of] Fisheries.· I ndustrial Canada [Dept.. PROJECT K ...... LJK Developme nt Service uss

t.

REPORT ON HERRING MIDWATER AND BOTTOM TRAWLING

IN EUROPE ANO THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1966

13y

• .... W.W. Johnson

Opinions expressed and conclusions reached by the author of this report are not necessarily endorsed by the sponsors of this project

9 , j

, • Report on Herring Midwater and Bottom Trawling in Europe and the United Kingdom, 1966

by W.W. Johnson

OBJEC'rr VES The main purpose of this assignment was to investigate

midwater and bottom trawling for he~ring in continental Europe and Great Britain. This was to be accomplished by talking to officials of the fishing industry and the fisheries departments of various countries, and by going • \ to sea to obtain first-hand knm'fledge. Other purposes

were to ascertain the costs of equip~ent such as net sounders, mid\vater trawls and otter boards which may not be readily. available in Canada, and to investigate the possibility of obtaining the services of an experienced skipper to act as instructor in a Canadian midwclter trawling project. The findings made on this assignment are to be applied to a joint federal-provincial midwater and bottom trawling project in Nova Scotia, which it is hoped will evolve into another successful method of fishing herring. This would provide the many trawlers and draggers of the Naritimes with an opportunity to further diversify their operations, without a large capital outlay or the extensive alterations required to rig out for purse seining. - 2 -

GERMANY I was welcomed at the West German Department of Fisheries in Hamburg by Dr. J. Scharfe and met his Director, Professor von Brandt, his associates, Drs. Steinberg, Maurer and von Sidlitz, and his -assistant, Fraulein von Ahlften. At the fishing harbour I met Mr. von Eitzen, the ' managing partner of r·1ewes and Eitzen, a net making firm specializing in the construction and repair of trawl gear. This is an old family business which previously operated two steam trawlers but is now in the fishing gear business exclusively and apparently does a great deal of work for .. Dr. Scharfe's group • . # The plant is on two floors; splicing and iron work on one floor and net repair and construction on the othar. German trawl gear is so standardized that the firm is able to make up in quan~ity, for stock, such parts as footrope roller cables, bridles or legwires, sweeplines and splitting straps. It was interesting to note that all these parts are made of new ungalvanized treated cable or used trawl warp. All parts save the footrope roller cable and main warps are spliced mechanically with "Talurit" clamps. The footrope roller cable and main warps are hand , spliced with seven tucks in the former and eight in the latter. The most popular size of wire used on the larger German trawlers for main warps is one inch in diameter by 6/19 construction; - 3 -

where discarded warp is not used for the other parts new one-inch diameter cable is retained, usually with fewer wires per strand. Outside the wire shop many otter boards were in evidence, including the ever-popular pony as vlell as several pairs of SuberkrUb midwater trawl boards which. were made entirely of steel. Dr. Scha·rfe said that the widow of the late Franz Suberkrub, the inventor, holds the patent rights to the boards and collects royalties. However, some people build their own doors and thus avoid payment. I informed

Dr. Sch~rfe that to the best of my knowledge there is no .., patent coverage for the SuberkrUb otter board in Canada • On the second floor both men and women were busy repairing and constructing midwater herring trawls and groundfish bottom trawls. Mr. von Eitzen said that there would be seven stern trawlers from Hamburg engaged in herring midwater

trawling this year. According to Dr. Sch~rfe, two Hamburg stern trawlers had .tried it last year with little luck; however, the great success of vessels from other ports could not be overlooked. The midwater trawl nets are very similar to those illustr8ted in Dr. Scharfe's papers which were submitted at three conferences in Canada which he attended during 1966. Nylon only is used, 8S it has the elasticity to take the shock loads encountered durinb fishing operations, especially aboard stern trawlers. The gauge of tHine used in the eight inch meshes of the wings and frontal sections is quite large (approximately - 4 -

2.34 rom. in diameter) which is almost as large as the gauge used in Canadian eroundfish trawls. Although the mesh sizes and gauge of twine decrease by the section to the codend, the codend itself, which has a li-inch mesh, is made of a heavy double nylon twine strengthened by four nylon riblines, and covered with a st~ndard nylon groundfish codend. The codend riblines are a.ttached to the seams with much slack, so that as the nylon netting stretches when a large catch is hove up the ramp there is an even load distribution between the netting and lines. In order to prevent excessive peripheral expansion a.nd consequent bursting at the lov/er end of the coclend, it is further strengthened with ri bline s la.ced ... around the codend at intervals of about l~ fathoms (see • Illustration No. 1)0 The head and footropes were made of 5/$-inch diameter vrlre which hed been served with 1;-inch diameter manila rope, while the side headlines were 7/8-inch, six-strand combination rope. Most of the large stern trawlers use midwater trawls having a 1400-mesh circ'umference, toe:ether with SuberkrUb boards which have an arE::CJ of six square metres (64.59 square feet) each. This would m~ke the doors approximately 11 feet in height by 5.9 feet in width. Mr. von Eitzen said a 1400 mesh trawl would cost between 12,000 and 14,000 Deutsch marks, ($3260 to $3800 Canadian) excluding codend expansion ropes, codend cover, floats and freieht. At the tioe, he was unable - 5 - to quote a price on SuberkrUb otter boardD. The groundfish bottom trawls being built in the plant were of nylon and other synthetics such as braided and twisted polyethelene. There were also a lot of ma.nilla trawl parts on hand, which many trawlers use in the 10vTer parts of their trawls, believing that it i~ less costly to replace the most frequently damaged sections with manilla rather ·than synthetic webbing. However, manilla tears much more easily than synthetic fibres and may increase the amount of lost fishing time. No trawls are constructed by travder crev/s and all nets damaged beyond the point of fast, immediate repair are put ashore to be repaired by trawl makers. Mr. von Eisen had on display in one end of his plant a model of a German herring bottom trnwl and a standard groundfish trawl, complete with their respective kites and otter boards. Germany has a large number of cutter type trawlers in the 75-foot over-all size range which '.'lere built for the Navy during the war with a vie",! to eventual conversion to fishing operetions. These vessels must be owner-operated to prove profitable. Some of the fishing companies have recently built new cutters of approximately 100 feet in over-all length, for both side and stern trawling, but have not been 8b18 1~0 make them pay. - 6 -

The large stern trawlers had a very good winter fish~ry off Labrador; with the result that cold storage facilities in Hamburg at the time of my visit were loaded with frozen cod blocks which apparently were not being sold very quickly.

This, plus the fact thBt the herring ~eason just beginning is at a slow time of year for groundfishing, may have influenced many trawl operators into midwater trawling for herring. The Schleswig Holstein, a 102-foot over-all "stern fishing cutter", equipped with a trawl drum and designed especially for midwa.ter herring trawling, has not proved totally successful mainly because the crew receives wages instead of a share, } eliminating the competitive spirit and also because the men, having formerly fished on much smaller vessels, lacked experience and thus had little faith in the ship. The vessel produced good catches during the winter but did poorly in the spring and early summer. The Schleswig Holstein has 1000 horsepower but uses only approximately 700, and is about the size of trawler to be used in the Nova Scotia mid water trawling experiments. The vessel has appeared in a number of fishing

journals, which prompted me to ask Dr. Sch~rfe about its success. He said he would arrange for me to view the vessel and go to sea on it if I so wished; in fact he said that I could be of some assistance to him. - 7 -

Dr. Scharfe said that only one trawler had met ,nth success in trawling for codfish pelagically, and that operation was carried out on spawning cod during one trip off Greenland. He has built and tested midwater cod trawls with the research ship Walther Her\-'lig, but has succeeded only in catching individual cod. They were testing such gear in April of 1965 when Captain Egilson and I savi them off the vJestmann Islands, Iceland, when we were aboard the Hoffrunger lIlt However, Dr. Scharfe said that they were continuing work on a pelagic white fish trawl. They have nOvl desi€,;ned a combination bottom and midwater trawl, fitted with bobbins, which is to be tested in the North Sea in September. I told Dr. Scharfe that such gear could be successful, as I had accidentally caught as much as 5000 lb. of grey cod off Bonilla Island in Hecate Strait while midwater herring trawling co~~ercially, and during mid water herring trawling experiments off New Brunswick several years ago, we had been 8ble to catch 150-200 lb. of cod on recorder indications in midwater fairly consistently. No doubt much better result,s would have been obtained \'lith a proper trawl and the refined elGctronic equipment no\-'l available.

Dr. Scharfe arranged a sho\'ling of movies of their ~-scale bottom and cod midwater tr0~1 as well as those of herrine gear. - 8 -

Dr. Scharfe builds ~-scale models of all their gear and tests them aboard a small cutter in the shallow waters of the Baltic. Underwater movies are taken by skin divers while trawl resistance and dimensions are recorded aboard the cutter. I was informed that it wes enjoyable work and it was unfortunate that I '!,"las unable to arrive in time to observe these tests, which wera completed on June 24.

D~. Scharfe outlined a program which would keep me busy for some time. This included going to sea, visiting net makers, electronics companies and a herring processing plant, plus a trip to Denmark. From Denmark it ""V'ould be possible, through the good offices of a processing company, to go to Goteborg, Sweden, and if desirable go to sea on a fishing boat from that port. I was told by Dr. Scharfe that not only was it too early in the season for the Danes and S'llfedes to 12nd much herring, but that no recent developments in one bOet midwater trawling had taken pl~ce in either Denmark or Sweden. However, he said they are very good at handling the herring aboard ship, especially the Swedes, and this producad landing s of high quality. Dr. Sch·arfe is a member of an international group of gear technologists vlho meet periodically in Italy to test ~-scale models of full sized trawls in the clear waters of the Mediterranean, \"lhere skin divers can observe and photograph the models in action. A small cutter is loaned by one of the - 9 - participating countries, and each man has an opportunity to test his country's gear. Howevar, Dr. Sch·arfe feels that he does not benefit very much from the limited time allotted so he hes obtained a 50-foot cutter with 100 h.p. and has rigged it to carry out instrumented tric,ls in the shallow Baltic waters near Hamburg. Echo sounding is used to measure verticcll opening, wing tip and otter board and spread distance of the trawl from bottom and surface, all of which are recorded aboard ship.

