“Disease Complexes: Complex Diseases” PlantPlant diseasesdiseases areare complexcomplex interactionsinteractions betweenbetween plants,plants, thethe environment,environment, andand plantplant pathogens.pathogens. HorticulturistHorticulturist -- healheal thyself!thyself! PreventPrevent diseasesdiseases atat thethe startstart withwith goodgood plantplant selection,selection, installation,installation, andand maintenancemaintenance practices.practices. ““AnyAny disturbancedisturbance ofof aa plantplant thatthat interferesinterferes withwith itsits normalnormal structure,structure, functionfunction oror economiceconomic value.”value.”

From: “Plant Health Care for Woody Ornamentals” - Lloyd (Rane, Pataky) PlantPlant DiseaseDisease DefinedDefined ““AA malfunctioningmalfunctioning ofof hosthost cellscells andand tissuestissues thatthat resultsresults fromfrom theirtheir continuouscontinuous irritationirritation byby aa pathogenicpathogenic agentagent oror environmentalenvironmental factorfactor andand leadsleads toto thethe developmentdevelopment ofof symptoms.symptoms. DiseaseDisease isis aa conditioncondition involvinginvolving abnormalabnormal changeschanges inin thethe form,form, physiology,physiology, integrityintegrity oror behaviorbehavior ofof aa plant.plant. SuchSuch changeschanges maymay resultresult inin partialpartial impairmentimpairment oror deathdeath ofof thethe plantplant oror itsits parts.”parts.” From: “Plant Pathology” - Agrios SomeSome SymptomsSymptoms ofof TreeTree Decline,Decline, AA ComplexComplex DiseaseDisease

✦ SlowSlow growth,growth, includingincluding poorpoor annualannual twigtwig growthgrowth ✦ Sparse,Sparse, undersized,undersized, distorted,distorted, oftenoften chloroticchlorotic foliagefoliage ✦ BrowningBrowning ofof leafleaf marginsmargins ✦ PrematurePremature autumnautumn colorcolor ✦ LargeLarge “distress”“distress” cropscrops ofof seedsseeds ✦ SubnormalSubnormal storagestorage ofof starchstarch ✦ ProgressiveProgressive diebackdieback ofof twigstwigs andand branchesbranches ✦ AdventitiousAdventitious sproutssprouts wherewhere diebackdieback occurredoccurred

From: “Diseases of Trees and Shrubs” - Sinclair, Lyon & Johnson SomeSome KeysKeys toto TreeTree DeclineDecline andand ComplexComplex Diseases:Diseases:

✦ PredispositionPredisposition byby bioticbiotic andand abioticabiotic stressstress factors.factors. ✦ ReducedReduced abilityability toto respondrespond toto favorablefavorable factors.factors. ✦ ContributingContributing effectseffects ofof opportunitisticopportunitistic pathogenspathogens andand secondarysecondary insects.insects. ✦ Chronic,Chronic, cumulativecumulative effectseffects maymay eventuallyeventually resultresult inin irreversibleirreversible decline.decline. ✦ InitialInitial stressstress factorfactor maymay cease,cease, butbut secondarysecondary factorsfactors maymay perpetuateperpetuate progressiveprogressive decline.decline.

From: “Diseases of Trees and Shrubs” - Sinclair, Lyon and Johnson TenTen ContributingContributing FactorsFactors InIn DiseaseDisease Complexes:Complexes:

 DefoliationDefoliation byby diseasesdiseases oror insects.insects.  DroughtDrought oror excessexcess water.water.  ColdCold injuryinjury toto barkbark tissue.tissue.  RootRoot injuryinjury fromfrom compaction.compaction.  DirectDirect rootroot damagedamage duringduring construction.construction.  RootRoot injuryinjury fromfrom soilsoil addedadded overover rootroot system.system.  GirdlingGirdling rootsroots  De-icingDe-icing saltssalts  TrunkTrunk woundswounds  NutrientNutrient deficiencydeficiency ExamplesExamples ofof ComplexComplex PlantPlant Diseases,Diseases, BroadlyBroadly DefinedDefined

