Digital Transformation of the Etymological Dictionary of Geographical Names
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The Oder-Neisse Line As Poland's Western Border
Piotr Eberhardt Piotr Eberhardt 2015 88 1 77 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/ GPol.0007 April 2014 September 2014 Geographia Polonica 2015, Volume 88, Issue 1, pp. 77-105 http://dx.doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0007 INSTITUTE OF GEOGRAPHY AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES www.igipz.pan.pl www.geographiapolonica.pl THE ODER-NEISSE LINE AS POLAND’S WESTERN BORDER: AS POSTULATED AND MADE A REALITY Piotr Eberhardt Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences Twarda 51/55, 00-818 Warsaw: Poland e-mail: [email protected] Abstract This article presents the historical and political conditioning leading to the establishment of the contemporary Polish-German border along the ‘Oder-Neisse Line’ (formed by the rivers known in Poland as the Odra and Nysa Łużycka). It is recalled how – at the moment a Polish state first came into being in the 10th century – its western border also followed a course more or less coinciding with these same two rivers. In subsequent cen- turies, the political limits of the Polish and German spheres of influence shifted markedly to the east. However, as a result of the drastic reverse suffered by Nazi Germany, the western border of Poland was re-set at the Oder-Neisse Line. Consideration is given to both the causes and consequences of this far-reaching geopolitical decision taken at the Potsdam Conference by the victorious Three Powers of the USSR, UK and USA. Key words Oder-Neisse Line • western border of Poland • Potsdam Conference • international boundaries Introduction districts – one for each successor – brought the loss, at first periodically and then irrevo- At the end of the 10th century, the Western cably, of the whole of Silesia and of Western border of Poland coincided approximately Pomerania. -
Hittite Etymologies and Notes*
Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 129 (2012) DOI 10.4467/20834624SL.12.015.0604 ROBERT WOODHOUSE The University oo Queensland, Brisbane [email protected] HITTITE ETYMOLOGIES AND NOTES* Keywords: Hittite, etymology, Proto-Indo-European, historical phonology, semantics Abstract Discussed are the etymologies of twelve Hittite words and word groups (alpa- ‘cloud’, aku- ‘seashell’, ariye/a-zi ‘determine by or consult an oracle’, heu- / he(y)aw- ‘rain’, hāli- ‘pen, corral’, kalmara- ‘ray’ etc., māhla- ‘grapevine branch’, sūu, sūwaw- ‘full’, tarra-tta(ri) ‘be able’ and tarhu-zi ‘id.; conquer’, idālu- ‘evil’, tara-i / tari- ‘become weary, henkan ‘death, doom’) and some points of Hittite historical phonology, such as the fate of medial *-h2n- (sub §7) and final *-i (§13), all of which appear to receive somewhat inadequate treatment in Kloekhorst’s 2008 Hittite etymological dictionary. Several old etymologies are defended and some new ones suggested. The following notes were compiled while writing a response (in press b) to that part of the (2006) paper, recently kindly brought to my attention by its author, Professor Witold Mańczak, that purports to unseat the laryngeal theory on the basis of al- legedly incompatible Hittite material collected over three decades ago by Tischler (1980). The massive debate on the laryngeal theory that essentially followed Tisch- ler’s paper was no doubt in part a response to it and produced solutions to most if not all of the problems raised by Tischler, a position I attempt to summarize in my own paper noted above with reference to the superb Hittite etymological diction- ary recently published by Kloekhorst (2008, hereinafter referred to as K:) with its several innovations in the areas of Hittite and Anatolian historical phonology and morphology. -
SPACE RESEARCH in POLAND Report to COMMITTEE