To m~ke possible the use of a nmnber of transducers with a single net sounding cable, Dr. Scharfa's electronics technician has devised an underwater .iunction box with a relay which will, on command from the ship, select anyone of a number of transducers, or alternately switch to a circuit for another purpose, such as underwater cameras, lights etc. A current meter suspended from the cutter measures \..;ater speed and a load meter is used to measure warp tension. Both, of course, are recorded autom[1ti cally, as is vlarp divergence, although warp declination is measured manually. The parameters of these scale model tests are said to relate very closely to those of the full size trawl gear. The most revealing factor, however, is the configuration and performance of the various components of the trawl as shown by the under1;'1atp-r films made by Dr. Sch-arfe and his associate. - 10 -

The first film shown was of the two-piece midwater trawl coupled to Suberkrub otter boards with three bridles or leg wires. In this hook-up the top bridle ~s attached to the headrope, the lower bridle to the footrope ·and the middle bridle to the laceage-rope. The objective is to take the greatest strain on the middle bridle, thus allowing the net freedom to open vertically. This, of course, is not achieved ~dthout penalty, and the film clearly indicates why this type of trawl does not fish as well as the four-piece trawl now being used by one boat pelagic trawlers. The four-piece net has been used by pair trawlers ever since Robert Larsen invented it. The tautness of the middle leg wires in the two-piece trawl causes the last tapered upper and lower sections immediately in front of the codend to bulge excessively, thus constricting the opening into the codend which consequently becomes twisted, and although mostly jellyfish were caught it was clear (in the film) that species such as cod had little chance ()f entering the codend. When the strain on the middle bridles is transferred to the top and bottom bridles, the upper and lower panels assumed a good shape, with the codend opening fully. However, the mouth of the trawl loses a great amount of vertical opening. - 11 -

It may be that a two-piece trawl of another design may act differently, but this is rather doubtful. It has long been my contention that a high vertical opening with a good conical form and little netting distortion is easier to achieve in a trawl which consists of four or more pieces. For a description of the above see Illustration No.2. The second film dealt with a four-piece mid\'Tater trawl which was rectangular in cross section. Connection to the Suberkrub otter boards was by top and bottom bridles only, the latter being greater in length, which caused the foot rope and mouth of the trawl to fish a.t a lower plane than the otter boards. The theory is that herring, which would otherwise frighten, are not frightened away from the path of the trawl with this hook-up. (Author's note: this is debatable). There was no distortion in the belly sections of the trawl and the codend was seen to be fully open. See Illustra.tion No.2. The third film dealt with a 1400-mesh four-piece trawl which was rigged with bobbins and fished on the bottom, a.lthough the otter boards were kept off the bottom. This is not easy to accomplish in actual fishing operations.

Most of the netting in the lower vvings flattened out parallel to the sea bed and actually ballooned outside of the bobbins. Exactly the same ballooning effect occurred in the belly, just aft of the bosom bobbins, thus making all the lower parts of the net vulnerable to damage and seriously decreasing the effectiveness of the bobbins. {J\uthor' s Note: much of this - 12 - effect can be attributed to the attempt to fish nee.r the bottom with long lower bridles which makes it necessary to keep the otter boards off the bottom in order to maintain vertical net opening and to keep the lower netting parts away from the bottom while keeping the bobbins down. The closer the otter boards are to the bottom the' lower will be the headline, and the water pressure in t.he trawl will of course depress the resultant slack netting in the lower parts of the trawl in the direction of the sea bed. Quite naturally the film showed that when the trawl was fished in midwater the weight of the bobbins increased the trawl's vertical opening. The film also bore out the fact that in commercial operations, where the full scale trawl would be in use, otter boards of six square metres, or 61~.5 square feet, do not give, satisfactory spread to the trawl, so that boards of eight square metres or $0.62 square feet would be required. See Illustration No.3. At the herring' processing plant called Des Fischwaren Fabrik, Grosseinkaufgesellschaft Deutscher, Konsumgena.ssinschaften, I was introduced to Mr. Heinz Hoch, the Business Director and Mr. Hans Baasch, Technical Director. It was explained that some of the buildings were old and consequently the plant was not laid out as neatly as some of the newer pla.nts, nor was its appearance as attra.ctive. - 13 -

The company buys herring from German producers and imports some in addition, in the round and as fill~ts, both fresh and frozen, especially from Denmark. Cured or canned products for human consumption and canned pet food for home and export markets are the factory's end products. The tour of the plant was well worthwhile, as some knowlodge of processing is valuable to one concerned with the catching of herring. The operation provided quite a contrast to Canadian operations. There are five automated and three hand packing lines in the plant. In one section, six lines turned out the following products: 1. Canned cooked herring fillets with sauce (tomato, mayonnaise, wine, olive oil, etc.) 2. Canned fried herring fillets in various sauces. 3. Canned kippered herring in various sauces. 4. Canned cooked, lightly cured fillets in wine sauce. 5. Herring fillets in aspic, put up in jars. 6. Vinegar cured fillets in jars; hand packed

because the vol~~e does not warrant automation. Another section of the plant contained equipment to produce the various sauces, some of which are sold packaged or in bulk as a side product. A third section contained two hand packing lines, where sprats and rollmops Viere pa cked in jers with vinega r or wine sauces. These products, apparently, could not be packed by machine. - 14 -

The plant also had a smokehouse, cold storage and living quarters for the women workers. The living quarters are necessary, in order to keep a working force together. It has become difficult to obtain German women, especially the younger ones, for work in the processing plants and as a result many Greek, Italian and Portuguese women are employed. The plant is capable of turning out some 60 tons of finished products per day.

One could not help but be impressed by th~ automa.tion and quality control. If Canada is ever to compete in the market for processed herring for human consumption we must use similar processing equipment and techniques.

At the request of Dr. Sch~rfe, Mr. Baasch asked Mr. Sigurd Espersen, O\ffier of the Skagerrak Fiske Export Company in Hirtschals, Denmark, who is a large-scale producer of herring fillets and a supplier to Mr. Baasch's company, to arrange for me to view herring trawling in Denmark. Arrangements were made for me to arrive in Hirtschals July 2.

On June 28 Dr. Sc~arfe drove me to Bremerhaven, where we met Mr. Kampf of Kampf and Company, together with other trawler owners, skippers and shipbuilders. Also present was Mr. Heinsohn of Rickmers Werft, whom I had met at the Grimsby stern trawler conference three years ago. - 15 -

The purpose of the meeting was to hear a leciure on mechanical fish unloading from trawlers and to view a pilot model in operation. Mr. Kampf and the Walcker.Company, developer of tho equipment, had arranged the demonstration to obtain industry's ideas and possible criticism before installing the equipment in a ne,.; Kampf stern trawler. The unloading device proved to be the same type as that installed by National Sea Products in their l54-foot over-all stern trawlers under construction at Halifax, N.S., and consists of a horizontal belt conveyor located in a centre well which extends the full length of the hold. The fish are fed onto this reversible conveyor and carried to either end of the hold where a vertical bucket conveyor, attached to a bulkhead, lifts them above deck to a dockside conveyor.

Simil~r equipment is being used succesEfully by the stern trawler Garland, of Shelbourne Fisheries, Nova Scotia. However, there are a number of disadvantages such as cleaning and maintenance. In addition, it is necessary to install one on every trawler rather than have one good piece of equipment in the plant. There are no benefits to the trawler, only to the plant, while the initial and maintenance costs are borne by the trawler. Pneumatic equipment such as that in use at Job's plant in St. John's, Newfoundland, would seem to be fer simpler and just as effective, with no penalty to the trawler. - 16 -

Dr. Sch~rfe told the group he preferred the pneumatic system which he had seen in oper~tion at St. John's, Newfoundland. It is doubtful if any of the observers were too impressed by the conveyor demonstration •. Unilever's idea of containe'ri zing the hold was also discussed. Heinz Heinsohn agreed that it could not be done as originally proposed by lifting the containers through individual hatches directly over all the containers as the number of hatches would be impractical. He felt also that it would be better to have such hatches on the 'tween deck of a stern trawler, lifting the containers with a travelling crane located under the top deck and moving t:lem to a central hatch or a side port for unloading.

After ,the morning meeting Dr. Sch~rfe and I were taken for a tour of the fishin8 harbour by an administrative officer. The harbour facilities, owned and operated by the city of ocemerhaven, are leased to dealers and processors, of whom there are approximately 125. Thp,y handled about 200,000 metric tons of fish in 1965. The Unilever Company, which operates 45 trawlers, has vast processing facilities, and is still expanding. The auction halls contained, in total, far more space than those of Grimsby and were exceptionally clean, as was the entire fishing harbour. Some of the fish unloaded from - 17 -

distant water trawlers looked to be of questionable \ quality but was classed as being fresh and edible. The stern trawler Teutonia was discharging a load of lightly salted codfish of exceptionally ,good size and quality; it was being resalted for shipment to buyers in Italy who contract in advance for large fish. Strangely enough the ice plant and cold storages are located some distance inshore from the docks, so that ice has to be trucked to the fishing vessels. It is crushed block ice, rather than the familiar flake ice used in eastern Canada. .. A number of cutters of about 75-feet were seen, many of which were built during the war, as mentioned earlier, to serve as patrol boats but for later conversion to fishing boats. They have steel frames and superstructures, with wooden planking and decking, and are also metal sheathed below the waterline. They are powered by engines ranging from 150 to 300 h.p. An interesting feature is thG.t most of them are fitted with steel tripod masts. They engar,e in bottom trawling for groundfish, scrap fish and herring, and in addition engage in pair trawling for herring in midwater at certain times of the year. The winches, warps and gallows are far lighter than those used by eastern Canadian vessels of equal size. - 1$ -

Many plastic fish boxes were in evidence among the

traditional woodGn boxes and by next ye~r the harbour will use plastic boxes exclusively. One of the auction halls had a new automatic box washing machine. We met seversl stern trawler ski,ppers at lunch in the

harbour restaurant. Dr. Sch~rfe introduced Franz Pescholl,

skipper of the fresh fishing stern trawler Carl Ka~f, who was the "high line" midwater herring trawl skipper in

1965, and who co-operated with Dr. Sch~rfe in making pelagic trawling a success. I also met Rudolph Nord, skipper of the p£rt processing-freezer trawler Carl Oskar Kampf, who also hes done well in pelagic trawling. Captain Pescholl arranged for me to go to sea with Rudolph Nord, and to be transferred at sea, several days later, to his own ' ship to finish the trip. This would give me a chance to see how the herring are handled aboard both a freezer

and a fresh fishin~ trawler.

The next visit was to a local branch of Dr. Sch~rfets Department where I met the Diractor, Dr. Messtorff. This branch has gevr storage facilities and is ideally locoted within a few feet of the pier where the research ships are moored. In the warehouse \-ras a large tuna purse seine and a small mesh herring seine. The tuna seine wes used on the - 19 -

research vessel 'VJa.lther Herwig, which hCl,s a platform over the ramp for this purpose. This vessel also carried two 30 foot boats, which are used together to fish the herring

seine. Dr. Sch~rfe requires instructors to teach them the two-boat seining method. Our next visit wa.s to the Jochen Homann, a fresh fishing stern trawler' built by Rickmers Werft for Karl Kampf and Company and being prepared for her maiden voyage. This vessel has several interesting innovations. She is about 210 feet over-all, a.nd has a single funnel mounted on the port side. This allows an unobstructed view from the bridge .. over the entire working deck. A glass enclosed winch operator's cab is located in the centre of the aft end of the bridge directly above the trawl winch. The bridge itself

is set do~rn so that the bottom edge of its windows are slightly above the deck-head of the cabins, which flank the port and starboard sides accommodating the skipper and the radio operator. These cabins are long and narrow, extending aft over the working deck. The shape and resultant limited comfort of the cabins is dictated by the design of the bridge. The working deck ha.s great length and a fantastic uncluttered area, the superstructure being loce.ted far enough forward to allow the footrope of most trawls tQ be stretched full length. It was surprising to find the main engine offset to port, driving a variable pitch propeller through a horizontally offset gearbox. This allows the auxiliary engine to be - 20 - located closer to 'midships and generally gives more working area between the machinery. The vessel is also equipped with tha necessary electronic aids., such as sonar and netsonde for pelagic trawling. See Illustration No.4.