✦ MapleMaple declinedecline ✦ AshAsh declinedecline ✦ OakOak declinedecline ✦ TaxusTaxus declinedecline ✦ VerticilliumVerticillium wildwild diseasedisease ✦ BacterialBacterial leafleaf scorchscorch ManagementManagement ofof TreeTree DeclineDecline

✦ MatchMatch treetree toto site.site. ✦ ProperProper irrigation,irrigation, fertilization,fertilization, pruningpruning andand otherother maintenance.maintenance. ✦ LimitLimit majormajor environmentalenvironmental changes.changes. ✦ ProperProper diagnosis.diagnosis. ✦ RealisticRealistic prognosisprognosis andand removalremoval decisions.decisions.

From: “Plant Health Care for Woody Ornamentals” - Lloyd (Rane & Pataky) TenTen StepStep ProgramProgram forfor HealthyHealthy TreesTrees

  ProvideProvide aa goodgood homehome AvoidAvoid overseasoningoverseasoning  PreventivePreventive medicinemedicine  HaveHave aa weight-lossweight-loss  RememberRemember youryour planplan rootsroots  WearWear looseloose clothingclothing  ProvideProvide roomroom toto growgrow  Don’tDon’t drinkdrink tootoo muchmuch  NatureNature andand  DrinkDrink plentyplenty ofof fluidsfluids nurturenurture Dr.Dr. Treevorkian’sTreevorkian’s TenTen StepStep ProgramProgram forfor AssistedAssisted HerbicideHerbicide ✦ PlantPlant inin thethe wrongwrong sitesite ✦ TreeTree ToppersToppers ✦ PlantPlant pestiferouspestiferous treestrees UnlimitedUnlimited ✦ ChangeChange thatthat grade:grade: ✦ GirdlesGirdles RR Us!Us! useuse mymy D9D9 BiotypeBiotype ✦ EmployEmploy ✦ SqueezeSqueeze thethe trees!trees! Dr.Dr. TreevorkiansTreevorkians ofof ✦ pHooey!pHooey! thethe soilsoil ✦ SaltsSalts areare thethe spicespice ofof ✦ DeathDeath eatingeating aa death:death: SeasonSeason untiluntil crackercracker well-donewell-done ““TheThe complexitiescomplexities ofof treetree healthhealth andand diseasedisease mandatemandate thatthat thethe practicepractice ofof arboriculturearboriculture mustmust nevernever bebe reducedreduced toto meremere squirt-gunsquirt-gun botany.”botany.”

-- JacquesJacques lele MauvaisMauvais Ten-StepTen-Step ProgramProgram forfor HealthyHealthy TreesTrees ✦ ProvideProvide aa goodgood ✦ HaveHave aa weight-lossweight-loss homehome planplan ✦ PreventivePreventive medicinemedicine ✦ WearWear looseloose clothingclothing ✦ RememberRemember youryour ✦ Don’tDon’t drinkdrink tootoo muchmuch rootsroots ✦ DrinkDrink plentyplenty ✦ ProvideProvide roomroom toto ofof fluidsfluids growgrow ✦ NatureNature andand nurturenurture ✦ AvoidAvoid overseasoningoverseasoning ProvideProvide aa goodgood home.home.

(Select(Select thethe rightright plantplant forfor thethe site.)site.) PreventivePreventive medicine.medicine.

(Select(Select treestrees withwith goodgood geneticgenetic pestpest andand diseasedisease resistance.)resistance.) RememberRemember youryour roots.roots.

(Do(Do notnot raiseraise oror lowerlower soilsoil levelslevels aroundaround treestrees whenwhen plantingplanting oror doingdoing constructionconstruction aroundaround trees.)trees.) ProvideProvide roomroom toto grow.grow.

(Provide(Provide adequateadequate roomroom forfor futurefuture rootroot developmentdevelopment whenwhen planting.)planting.) NatureNature andand nurture.nurture.

(Plant(Plant inin sitessites withwith properproper soilsoil pHpH andand otherother soilsoil characteristicscharacteristics forfor thethe species.)species.) AvoidAvoid overseasoning.overseasoning.

