High School Horticulture Stagg HS Only WEEK #2 3/23/2020

1 4

Objectives Disease

• To identify plant diseases common to • Is any condition interfering with normal horticulture and agronomic crops. growth and development • To reveal the impact plant diseases can • Is caused by living or non-living agents have on fruits, plants and agricultural • Can affect any area on a plant crops. • To analyze methods of plant disease control.

2 5

Main Menu Disease: Living Agents

• Introduction to Diseases • Are referred to as plant pathogens • Bacterial Diseases −anything causing harm to plants •A-B • Include microorganisms, such as: •C-Z −fungi −bacteria

Fun Fact : Another term for living agent is biotic agent.

3 6

1 3/23/2020

Fungal Diseases Life Cycle of Fungi

• Spread from plant-to-plant via wind, • Includes four stages: insects, rain, soil and machinery −spore production • Can be transmitted by seeds −spore • Can be waterborne −spore germination −hyphal growth • Are most common and easiest to treat • Treatment can include: −sanitation −reduce watering −increase air flow

7 10

Fungal Diseases Life Cycle of Fungi

• Usually start with spotted or discolored leaves and stems −dry, brown margins and dead tissue or necrotic lesions • Are controlled with dusts or sprays • Are nearly impossible to eliminate if not treated immediately, especially soil-borne disease

8 11

Mildews Bacterial Diseases

• Are a form of mold • Are easier to prevent rather than cure • Are commonly found in damp, moist, • Enter plants through wounds or natural shaded places openings, such as the stomata • Affect leaves, stems, buds, flowers and • Easily occur under the following fruits conditions: −leaves will turn pink, blue or purple and drop −high humidity prematurely −poor air circulation • Are usually white, gray, green or black −irregular watering −poor soil drainage −fluctuating temperatures

9 12

2 3/23/2020

Bacterial Diseases Viruses

• Spread by: • Are microscopic, infectious agents −infected seeds consisting of a protein coat surrounding −animals and birds nucleic acid −irrigation water and rain • Multiply in cells of living hosts −machinery • Are recognized by the following • Have symptoms such as: symptoms: −leaf spots −leaf curling −blights −leaf discoloration −wilting −ring spots on leaves −stunted growth

13 16

Life Cycle of Bacteria Viruses

• Can be prevented by: −planting disease-resistant varieties −controlling pests carrying viruses −removing and destroying infected plants −controlling weeds −handling foliage when dry • Can be spread by: −infected insects, plants and microorganisms

14 17

Disease: Non-Living Agents Fungicides

• Include: • Are specific pesticides for fungal −environmental stress on plants, such as: diseases in plants • air pollution • Are used to: • drought −control fungi in crop stands • hail −increase productivity of crops •wind −increase storage life of plants and produce −cultural care −toxic chemicals −viruses Fun Fact : Non-living agents are also referred to as abiotic agents.

15 18

3 3/23/2020

Fungicides Angular Leaf Spot

• Should be applied as soon as symptoms • Scientific Name: Pseudomonas occur or with coated seeds lachrymans • Can be applied in the following forms: • Characteristics: −dust −infects cucumbers, melons and squash −gas −usually appears on fruit in middle stage of −granule development −liquid

19 22

Fungicides Angular Leaf Spot

• Are applied on: • Characteristics: −bulbs −causes small, saturated areas to develop on −foliage stems and fruit −harvested produce • areas appear tan, but turn gray and white as −roots disease progresses −seeds −forms holes in leaf as dead tissue falls off −soil −causes lesions between water-saturated veins

20 23

Angular Leaf Spot

• Environmental conditions: −humidity −strong wind −splashing water −infected irrigation water

21 24

4 3/23/2020

Angular Leaf Spot Aster Yellows

• Prevention methods: • Environmental conditions: −choose plant varieties suitable for climate −infected leafhoppers contaminate plants −practice crop rotation −early spring weather −destroy infected plants −avoid overhead watering systems −provide proper amounts of fertilizer

25 28

Angular Leaf Spot Aster Yellows

• Treatment methods: • Prevention methods: −fungicides which contain: −cover plants with floating row cover • copper hydroxide-based, such as −remove all weeds near crop Champion®, Kocide® 101 and Bordeaux® −remove and destroy infected plants mixture • Treatment methods: −no available treatment • follow prevention methods