At the Freid-Krupp Atlas-Elektronik plant Bremen, we met Dr. Kietz, who is a specialist in the design and development of acoustical electronics equipment for application in many fields such as military, industrial and medical.

Dr. Kietz ~orked with Dr. Scharfe in developing what was probably the first practical net sounding equipment and his company has licensed Elac, in Kiel, to manufacture similar equipment. We made a tour of the section of the plant where all the electronic components used by the fishing industry such as echo sounders, fish lupes, radar and net sounders are made. The net sounder unit seems to be well designed, having fewer, more compact resistor and relay boxes than the Elac equipment purchased by the Department of Fisheries of Canada. However, the recorder supplied with the unit has a very small scale expansion and Dr. Sch~rfe said that one should obtain the larger Atlas fish finding recorder for use with the net-sonde unit as it has a much larger scale expar.sion, giving a better view of the fish entering the trawl. Further, the fish-lupe, which is an integral part of the recorder, allows an even better analysis of what - 21 - is entering the trawl. The winch is not as wide as that supplied by Elac and is equipped with a hand brake, two apparant advantages. The net sounder cable is of the co-axial type, end Dr. Scharfe recommends that we replace our tvlO conductor cables with the single more efficient co-axial type. He demonstrated how much easier the co-axial cable is to repair. See IlluEtration No.5. We also saw vn Atlas sonar, which is also a compact unit, especially the transducer trunk. The transducer head is fixed although the sound beam can be tilted electronically to three different positions. It is difficult to believe that this method is more effective than mechanical tilting, even thoueh moving parts which may be subject to failure are eliminated. After viewing the plant I asked the sales manager to provide us with prices and delivery details on the electronics equipment necessary for midwater trawling. Following is a bre8kdown of this information: One Atlas net sonde unit, complete with recorder, 2000 metres of .55-inch diameter conductor cable and transducer with flatboard. Current required, 3$0 volts A.C., 3 phase, 50 cycles. Price 21,000 Deutsch marks or about $7,6$0 Canadian. Delivery two months minimum for different requirements. - 22 -

One 1200 metre model complete with recorder, controls, winch, 1200 metres of .55-inch diameter conductor cable and transducer with floatboard. Current required 380 volt, 3 phase, 50 cycle. Price 23,000 Deutsch marks or about $6460 Canadian. Delivery two months minimum. One Sonar unit with fixed transducer head, 28,400 Deutsche marks, or about $7750 Canadian. Delivery one month. One Atlas fish finding recorder and fish-lupe unit 220 volts A.C. Cost 14,000 Deutsch marks or $3875 Canadian. Delivery eight to ten weeks. The net sounder winch \\"ith 2000 metre capacity is the one most suitable for the Canadian herring fishery. It may be desirable to consider purchasing the fish finding recorder for use as a net sounder, dispensing with the smaller recorder, which is included in the net sounder unit. The cable repair kit should also be included. This costs 2500 Deutsche marks or about $680 Canadian plus 150 connecting sleeves costing 100 Deutsche marks or $36.70 Canadian. Part of the repair kit is a hydraulic press which might be purchased at less cost in Canada, provided that Atlas will sell the dies, used to crimp the connecting sleeves. Equipment bought from Atlas will probably have to be obtained through Gabriel Aero Marine Instruments, Atlas representative in Canada, which would increase the cost. For sketches of net sounder repairs, see Illustrations "Nos. SA and i!h - 23 - •

On June 29 I visited Kiel and met Mr. Herman Engel and his two sons, who own the Engel Net Company, which specializes in manufacturing trawl nets. They were very busy and heavily booked with orders for midwater tra"lls. .After making a tour of the plant Hans Engel took me on a tour of a new stern trawler, called the Fehmarn.

The Fehmarn is ~ part freezer and part processing stern trawler owned by Hochsee-fischerei Kiel, B.M.B.H. and is about 226 feet in over-all length, with a breadth of about 41.5 feet. The main engines are two MAK type MS 582 AK diesels developing 1450 h.p. each at 300 rpms, driving s 10.75 feet Escher-Wyss controllable pitch propeller through a twin input, single output Renk gear box, which also drives two 500 K.V.A. alternators which supply power for the trawl winches and the ship's 3eO.volt, 50 cycle power supply. For emergency and harbour duty the vessel has an auxiliary diesel which drives a 435 KVA alternator. The two drums of the trawl winches eBch have a capacity of 1400 fathoms of 1 inch diameter warp, and are individually driven by two 200 h.p. electric motors, either of which can be coupled to drive both drums in the event of failure of the other. Line pull is 6 tons at about 400 feet per minute at mid drum on each drum. Processing equipment consists of the following: One Baader "33" filleting machine and a "419" heading machine and two "46" skinning machines for small fish. One Baader "150" filleting - 24 - .. machine with two "47" skinning machines for redfish. Two Baader "33" herring filleting machines. One cross current washing machine. Freezing is accomplished by means of two 12 ton "Sabroe" horizontal plate freezers. Offal and trash fish are processed into meal and oil with a Schlotterhose fish meal plant having a 30 ton per 24 hour capacity. See Illustration No. 5C. Two of the ship's engineers are trained by the Baader company for a period of eight weeks in operation, adjustment and maintenance of the processing machinery and can cope with all problems at sea. All of the vessel's catch is contracted for in advance by the Findus Company. The fishmeal made aboard the stern trawlers such as the Fehmarn is of high quality, being made of fresh fish and consequently it is in strong demand by fish dea.lers.

After touring the Fehmarn we met l~r. Tanger, Director of Hochsee-Fischerie, Kiel, who was most anxious to learn about any herring stocks outside of Canada's territorial waters. I said that thus far we had not exploited the offshore stocks and knew little about them other than what had been learned from groundfish trawlers who report good stocks on various banks. Dr. Kramer, Director of Fish Quality control for - 25 -

East Germany, "'TaS present and said that they had tried fishing herring on a large scale off Canada's East coast and found the herring hard, lean and small, thus not meeting the East German standards. However, these remarks did not seem to deter Mr. Tanger's interest. Mr. Engel and I visited Busum, a small fishing port on the North Sea, where we boarded the trawler Schleswig-Holstein, 102 feet over-all length, powered by a Buckua vJulf engine rated at 1000 hp. but derated to 700 hp of ~lich, according to a member of the crew, only 550 hp could be used. The super­ structure is about 'midships with ample passageway on port and starboard sides. A 10\'1 pressure hydraulic trewl winch, which

\'/as very small for the si ze and po\ver of the vessel, was located aft of the superstructure. A trawl drum, als,? hydraulically driven, was 10c8.ted within five feet or so of the transom bulwark. The vessel is stern rigged and hauls the forebody of the trawl on the drum but brings the codend up along the starboard side and empties it on the foredeck ~lere the fish are handled. The vessel is well equipped electronically, having a net sounder, echo sounder and sonar by Elac plus the normal radiophone and radar. It was noted that the vessel had a variable pitch propeller which is a decided advantage when the winch is driven from the main engine, especially if the winch lacks power. - 26 -

More than 1100 boxes were stored in a rack along the port side of the superstructure. They are supplied by the fish market for a fee of 80 pfennig, about 29¢ Canadian, per box, which is paid each time a box full of herring is sold. Each box holds approximately 40 kg, or 88 Ib of iced herring, with three handsful of salt mixed through the fish. Normally the vessel ta.kes from one to two tons of salt and 12 to 14 tons of ice for a 14 day trip, port to port. The herring, however, should not be kept aboard more than eight or nine days, depending on the time of the year. The Schleswig-Holstein had recently returned from a trip to the Faroe Islands, with little luck, as the season had not yet begun. The skipper \'las awaiting reports of herring before sa.iling aga.in. During the summer this vessel fishes a bottom herring trawl with standard otter boards which measure approximately 8 x 14 feet.

'While midwa.ter tra~"l~ng dur;i.ng the previ ous winter, a light, 1400- mesh Engel trawl Wb S used with Suberkrub otter boards of 3.5 square metres, or 37.5 square feet each. Weights of 350 kg, or 780 pounds, are used on each wing tip instead of depressors. The trawl, which has 8-inch meshes in the wings and first body section, is exactly the same size as those used by trawlers of 2000 hp, but differs in that the netting is made of much finer twine. The Schleswig-Holstein has caught up to 50 tons in a single half-hour drag with this trawl. - 27 -

It was noted that tho bottom trawl, which was stored on the trawl drum, had no floats. These are put on in clusters of four while setting, and taken off again while hauling. This is done because the floats tend to break the fine twine of the wing meshes when the trawl is being wound on the drum. It is claimed that little time is lost in detaching the floats. Incidentally, the net sounder float board is also detached each haul. Also worth mentioning is the fact that the gear box which is ma.nufactured by modern wheel drive is coupled to the engine by means of a tire type flexible rubber coupling. The tripod foremast, made of steel pipe, is flanged and bolted to the ship at the foot of each leg, making the entire structure removable. lvly conclusion was tha.t while the ship was nicely built and well equipped, the side trawler type of general arrangement robbed the vessel, which is a stern trawler, of working space, ease of work, accommodation and comfort. The following day, in Kiel, I met Mr. Hans Engel and discussed with him the type of midwater trawl which might be suitable for a 100-foot Canadian vessel of 750 hp. I asked for price a:ld delivery estima.tes for the foregoing, which were as follows: One 1200 mesh nylon midwater trawl 210/48 nylon twine in the 8-inch section and 210/33 nylon twine in the 6-,5- and 3-inch sections, the codend to be of l!-inch mesh (gauge to be decided). ApproximBte price 12,000 Deutsche marks ($3,270 Canadian). - 28 -