(Do(Do notnot overfertilize;overfertilize; protectprotect sensitivesensitive speciesspecies fromfrom roadroad salts.)salts.) HaveHave aa weight-lossweight-loss plan.plan.

(Always(Always pruneprune withwith aa purposepurpose inin mind.)mind.) WearWear looseloose clothing.clothing.

(Remove(Remove girdlinggirdling wires,wires, twinestwines andand rubberrubber hoses.)hoses.) Don’tDon’t drinkdrink tootoo much.much.

(Plant(Plant inin well-drainedwell-drained soils;soils; avoidavoid overwatering.)overwatering.) DrinkDrink plentyplenty ofof fluids.fluids.

(Avoid(Avoid underwatering.)underwatering.) AssistedAssisted Herb-icideHerb-icide

Are you guilty of the seven deadly sins of iatrogenicide?

 PoorPoor PlantPlant SelectionSelection  PlantingPlanting TooToo DeepDeep  OvermulchingOvermulching  OverwateringOverwatering  OverfertilizingOverfertilizing  OvermowingOvermowing  SecondSecond DegreeDegree GirdlingGirdling WhichWhich ofof thethe followingfollowing areare acid-lovingacid-loving plants?plants?

A.A. RiverRiver birchbirch B.B. PinPin oakoak C.C. RedRed maplemaple D.D. PachysandraPachysandra E.E. RhododendronRhododendron andand otherother ericaceousericaceous plantsplants F.F. AllAll ofof thethe aboveabove ““Dr.Dr. Treevorkian’sTreevorkian’s SevenSeven DeadlyDeadly SinsSins ofof Science”Science” 1.1. ExperimentalExperimental errorerror isis divinelydivinely human.human. 2.2. ConfoundConfound it!it! 3.3. RandomizationRandomization andand replicationreplication areare justjust words.words. 4.4. Half-BakerismsHalf-Bakerisms areare notnot half-bad.half-bad. 5.5. ThereThere areare nono significantsignificant others.others. 6.6. ChickenChicken soupsoup forfor thethe soil.soil. 7.7. “Scuse“Scuse meme whilewhile II kisskiss thisthis guy”.guy”. Dr.Dr. CraborkianCraborkian Recommends:Recommends:

✦ AllAll crabapplescrabapples areare createdcreated equal.equal. ✦ VenturiaVenturia uberuber allesalles ✦ DolgosDolgos inin youryour doorwaysdoorways ✦ AbstinenceAbstinence inin allall things.things. ✦ TheThe childchild isis thethe fatherfather ofof thethe man.man. Dr.Dr. Treevorkian’sTreevorkian’s RulesRules forfor SquirtSquirt GunGun Botany:Botany: ✦ IfIf aa littlelittle isis good,good, thenthen moremore isis better.better. ✦ SpraySpray forfor pay.pay. ✦ OneOne sizesize fitsfits all.all. ✦ SeenSeen oneone label,label, seenseen ‘em‘em all.all. ✦ ThereThere isis somethingsomething forfor everything.everything. Dr.Dr. Treevorkian’sTreevorkian’s SecretsSecrets ofof thethe Soil.Soil. ✦ GypsumGypsum isis exactlyexactly whatwhat itit soundssounds like.like. ✦ FertilizerFertilizer isis plantplant food.food. ✦ SizeSize doesn’tdoesn’t matter.matter. ✦ pHooeypHooey ✦ SoilSoil isis justjust aa bunchbunch ofof dirt.dirt. Dr.Dr. Treevorkian’sTreevorkian’s InfectiousInfectious DiseaseDisease Digest.Digest. ✦ Don’tDon’t shootshoot untiluntil youyou seesee thethe whiteswhites ofof thethe ascis.ascis. ✦ NatureNature andand nurturenurture don’tdon’t mix.mix. ✦ FungiFungi shallshall inheritinherit thethe earth.earth. ✦ DihydrogenDihydrogen oxideoxide isis justjust anotheranother chemical.chemical. ✦ StrawberryStrawberry FieldsFields Forever.Forever. Dr.Dr. Treevorkian’sTreevorkian’s GuideGuide toto Latin:Latin:

“Latin is a language, as dead as dead can be. First it killed the Romans and now it’s killing me.” Dr.Dr. Treevorkian’sTreevorkian’s TenTen RulesRules forfor PlantPlant Selection.Selection.

