DOCSLIB.ORG

Forest Gardening {Robert Hart} [9781900322027] (1996).Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Forest Gardening {Robert Hart} [9781900322027] (1996).Pdf FOREST GARDENING FOREST GARDENING Rediscovering Nature & Community in a Post-Industrial Age ROBERT A de J HART Revised & updated edition This revised edition first published in 1996 by Green Earth Books, an imprint of Green Books, Foxhole, Dartington Totnes, Devon, TQ9 6EB Reprinted 2001 with a revised Foreword Reprinted 2009 (without colour plates) First published in ebook formats 2010 © 1991-2010 the estate of Robert A. de J. Hart All rights reserved British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data available on request Print format ISBN 978 1 900322 02 7 PDF format ISBN 978 1 907448 36 2 ePub format ISBN 978 1 907448 37 9 CONTENTS Foreword by Herbert Girardet ix Prologue: The Mini-forest 1 1 Towards a Forest Economy 5 2Unity and Diversity 11 3Health & Wholeness 19 4 Personal Pilgrimage 31 5The Wenlock Edge Project 45 6Plant Life: Its Infinite Potentialities 61 7 Design & Maintenance 71 8 Water and No Water 81 9 Stored up Sunshine: Energy Yesterday and Tomorrow 91 10 The Thinking Hand: Skills of the Craftsman 101 11 Agroforestry Against World Want 115 12 Green is Real131 13Where Do We Go From Here? 143 Epilogue: A New Twist in the Evolutionary Spiral155 Appendix 1 Recommended Species: Temperate 159 Appendix 2 Recommended Species: Tropical and Sub-tropical 182 References 200 Suggested further reading 200 Recommended suppliers in the UK 202 Membership organisations 203 Index 205 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author and publishers would like to thank Amy Elvey and Susan Trill for their line drawings that appear throughout the book; the International Institute for Environment & Development for their kind permission to use three illustrations of forest gardens in Africa (from Paul Harrison’s The Greening of Africa).And finally, special thanks are due to Frans Wesselman for his generosity in donating the striking cover picture. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Japanese bridge leading to alder carr 32 Fig. 2 Swallowtail butterfly33 Fig. 3 The mattock, an ancient multi-purpose tool 37 Fig. 4 Plan of the author’s garden 44 Fig. 5 Fan-trained plum tree with blackcurrant bush47 Fig. 6 Circle-dancing round the oak tree 50 Fig. 7 Cross-section of temperate forest garden, showing seven ‘storeys’ 51 Fig. 8 An artist’s impression of the forest garden 52 Fig. 9 Rose-mound showing construction layers 53 Fig. 10 Bouché-Thomas hedge 54 Fig. 11 The Packhorse Trail 55 Fig. 12 Arch of Gaia56 Fig. 13 ‘Family’ apple tree 65 Fig. 14 George Cave apple tree with scaffolding to support branches borne down by abundant crop 67 Fig. 15 Oyster mushroom on logs 68 Fig. 16 Hedgehog as seen in sanctuary 72 Fig. 17 Treehouse 75 Fig. 18 Early Celtic Christian settlement 81 Fig. 19 Water-wheel for irrigating bog-garden 85 Fig. 20 Rutland Windcharger 97 Fig. 21 Basket-making 103 Fig. 22 Chagga forest garden 119 Fig. 23 Profile of tropical rainforest showing storeys 121 Fig. 24 Mangrove tree 122 Fig. 25 Alley-cropping 123 vii To ELENA who loves the Forest Garden FOREWORD en years ago the first edition of Forest Gardening came out, and it has Tattracted a large readership. That is because it is a book of hope; but even more than that, it is a book of practical instructions for a sustainable future of our own making. Sadly Robert Hart died in 2000, and can no longer enrich our lives with new inspiration. Forest Gardening remains perhaps his greatest and most enduring legacy and I am delighted that Green Books is continuing to keep the book in print. Robert wanted one thing more than anything else: he wanted us to grow forests – food forests. We can plant them all around us – in our commu- nities, on urban wasteland and in our own backyards. By showing us how, he has touched a deep need in many of us, in an age in which the only cer- tainty is change, and thus insecurity. Trees don’t race down motorways: they stand still. They are always there in the same place, and the only changes they undergo are those of the seasons, steadily, year after year. Robert Hart was a rare person. A man utterly convinced of a cause, an imaginative experimenter eloquent in expressing his message and with a stamina second to none. For decades he waged a lonely battle for life, patiently writing books and articles and quietly planting trees on his small farm in Shropshire. Robert created a forest garden which had a profound influence on the way we cultivate our patches of land. It was a garden dedicated to human needs for fruit, nuts, vegetables and plant medicines. But it was at the same time a celebration of the myriad interactions of life; for it was based on profound observations, both intuitive and scientific, of how different life forms interact in order to stimulate and support one another. His forest garden was, at the same time, a revolutionary new creation and a rediscovery of ancient plant knowledge. ix FOREST GARDENING For well over twenty years Robert taught the message of the goodness of life. If only we rediscovered the patient art of cultivation we would have little need for the excesses of modern technology. For him life starts and ends with trees. The Earth was once covered with forests. We have stripped away much of its living skin. Today we need to put trees back, allowing them again to root in the living Earth. But there are many peo- ple now and we need to plant forests to support our numbers. We need to practice forestry, as well as forest farming or, as this book so eloquently shows, small scale forest gardening. I have shared Robert’s interests for many