SPACE RESEARCH IN POLAND Report to COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2020 Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences and The Committee on Space and Satellite Research PAS Report to COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) ISBN 978-83-89439-04-8 First edition © Copyright by Space Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences and The Committee on Space and Satellite Research PAS Warsaw, 2020 Editor: Iwona Stanisławska, Aneta Popowska Report to COSPAR 2020 1 SATELLITE GEODESY Space Research in Poland 3 1. SATELLITE GEODESY Compiled by Mariusz Figurski, Grzegorz Nykiel, Paweł Wielgosz, and Anna Krypiak-Gregorczyk Introduction This part of the Polish National Report concerns research on Satellite Geodesy performed in Poland from 2018 to 2020. The activity of the Polish institutions in the field of satellite geodesy and navigation are focused on the several main fields: • global and regional GPS and SLR measurements in the frame of International GNSS Service (IGS), International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS), International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), European Reference Frame Permanent Network (EPN), • Polish geodetic permanent network – ASG-EUPOS, • modeling of ionosphere and troposphere, • practical utilization of satellite methods in local geodetic applications, • geodynamic study, • metrological control of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) equipment, • use of gravimetric satellite missions, • application of GNSS in overland, maritime and air navigation, • multi-GNSS application in geodetic studies. Report -
Standardisation Action Plan for Clarin
Standardisation Action Plan for Clarin State: Proposal to CLARIN community Nuria Bel, Jonas Beskow, Lou Boves, Gerhard Budin, Nicoletta Calzolari, Khalid Choukri, Erhard Hinrichs, Steven Krauwer, Lothar Lemnitzer, Stelios Piperidis, Adam Przepiorkowski, Laurent Romary, Florian Schiel, Helmut Schmidt, Hans Uszkoreit, Peter Wittenburg August 2009 Summary This document describes a proposal for a Standardisation Action Plan (SAP) for the Clarin initiative in close synchronization with other relevant initiatives such as Flarenet, ELRA, ISO and TEI. While Flarenet is oriented towards a broader scope since it is also addressing standards that are typically used in industry, CLARIN wants to be more focussed in its statements to the research domain. Due to the overlap it is agreed that the Flarenet and CLARIN documents on standards need to be closely synchronized. This note covers standards that are generic (XML, UNICODE) as well as standards that are domain specific where naturally the LRT community has much more influence. This Standardization Action Plan wants to give an orientation for all practical work in CLARIN to achieve a harmonized domain of language resources and technology stepwise and therefore its core message is to overcome fragmentation. To meet these goals it wants to keep its message as simple as possible. A web-site will be established that will contain more information about examples, guidelines, explanations, tools, converters and training events such as summer schools. The organization of the document is as follows: • Chapter 1: Introduction to the topic. • Chapter 2: Recommended standards that CLARIN should endorse page 4 • Chapter 3: Standards that are emerging and relevant for CLARIN page 8 • Chapter 4: General guidelines that need to be followed page 12 • Chapter 5: Reference to community practices page 14 • Chapter 6: References This document tries to be short and will give comments, recommendations and discuss open issues for each of the standards. -
Proceedings of the Workshop on Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability, Pages 1–8, Sydney, July 2006
COLING •ACL 2006 MLRI’06 Multilingual Language Resources and Interoperability Proceedings of the Workshop Chairs: Andreas Witt, Gilles Sérasset, Susan Armstrong, Jim Breen, Ulrich Heid and Felix Sasaki 23 July 2006 Sydney, Australia Production and Manufacturing by BPA Digital 11 Evans St Burwood VIC 3125 AUSTRALIA c 2006 The Association for Computational Linguistics Order copies of this and other ACL proceedings from: Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) 209 N. Eighth Street Stroudsburg, PA 18360 USA Tel: +1-570-476-8006 Fax: +1-570-476-0860 [email protected] ISBN 1-932432-82-5 ii Table of Contents Preface .....................................................................................v Organizers . vii Workshop Program . ix Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) for NLP Multilingual Resources Gil Francopoulo, Nuria Bel, Monte George, Nicoletta Calzolari, Monica Monachini, Mandy Pet and Claudia Soria . 