26 29

Aster Yellows Bacterial Blight

• Characteristics: • Scientific Name: Xanthomonas −caused by the pathogen Aster yellows campestris phytoplasma • Characteristics: −affects growth of a wide variety of young −affects a variety of crops, plants such as: −causes plants to develop abnormal, brushy • lima beans growth • soybeans −causes leaves to twist and turn yellow • snap beans −forms saturated spots on leaves • spots turn pale-green or yellow then dark- brown

27 30

5 3/23/2020

Bacterial Blight Bacterial Leaf Scorch

• Characteristics: • Scientific Name: Xylella fastidiosa −causes leaves to die and fall • Characteristics: −causes stems to wilt as disease progresses −commonly affects trees, such as: • Environmental conditions: •elm −high humidity • maple −wet weather • walnut −dries leaves out −turns margins brown −affects outer leaves severely

31 34

Bacterial Blight Bacterial Leaf Scorch

• Prevention methods: • Prevention methods: −use crop rotation −deep root systems −provide space for air circulation −prune regularly −use seeds from non-infected plants −water regularly −avoid handling plants when wet • soil should be deeply watered • fertilize trees of low vigor

32 35

Bacterial Blight Bacterial Leaf Scorch

• Treatment methods: • Treatment methods: −fungicides which contain: −no available treatment • copper hydroxide, as found in Champ® or • follow prevention methods Kocide® 200

33 36

6 3/23/2020

Bacterial Soft Rot Bacterial Soft Rot

• Scientific Name: Erwinia carotovora • Characteristics: • Characteristics: −affects corn in the following ways: −affects many vegetable plants, such as: • uppermost leaf tips dry out • carrots • decay starts at top of plant and moves down •corn • stalks turn brown, become water-soaked • onions and eventually fall over • potatoes • produces an odor

37 40

Bacterial Soft Rot Bacterial Soft Rot

• Characteristics: • Environmental conditions: −affects potatoes in the following ways: −warm weather • tissue becomes saturated and wet −humidity • rotten tubers acquire odor in later stages of −high level of soil moisture disease −insect wounds

38 41

Bacterial Soft Rot Bacterial Soft Rot

• Characteristics: • Prevention methods: −affects onions in the following ways: −use crop rotation • symptoms occur inside onion during storage −handle gently • infected bulbs are soft and pale-brown −mix compost with soil to • contaminated onions produce a foul odor increase beneficial bacteria • infected onions have a soft neck populations −causes taproots of carrots to decay and • Treatment methods: become soft −seed treatments which contain: • thiophanate-methyl or thiophanate-methyl, with the addition of mancozeb, such as Tops® MZ®

39 42

7 3/23/2020

Bacterial Spot Bacterial Spot

• Scientific Name: Xanthomonas • Treatment methods: campestris pv. vesicatoria −fungicides which contain: • Characteristics: • mancozeb and copper, such as Yates™ −irregular spots on tomato plants and pepper leaves −younger leaves more susceptible −weakens plants −causes decay −common in midwestern and eastern United States

43 46

Bacterial Spot Bacterial Wilt

• Environmental conditions: • Scientific Name: Ralstonia solanacearum −very warm, wet conditions • Characteristics: −leaves turn brown as disease spreads −streaking in vascular tissue −causes cucumber and squash leaves to droop −effects young plants first −results in plant death −bacteria clogs vascular system

44 47

Bacterial Spot Bacterial Wilt

• Prevention methods: • Environmental conditions: −use disease-free seeds −infected insects feed on leaves −remove weeds • Prevention methods: −fertilize −plant wilt-resistant varieties −use crop rotation −sustain proper plant health −provide space for air circulation −remove infected plants −use drip irrigation and soaker hoses to maintain dry foliage −cover soil with mulch −remove infected plants

45 48

8 3/23/2020

Bacterial Wilt Blackleg

• Treatment methods: • Prevention methods: −no available treatment −provide space for air circulation • follow prevention methods −remove weeds −remove infected plants −use crop rotation −prevent injury to crop −choose resistant cultivars

49 52

Blackleg Blackleg

• Scientific Name: Pectobacterium • Treatment methods: carotovorum var. atrosepticum −fungicides which contain: • Characteristics: • iprodione, such as Rovral® −forms dark spots on base of stems and roots in cabbage plants −plants turn yellow, wilt and die −spread by rain, wind and human activity