years. In my travels as a writer and film-maker I have gone out of my way to find forest gardeners, in the tropics and the subtropics and in the temperate regions. Like Robert I have become convinced that cultivating trees is a great art, not of survival, but of living. Nature offered our ancestors an abundance of fruit and nut trees. The people before us – hunter gatherers, forest farmers and orchard cultivators all over the world – used the great imagination and creativity inherent in human nature to select and breed a huge variety of tree crops suitable for most of the climatic conditions on Earth. The pygmies in Africa, the Amerindians and the forest people of Asia rose to the challenge of life in the botanically most diverse regions on Earth by naming, select- ing and cultivating a most astonishing variety of food trees, which they improved through deliberate breeding. The forest gardens, or agro- forestry systems, in many parts of the tropics are a tribute to their patient art of cultivation. They support some of the highest population densities on Earth and they do so sustainably, both in terms of maintaining soil fer- tility as well as acceptable climatic conditions. For in hot climates wher- ever tree cover is maintained the soil is shaded and the temperatures remain moderate. The typical temperature in a mature tropical forest averages around 26˚C, but when the forest is removed for cattle ranching, or annual crops, average daytime temperature rises by some 10˚C. Forest gardens are not pristine environments – they are forests modi- fied to suit human needs. But tree gardens, too, are shady, moist and tem- perate, not quite as cool as the original rainforest, but temperate never- theless. The great multi-storey food forests of the Chagga on the slopes of Kilimanjaro in Tanzania, for instance, are wonderfully cool but the plains below, now devoid of trees, swelter with heat. The Chagga gardens also happen to support the greatest population densities anywhere in East Africa. In the Amazon I have visited several different types of forest gar- dens. Some, like the tree farms of the caboclos in the flood plains of the river near Belem, have been sustained for centuries. Others have been established quite recently on abandoned cattle ranches by patient farmers, x FOREWORD advised and supported by sympathetic agronomists. There is no doubt in my mind that techniques are available for establishing sustainable forest farming systems on the wastelands of the Amazon even on relatively poor soils. Nature has extraordinary powers of recovery in the face of devas- tation, but people involved in environmental restoration have to have a profound understanding of the complex interactions that take place in the natural world. Robert Hart was a man who set out with a determination to help turn wasteland into paradise again. His patient work on his patch of land in Shropshire has led the way for inventing forest farming systems suitable for temperate climatic conditions. Our cool weather does not give us nearly the same range of tree crops that are suitable even for the Mediterranean. But, as Robert shows, we do have the choice of a far greater range of perennial crops than we are presently aware of. And if plant breeders took up the challenge of working on greater varieties of edible fruits and nuts, within a decade these would make their appearance in our gardens. Robert grew crops from all over the world without any discrimination as to their origins. America, China, Persia, Russia and western Europe can supply crops suitable for temperate climatic conditions. This ‘botanical internationalism’ transcends the rather limited range of species available here as a result of the genetic extinctions caused by our last ice age. But in the tropics, too, African forest farmers are happy to use South American crops and vice versa. Inventiveness has always been a trait of pioneering farmers.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Forest Farming
    Forest Farming Ken Mudge CY ROSE N NA Many sections of the Northeast have been reforested over the past century. Extensive forest cover is seen in this view from Wachu- sett Mountain in central Massachusetts. armers harvest crops from their fields, and agroforestry—a multidisciplinary approach to loggers harvest trees from their forests, agricultural production that achieves diverse, Fbut what do forest farmers harvest? The profitable, sustainable land use by integrating answer is an eclectic collection of non-timber trees with non-timber forest crops. forest crops like maple syrup, medicinal herbs, While some other agroforestry practices begin fruits, gourmet mushrooms, and nuts. with planting young trees that take years to Forest farming is an approach to forest man- mature, forest farming involves planting non- agement that combines some of the manage- timber forest crops beneath the canopy of an ment practices of conventional forestry with established forest. In other words, other agro- those of farming or gardening to achieve forestry practices bring the forest to the crops, an environmentally and economically sus- whereas forest farming brings the crops to the tainable land-use system. It is one of several forest. In this regard it is helpful to consider related practices that fall under the domain of the role of forest farming in overall forest man- Forest Farming 27 agement. A forest farm should be designed to bearing trees including walnuts and peaches, emulate as much as possible a natural forest. but there is no evidence of deliberate culti- This includes characteristics of a healthy forest vation of useful crops beneath the canopy of ecosystem such as species diversity, resilience established forest.