1. Death & Taxus - Plant in 6. Plant ‘No Hopa’ wet sites. crabapples. 2. Shade your rose garden 7. White pines for the white unter der lindens. lines.lines. 3. Promote Japanese 8. Basic Rhody Cocktail: maples as the next grate Lots street tree. of Water with a Lime 4. Try silver maples as Chaser foundation plants. 9. Forever Impatiens. 5. Companion plant tip of the day: Walnuts and 10. Zoysiagrass: Grave tomatoes. blankets of the future. ““ThroughThrough itsits carbohydratecarbohydrate balancebalance andand itsits annualannual growth,growth, aa treetree isis thethe repositoryrepository ofof itsits ownown naturalnatural history.”history.”

-- ChatmanduChatmandu WhichWhich ofof thethe followingfollowing plantsplants bestbest toleratetolerate wetwet soils?soils?

A .. WinterberryWinterberry hollyholly oror blueblue hollyholly B .. TaxusTaxus oror TaxodiumTaxodium C .. RedRed maplemaple oror NorwayNorway maplemaple D .. FloweringFlowering dogwooddogwood oror corneliancornelian cherrycherry

dogwooddogwood RoseRose BlackBlack SpotSpot

ThisThis diseasedisease isis causedcaused byby aa fungusfungus thatthat infectsinfects roserose leavesleaves onlyonly ifif therethere isis moisturemoisture onon thesethese leavesleaves forfor aa certaincertain numbernumber ofof hours.hours. Yet,Yet, therethere werewere tremendoustremendous outbreaksoutbreaks ofof thisthis diseasedisease inin somesome largelarge roserose gardensgardens thisthis pastpast summersummer severalseveral weeksweeks followingfollowing aa long,long, intenseintense hothot andand drydry spell.spell.

WHY?WHY? AnthracnoseAnthracnose LeafLeaf BlightsBlights

The time is late June. You have positive confirmation of anthracnose on samples of ash and sycamore that you sent in to the OSU Plant and Pest Diagnostic Clinic. You have tall tree spraying equipment and labeled fungicides for control of these diseases? Should you spray? ThreeThree reasonsreasons notnot toto sprayspray onceonce youyou seesee symptomssymptoms ofof anthracnose:anthracnose: 1.1. DiseaseDisease isis alreadyalready present.present.

2.2. WeatherWeather isis lessless coolcool andand wetwet thanthan earlier.earlier.

3.3. LeavesLeaves areare moremore resistantresistant toto infection.infection. TimingTiming isis Everything.Everything.

WhenWhen dodo fungalfungal infectionsinfections occuroccur withwith thesethese diseases?diseases?

A.A. BlackBlack spotspot ofof roses.roses. B.B. CedarCedar quincequince rustrust onon hawthorn.hawthorn. C.C. AppleApple scabscab onon crabapple.crabapple. D.D. DiplodiaDiplodia (Sphaeropsis)(Sphaeropsis) tiptip blightblight ofof pine.pine. VerticilliumVerticillium WiltWilt DiseasesDiseases

What about this list is relevant to a discussion of Verticillium wilt disease? ✦ AllAll ConifersConifers ✦ OakOak ✦ BirchBirch ✦ PearPear ✦ CrabappleCrabapple ✦ PlanePlane treestrees ✦ DogwoodDogwood ✦ SweetSweet GumGum ✦ HollyHolly ✦ WillowWillow VerticilliumVerticillium WiltWilt DiseasesDiseases

What about this list? ✦ AshAsh ✦ MapleMaple ✦ BarberryBarberry ✦ RedbudRedbud ✦ CatalpaCatalpa ✦ RussianRussian OliveOlive ✦ ElmElm ✦ TulipTulip treetree ✦ MagnoliaMagnolia ✦ ViburnumViburnum AA PublicationPublication YouYou ShouldShould Know:Know: ““PestPest ResistantResistant OrnamentalOrnamental Plants”Plants” -- byby DeborahDeborah C.C. Smith-FiolaSmith-Fiola