Two complete bottoms and one~2.1ete side. (Spares) approximate price, 5000 Deutsche marks ($1360 Canadian). One set of steel Suberkrub otter boards 3.5 square metres (37.5 square feet) each. Approximate price 3800 Deutsche marks ($1015 Can8.dian). The shipping time for all three items would be approximately four weeks. Mr. Engel informed me that Rudolf Nord, Captain of the Carl Oskar Kampf, was the first man to trawl the 18rge Norwegian run of herring successfully. In 11 hauls he had loaded his vessel with 460 tons of frozen fillets. Not knowing his name, the Icelanders dubbed him "Columbus" and asked him to go into an Icelandic harbour so that they could get first hand information on his success. I was introduced to Mr. J. Schultes, Commercial Director, and r.1r. H. Muller Sales, Assistant of "Elac U plant, which makes nothing but marine electronics equipment. The company manufactures nearly all its own mechanical ~nd electronic components with the exception of standard items. After looking at the recorders and fish-lupes, which were conventional except for a small boat model, I was shovm one of their new sonars which was being tested. This model, designed for midwater trawling, appeared to be much more advanced than other makes in the same price range. It had such features as a tiltable transducer head, \'lhich is most - 29 -

important in counteracting the effects of thermoclines •. The automatic scanner sweeps from port to starboard, stops and instantly returns to port before commencing a new scanning sweep, thus scanning area that would be missed by other makes. The sweep can be concentrated in any sector of the maximum sweep range. The tilt angle of the transducer is

indicated by a needle over a gr~ph which shows vertical range, making it possible, under good sonar conditions, to approximate

the depth and vertic~l distribution of a school of fish. When the recorder is shut off, the transducer automatically retracts, which is a good ,feature for purE,e seiners. The model being tested is availatle with either a 24 or 30 KC transducer and has a 2400 metre (7800 foot) range. We next viewed a netsounder unit, for which there are two models of cable winches, an 1800 (5900 feet) and a 2600 metre (8550 feet) cable capacity. The former requires a 4.5 KW motor

and the latter a 6 ~v motor. Both net sounder units use similar junction relay, resistor

and control boxes plus the standE~ rd Atair recorder. More powerful recorders with lc::rger scale expansion ma.y also be used wi th the unit. I told Mr. K. Gaede, who is in charge of F.lac service, that we had experienced considereble trouble with the slip ring arrangement on the Elec winch owned by the Department of Fish3ries. He showed me their new slip ring assembly, which had been simplified and made foolproof. He said he vloule! advise me whether a new asser.1bly could be fitted to the Department's winch. - 30 -

In order to see fish entering the trawl more positively an Arcturus or Atair special, or even an Atair special combined with a fish lupe, could be used rather than the standard Atair recorder normally sold with the net sonde u·nit. With regard to the removal of the shielding from the net sounder transducer to obtain simultaneous surface and bottom echoes as Dr. Scharfe has done, Mr. Gaede said that this was not a good idea, as the many echo traces made it d,ifficult to differentiate between bottom and surface. He suggested multi­ transducers with alternate switching although such equipment was not standard. I informed Mr. Gaede that the Department's Atair recorder, with the net sounding equipment, would not show groundfish in depths below 60 fathoms when used as a ship's recorder. He said that there was probably a fault which could be remedied. However, for really deep water fishing the Atair Special or the Arcturus produced better results. The prices and delivery in Germany for t he electronics necessary for midwater trawling are as follows: ELAC Sonar model ILGY, 2400 metre range, 24 or 30 KC transducer, approximately 25,000 Deutsch marks ($6,800.00 Canadian) with a de li very of 4 to 6 weeks.

Net Sonde 1$00 metre model "'Ti.th 4.5 KW motor complete with Atair recorder, 1$00 metres of cable and transducer mounted float aboard, approximately 25,000 Deutsch marks ($6,$00.00 Canadian), Delivery about 3 months. There is a 2600 metre model - 31 - with 6 KW motor with Atair recorder, 2600 metres of cable and transducer float board, approximately 28,000 Deutsch marks ($7,600 Canadian). Dlivery 3 months. Optiona 1 lie corders Arcturus - 11,500 Deutsch marks ($3,140 Canadian) •

Atair special ~,700 Deutsch Marks (;j51jSO!'00 Canadian). Atair special with fish-lupe 10,500 Deutsch Marks ($2,875.00 Canadian) • Delivery not given. If one of the other recorders were ordered wi th the net sounder unit in place of th(~ Atair model, the difference in cost would of course ue adjusted.

On my return to Hamburg I saw a film on the testing of a combination" bottom and midwater groundfish trawl, designed by Dr. Scharfe, which would seem tho next logical step after having tested a herring midwater trawl rigged with bobbins. This net differs from the conventional midwat8r trawl and looks somewhat like a very large version of our latest Model II Atlantic Western Trawl. It is rectangular in cross section with a 30- mesh square and wedges or top wings that extend almost out to the side wing tip. The stde wing is cut away diagonally from the headrope wing tip to the beginning of the bunt wing at thA foot rope , thus eliminating nearly aJ 1 vlllnerable netting in the forward lower half of the winp;s. As there is very little netting left along the footrope only a short string of bobbins - 32 ,.. is required. The model was tested wt th Suberkrub boards with longer top bridles which allowed the top of the net to rise, thus keepine; the lower parts of the trawl off the sea bed. 'The film showed that the lower parts of the trawl rode well above the bobbins with the roller chains standing almost vertical. By lengthening the bridle'S' which stretch from well forward on the footrope to the junct:i,on of the flying wing and bunt wing, the lower parts of the trawl may be brought closer to the bottom. The roller chains will then of course slope back. - When the bridles are adjusted so that the roller chains are nearly vertical, the centre of the bosom hanging line tends to tow in advance of the belly foot rope as the' weight and re­ sistance of the bobbins causes the footrope to form a deeper bow than the bosom hanging line. Such an arrangement is quite in order when working bad bottom or when fish are swimming high. I was informed thA.t underwater films and observations by skin divers indicated that it did seem fairly easy for fish on the bottom to escape oetw8en the bobbins and hanging line.

Fewer escaped when th~ centre of the hanging line was towing behind the bobbins. Apparently there are variatj ons in the behav; our of indi.:­ vjdual groundfish; some flat fish will iie tight to the bottom and let the trawl pass over them, while others .will swim up and be caught. The films showed a flat fish inside the trawl - 33 - suddenly shoot ahead of the bosom and escape betwe en the hanging line and footrope of a bunt wing. Fish were also shown swimming along wtthin the codend, and in one instance a small fish tried to get in from outside, no doubt attracted by those iIlsltle.

The Suberskrub otter boards also performed very well when used on bottom but, according to Dr. Scharfe, should be adjusted so that they tilt inboard slightly.

Various bridle arrangements were tried wi th the Suberkrub otter boards, such as one bri~le to the top and the other to the bottom of the boards, but unless they were of even lengths they did not perform well. The single point attachment to a bridle from the back strap of tbe otter board was shown to be the best arrangement.

The film of Dr. Schal'fe' s new cornbina tion trawl was most impressive and I have no doubt that the full sized version will perform very well when tested.

See Illustrations 6A! Be&. n for ske tches of the combina­ tion trawl.

In Hamburg I met Dr. Mauer, who is studying fish behaviour, and I exchanged viev/s with him on the behaviour of herring in relation to trawl nets. His observatior.s had been similar to ours. - 34 -

Dr. Mauer is invp.stigating fish noises and 1 asked if he thought noise from the trawl gear frightened herring. He said he did not believe it was nearly as important a factor as was the water being pushed by the trawl. So far the Germans have not attempted to measure the differences in water speed inside or in front of either model trawls or full-sized trawls.

DENMARK

On July 2, I went from Hamburg to Hirtshals, Denmark, where I met Mr. Hateo Andersen of th;e Skagerrak Fiske Export Company, who told me that Hirtshals has 250 cutter type boats, of about 100 feet on over-all length, fifty-five of the larger cutters being of steel. At least 80 per cent of the port's business is herring fis hing and proce ssing. Danish se ining is dying out, and only a few small cutters still engage in that type of fishing. Danish Midwater trawls are square in c ross section and have four equal sides while the bottom trawls, called vtnge (wing) trawl are of the usual 2-piece construction. Denmark had one herring purse se iner which is understood to be less than 200 tons but would have a second, of approxi­ mately 400 tons, in November 1966. Most of t he herring is caught by midwater pair trawling with one boat bottom trawling at a certain time of the year. - 35 -

Skagerrak Fiske ~xports plant produces 100 tons of herring fillets and 100 tons of offal per day. They use more Baader herring filleting machines than Swedish, but they will soon have more of the latter. The Swedish machines are better for small herring but the Baader machines are superior for large herring and operate reliably and with little maintenance.

Denmark processes only a limited quantity of herring to the finished product stage but exports fillets either fresh or frozen, mostly to Germany. Last year, a Faroese herring seiner fished out of Hirtshals and had as much as 4,000 boxes of herring in a single set (88 pounds per box) but could only sell 1000 boxes, the 1965 vessel limit for food fish, the balance going for fish meal. During' 1965 England, Scotland, Holland and Germany all had a poor season although Denmark, Sweden and Norway did extremely well, particularly in the Skagerrak area. The Swedes are worried that the Norwegians will deplete the herring stocks with their purse se ines.

Swedish fishermen are highly skilled at handling th e catch but use a larger crew than the Danes. The crucial pe riod in preserving the quality of the herring is the hour immediately after they are brought on deck. The fish must be stowed below, in ice, during this time. Swedish fishermen can keep herring for eight days and st ill de li ve r a good product. - 36 -

, On July 4th I met Mr. Willy Jensen of Hirtshals Vod and Trawl Binderi who specialized in building herring, shrimp and groundfish trawls as well as Danish Seines. fJlr. Jensen took time off to show me his plant and gave me a " lot of good infor- mation as follows. Swedish fishermen find that from April to October herring are generally near the bottom and most engage in single boat bottom trawling for herring for human consumption or for scrap fish for fish meal. The midwater pair trawling season proper does not begin until October 1, althougn a few boats start as early as August. They have never made a success of one-boat midwater trawling. When bottom trawling, each vessel carries about five trawls and when midw~t~r pc.ir trawling each carries t\"IO trawls. All net work, b.uildine; and repairing ts done ashon~ by the trawl lofts. Most of the midwater trawls are made of nylon whjle the bottom trawls are mR.de of terylene or polyester twines.

The largest mi'dwater trawl used is 1600 m~t.res of 9 )/16- inch mesh in circumference with a codena of from 18 to 20 fath­ oms in length. 8ach vessel should have at leat 600 hp to fish this net. Mesh sizes in the forebody of the trawls are i.ncreasjne: and some of the S\"Jedes will be using trawls of 1600 meshes cir­ cumfe rence, 11 11/16 inch mesh, this coming season. Midwater trawls of 1200 meshes circumference with 7 7/A-inch mesh in the - 37 -

foresections, are normally fished by cutters of ~50 to 300 hp each. Bottom trawls are also made wi th large meshes in t,he forebody and are of two sizes:

1. A 590-mesh trawl used with 53" x J3" otter boards

fished by cutters of 250-300 hp;

2. A 730-mesh trawl with 61" x 33" otter boards, fished

by cutters of . SUO-800 hp. The Swedish cutters use

66" x 33" otter boards with the 730-mesh trawl. (I

am somewhat skeptical of the otter board sizes as

those seen on the cu~ters seemed larger than the sizes

gi ven. )

All the trawls are made of fine gauge twine and are towed at from four to six knots.

Following are the prices ex plant for the trawls, complete except for .floats:-

1600-~esh midwater trawl, 17,000 Kr. $2725 Canadian

1200-mesh " " 9,000 Kr. $1420 Canadian ,40-mesh bottom trawl 4,400 Kr. $ 705 Canadian 730-mesh" " 6,000 Kr. $ 960 Canadian Any of the above trawls can be built within two days of order.