1 The Role of Lexical Resources in CJK Natural Language Processing Jack Halpern . 9 Towards Agent-based Cross-Lingual Interoperability of Distributed Lexical Resources Claudia Soria, Maurizio Tesconi, Andrea Marchetti, Francesca Bertagna, Monica Monachini, Chu-Ren Huang and Nicoletta Calzolari. .17 The LexALP Information System: Term Bank and Corpus for Multilingual Legal Terminology Consolidated Verena Lyding, Elena Chiocchetti, Gilles Sérasset and Francis Brunet-Manquat . 25 The Development of a Multilingual Collocation Dictionary Sylviane Cardey, Rosita Chan and Peter Greenfield. .32 Multilingual Collocation Extraction: Issues and Solutions Violeta Seretan and Eric Wehrli . 40 Structural Properties of Lexical Systems: Monolingual and Multilingual Perspectives Alain Polguère . 50 A Fast and Accurate Method for Detecting English-Japanese Parallel Texts Ken’ichi Fukushima, Kenjiro Taura and Takashi Chikayama . 60 Evaluation of the Bible as a Resource for Cross-Language Information Retrieval Peter A. -
ISO/TC46 (Information and Documentation) Liaison to IFLA
ISO/TC46 (Information and Documentation) liaison to IFLA Annual Report 2015 TC46 on Information and documentation has been leading efforts related to information management since 1947. Standards1 developed under ISO/TC46 facilitate access to knowledge and information and standardize automated tools, computer systems, and services relating to its major stakeholders of: libraries, publishing, documentation and information centres, archives, records management, museums, indexing and abstracting services, and information technology suppliers to these communities. TC46 has a unique role among ISO information-related committees in that it focuses on the whole lifecycle of information from its creation and identification, through delivery, management, measurement, and archiving, to final disposition. *** The following report summarizes activities of TC46, SC4, SC8 SC92 and their resolutions of the annual meetings3, in light of the key-concepts of interest to the IFLA community4. 1. SC4 Technical interoperability 1.1 Activities Standardization of protocols, schemas, etc. and related models and metadata for processes used by information organizations and content providers, including libraries, archives, museums, publishers, and other content producers. 1.2 Active Working Group WG 11 – RFID in libraries WG 12 – WARC WG 13 – Cultural heritage information interchange WG 14 – Interlibrary Loan Transactions 1.3 Joint working groups 1 For the complete list of published standards, cfr. Appendix A. 2 ISO TC46 Subcommittees: TC46/SC4 Technical interoperability; TC46/SC8 Quality - Statistics and performance evaluation; TC46/SC9 Identification and description; TC46/SC 10 Requirements for document storage and conditions for preservation - Cfr Appendix B. 3 The 42nd ISO TC46 plenary, subcommittee and working groups meetings, Beijing, June 1-5 2015. -
The Historical Cultural Landscape of the Western Sudetes. an Introduction to the Research
Summary The historical cultural landscape of the western Sudetes. An introduction to the research I. Introduction The authors of the book attempted to describe the cultural landscape created over the course of several hundred years in the specific mountain and foothills conditions in the southwest of Lower Silesia in Poland. The pressure of environmental features had an overwhelming effect on the nature of settlements. In conditions of the widespread predominance of the agrarian economy over other categories of production, the foot- hills and mountains were settled later and less intensively than those well-suited for lowland agriculture. This tendency is confirmed by the relatively rare settlement of the Sudetes in the early Middle Ages. The planned colonisation, conducted in Silesia in the 13th century, did not have such an intensive course in mountainous areas as in the lowland zone. The western part of Lower Silesia and the neighbouring areas of Lusatia were colonised by in a planned programme, bringing settlers from the German lan- guage area and using German legal models. The success of this programme is consid- ered one of the significant economic and organisational achievements of Prince Henry I the Bearded. The testimony to the implementation of his plan was the creation of the foundations of mining and the first locations in Silesia of the cities of Złotoryja (probably 1211) and Lwówek (1217), perhaps also Wleń (1214?). The mountain areas further south remained outside the zone of intensive colonisation. This was undertak- en several dozen years later, at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries, and mainly in the 14th century, adapting settlement and economy to the special conditions of the natural environment. -