RutgersRutgers CooperativeCooperative ExtensionExtension 16231623 WhitesvilleWhitesville RoadRoad TomsToms River,River, NJNJ 08755-972008755-9720 Phone:Phone: (908)(908) 349-1246349-1246 RoseRose BlackBlack Spot:Spot: SomeSome ResistantResistant RosesRoses

✦ HybridHybrid Teas:Teas: ChryslerChrysler Imperial,Imperial, TropicanaTropicana ✦ Floribundas/Grandifloras:Floribundas/Grandifloras: BettyBetty Price,Price, SoniaSonia ✦ ShrubShrub Roses:Roses: AllAll ThatThat Jazz,Jazz, CarefreeCarefree WonderWonder ✦ Miniatures:Miniatures: GourmetGourmet Popcorn,Popcorn, RoseRose GilardiGilardi ✦ RugosaRugosa Hybrids:Hybrids: Polyantha,Polyantha, TheThe FairyFairy SomeSome ProblemsProblems HaveHave NoNo Controls.Controls.

WhatWhat dodo youyou sellsell youryour customerscustomers toto controlcontrol rootroot rotrot ofof trees?trees? ““TheThe study,study, diagnosis,diagnosis, andand treatmenttreatment ofof plantplant diseases,diseases, penetratingpenetrating toto thethe veryvery heartheart ofof darknessdarkness ofof naturenature gonegone wrong,wrong, isis man’sman’s mostmost pressingpressing calling.”calling.”

-- JacquesJacques lele MauvaisMauvais SherlockSherlock HolmesHolmes && TheThe DiagnosticDiagnostic ProcessProcess

SherlockSherlock HolmesHolmes andand Dr.Dr. WatsonWatson wentwent onon aa campingcamping trip.trip. AfterAfter aa goodgood mealmeal andand aa bottlebottle ofof winewine theythey laylay downdown forfor thethe night,night, andand wentwent toto sleep.sleep. SomeSome hourshours later,later, HolmesHolmes awokeawoke andand nudgednudged hishis faithfulfaithful friend.friend. SherlockSherlock HolmesHolmes && TheThe DiagnosticDiagnostic ProcessProcess

““Watson,Watson, looklook upup atat thethe skysky andand telltell meme whatwhat youyou see.”see.” WatsonWatson replied,replied, “I“I seesee millionsmillions andand millionsmillions ofof stars.”stars.” HolmesHolmes asked,asked, “What“What doesdoes thatthat telltell you?”you?” SherlockSherlock HolmesHolmes && TheThe DiagnosticDiagnostic ProcessProcess

WatsonWatson pondersponders andand replies:replies: 1.1. Astronomically,Astronomically, itit tellstells meme thatthat therethere areare millionsmillions ofof galaxiesgalaxies andand potentiallypotentially billionsbillions ofof planets.planets. 2.2. Astrologically,Astrologically, II observeobserve thatthat SaturnSaturn isis inin Leo.Leo. 3.3. Horologically,Horologically, II deducededuce thatthat thethe timetime isis approximatelyapproximately aa quarterquarter pastpast three.three. 4.4. Theogically,Theogically, II cancan seesee thatthat GodGod isis allall powerfulpowerful andand thatthat wewe areare smallsmall andand insignificant.insignificant. 5.5. Meteorologically,Meteorologically, II suspectsuspect thatthat wewe willwill havehave aa beautifulbeautiful dayday tomorrow.tomorrow. Diagnostics:Diagnostics: PuttingPutting ThingsThings IntoInto PerspectivePerspective

WatsonWatson concludes:concludes: “So,“So, Holmes,Holmes, whatwhat doesdoes itit telltell you?”you?”

HolmesHolmes thoughtthought aa minute,minute, thenthen spoke:spoke: “Watson“Watson youyou idiot!idiot! SomeoneSomeone hashas stolenstolen ourour tent!”tent!” ““TheThe truetrue voyagevoyage ofof discoverydiscovery lieslies notnot inin findingfinding newnew landscapes,landscapes, butbut inin havinghaving newnew eyes.”eyes.” -- MarcelMarcel ProustProust