Most of the trawls are rigeed with three brjdles or legs to a danleno spreader anc. extra lone sweeplines. See Illustra­ tion 7. A lot of mackerel are caught by the cutters using bottom trawls. Some have caught as much as 300 boxes of 88 lb. each. - 38 -

Most of the mackerel is sold for human consumption usualJy at about 7i¢ (Canadian) per pound although price can fluctuate between 2.8¢ and 18¢ depending on demand.

The largest known single haul of herrin£; made with a mid- water pair trawl was 2100 boxes (182,000 Ib) in 30 minut~~~.

200 to 500 box hauls are quite commonplace.

The price of large herring to the cutters varied between

5.8¢ to 6.25¢ per pound during 1965. On July 1, 1966 the price was 13.8¢ to Ih.5¢ per pound for large herring. It was noted that Mr. Jensen had flat fish gillnets in stock. 'l'hese are used in the Baltic by boats of less than 20 tons. Each boat uses about 120 nets, whj.ch are 90 metres (49 . fathoms) long by 1 metre (9 3/4 feet) deep; 5 3/8 inch mesh: of 210/5 nylon twine. Each net costs about 130 kr. (~20.90

Canadian) ready to fish with floats and leads.

The Skagerrak Fiske Export plant started as a small opera- tion, with two herring filleting machines, seven years ago. It has grown to be the largest producer of herring fillets in

Denmark with the following divisions:

1. A large securing room and packing shed; 2. Storage shed capable of holding 8000 boxes conLaj ning 40 kilos (88 lb.) each at a temperature of 43 0 Centigrade. - 39 -

The herring shoul.d be he Id at ternperCl tures slj ghtly above freezing as they must not be frozen prior to processing. Herring that cannot be processed on the day of purchase are stored overnight. 3. Cold storage and freezer capable of freezing 50 tons per 24 hours and storing 600 tons. 4. Two lines of herring filleting machines composed of 12 Baader and 6 Goteborg Konserve Fabrik machines which can produce 100 tons of fillets and 100 tons of offal per 24 hours. An additional room, with 'space for 12 more Goteborg Konserve Fabrik filleting machines (now on order), was under construction aloneside the original room. 5. Water cleanine plant which extracts herring oil from the water used to wash and flume herring to the filleting lines. The plant uses about 30 tons or 6,670 gallons of water per hour, from which is extracte d a yie Id of approximate ly 3r~, or 13.2 gallons of herring oil per hour. During the months of September and October when herrj.ng are very fat the yield can run to 26.4 gallons per hour. The oil has a free fatty acid content whi ch varies between 1.7% and 2.5%. The original investment for the plant, which was developed jointly by Skagerrak Fiske Export and Alfa Laval, was 700,000

Kroner or about . ~112,000 Canadian. Sales of herrine oil from the plant have reached as much as 800,000 kr. or $128,000 Canadian in a single year. - 40 -

6. Machine shop for the maintenance and repair of pro­ cessing equipment. 7. Garage for the maintenance and servicing of the company's vehicles (nine lorries and l~ fork left trucks). 8. A second freezer and cold storage capable of freezing 30 tons per 24 hours and storing 600 tons. The fish meal plarit is located about 600 feet from the filleting plant, making it necessary to haul the offal. The reduction equipment is a sinele Alfa-Laval gas fired unit capable of proceSSing 100 tons of offal per 24 hours. Ample space is provided for a second 100 ton unit. Although the yield vari€s with the season, a good yield from one ton of herring is about 440 lb. of meal and 26.4 gallons of oil. Skagerrak Fiske Export does not own any fishing vessels and buys its fish at auction halls in Hirtshals and Skagen. Their processing operation usually employs about 150 people increasing 200 or more at the peak of the season. The re­ duction plant requires only seven men. The Baader 33 filleting machines with two operators, will fillet 130 herring per minute while the Goteborg Konserve Fabrick machine will fillet 180 herring per minute vlith two operators, or 240 per minute with three operators. The approxi­ mate cost of the Baader is about $8200 Canadian, and of the Goteborg Konserve Fabrjk $4g00 Canadian. Most of the fillets produced by Skagerrak Fiske Export are the joined or butterfly type. - 41 -

The company handles about 143 million Ibs. of fish each year, of which 22 million is used for fish meal. It expects to reach about $10,200,000 Canadian in sales this year. I was told that the margin of profit was small and that most of it goes back into the business. On the average there is a slightly larger margin of profit on fish meal than on filleted herring. The cost of raw material is very high as will be seen from the following: No.1 (large) fresh herring min. ,.8¢ Canadian per lb. No.2 fresh herring min. 4.35¢ Canadian per lb. For fish meal: Herring (2.19¢ Canadian per lb.) Sandee1 ) ) Haddocl.{ ) 1.72¢ Candian per lb. ) Whiting ) (Note: the haddock used for fish meal are usually undersized fish taken inCidentally.)

The average fat contp-nt of the herring is 20~~ during July and August, increasing to the maximum yield during September and October, then declining to 12 to 14% in December, and 5 to 8% in March and April. The larger trawlers can land from 8 - 100 tons of herring iced in boxes from a single trjp. (Note: the catch may include some mackerel or pollock.) - 42 - I

During periods when trawling for food fish becomes un­ profitable, vessels may engage in industrial fishing. The fish are put down in the round without ice or preservatives. Such a trip may last tWQ weeks, depending on the fishing. This fish is unloaded into trucks by means of portable vertical conveyors. The smell of rotten fish is so strong that fresh air must be blown into the hold where a shore crew, often wearing gas masks, feed the conveyors. The slime on the piers from the unloading equipment ruins an otherwise immaculate fish- ing harbour. However, many cutters have made a living from this fishery. Many Swedish cutters sell their catch in Hirtshals and Skagen where they have installed their own dealers. Nearly all of the vessels from 40-foot wooden vessels to

100-foot st~el cutters were rigged with bottom trawls made of very fine twine. Most of the boats had smaller winches, warps and gallows than Canadian vessels of equivalent size. Many of the newer and larger steel cutters are equipped with low pressurp. hydraulic winches which one would judge from the size and appearance to be low in power. One of the crew of the 102-foot cutter Burger Wernerfelt, which is a new pair trawler powered by an 800 horsepower Polar Nohab diesel, informed the writer that none of the Danish or Swedish vessels used Net Sounders; however, the Norwegians are developing one which should become available next year. Although - 43 - this vesse 1 had Sonar very few Danj sh or Swedish cutters were so equipped. The burger Wermerfelt and the sister ship Karsten

Wernerfelt were nice looking vessels, although quite narrow for their length.

Most vessels, especially the larger onet>, have a rack for carrying fish boxes on the port side of the wheelhouse. All the food fish caught by the Danes and Swedes i.s iced in 88 Ib boxes.

Danish seining is dying out a ,nd there are very few Danish seiners left in the harbour. The hulls of most of the wooden cutters are painLed blue and all have canoe sterns.

The old heavy duty 2 cycle semi-diesel is still popular although the high speed diesel is . becoming more widely used.

There are many light trawls lying on the docks; none had footropes for bad bottom. Such fine gear would not prove too satisfactory on Eastern Canadian grounds.

It is also noted that all the vessels used combination wire bridles and sweeplines.which are detached from the otter boards and have through bulwark l'airleaders on to the warping heads of the trawl winch. See Illustration No.8.

I next went to Skagerrak, where I met Robert Larsen, Jr., son of the i.nventor of the first successful two boat herring midwate-r trawl. Danish fishermen feel that one-boat midwater - 44 - trawling cannot be successful because the propeller noise and warp vibration frightens the herring and the Norwegians have tried many times but have not been able to make a success of one-boat midwater trawling. Two boats give the trawl greater and more constant spread while the warps herd the herring towar'ds the trawl and pair trawlers have found, as I have, that they can catch herring towing in one direction but not the other. From what I was told, it would appear that Danish fishermen are able to make a living on very light schools of herring.

On my return to Hirtshals, I met Mr. Sigurd Espersen, owner of the Skagerrak Fiske Exports plant, who stated his belief in purse seining as a most efficient means of gear for catching herring alt'hough trawling was more desirable as it did not pro­ duce gluts of fish and could rrovide a steady supply the year round, even in bad weather and when herring were scarce. He asked about Canadian Atlantic herring stocks and said he was interested in corning to Canada to investigate the possibility of starting a plant to process herring for human consumption. He thought Nova Scotia seemed to be an ideal lo­ cation and asked me to advise those interested that he might calIon them in the near future. I left plans for Model IIA and Model III Atlantic Western Trawls. at the Hirthsals Vod and Trawl Binderi. - 45 -

At the Bundesforschungsanstalt Fur Fjscherl. in Hambur[:, where I returned on ,July 1, I was informed that Elac' s new slip ring assembly will fit th~ Department's Elac net sonde winch, and that if I went to Kiel, they would give me one without charge. This offer was accepted.

BREMERHAVEN VISIT

On July 12, at 8remerhaven, I visited the A. Weser See beck Werft Shipyard, builders of the Dni versi ty class stern trawlers which are West Germany's largest, and was introduced to the company's Sales Manager, Mr. Westphal, who arranged a tour of the Fyllaskbank which was near completion. The vessel had many features worth mentioning. The exhaust stacks were incorporated into the bipod fore­ masts, whic.h straddle the full width of the ship. The design was simple and clean. The after masts, also of the bipod type, were made from tubing, as were the trawl gallows posts. This not only makes for ·clean design but is bound to simplify and speed up construction when compared with fabricated components of rectangular cross section. Roth sides of the superstructure was given a lot of tumble home. Thp. wheelhouse, a.lthough it had no stateroom, was similar to that of the Department's

149' design. It was of considerable length and in addition to the usual controls at the forward end had a second set located at the after end. Large windows gave a good view of the deck, including one of full length, enabling the skipper to view most - 46 -

of the deck from his chair up forward. Another good fe~ture was that all instruments were set inboard from the forward windows, to allow a passageway between. This enables one to

look out of the windows without having to lean over the instru­ ments. It also makes servicing of the instruments much easier.

The echo sounder, sonar, net sounder and controls were laid out

in an L-shape on thl:? starboard side, allowing several persons

to view the equipment simultaneously. Open wings, which are extremely handy when manoeuvring in harbour flanked both sides

of the wheelhouse.

The trawl winches were electro-hydraulically driven, with

two units, one for each drum. The hydraulic systems are con­

tained in two large sealed steel boxes with input shafts from

the electric motors at one end and output shafts to the winches

at the other. There can be no doubt that such a dri ve would

speed up and simplify the installation of a trawl winch drive.

Both the trawl winches and the hydraulic packages were manu­

factured by Seebeck Werft.