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VÁCLAV BLAŽEK Masaryk University Fields of research: Indo-European studies, especially Slavic, Baltic, Celtic, Anatolian, Tocharian, Indo-Iranian languages; Fenno-Ugric; Afro-Asiatic; etymology; genetic classification; mathematic models in historical linguistics. AN ATTEMPT AT AN ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PTOLEMY´S HYDRONYMS OF EASTERN BALTICUM Bandymas etimologiškai analizuoti Ptolemajo užfiksuotus rytinio Baltijos regiono hidronimus ANNOTATION The contribution analyzes four hydronyms from Eastern Balticum, recorded by Ptole- my in the mid-2nd cent. CE in context of witness of other ancient geographers. Their re- vised etymological analyses lead to the conclusion that at least three of them are of Ger- manic origin, but probably calques on their probable Baltic counterparts. KEYWORDS: Geography, hydronym, etymology, calque, Germanic, Baltic, Balto-Fennic. ANOTACIJA Šiame darbe analizuojami keturi Ptolemajo II a. po Kr. viduryje užrašyti rytinio Bal- tijos regiono hidronimai, paliudyti ir kitų senovės geografų. Šių hidronimų etimologinė analizė parodė, kad bent trys iš jų yra germaniškos kilmės, tačiau, tikėtina, baltiškų atitik- menų kalkės. ESMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: geografija, hidronimas, etimologija, kalkė, germanų, baltų, baltų ir finų kilmė. Straipsniai / Articles 25 VÁCLAV BLAŽEK The four river-names located by Ptolemy to the east of the eastuary of the Vistula river, Χρόνος, Ῥούβων, Τουρούντος, Χε(ρ)σίνος, have usually been mechanically identified with the biggest rivers of Eastern Balticum according to the sequence of Ptolemy’s coordinates: Χρόνος ~ Prussian Pregora / German Pregel / Russian Prególja / Polish Pre- goła / Lithuanian Preglius; 123 km (Mannert 1820: 257; Tomaschek, RE III/2, 1899, c. 2841). Ῥούβων ~ Lithuanian Nemunas̃ / Polish Niemen / Belorussian Nëman / Ger- man Memel; 937 km (Mannert 1820: 258; Rappaport, RE 48, 1914, c. -
Program Ochrony Środowiska Dla Powiatu Średzkiego
Zleceniodawca: Starostwo Powiatowe w Środzie Śląskiej ul. Wrocławska 2 55 – 300 Środa Śląska Temat: PROGRAM OCHRONY ŚRODOWISKA DLA POWIATU ŚREDZKIEGO Wykonawca: PPD WROTECH Sp. z o.o. ul. Australijska 64 B, 54-404 Wrocław tel. (0-71) 357-57-57, fax 357-76-36, e-mail: [email protected] Wrocław, czerwiec 2004 r. Program Ochrony Środowiska dla powiatu średzkiego Spis treści Spis tabel: ............................................................................................................................. 4 Spis wykresów: .................................................................................................................... 4 Spis rysunków: ..................................................................................................................... 5 1. WPROWADZENIE ......................................................................................................... 6 1.1. Podstawa formalno – prawna opracowania ............................................................ 6 1.2. Cel i zakres Programu Ochrony Środowiska .......................................................... 6 1.3. Korzyści wynikające z posiadania Programu Ochrony Środowiska ........................ 8 1.4. Metodyka opracowania Programu Ochrony Środowiska ........................................ 8 2. Ogólna charakterystyka powiatu ................................................................................. 9 2.1. Położenie i funkcje powiatu .................................................................................... 9 2.2. Warunki -
Exonyms – Standards Or from the Secretariat Message from the Secretariat 4