50 53

Blackleg

• Environmental conditions: −cool, moist weather

54 51

9 3/23/2020

Crown Gall Crown Gall

• Scientific Name: Agrobacterium • Prevention methods: tumefaciens −avoid plant injury • Characteristics: −avoid contaminated tools −occurs on roots and stems of many plants −inspect plants carefully and regularly • most destructive in fruit trees and shrubs −destroy infected plants • commonly seen in roses −plant gall-resistant varieties

55 58

Crown Gall Crown Gall

• Characteristics: • Treatment methods: −forms galls at crown and lateral roots −products which contain: • galls are one-quarter inches to one foot in • meta-cresol, such as Gallex® diameter • young are tan and have a soft surface • mature are black and have a very hard surface −stunts plant growth −turns leaves yellow or brown

56 59

Crown Gall Fireblight

• Environmental conditions: • Scientific Name: Erwinia amylovora −cool, humid weather • Characteristics: −destroys trees and shrubs −common among fruit trees −identified by tan liquid seeping out of branches and twigs • liquid darkens with air exposure, called “bacterial ooze”

57 60

10 3/23/2020

Fireblight Fireblight

• Characteristics: • Treatment methods: −causes infected flowers to wilt and turn −fungicides which contain: black or brown • copper products, such as Bordeaux® • dead, blackened leaves will cling to branches during spring −forms orange-red streaks on bark −dries out and kills wood

61 64

Fireblight Galls

• Environmental conditions: • Characteristics: −wet, humid weather −known as cecidia −abnormal tissue growths −formed by microorganisms and insects • insects cause galls when laying eggs or feeding −form on buds, leaves, flowers, twigs, bark and roots −unattractive, but causes no harm

62 65

Fireblight Galls

• Prevention methods: • Characteristics: −avoid heavy pruning −appear in two forms: open or closed −monitor trees regularly • open are formed by insects with piercing −remove infected plants mouthparts −plant resistant varieties • closed are formed by insects with mandibles −provide adequate fertilization • Environmental conditions: −cool, humid weather

63 66

11 3/23/2020

Galls Potato Scab

• Prevention methods: • Environmental conditions: −use insecticides to control insect −soil with high organic matter populations −coarse, textured soils −warm, dry weather −wounded plants

67 70

Galls Potato Scab

• Treatment methods: • Prevention methods: −no available treatment −use crop rotation • follow prevention methods −do not use compost mixes −keep soil cool and moist −plant disease-resistant varieties • Treatment methods: −before planting, treat seed tubers with a seed fungicide which contain: • captan or mancozeb

68 71

Potato Scab Resources

• Biggs, A. R. & Hickey, K. D. (1997). Apple Scab. Retrieved from • Scientific Name: Streptomyces scabies http://www.caf.wvu.edu/kearneysville/disease_descriptions/omaps • Characteristics: cab.html • North Dakota State University. McMullen, M. & Stoltenow, C. (May −appears on skin of potato tubers 2002). Ergot. Retrieved from • turns dark brown or black http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/crops/pp551w.htm −forms large circular scabs on potatoes, • Cranshaw, W.S. (August 29 2011). Insect and Mite Galls. Retrieved from called “scab lesions” http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05557.html −usually noticed after harvest or • National Arborists. (2011). Apple Scab. Retrieved from late in growing season https://natlarb.com/html/apple_scab.html −reduces marketability of potatoes −transmitted by wind and water

69 72

12 3/23/2020

Resources Resources

• Vann, S. Ph.D.(2006) Plant Diseases. Retrieved from • McGrath, M.T. (2004). What are Fungicides. The Plant Health http://www.aragriculture.org/diseases/image_library/default.htm Instructor. Retrieved from • United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from ://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/intropp/topics/Pages/Fungicides.aspx http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/ • Iowa State University, Entomology Department. Retrieved from • Kansas Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from http://www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegal/plantpath/ http://www.ksda.gov/plant_protection/ • University of Kentucky, Department of Plant Pathology. Retrieved • Broome, J. C. & Ingels, C. A. Produced by UC Statewide IPM from Program, University of California. (January 2011). Peach Leaf http://www.ca.uky.edu/agcollege/plantpathology/extension/links.ht Curl. Retrieved from ml http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7426.html • Byers, J. A. (2006). Gall-Making Insects. Retrieved from http://www.chemical-ecology.net/insects/gallmake.htm