The propulsion installation is a typical father and son

drive, located in the aft end of the vessel; the main engine

being offset to port. A fjsh meal plant was located immediately

aft of the engine room, under the processine deck, while the

meal stora.ge was aft of this again. The meal storage was lined with wood and fitted with vents to control the temperature and

humidity. - 47 -

In between decks, the fish receivine; pound had a generous area; however, the fish were landed at deck level, making it necessary to bend over to handle the catch. The drainage system of the fish handling area seemed to be well designed. Waterways measuring $ inches in width by 10 inches in depth, covered with drilled plates, ran the length of the deck on both port and starboard sides to deep sumps, equipped with pumps. There were no open type freeing ports or scuppers at deck level so that all water had to be pumped out. Trash fish not saved were conveyed to a disposal port fitted with a watertight door five feet or so above deck level. On the main deck, the ramp was auout 13 feet wide, which is said to be more than ample. It was noted that the doors leading off the main deck had uncomfortably high lower edges. I was told that this was necessary because on one occasion when the Walther Herwig'~ gear was fast to the bottom and stern to the weather, seas had come up the ramp, smashing two windows in the winch control cab, located above the winches and flooding the companionways leading off the decks. The water had even reached the galley, which was located well forward. See Illus­ trations 9A and B for sketches of rYllrtsbank.

The following day I vi.stted a smAll stern trawler called the Hamme, which was bllilt for herring trawlihg. It had the superstructure forward and engine a Ct and a very long working - 48 - deck. The vessel was 166 feet over-all length with a father and son propulsion arrangement. The main engine was a 1,000 hp Deutz; the son a Model AGM528 6-cylinder Deutz (hp not established), driving a gener.ator capable of delivering 230 volts/435 amps or 180 volts/1030 amps. The son was coupled to the main engine gear box through a 100 kw combined motor genera­ tor. The controllable ·pitch propeller was a type 230 Ecker Wyss, having an 8.2 foot diameter. A second auxiliary, a type RH5518A "M.W.M." diesel, developing 158 hp, drove a generator rated at 100kw - 230V/434A or 75kw - 170V/434A. The vessel also had a Nirex distiller type UWPM 14 capable of making three tons of fresh water per 24 hours. The Hamme was a fresh fishing trawler with no processing or freezing equipment. At Hickmers Werft, where the Hamme was built, I saw a sister ship calleq the Wumme on the ways, and was surprised to see that it had a "pregnant guppy" hull form, a bulbous bow and a spade type rudder. I was told that the Hamme did not have these features, but that the Wumrne was far sea kindlier, having much slower pitching and rolling motions. She had. a speed of 13 knots. The Wumme was also 166 feet in over-all length, but had a 1400 hp Deutz single engine installation. The fue 1 capacity was 70 tons and fresh water, )0 tons, with a carrying capacity of ),000 baskets (550,000 lb.) using 100 tons of ice. The minimum freeboard to the lower deck in the worst condition was 30 cm. - 49 -

I asked why these trawlers used wooden pen boards and was told that it was a question of cost -- aluminum is better but costlier while varnished teak, which is very costly, makes the best pen boards and lasts t}w lifetime of the vessel. Wumme 's wheelhouse had all the latest electronics, including sonar and net sounder. She was also equipped (as werp a~l the other trawlers I visited) with an Anshutz Gyro compass. The bridge had an all-around view and a set of winch controls under the back windows. Contrary to popular belief, the skipper does not shoot or haul the gear; this is done by a man at the winch.

The controls on the bridge are used only to payout or heave in warp when changing depth or hitting a fastener. I was told that the chart table, which lay fore and aft on the port side, would be easier to work on if it had been installed athwartship.

One switch with three positions turned on all the necessary navigational lights for steaming, trawling and when caught on a fastener or drifting.

The officers' quarters were located below the bridge on tile main deck and the superstructure extended thwartships to both sides. There was only one access door to the foredeck. This was centrally located with two escape hatches on the foredeck.

Further accommoda tion was provided under the foe t sle head at two levels. The galley and messrooms were located on the port side with three athwartships tables in the crew's messroom. This arrangement of tables was found to be better in heavy weather than ta bles running fore and aft. - 50 -

'rhf! trawl winch is electrically dri ven but T was told that it is hard to choot;e between this type and high pressure hydraulic winches. The ramp was between 10 and 11 feet wide (said to be sufficient to allow 700 baskets (77,000 Ib) ' to be hove up at one time).

'fhe Wumme fishes a 140-foot (foot~rope) Ge rman trawl, with otter boards of slightly more than 33 square feet each and a we ight of one ton. Six trawls are usually carried. 'I'hE-)re are 22 men in the crew -- skipper, first and second mates, bosun, first and second engineers with two apprentices, cook and 11 crewmen. A radio operator is not usually carrted on this type of trawler. 'I'he vessel ranges as far as 73 0 N. and as far west as

Greenla,nd, and a trip can last up tiC 21 days. F'resh fj.sh must not be more than 19 days old (1, in summer). Herrj.ng trawling trips generally last no longer than 10 days. A . good a va ('age voyage will gross $36,500 Canadian, from which harbour dues, 'unlo~ding and washj n.~; charges (,112725 to *'3274 Can.) are deducted. Thes(~ charges vary of course wi th the grossing of a trip. After the above deductions the skipper will receive five per cent of the balance. He also hD , ~ a F;l,wrEinte~ of $1360 Canadian per month. 'l'he sh~H'e p~~rcentage to th€-' re­ mainder of the crew is unknown but thoy ha.va a guarantQ(! of ~a90

Canadian per month in the ~vent of a poor trip. Their e3rn1n~s average *272. 50 Canad:i./in per month. - 51 -

All sk i.ppc rs must ha ve tickets. The re are four classes in accordance with the size of vessel and ~rea fished: B2 - skipper of cutter, limited to North Sea;

83 - skipper of drifter trawler~ limited to North Sea; B4 - watch keeping mate, deer sea, no limit on vessel

size or wat~rs; B5 - deep sect skipper, unlimi ted tonnage and waters. The merchant marine service tickets have the designation

"A" with A6 being the highest one available ~ A merchant marine ticket does not qualify a skipper for fishing service, nor vice versa. Skipper Meyer of the Wumme, a pioneer of herring midwater trawling, thought that 1000 hp was barely enough for this method of fishing and 1400 hp is required to raise the trawl over peaks on the bottom or up to a shoal of herring. Apparently the German practice is to set out a fixed amount of wqrp and control depth by varying the trawling speed. While I have done the same for small depth changes I have found it better to payor heave warp for large changes. It would seem there fore that the amount , of power required to catch herring consistently cal} be considerably lower than 1000 hp. Skipper Meyer said he achieved a vertical net opening of 11 fathoms. Dr. Scharfe and I had previously agreed that a vertical opening of at least 30 feet is required to trawl herring pelagically with any success. - 52 -

On learning that I was going to sea on the C.O. Kampf Skipper Meyer said he would be sailing at the same time and suggested that I transfer at sea to his vessel for a day or two. (See Illustration ~o. 10 for sketches of Wumme).

TRIP ON "CARL OSKAR KA~IPF"

On .July 16 I went aboard the Carl Oskar Kampf skippered by Mr. Rudolf Nord, at Bremerhavem and we headed for Fair Isle, which lies between the Orkneys and the Shetland Islands. The second mate informed me that on this trip they could .' land 40 tons of butterfly fillets and 200 tons of round frozen herring in two of the fish holds, and whatever else could be iced in pens and boxes. This may amount to 100 tons in the pens and 50 tons in the boxes. The Carl Oskar has landed consecutive full load voyages, 30 days port to port, of 450 tons of herring fillets. A trip of only 23 days produced 230 tons of fillets and 100 tons of frozen whole herring. Jlilost of the port deck forward of the supe rstructure on this voyage was loaded with boxes. The crew complement is 40 men, of whom five are Portugue se • Some of the C.O. Kampf's pa rt iculars are: length, 260 feet over-all; breadth, 36.4 feet; depth, 19 feet; gross registered tonnage, 1443; net registered tonnage, 581. For more details see Illustrations llA, lIB and 12. The Carl Oskar Kampf has a father and son drive wi th the son driving through the electric motor generator coupled to the - 53 - father's (main engine) gear box. With the son cut in, the vessel is supposed to steam 15 knots, but only makes 13.5 knots. It was observed that with a 20 knot head wind, a choppy sea and moderate swell, our speed was reduced to 10.5 knots, even with maximum propeller pitch and engine speed. Down in the engine room it was noted that the controllable pitch propeller was linked to the main engine's governor and the pitch indicator showed the p~tch to be automatically ad­ justed every time the vessel struck an extra sharp sea. On July 18, we arri ved on the grounds about 20 miles north­ east of Fair Isle, and shot the midwater trawl gear. The speed while shooting was eight knots. I noted that the main engines were not altered but the speed was cont.rolled by adjusting the propeller pitch. The warps were paid out with the trawl winch running in -reverse to maintain and control tension by a single operator, who could read the warp load on a dial at the winch. The winchman signalled the skipper to slow down, after which the warps were stopped at the 250 fathom mark and the skipper then adjusted the trawling speed to 4. £3 knots. They then began to search for herring with the sonar, and it seems that the tiltable transducer head is a real advantage, as the effects of thermoclines can be offset considerably, thus attajning better sonar range and signals. Once herring are located and the ir depth established the final depth adjustments are made by varying the trawling speed. Nothing of consequence was indicat.ed by the sonar or echo sounder and the catch from a singl(~ drag was nil, so we left the Fair Isle grounds. - 54 -

On July 19 we arrived on the grounds suuth of St. Kilda and the crew rigged a bottom herring trawl. This was a two­ piece net with very short wings, a long square and very high wing ends. The i'ootrope cable was served with 7/$-inch manilla rope and had about five 10-inch steel bobbins in the bosom section. Five additional 14-inch steel bobbins, two on each wing and one in the bosom, were lashed to the foot rope to give it extra weight. The trawl was rieeed with steel danleno sticks and a modernized kite, which eliminates the need for floats. The kite resembles a flying bomb with short stubby wings, an underslung rudder and a horizontal stabilizer. The body was of course a buoyant chamber. See Illustrations 13A, B, C, D, E. and F. We shot the bottom trawl in about $0 fathoms of water; 450 fathoms of r;arp were put out. The trawling speed ranged from

4.8 to 5~ knots wjth a propeller pitch setting of ) graduations of 10, as compared to 7.5 of 10 to maintain 4.$ knots with the pelagic trawl. The warp load meters in the wheelhouse registered from 3.5 to 3.8 tons per warp. In the first four drags at St. Kilda we caught 440 baskets, or 22 metric tons. The duration of a drag depends on what is seen on the echo sounder and on the bottom being worked; however, two hours is an average drag. It was observed that on the average it takes approximately 15 minutes to haul t he trawl, empty it and another 15 minutes to shoot and commence towing, provided there is no gear damage. - 55 -