NO. 50 JUNE 2016 In this issue Preface Message from the Chairperson 3 Exonyms – standards or From the Secretariat Message from the Secretariat 4 Special Feature – Exonyms – standards standardization? or standardization? What are the benefits of discerning 5-6 between endonym and exonym and what does this divide mean Use of Exonyms in National 6-7 Exonyms/Endonyms Standardization of Geographical Names in Ukraine Dealing with Exonyms in Croatia 8-9 History of Exonyms in Madagascar 9-11 Are there endonyms, exonyms or both? 12-15 The need for standardization Exonyms, Standards and 15-18 Standardization: New Directions Practice of Exonyms use in Egypt 19-24 Dealing with Exonyms in Slovenia 25-29 Exonyms Used for Country Names in the 29 Repubic of Korea Botswana – Exonyms – standards or 30 standardization? From the Divisions East Central and South-East Europe 32 Division Portuguese-speaking Division 33 From the Working Groups WG on Exonyms 31 WG on Evaluation and Implementation 34 From the Countries Burkina Faso 34-37 Brazil 38 Canada 38-42 Republic of Korea 42 Indonesia 43 Islamic Republic of Iran 44 Saudi Arabia 45-46 Sri Lanka 46-48 State of Palestine 48-50 Training and Eucation International Consortium of Universities 51 for Training in Geographical Names established Upcoming Meetings 52 UNGEGN Information Bulletin No. 50 June 2106 Page 1 UNGEGN Information Bulletin The Information Bulletin of the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (formerly UNGEGN Newsletter) is issued twice a year by the Secretariat of the Group of Experts. The Secretariat is served by the Statistics Division (UNSD), Department for Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Secretariat of the United Nations. -
National Standardization Plan 2019-2022
FINAL APRIL 2020 NATIONAL STANDARDIZATION PLAN 2019-2022 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 2 2 Background ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 3 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 3.1 Economic Priorities (Economic Impact Strategy) ................................................................................ 5 3.2 Government Policy Priorities ............................................................................................................ 12 3.3 Non-Economic Priorities (Social Impact Strategy) ............................................................................ 14 3.4 Stakeholders requests (Stakeholder Engagement Strategy) ............................................................. 15 3.5 Selected Sectors of Standardization and Expected Benefits ............................................................. 16 3.5.2 Benefits of Selected Sectors and Sub-Sectors of Standardization ................................................ 17 4 Needed Human and Financial Resources and Work Items Implementation Plan............................................ 19 4.1 Human Resources by Type of Work Item and Category ................................................................... -
Grubość Pokrywy Śnieżnej I Zapas Wody W Śniegu Na Stacjach 21.11.2020 Meteorologicznych IMGW-PIB
INSTYTUT METEOROLOGII I GOSPODARKI WODNEJ PAŃSTWOWY INSTYTUT BADAWCZY Centralne Biuro Hydrologii Operacyjnej w Warszawie ul. Podleśna 61, 01-673 Warszawa tel.: (22) 56-94-140 fax.: (22) 83-45-097 e-mail: [email protected] www..imgw.pl www.meteo.imgw.pl www.stopsuszy.imgw.pll Grubość pokrywy śnieżnej i zapas wody w śniegu na stacjach 21.11.2020 meteorologicznych IMGW-PIB Grubość Zapas Norma Grubość świeżo Gatunek Obciążenie Lp. Nazwa stacji Rzeka Zlewnia Województwo Wysokość wody obciążenia pokrywy spadłego śniegu śniegiem w śniegu śniegiem śniegu m n.p.m. cm cm kod mm kN/m 2 kN/m 2 A B C D E F G H I J K L 1. BOGATYNIA Miedzianka (17416) Nysa Łużycka (174) dolnośląskie 295 0,665 2. BOLESŁAWÓW Morawka (12162) Nysa Kłodzka (12) dolnośląskie 600 2,800 3. BUKÓWKA Bóbr (16) Bóbr (16) dolnośląskie 510 2,170 4. GRYFÓW ŚLĄSKI Kwisa (166) Kwisa (166) dolnośląskie 325 0,875 5. JAKUSZYCE Kamienna (162) Bóbr (16) dolnośląskie 860 1,0 1 1 4,620 6. JELCZ-LASKOWICE Widawa (136) Widawa (136) dolnośląskie 135 0,700 7. JELENIA GÓRA Bóbr (16) Bóbr (16) dolnośląskie 342 1,0 0 1 0,994 8. KAMIENICA Kamienica (121624) Nysa Kłodzka (12) dolnośląskie 680 3,360 9. KAMIENNA GÓRA Bóbr (16) Bóbr (16) dolnośląskie 360 1,120 10. KARPACZ Skałka (161844) Bóbr (16) dolnośląskie 575 1,0 0 2 2,625 11. KŁODZKO Nysa Kłodzka (12) Nysa Kłodzka (12) dolnośląskie 356 1,092 12. LĄDEK-ZDRÓJ Biała Lądecka (1216) Nysa Kłodzka (12) dolnośląskie 460 1,820 13. LEGNICA Kaczawa (138) Kaczawa (138) dolnośląskie 122 0,700 14.