73 76

Resources Acknowledgements

• Grove, Gary, Ph.D., Washington State University Extension. Apple Scab. Retrieved from Production Coordinators http://gardening.wsu.edu/library/tree005/tree005.htm Kelly Harkey • Rosenthal, S., Grau, C. & Hudelson, B. (December 28, 2005). Baron Bartels Ergot. Retrieved from Layton Norwood http://pddc.wisc.edu/factsheets/Full%20Color%20PDF%20Format/ Assistant Brand Manager Ergot.pdf Olivia Mitchell • Schuster, J. (2011). Cedar Apple Rust. Retrieved from http://urbanext.illinois.edu/focus/cedarapplerust.cfm Graphic Designer • Oklahoma State University. Entomology and Plant Pathology. Melody Rowell Retrieved at http://entoplp.okstate.edu/ddd/ Technical Writer Jessica Odom Production Manager Maggie Bigham

V.P. of Brand Management Executive Producer Gordon W. Davis, Ph.D. Clayton Franklin © MMXIII 74 CEV Multimedia, Ltd. 77

Resources

• University of Illinois. Field Crop Diseases. Retrieved from http://cropdisease.cropsci.illinois.edu/index.html • Stack, R. W. & Lamey, H. A. (November 1995). Deciduous Tree Diseases. Retrieved from http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/hortcrop/pp697-1.htm • Lamey, H. A., Ash, C. L., & Stienstra, W. C. (July 1996). Lawn Diseases. Retrieved from http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/landscap/pp950w.htm#fairy • PAN Germany, OISAT. Retrieved from http://www.oisat.org/pests/diseases/viral.html

75

13 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes Directions: Fill in the blanks.

Introduction to Diseases Segment 1. Disease • Is any condition ______with normal growth and development • Is caused by living or non-living agents • Can affect any ______on a plant

2. Disease: Living Agents • Are referred to as plant ______− anything causing harm to plants • Include microorganisms, such as: − ______− bacteria Fun Fact: another term for living agents is biotic agent

3. Fungal Diseases • Spread from plant-to-plant via ______, insects, rain, soil and machinery • Can be transmitted by seeds • Can be ______• Are most common and easiest to treat • Treatment can include: − sanitation − reduce watering − increase air flow

4. Fungal Diseases • Usually start with ______or discolored leaves and stems − dry, brown margins and dead tissue or necrotic lesions • Are controlled with dusts or sprays • Are nearly ______to eliminate if not treated immediately, especially soil-borne disease

5. Mildews • Are a form of ______• Are commonly found in damp, moist, shaded places • Affect ______, stems, buds, flowers and fruits − leaves will turn pink, blue or purple and drop prematurely • Are usually white, gray, green or black

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 1 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 6. Life Cycle of Fungi • Includes four stages: − spore production − ______− spore germination − ______growth

7. Life Cycle of Fungi

8. Bacterial Diseases • Are easier to ______rather than cure • Enter plants through wounds or natural openings, such as the stomata • Easily occur under the following conditions: − ______humidity − poor air circulation − irregular watering − poor soil drainage − fluctuating temperatures

9. Bacterial Diseases • Spread by: − ______seeds − animals and birds − irrigation water and rain − machinery • Have symptoms such as: − leaf spots − ______− wilting

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 2 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 10. Life Cycle of Bacteria

11. Disease: Non-Living Agents • Include: − environmental stress on plants, such as: • air pollution • ______• hail • wind − cultural care − ______chemicals − viruses Fun Fact: non-living agents are also referred to as abiotic agents

12. Viruses • Are microscopic, infectious agents consisting of a protein coat surrounding nucleic acid • Multiply in cells of living hosts • Are recognized by the following symptoms: − leaf ______− leaf discoloration − ______spots on leaves − stunted growth

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 3 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 13. Viruses • Can be prevented by: − ______disease-resistant varieties − controlling pests carrying viruses − removing and destroying infected plants − ______weeds − handling foliage when dry • Can be spread by: − infected insects, plants and microorganisms

14. Fungicides • Are specific pesticides for fungal diseases in plants • Are used to: − ______fungi in crop stands − increase productivity of crops − increase ______life of plants and produce

15. Fungicides • Should be applied as soon as ______occur or with coated seeds • Can be applied in the following forms: − dust − ______− granule − liquid

16. Fungicides • Are applied on: − bulbs − ______− ______produce − roots − seeds − soil

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 4 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes Bacterial Diseases A-B Segment 1. Angular Leaf Spot • Scientific Name: Pseudomonas ______• Characteristics: − infects ______, melons and squash − usually appears on fruit in middle stage of development