    [Show full text]
  • View and Print This Publication
    98 lPAClIJFlI([; §OllJTHWlEST ]fORlE§T & RANGlE lEXlPlERTIMlENT §TAl'TION 1.----- Be r k e ley , C a I i for n i a____ _ ____ 1966_ _ Pacific Madrone ..... a general bibliography for a promising species PHIL1P M.McDONALD and WILLIAM E.SUNDAHL ABSTRACT: Lis t s 60 references, 21 The supply of merchantable of which emphasize the desirable wood working characteristics of the species. hardwoods in California is esti­ mated at about 1.6 billion board feet (Int. 1/4 -inch log rule), ac­ cording to the 1963 Forest Survey. A significant portion of this total is Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii PurshJ, whose range extends along the Pacific Coast from southern British Columbia to southern california (fig.l). So far, the demand for this raw material has been rather small largely because no profitable market has existed. Recently, several operators - -both large and small- -have begun to manufacture hardwood products in 0 reg 0 nan d California. Their activities have created interest in the available knowledge on the species, particularly on its wood working charactenstics. This note b r in g s together most of the available references on Pacific madrone. Index Subject Reference Dendrology .4, 7, 14, 25, 32, 33, 53 Ecology... .44, 54 Biotic factor s. · 6, 29 Climatic factors · . 3 Exceptional size and longevity. 1, 2, 12 Forest types · . 50 Injuries Disease. 5,38,52,55 Insects . 28 Management 45 Mensuration Site quality 42 Surveys .. 34,40, 58, 59 Volume tables . .... 24 Forest Serv i ce -U . S . Department of Agriculture 0 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ .
    [Show full text]
  • Agroforestry : Fact-Sheet
    Agroforestry fact sheet Agroforestry is the mixture of trees and crops in cultivated parcels. It was a traditional system in both tropical and temperate countries before agriculture intensification during the last century. Very recent results show that it may be a key option for the future of modern agriculture, including in temperate countries. 10 years ago, agroforestry was still ignored by farmers, foresters, policy makers of developed coun- tries. But times have changed. Agroforestry is an utmost example of ecological intensification : it in- creases land productivity and offers at the same time many environmental services. A French national scheme for planting half a million hectares of agroforestry during the next 25 years was based on res- ults obtained by INRA, Montpellier. A walnut – wheat agroforestry plot at the Restinclières farm, tree pruning time (left) Monitoring water sap flow through tap roots and superficial roots to document the hydraulic lift on walnut agroforestry trees (right) Increase of productivity with agroforestry The mix of trees and crops is the fundamental principle of agroforestry. INRA researchers showed that the production from one hectare of a walnut/wheat mix is the same as for 1.4 hectares with trees and crops separated. This is a 40% increase in productivity, far better than any other innovation intro- duced by agronomists in the recent past. This is achieved with an optimal 50 to 100 trees/hectare dens- ity, and an appropriate management of the system (tree line orientation, tree pruning regime, winter crops). Agroforestry trees grow very fast, faster than trees in forest plantations. Rightly associated and appropriately managed, trees and annual crops establish a synergy in the use of the vital resources of light, water and soil nutrients.