Actua 1 measurement showed that it took 7 minutes to haul 450 fathoms of warp and stop the otter boards at the gallows, and 5.5 minutes more to disconnect the sweeplines from the otter boards and haul the sweeplines and complete trawl, excluding the emptying of the codend. It required 8.30 minutes to pay out 450 fathoms of warp, from the time the otter boards were dropped until the winch brakes were locked, when setting. Only the vertical recorder and fish lupe were used to see herring; scarcely anything was visible on the recorder, only the odd scratch, while the fish lupe showed herri.ng very near and tight to the sp.a bed. It would be quite safe to say a purse seiner would not ha ve caught a scale. The trawler was fishing on what a Canadian might consider nothing. When hauling nearly all way is taken off the vessel, with propeller pitch being set near zero on the indicator. The same watch that handles the gear also goes below to sort and process the catch. Only one Baader 33 herring machine, turning out joined (butterfly) fillets was operated. It takes 2 men to feed the machine, which can pr oduce up to 15 tons of fillets in 24 hours. The recovery is approximately 50%, with the offal going to fish meal. When the machine is set to make fillets the recovery is only 40 per cent. - 50 -

The herring fillets are packed skin down in the bottom and skin up on the tops of the freezing trays, which are lined with cardboard cartons. On July 23 we left St. Kilda and steamed for grounds North­ east of the Isle of Lewis, Scotland, where good catches were reported. We spent one day in the area catching about 19 metric tons with the bot tom trawl. Three drags were made with a mid­ water trawl, but no herring were caught while 3 or 4 hundred pounds of mackerel were taken in the last drag. During the first few days the herring caught were only of medium size, such as might be found anywhere on Canada's east coast. They were not nearly as large as the Bonne Bay or South Newfoundland coast herring. On July 25 we called into Stornoway, on the Isle of Lewis for radar repairs, and left for Fair Isle, arriving on July 26, and began midwater trawling. There was quite a number of factory stern trawlers includ­ ing fresh fishing stern and s ide trawlers and lugger pair trawlers, which salt t heir catch, working the same area, all engaged in midwater trawling. One Dutch stern trawler did not have a ramp but had a roller mounted across the full width of the stern, indicating that the catch was handled by means of splitting· strop. Her after deck was extremely short, while there was a deck of tremendous length (unusual) forward of the superstructure. - 57 -

I saw only three hauls with the midwatcr trawl before leaving, and from July 19 to July 25 the C.O. Kampf caught 144 metric tons of herring, from which about 47 tons of fillets and 13 tons of meal as well as some whole frozen herring were pro­ cessed. (The fishing log is contained on the following two pages.) To those used to the volume caught by purse seiners for fish meal production this may seem poor; hovrever, the fact is that a purse seiner would not have caught a scale at the time because the herring were in very thin shoals and were near the bottom for almost 24 hours of the day. Lighter ~atches lend themselves ideally to factory trawlers, processing the herring for human consumption, because of limited freezing capacity, which in most trawlers is about 30 tons of fil.lets (less of whole herring) per 24 hours. It takes two hours to freeze a tray of fillets and 2~ hours for a tray of whole herring. Each tray holds two cartons of fillets or whole herrine, weighing 42 to 44 pounds per tray. The C.O. Kampf has two horizontal "Sabroe" contact plate freezers, which will take 60 trays each. In the event that catches are heavy, ice can be conveyed from the hold to fishponds by means of a screw-fed 4-inch pipe to help preserve the herring until they can be processed. Herring not fjt for food fish go to the fish meal plant, as does the offal from the filleting machines. FI~lHJNG LOG OF "CAEL OSKAIt KAMPF"

ST. KILDA GHOUNDS

July 19th drag no. catch in baskets Note: 1 korb = 1 basket 1 basket = 50 k.g. or 1. 80 about 110 pounds 2. 80 3. 150 4. 130 Total 440 baskets 22 metric tons

July 20th drag no. catch in baskets 1. 70 2. 125 3. 40 hole in codend, belly torn - lost 15 min. 4. Nil cnanged trawls lost 30 min • . 5. 160 6. 70 7. 80 Total 545 27 metrjc tons

July 21st drag no. catch in baskets 1. 20 2. 60 3. Nil hole in codend 4. . 60 tore net lost 30 minutes mending 5. Nil tore up lost over 1 hour 6. 20 7. 200 8. 30 Total 390 19.5 metric tons

July 22nd 1. 30 2. 80 no gear damage worth mentioning for the day 3. 120 4. 120 5. 60 6. 70 7. 30 8. 20 9. 20 Total 550 27.5 metric tons - )9 -

July 23rd drag no. catch in baskets 1. 60 2. 60 3. 80 4. 80 tore up lost 40 minutes 5. 40 tore up lost 30 minutes 6. 40 7. 40 8. -20 Total 420 21 metric tons

BU'lIT OF LEWIS GROUNDS

July 24th drag noo catch in baskets 1. 150 20 160 3. , 30 belly gone, strap was left on codend. change to midwater trawl. 4. Nil 5. Nil 6. Nil 300 - 400 lbs. mackerel change to bottom trawl 7. .J±i a large percentage of mackerel Total 385 19.1 metric tons

FAIR ISLE GROUNDS July 26th drag no. catch in baskets 10 . 2$ 20 100 3. .2Q Total 15$ 7.9 metric tons The total catch for the C.O. Kampf during the writer's presence was as follows: July 19 440 baskets July 20 545 " July 21 390 " July 22 550 " July 23 420 " July 24 385 " July 26 158 " 2888 baskets or 144 metric tons The above figures a re only estimates and should be trea.ted as such, owing to the writer having to go to his bunk for 7 to 8 hours ea c h night it was not poss i ble ue cause of a lanl';uage 1...... _..: ___ -4-...... 1- _ _ . ... ~, _ _ p ..... 1_ _ _ _ ..... _ ·1_ _.L. ..! .~...... _ n • I. I , - 60 -

The fish mea 1 plant can handle up to )0 tons of raw material each 24 hours. A daily catch of 60 tons of herring can keep a factory trawler such as the C.O. Kampf and its 41- man crew occupied for a 24-hour period. If the fish are being iced in the round or in boxes, as js often done towards the end _of a factory trawler's voyage, then as much herring as fresh bottom fish could be handled in a 24-hour period. The

C.O. Kampf has caught a nd handled 350 tons of he rring in 2~ days. It should be mentioned that the fi.sh hold is divided into three sections, all of which are refrigerated with frost coils. Anyone of all three sections can be refrigerated at one time. Teak pen boards are used to contain the fresh fish catch but none are used with the frozen fish blocks. See Illustrations llC-llE for further details of the Carol Oskar Kampf and ' its gear.

TRIP ON "CARL LAMPF"

On July 26 I was tranferred to the Carl Kampf by means of a rubber boat. Under the command of her skipper, Franz Pescholl, she had been Germany's high line fresh fish trawler in 1965, having grossed approximately $680,000 Canadian, and was well on the way to beating that record this year. Skipper Pescholl was also the high line herring trawl skipper during 1966. The Carl Kampf was the second stern trawler built in - 61 -

Germany and in addition to doing extremely well under Skipper Pescholl for the past two years had also been very successful under Rudolf Nord, who had the vessel for the first six years.

Particulars of the Ca.rl Kampf~ Crew, 29 men; length over-all, 210 feet; beam 3l.5 feet; depth to top deck, 22.4 feet; main engine 1250 hp at 250 rpm. ·She is a fresh fishing vesse 1 but is equipped with a fish meal plant. See Illus·tra­ tion No. 14. The wheelhouse contained basically the same electronic equipment as the Carl Oskar Kampf with the exception of auto­ matic steering and warp load meters. The bridge was arranged with the pilot house forward, a viewing room aft and a chartroom in between, flanked by the skipper's and radio operator's quarters, all on one level. The ve.rtical opening of the Carl Kampf's trawl ranged from 49.1 to 56.7 feet, compared to the 36.2 to 39.5 feet of the Carl Oskar Kampf's trawl. The former used 63-fathom sweeplines and 990-pound lower sweepline weights compared to the standard 25.5 fathom sweeplines and somewhat lighter weights used by the latter. The Carl Kampf's tra1;vl has a l400-mesh circumference, a 19$.5-foot headline and a 220-foot footrope. Both vessels appeared to use similar Suberkrub otter boards, measuring 9.75 feet in height and 4.9 feet in width. However, the Carl Kampf's trawling speed was only 4.1 knots, seldom exceeding 4.3, as against the other vessel's 4.8 to 5.5 knots. It was interesting to note that the Carl Kampf consistently outfishRd the Carl Oskar Kampf and other vessels using similar gear. _ 62 _

From these observations it., \'Iould seem that excluding fish­ ing technique a greater vertical opening with a slower trawling speed is more effective than a smaller opening with a faster trawling speed. The slower trawling speed and heavier weights also made it possible for the Carl Kampf to fish wi ttl a 3 to 1 warp to depth ratio compared with 5 to 1 for the C.O. Kampf. Franz Pescholl is a persistent fisherrnan, as is his mate,. Kurt Anders. If herring would not enter the trawl towing in one direction they would haul the warps until the otter boards were at the gallows, turh arounq and set right back again. This manoeuvre was repeated as often as was necessary until a good quality of fish had entered the trawl. A drag might last from four to five hours, with only the last 10 to 30 minutes pro­ ducing big catches when the herring are found. The trick is, when fishing spotty schools, to have the gear down at the ready. I felt that the Carl Kampf would have lost its gear on some of the herring schools I have fished with experimental midwater trawls on both coasts of Canada. It would seem possible to load such a vessel in a single day's fishing on some of the Canadian grounds if the herring were to be used for fish meal. At times during the last winter's operation the Carl Kampf's codend had to be split open to allow some herring to escape so that the remainder could be hove aboard. About 50 tons is the maximum that can be handled without pulling down the rigging. The vessel's original bipod mast was pulled down in just that - 6], - way and it now has a trjpod must mounted on the stack. This new mast is farther forward, giving the tackle a lower, more efficient angle of declination, as the codend must be dragged rather than lifted up the ramp. The tripod· is constructed of

6-inch diameter steel pipe (thi ckness unknown) and the two aft legs bent noticeably when a 500~basket catch was hove aboard.

Foy' sketches of the Carl Kampf's midwater trawl rigging . and method of hauling see Illustrations 15A. Band C. For sketches of tackles used on Germany stern trawlers see Illustration No. IlF. A ramp width of about 13 feet on both the Carl Kampf and the Carl Oskar Kampf proved to be quite adequate for the herrjng midwater and bottom trawl codends when full; a width of 11 or even 10 feet would probably be ample, even for groundfish. If the bulwark!3 leading forward retain the ramp width, as on the C.O. Kampf, then the codend rolling about the deck, when the vessel is lying in the trough, can be a hazard to the crew when untying the co·dend. A considerable amount of water came up the ramp on one occasion while the sweeplines were being hauled with the stern to the sea, forcing the crew to grab the overhead safety lines which span the deck at the ~op of the ramp. Most stern trawlers are rigged with such ;-38fety lines. On the night of July 26 Franz Pescholl finished fishing at 23:00 and departed for Bremerhaven. The Carl Kampf steamed at a speed of 12.9 knots and we arrived in Bremerhavcn at 16:30. - 64, -

The Carl Kampf had begun fishing on July 23 and finished on July 27. The skipper hailed 4500 baskets or 225 tons. See the following page for the catch record.