2. Angular Leaf Spot • Characteristics: − causes small, saturated areas to develop on stems and fruit • areas appear tan, but turn gray and white as disease progresses − forms ______in leaf as dead tissue falls off − causes ______between water-saturated veins

3. Angular Leaf Spot • Environmental conditions: − ______− strong wind − splashing water − ______irrigation water

4. Angular Leaf Spot • Prevention methods: − choose plant varieties suitable for climate − ______crop rotation − destroy infected plants − avoid ______watering systems − provide proper amounts of fertilizer

5. Angular Leaf Spot • Treatment methods: − ______which contain: • ______hydroxide-based, such as Champion®, Kocide® 101 and Bordeaux® mixture

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 5 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 6. Aster Yellows • Characteristics: − caused by the pathogen Aster yellows ______− affects growth of a wide variety of young plants − causes plants to develop ______, brushy growth − causes leaves to twist and turn yellow

7. Aster Yellows • Environmental conditions: − ______leafhoppers contaminate plants − early ______weather

8. Aster Yellows • Prevention methods: − ______plants with floating row cover − remove all weeds near crop − ______and destroy infected plants • Treatment methods: − no available treatment • follow prevention methods

9. Bacterial Blight • Scientific Name: ______campestris • Characteristics: − affects a variety of crops, such as: • lima beans • ______• snap beans − forms saturated spots on leaves • spots turn pale-green or yellow then dark-brown

10. Bacterial Blight • Characteristics: − causes ______to die and fall − causes stems to wilt as disease progresses • Environmental conditions: − ______humidity − wet weather

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 6 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 11. Bacterial Blight • Prevention methods: − use crop rotation − provide ______for air circulation − use seeds from non-infected plants − avoid ______plants when wet

12. Bacterial Blight • Treatment methods: − ______which contain: • copper hydroxide, as found in ______® or Kocide® 200

13. Bacterial Leaf Scorch • Scientific Name: Xylella ______• Characteristics: − commonly affects trees, such as: • elm • maple • walnut − ______leaves out − turns margins brown − affects outer leaves severely

14. Bacterial Leaf Scorch • Prevention methods: − ______root systems − ______regularly − water regularly • soil should be deeply watered • fertilize trees of low vigor

15. Bacterial Leaf Scorch • Treatment methods: − ______available treatment • follow prevention methods

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 7 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 16. Bacterial Soft Rot • Scientific Name: Erwinia ______• Characteristics: − affects many vegetable plants, such as: • carrots • corn • ______• potatoes

17. Bacterial Soft Rot • Characteristics: − affects ______in the following ways: • tissue becomes saturated and wet • rotten tubers acquire ______in later stages of disease

18. Bacterial Soft Rot • Characteristics: − affects onions in the following ways: • symptoms occur ______onion during storage • infected bulbs are soft and pale-brown • contaminated onions produce a foul odor • infected onions have a ______neck − causes taproots of carrots to decay and become soft

19. Bacterial Soft Rot • Characteristics: − affects corn in the following ways: • uppermost leaf tips ______out • decay starts at top of plant and moves down • stalks turn brown, become water-soaked and eventually fall over • produces an ______

20. Bacterial Soft Rot • Environmental conditions: − warm weather − ______− high level of soil moisture − ______wounds

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 8 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 21. Bacterial Soft Rot • Prevention methods: − use crop rotation − handle ______− mix compost with soil to increase beneficial bacteria populations • Treatment methods: − seed treatments which contain: • ______-methyl or thiophanate-methyl, with the addition of mancozeb, such as Tops® MZ®

22. Bacterial Spot • Scientific Name: Xanthomonas ______pv. vesicatoria • Characteristics: − irregular spots on tomato plants and pepper leaves − ______leaves more susceptible − weakens plants − causes decay − common in midwestern and eastern United States

23. Bacterial Spot • Environmental conditions: − very ______, wet conditions

24. Bacterial Spot • Prevention methods: − use disease-free seeds − remove weeds − fertilize − use crop rotation − provide space for air circulation − use ______irrigation and soaker hoses to maintain dry foliage − cover soil with ______− remove infected plants

25. Bacterial Spot • Treatment methods: − fungicides which contain: • ______and copper, such as Yates™

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 9 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 26. Bacterial Wilt • Scientific Name: Ralstonia ______• Characteristics: − leaves turn ______as disease spreads − streaking in vascular tissue − causes cucumber and squash leaves to droop − effects young plants first − results in plant death − bacteria clogs vascular system

