Dar-17, Dar-120, Gdy- -7, Gdy-11, Gdy-25, Gdy-38, Gdy-65, Hel-19, Hal-32, Jas-2, Jas-4, Jas-5, Jas-93, Jas-13, Jas-17, Jas-21, Jas-26, Jas-49, Jas-69, Jas-78, Jas-80, Kol-88, KO1-93, Kol-96, Ko2-99, Leb-1, Leb-4, Leb-5, àw 1-58, wi-60, àwi- -75, Ust-25, Ust-28, Ust-30, W2a-1, Wla-8, Wla-11, Wla-12, WIa-18, Wla- -20, Wla-27, Wla-48, W1a-57, W1a-77, W1a-87, WSG-14, Wsg-22, Wsg-24, Zag- -6, Zag-23, Zag-24.

Kutry o dlugoàci od 14,00 m do 14,99 ms Gdy-23, Gdy-24, Gdy-40, Gdy- -44, Gdy-66, Hal-29, Hel-30, Hel-54, Jas-30, Jas-34, Jas-81, Jas-83, Kol- -85, Leb-3, Leb-7, Leb-48, W1a-37, WIa-50, Wla-52, Wla-55, Wsg-29, Zag-5.

Kutry o dIugoci od 15,00 m do 15,99 ms Dar-15, Dar-18, Dar-19, Gdy-3, Gdy-28, Gdy-29, Gdy-31, Gdy-80, Hel-23, Hel-23, Hel-24, Hel-25, Hel-27, Hel-34, Hel-43, Jas-1, Jas-12, Jas-42, Jas-54, Jas-61, Jas-65, Jas-66, Kol-91, Ko2-92, Kol-94, Kol-95, Ko/-97, Leb-24, Leb-25, Leb-26, Lab-27 , Leb-30, Leb-41, Leb-51, Leb-52, Swb-10, Tint-19, Ust-24, Wla-3, Wla-6, WIa-7, W1a-33, W1a-35, W1a-38, W1a-44, W1a-47, WIa-51, Wla-63, W2a-74, WIa-90, W/a-91, Wla-103, W1a-126, Wsg-1, Wsg-10, Wsg-30. Kutry o dlugoci od 16,00 m do 16,99 mi Dar-1, lar-2, •Dar-3, Dar-4. Dar-8, Dar-9, Dar-10, Dar-33, Dar-34, Dar-35, Dar-36, Dar-38, Dar-40, Dar -41, Dar-42, Dar-43, Dar-44, Dar-45, Dar-46, Dar-47, Dar-48, Dar-49, Dar- -50, Dar-51, Dar-52, Dar-54, Dar-56, Dar-57, Dar-58, Dar-59, Dar-60, Dar- -61, Dar-62, Dar-63, Dar-64, Dar-65, Dar-66, Dar-67, Dar-68, Dar-69, Dar- -70, Dar-71, Dar-72, Dzi-2, Dzi-8, DziT9, Dzi-17, Dzi-18, Dzi-19, Dzi- -20, Dzi-21, Dzi-22, Dzi-25, Dzi-45, Dzi-46, Dzi-48, Dzi-47, Dzi-49, Dzi- -50, Dzi-51, Dzi-52, Dzi-59, Dzi-61, Dzi-62, Gda-20, Gda-21, Gda-22, Gda- - -23, Gda-24, Gda-25, Gdy-2, Gdy-34, Gdy-67, Hel-31, Hel-82, Hel-84, Hel- fb _ oF 165. 96 -90, Hel-95, Hel-97, 1-lel-98, Jas-20, Jas-28, Ko1-4, Kol-6, Kol-12,Kol-17, Ko1-18, Kol-19, Kol-20, Kol-21, Kol-22, Kol-23, Kol-24, Ko1-25, Kol-26, Kol-27, Ko1-29, Kol-38, 1(0I-39, Kol-40, Ko/-41, Kol-42, Ko1-43, Kol-44, Kol-45, KoI-47, Ko/-49, Kol-51, Ko1-52, Kol-53, Ko1-57, Kol-58, Ko1-59, Kol-60, Kol-62, 1(01-63, Kol-64, Kol-65, Ko1-67, Kol-68, Ko1-69, Kol-70, Kol-71, Kol-72, Ko1-73, Ko1-74, Kol-79, KoI-76, Kol-77, KoI-78, KoI-80, Ko/-84, Kol-86, Kol-9 0 , Lob-6, Lob-10, Lob-11, Lob-12, Leb-14, Lob-15, Lab-16, Lob-17, Leb-18, Lob-19, Leb-22, Leb-28, Lob-31, Lob-32, Lob-33, Leb-34, Lob-35, Lob-36, Leb-37, Leb-38, Leb-39, Lob-40, Lob-43, Ust-1, Uste2, Us t-3, Us t-4, Ust-5, Ust-6, Ust-7,. Ust-8, Ust-9, Ust-10, Ust-11, Ust-12, Ust-22, Ust-26, Ust-32, Ust-34, Ust-35, Ust-36, ' Ust-37- Ust-38, Ust-39, Ust-40, Ust-41, Us t-42 Ust-43, Ust-45, Ust-47, Ust-48, Ust-49, Ust-50, Ust-51, Ust-53, List-57, Us t-58, Ust-59, Ust-60, Ust-61, Ust-62, Ust-63, Ust-64,- Ust-65, UstT66, Ust-67, na-13, na-42, na-45, na-61, na-68, na-70, na-73, na-78, na-79, na-82, na-83, na-84, na-88, na-89, na-93, na-94, na-95, na-96, na-97, Wla-98, na-100, Wla-101, na-111, na-112, na-113, na-114, -115, na-119, na-120, na-121, na-122, Ina-123, na-124, na-125, na-127, na-128, na-129, Ar Ina-130, na-131, Msg-4, Wsg-40, Wsg-50, Zag-9, *(ten ostatni w kilku ko- lejnych Ksiegach Rejestru ma d1ugoà6 6,48, przy szerokoàci 5,14, tona 28 BRT i mocy silnika 100 KM jest to wiço napswno pomyIka zecerska; d2ugoà6 tego statku wynosi prawdopodoimie 16,48 m.