    [Show full text]
  • Companion Planting in the Vegetable Garden
    Companion Planting in the Vegetable Garden Companion planting is growing two (or more) crops near each other with the theory that they help each other in nutrient update, improved pest management and reduced pesticide use, enhanced pollination and higher vegetable yields. Consider the following approaches to incorporate companion planting into your backyard vegetable plot. Encouraging Beneficials to Manage Pests and Promote Pollination Gardeners can enlist the aid of beneficial organisms (e.g. ladybird beetles, lacewings, mantids, spiders, and predatory mites) in the battle against pest populations by growing plants that create habitat for those beneficials in close proximity to vegetables under siege. Plants such as basil, cilantro, dill, fennel, and parsley are among those that provide shelter and food for various life stages of predatory and parasitic beneficial. In addition to attracting the natural enemies of garden pests, companion species are useful in luring and retaining pollinators in the garden. Plants such as buckwheat and clover are excellent choices for attracting bees to adjacent pollinator-requiring crops (with the added benefit of serving as weed-suppressing cover crops). Using Plant Characteristics to Maximize Yield Companion planting corn, pole beans, and winter squash (a grouping often described as “the three sisters” in Native American references) is one way to make the most of a small garden plot. Because of the individual species’ growth habits, the three grow well in the same space (though competition for nutrients still exists). Cornstalks, with their tall, thin habit provide a living trellis for the beans to climb, while low-growing, large-leaved squash plants shade the ground to help the soil stay moist and suppress weeds.
    [Show full text]
  • The Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis)
    PALM S Rival & Levang: Oil Palm Vol. 59(1) 2015 ALAIN RIVAL The Oil Palm Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche (Elaeis Agronomique pour le Développement guineensis ): Jakarta, Indonesia [email protected] Research AND Challenges PATRICE LEVANG Institut de Recherche pour Beyond le Développement Yaoundé, Cameroon Controversies [email protected] Scientists certainly have a part to play in the debate over oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) cultivation, which has captured and polarized public opinion, kindled and undoubtedly shaped by the media. How can this palm be viewed as a “miracle plant” by both the agro-food industry in the North and farmers in the tropical zone, but a serious ecological threat by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) campaigning for the environment or the rights of indigenous peoples? The time has come to move on from this biased and often irrational debate, which is rooted in topical issues of contemporary society in the North, such as junk food, biodiversity, energy policy and ethical consumption. One of the reasons the public has developed as nuclear energy, genetically modified crops such fixed ideas is that there has been a lack or shale gas) that is causing controversy but an of accurate information on the sector and its entire agrom-food sector that has come to actors and a clear-headed analysis of what is symbolize the conflict between the at stake. We point out that the production and conservation of natural spaces and de- processing of palm oil are part of a complex velopment. Consumers, elected representatives globalized agrom-industrial sector shared by and scientists are finally forced to take sides for multiple actors and stakeholders with often or against palm oil, with no room for ifs and conflicting interests.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Canopy Biology
    CHAPTER 23 Tarzan or Jane? A Short History of Canopy Biology Margaret D. Lowrnan Cirowing up in the midwestern United States I knew trees IPPII.I looped~firrzone bare branch to the next in the backyard red maple with, I believed, thp sp~6.d and graw (!fa monkey making its rounds. Like Kiling? Mowgli, I had the po~itio~zand strength tf tcach branch memorized. I learned how to rest my body comfortabb arrzong thp orduly boughs in order to have a clear view of my mother, small as an ant, tending I~Bgarden below. The branches I favored became burnishedjom rqeated scuings. In tim~I ident$ed with the monkey's world. I grew up to be a ~oologist. -Mark Mofett, Thc High Fronticr, 1993 Why Study the Treetops? E.O. Wilson called it "the last frontier" of biological rcscarch on thc planct (Wilson 1992). Andrrw Mitchell referred to its invisible inhabitants as "a ~vorldI could only dream of" (Mitchell 2001). Tom Lolrejoy confessed that "thc canopy rendered me the biologist's equivalent of Tantalus from the \.cry outsidc" (I,o\.r.joy 1995). And Stevc Sutton compared it to "Alice grows up" as canop); science n~o\.csfrom a scnsc of wonder to a reality of hypotheses (Sutton 2001). Nalini Nadklrni esclaimed about "trcc climbing for Lgrown-ups" (Nadkarni 2001) and I simply notcd, "hly career is not conventional. I climb trecs" (Lowman 1999). In 1985, thcsc six indi- viduals may ha1.e represented almost half of thc canopy scientists worldwidc. Today, only two decades later, thrrc arc scveral hundred explorers of Wilson's last frontier.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Timber Forest Products
    Agrodok 39 Non-timber forest products the value of wild plants Tinde van Andel This publication is sponsored by: ICCO, SNV and Tropenbos International © Agromisa Foundation and CTA, Wageningen, 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photocopy, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. First edition: 2006 Author: Tinde van Andel Illustrator: Bertha Valois V. Design: Eva Kok Translation: Ninette de Zylva (editing) Printed by: Digigrafi, Wageningen, the Netherlands ISBN Agromisa: 90-8573-027-9 ISBN CTA: 92-9081-327-X Foreword Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are wild plant and animal pro- ducts harvested from forests, such as wild fruits, vegetables, nuts, edi- ble roots, honey, palm leaves, medicinal plants, poisons and bush meat. Millions of people – especially those living in rural areas in de- veloping countries – collect these products daily, and many regard selling them as a means of earning a living. This Agrodok presents an overview of the major commercial wild plant products from Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific. It explains their significance in traditional health care, social and ritual values, and forest conservation. It is designed to serve as a useful source of basic information for local forest dependent communities, especially those who harvest, process and market these products. We also hope that this Agrodok will help arouse the awareness of the potential of NTFPs among development organisations, local NGOs, government officials at local and regional level, and extension workers assisting local communities. Case studies from Cameroon, Ethiopia, Central and South Africa, the Pacific, Colombia and Suriname have been used to help illustrate the various important aspects of commercial NTFP harvesting.