27. Bacterial Wilt • Environmental conditions: − infected insects feed on leaves • Prevention methods: − plant ______-resistant varieties − ______proper plant health − remove infected plants

28. Bacterial Wilt • Treatment methods: − ______available treatment • follow prevention methods

29. Blackleg • Scientific Name: Pectobacterium ______var. atrosepticum • Characteristics: − forms dark spots on base of stems and roots in cabbage plants − plants turn yellow, wilt and die − spread by ______, wind and human activity

30. Blackleg • Environmental conditions: − cool, ______weather

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 10 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 31. Blackleg • Prevention methods: − provide space for air circulation − remove ______− remove infected plants − use crop rotation − prevent ______to crop − choose resistant cultivars

32. Blackleg • Treatment methods: − fungicides which contain: • ______, such as ______®

Bacterial Diseases C-Z Segment 1. Crown Gall • Scientific Name: Agrobacterium ______• Characteristics: − occurs on roots and stems of many plants • most ______in fruit trees and shrubs • commonly seen in roses

2. Crown Gall • Characteristics: − forms galls at crown and lateral roots • galls are one-______inches to one foot in diameter • young are tan and have a soft surface • mature are black and have a very hard surface − ______plant growth − turns leaves yellow or brown

3. Crown Gall • Environmental conditions: − cool, ______weather

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 11 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 4. Crown Gall • Prevention methods: − avoid plant injury − avoid contaminated tools − ______plants carefully and regularly − destroy infected plants − plant ______-resistant varieties

5. Crown Gall • Treatment methods: − products which contain: • ______-cresol, such as ______®

6. Fireblight • Scientific Name: Erwinia ______• Characteristics: − ______trees and shrubs − common among fruit trees − identified by tan liquid seeping out of branches and twigs • ______darkens with air exposure, called “bacterial ooze”

7. Fireblight • Characteristics: − causes infected flowers to wilt and turn black or brown • dead, blackened leaves will cling to branches during spring − forms ______-red streaks on bark − ______out and kills wood

8. Fireblight • Environmental conditions: − ______, humid weather

9. Fireblight • Prevention methods: − avoid ______pruning − monitor trees regularly − remove infected plants − plant resistant varieties − provide adequate ______

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 12 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 10. Fireblight • Treatment methods: − ______which contain: • copper products, such as ______®

11. Galls • Characteristics: − known as ______− abnormal tissue growths − formed by microorganisms and insects • insects cause galls when laying eggs or feeding − ______on buds, leaves, flowers, twigs, bark and roots − unattractive, but causes no harm

12. Galls • Characteristics: − appear in two forms: open or closed • open are formed by insects with ______mouthparts • closed are formed by insects with ______• Environmental conditions: − cool, humid weather

13. Galls • Prevention methods: − use insecticides to control insect ______

14. Galls • Treatment methods: − ______available treatment • follow prevention methods

15. Potato Scab • Scientific Name: ______scabies • Characteristics: − appears on ______of potato tubers • turns dark brown or black − forms large circular scabs on potatoes, called “scab lesions” − usually noticed after harvest or late in growing season − reduces marketability of potatoes − transmitted by wind and water

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 13 Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease - Student Notes 16. Potato Scab • Environmental conditions: − ______with high organic matter − coarse, textured soils − warm, dry weather − ______plants

17. Potato Scab • Prevention methods: − use crop rotation − do not use compost ______− keep soil cool and moist − plant disease-resistant varieties • Treatment methods: − before planting, treat seed tubers with a seed fungicide which contain: • ______or mancozeb

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Disease 14 S T Compare & Contrast U D Directions: E N 1. Select two bacterial diseases from the presentation. T

2. Create a five to seven slide Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation which compares P R and contrasts the two diseases as well as the damage they cause to the O environment. J E 3. Properly cite all sources used and create a bibliography to accompany your C presentation. T

4. Present your findings to the class.

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Diseases 1 S T Life Cycle U D Directions: E Fill in the blanks. N T

A C T I V I T Y

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Diseases 1 S T Problem Solver U D Directions: E N 1. Chose one bacterial disease to research further. T

2. Investigate the national impacts of the pest on crop production. P R O 3. Propose solutions for the control of the pest. J E 4. Turn in your findings into a one page paper. C T 5. Do not forget to cite your sources.

Accompanies: Plant Pests: Bacterial Diseases 1