On July 30 I called at Kampf and . Company and met Mr. Slink, who looks after the trawlers, and who told me that the Carl Kampf had weighed out 260 metric tons of herring, all of which had been caught wi th a rnidwater trawl in a season that was just beginning. The crew had informed me that the fishing would get 'much heavier as the season progressed. The Carl Kampf had made only 33 sacks of meal, each weiehing 110 pounds. The meal plant, which can cost $55,000 to $73,000 Canadian, is not an economical proposition for fresh fishing stern trawlers. It does pay on factory trawlers, though the oil is not fe 1 t to be worth sa vine and is pumpe dove rboard. The new Kampf trawler, .Toche n Homan, cost close to 4>1,360,000 Canadian, and they.would be taking delivery of an identical vessel in August. The cost, of large new factory trawlers such as the Bonn and Marburg (2500CItT) is close to -/52,725,000 Canadian. All these vessels are subsidized as no own e r could afford to build one on his own. UA JLY CATCH HI':(~OrW UF 'I']! ii: C}\hL KAMPF'

Date Drag no. Catch in Ba.skets

July 23 · . . • • • · . .. 1 · . .. · .. ." 70 I! I! · . . . · . . 2 ·. · . .. . · .. 120 " " · . . . . 3 ·. . . · . . 400

July 24 · .. · . . . . · . 4 • • · .. 100 Note 1 basket = 50 K.G. I! " · . .. 5 · . 100 or 110 pounrls I! I! . • • . . • • ·. 6 · . . . .. · . • • Nil I! I! · • • • • 7 · .. • • • Nil

July 25 • • • ·. ·. . • • 8 · .· . .... 200 " " ·. .. . · .. 9 • • · . . 400 " I! ·. .. • • 10 ·. . 1 ~"O I! " · .. · .. 11 ·. • • ·. • • ·. 100 " I! • • • ·. . ·... 12 ·. · .· . • • • • 100

July 26 . ·. . • • 13 300 I! · " ·. . · . . • • 14 ·. .. • • 100 I! " · .. ·. • • • 15 • • Nil " " · .. · .. . · .. 16 70 truly 27 · . .· . • • 17 • • • • ·. . • • • 800 " " ·. ·. . · .. . . 18 • • • • · . • • 150 " " • • • · . .. 19 150 " " • • • • · . . . 20 · . ·. . . 40 " " · .. . . 21 . .. · . 500 " " · .. · .. · . 22 ·. 150 'fatal 3950 bask8ts or 197

The skipper ha .i1ed 4,500 baskets or 225 tons on departinc; from the fishing grounds. - 66 -

CONCLUSIONS

There is no mystery in the construction and fishing of midwater herring trawl gear and I do not believe that much more will be learned about one-boat midwater trawling. The Germans have now proved that one-boat midwater , herring trawling can be successful on larger trawlers, and I think it could be success­ ful on much smaller Canadian trawlers, which have a fair amount of power. It appears that, because of our abundant stocks of herring, we may do very well trawling herring for fish meal.

It is po~sible that even 65-foot draggers with a large amount of power can do very well at certain times of the year and that herring trawling would lend itself very well to off­ shore grounds, where trawlers have reported good amounts of herring which the seiners are at present reluctant to investigate. Our past experiments in Eastern Canada with low powered draggers were on the right track, and the herring caught would have been sufficient in Europe (at their prices) to enable such boats to make a very good living. We might have caught far more herring (contrary to popular belief) if we had gone to much larger mesh sizes in the f'orward sections of our trawls. This would have meant using 8- to IO-inch meshes rather than the 6- and 5-inch meshes that were used. Apart from this, the gear used on the large German stern trawlers is just a larger and stronger version of our own and the technique of fishing the, gear is exactly the same. However, without such excellent - 67 - equipment as the sonar, netsonde and speed indicators, attempting to midwater trawl is like groping in the dark. We should continue to work in this field, especially as our offshore herring stocks may be investigated and exploited in the near future by European stern trawlers fishing midwater trawls.

SOME OBSEHVATIONS MA DE

ABOARD THE "CARL ,qSKAR KAMPF"

AND THE "CARL KAMPF"

1. The engine aft and hold forward arrangement hinders and slows moving the catch from the stern to the hold. 2. The large engine casings centrally located in the aft 'tween decks severely restrict working space. 3. The hatchway forward restricts the amount of space avail­ able for accommodation, quarters flanking the hatches are very narrow and it is necessary ,to e'xtend them a good part of the length of the vessel, again cutting into the working area aft. 4. The superstructure and winch amidships limits deck space aft making it necessary to fleet the trawls footrope which might otherwise have come on deck with the first pull. 5. The length of the superstructure is limited by the need for access to the hatches thus restricting extra crew accommo­ dation which might otherwise be put on deck. _ 68 _

6. The lon forward deck serves no useful ose othe r than to carry fish boxes which can be destroyed by water coming aboard owing to the nose heavy trim. Boxes are as easily carried aft in a protected area when the superstructure is forward. The trend is to a more forward location of the superstructure thus gaining much needed deck space for stowing, handling and repairing gear • .7. The Germans say that they have experienced shaft trouble with engine forward installations but in spite of this it is noted that the trend to such installations is increasing. No doubt they are reluctant to break with tradition but practical experience with stern trawlers has dictated changes irreconcilable with the past. Many crew men point out that the vessels with the superstructure and machinery forward have much better working areas and spacious accommodation. 8. The Carl Kampf has a steering Kort nozzle (suspended type) which does increase towing power but has given trouble. It apparently cannot stand up to maximum propeller thrust for any length of time in the hard over position. The Carl Kampf certainly lacked the turning ability of the Carl Oskar Kampf (which has a spade rudder) while tra.wling. 9. The tackles for pulling the codend aboard should have as Iowan angle of declination as possible so that the codend is dragged rather than lifted up the ramp and along the deck. This means that the tackle should also be hung on a mast or stack situated as far forward as possible. - 69 -

10. Conveyor belts need be no wider than 14 inches: most are 12 inches. The latter, rigged with variable speed control, can move fish from the pounds to the hold faster than the crew can ice them down. Flight bars are not used an angles 0 o of say 20 or less; steeper angles (say 2g ) call for 1" high v bars moulded to the belt. For really steep angles, rubber flight bars, vulcanized to the belt are used. 11. The Walcker rotary fish washer does a good job, but takes up a considerable longitudinal space. 12. The Generator capacity of the Carl Kampf (shown on the principal particular sheet) was adequate when the vessel was new but is now at full load owing to the many pieces of electronic equipment that have been added. 13. A great amount of water comes aboard up the ramp, even with

moderate seas, and a hin~ed transom piece at the break of the deck would be a decided asset, especially if it was kept closed while hauling the warps and sweeplines. It should only be necessary to lower the door when the net is taken on board or let go. 14. The ramp is too wide at 13 feet for a single standard cod­ end; 11' will do the job. 15. The Pitot type log with indicator in the pilot house is a great aid to trawling, as speed can readily be seen and engine settings altered as required. 16. The trawl winch warp load indicators located in the wheel­ house are another asset. - 70 -

17. The practice with most stern trawlers is to adjust pro­ peller pitch to vary the vessel's speed, leaving the main engine turning at constant r.p.m. to maintain generator output. IS. The trend is more and more to cantilevered shelters o.ver the working deck. - '"""" ...... ;_#~!- .. ~~ -- .-,. .

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...... '")5'- 'I, - 101 - PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE "CARL OSKAR KAMPF" HANDLING A BOTTOM HERRING TRAWL

• Attaching a strap to the lengthening Strap is attached to the codend3 and piece for the first fleet. second fleet begins.

The fish pound hatch is raised, aft Codend3 with about eight tons of her­ ring3 comes on deck with second fleet. hoisting tackle attached3 and codend string pulled. - 102 - PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE "CARL OSKAR KAMPF" (Continued)

~ooking over the stern as the sweep­ The danZenos and lig-wire of the bottom , ~ines are hove up the ramp. The buoy­ trawZ come on deck. Note the G-hooks tnt kite (Snark the herring killer) of and Kelly's eyes enabling the Zig-wires ;he bottom trawl comes to the surface. to be disconnected from the bottom trawZ so that they can be wound on the main.

The wing end bobbins come on deck The trawZ wing ends have reached the while the wing ends just begin coming trawl winch~ but as the trawl deck is over the ramp to the edge. too short the footrope is hove farther up the deck by means of the tackles attached to rings in the footrope in both wings. - 103 - PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE "CARL OSKAR KAMPF" (Continued)

..

Closeup of the bobbins in the footrope boom section.

Hoisting and emptying the codend.

PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE "CARL KAMPF" HANDLING A MIDWATER TRAWL

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Fleeting the bellies and lengthening piece. Note the small tripod mast.

The codend containing a good catch~ viewed from the stern~ before hauling up the ramp. - 104 - PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE "CARL KAMPF" (Continued)

Two straps and two tackles attached to Codend coming up through the ramp way. the codend preparatory to heaving the Ouch! That poor old rigging! codend up the ramp. Note the size of the nylon strapso

Codend coming on deck. A catch of 40 metric tons or more safely on decko Note the rib lines and codend expansion ropes. The net sounder winch and cable are plainly seen in lower right hand corner.

Preparing to empty the codend of a smaller catch. Note the large mesh standard codend cover over the herring

mesh codend. Note 3 als0 3 that the cod­ end expansion ropes are only rove through the meshes of the codend cover and joined together by a short splice. - 105

Part Freezer, Part Processing Stern Trawler "Fehmarn" - 106 - Stern Trawler "Joahen Homann"

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The stern trawler Jochen Homann was handed over to the Hoch­ seefischerei Grundmann & Groschel, Bremerhaven, by Rickmers Werft, Bremerhaven. Her dimensions are length o.a. 63.6 m. (208 ft. 8 in.), length b.p. 55.2 m. (181 ft. 1 in.) 1 moulded breadth 108 m. (35 ft. 5 in.), depth to upper deck 7.35 m. \24 ft. 1 in.), and depth moulded to second deck 5.0 m. (16 ft. 3 in.). Tonnages are 1,047 gross and 452 net. There are two fishrooms, one with a capacity of 272 cu. m. and the other of 367 cu. m. net. Capacity of the freshwater tank is 40 cu. m. (40 tons), oil fuel tanks 323 cu. m. (270 tons), and fishoil tank 17 cu. m. (16 tons). Main engine of the Jochen Homann is a 2,140-h.p. Deutz Diesel type SBV 8 M 358, which gives her a speed of 15.35 knots, and the variable-pitch propeller is by KaMeWa. She has a crew of 25 and is equipped with an Anschutz gyro compass, Atlas fishfinder and two Decca radars. 107

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"CarlKampf," as built 108

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"Carl Kampf," engine room arragement •