Kutry o d/ugoàci od 17,00 m do 17,99 m: Gdy-35, Gdy-37, Gdy-54, Hel- -47, Hel-92, Kol-c98, Leb-47, wi-85, Ut-13, Ust-23, Ust-120, na-4, na- -25, na-32, na-36, na-60, na-67, na-92.

Kutry o dlugoàci od 18,00 m do 18,99 m: Gda-16, Gda-17, Gdy-46, Gdy-56.

Kutry o dlugoàci 19,00 m do 19,99 m: Gdy-26 i Jae-72.

Kutry o dIugoéci od 20,00 m do 20,99 m: w tej klasie dlugoàci nie bylo &tdnego 1utx-a. o eA.,.kbeis Kutry o dlugoàci od 21,000 m do 21,99 m: Gdy-1,

Kutry o dlugoàci 22,00 m do 22,99 m: na-117 i na-118. Kutry o dIugoàci 23,00 m do 23,99 m: Dar-104, Dar-105, Dar-106, Dar- -107, Dar-108, Dar-109, Dar-150, Dar-151, Dar-152, Dar-153, Dar 154, Dar- -155, Dar-156, Gda-2, Gda-3, Gda-4, Gda-5, Gda-6, Gda-7, Gda-8, Gda-9, Gda-10, Gda-11, c1-da-12, Gda-13, Gda-14, Gda-15, Hel-100, Hel-101, Hel-102, Hel-103, Hel-104, Hel-105, Hel-106, Hel-107, Hel-108, Hel-109, Hel-110, Hel-1 11, Hel-112, Hel-113, Hel-114, Hel-115, Hel-116, Hel-117, Hel-118, Hel-119, Hel-120, Hel-121, Hel-122, Hel-123, Hel-125, Hel-126, Hel-127, Hel-128, Hel-129, Hel-130, Hel-132, He1-133, Hel-134, Kol-150, KoI-151, Ko1-.153, Kol-154, Kol-155, K1-156, Kol-157, Kol-158, Kol-159, Kol-1160, Kol-161, Kol-162, Ust-99, UstT100, Ust-101, Ust-103, Ust-104, Ust-105, Ust-106, Ust-107, Ust-108, Ust-109, na-23, na-104, na-105,,W1a-106, na-107, na-108, na-109,'Wla-110, W/a-132, • Ina-133, Wla-134, Wla-135, .

LAst- St-e-ctS, ■..) e_. Re.c3 .,%‘-gis iNclç ie_c_oided

wect.A-t op irin,v,cuàe. 4 23 cj , Dve €.0 ckl-sd o wet ar 0 0 t's r j--o e_liol

-}{.,:s e. ~_ • 4- '8 166.

97

.Wxa=136, Wl:a-137, WR:a-138, Wxa-149, Wla-145, Wla-146, 11I;ta-147, Wxa-148, Wka-150, wa:a-1-51, Wka-152, Wxa-153, VPka-154, W"la-155, Wla-156, Ptxa-157, Wla-164, Wxa-165, Wxa-158, Wla-159, Wka-160, Wxa-161, W;ta-162, Wxa-163 ► na-166, Via-167, YJ?:a-168, %4xa-169, iYxa-170, Wxa-171, Wa:a-172, Wl:a-173, Wxa-174, Wla-175, V-ha-176, Wxa-178, Wxa-179. Kutry o dxugosci od 24.00 m do 24,99 m: 4dy-126.

^ Kiitry o dxugosci od 25,00 m do 25,99 ms w tej klaoie dxugosci pod ko- niec 1968 roku nie byxo 2adnej jednoetki.'

Kutry o dxugo§oi od 26.00 m do 26,99 m: statek ^,SOI,A" (Kox-200).

9! CutF^+s oP ^etic^t^ ?-^• o^ ,,, to ^S •^i w, ; cz^ +e,,e e^ d c^ ^ot68 ^1F-.e^e. ^aei^ ^e 9F t<5

,

11