    [Show full text]
  • Strengthening Protection of Marojejy National Park
    SPECIAL POINTS DECEMBER 2016 OF INTEREST: Vol. 5, No. 2 ñ Workshop for Forest GuiDes ñ Brief but Meaningful Conservaton news from the Sambava-Andapa-Vohemar-Antalaha region of NE Madagascar ñ WorlD Lemur Festival Strengthening Protecton of Marojejy Natonal Park INSIDE THIS by Charlie Welch ISSUE: Earlier this year DLC- Strengthening Protec- 1 tion of Marojejy Na- SAVA was fortunate to tional Park receive a grant from Workshop for Forest 3 Save Our Species (SOS) Guides to increase the Brief but Meaningful 4 protecton of Marojejy Natonal Park, in World Lemur Festival 8 collaboraton with “Climate Change and 9 Madagascar Natonal Lemurs” Workshop Parks (MNP). The grant Environmental Educa- 12 supports clearly tion Teacher Training establishing and marking DLC-SAVA “Lamba” 13 the boundary with Now Available! metallic signs to prevent First CURSA Gradua- 14 both intentonal and unintentonal intrusion into the park. Although DLC-SAVA had already tion includes Sylvio sponsored delineaton of certain priority sectons of the park boundary, extensive areas in Exploring Human and 15 remote parts of Marojejy remained unmarked. There was no way for local people to know Environmental Health exactly where the boundary was supposed to be. Agricultural land ofen extends right up to in the SAVA Region the boundary around much of the park, and if Duke Engineers in 18 the limit is not clear, burning and cultvaton SAVA can actually extend into the park. A clear Closing Comments 20 boundary also discourages other illegal actvites in the park, such as wood collecton and huntng. Teams of local people, organized by MNP, installed the signs, which were made in Andapa.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Sequestration Potential of Oil Palm Plantations in Southern Philippines
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.14.041822; this version posted April 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Carbon Sequestration Potential of Oil Palm Plantations in Southern Philippines ∗ Sheila Mae C. Borbon, Michael Arieh P. Medina , Jose Hermis P. Patricio, and Angela Grace Toledo-Bruno Department of Environmental Science, College of Forestry and Environmental Science Central Mindanao University, University Town, Musuan, Bukidnon, Philippines Abstract. Aside from the greenhouse gas reduction ability of palm oil-based biofuel as alternative to fossil fuels, another essential greenhouse gas mitigation ability of oil palm plantation is in terms of offsetting anthropogenic carbon emissions through carbon sequestration. In this context, this study was done to determine the carbon sequestration potential of oil palm plantations specifically in two areas in Mindanao, Philippines. Allometric equation was used in calculating the biomass of oil palm trunk. Furthermore, destructive methods were used to determine the biomass in other oil palm parts (fronds, leaves, and fruits). Carbon stocks from the other carbon pools in the oil palm plantations were measured which includes understory, litterfall, and soil. Results revealed that the average carbon stock in the oil palm plantations is 40.33 tC/ha. Majority of the carbon stock is found in the oil palm plant (53%), followed by soil (38%), litterfall (6%), and understory, (4%). The average carbon sequestration rate of oil palm plants is estimated to be 4.55 tC/ha/year.
    [Show full text]
  • Fire and Nonnative Invasive Plants September 2008 Zouhar, Kristin; Smith, Jane Kapler; Sutherland, Steve; Brooks, Matthew L
    United States Department of Agriculture Wildland Fire in Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Ecosystems General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42- volume 6 Fire and Nonnative Invasive Plants September 2008 Zouhar, Kristin; Smith, Jane Kapler; Sutherland, Steve; Brooks, Matthew L. 2008. Wildland fire in ecosystems: fire and nonnative invasive plants. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 6. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 355 p. Abstract—This state-of-knowledge review of information on relationships between wildland fire and nonnative invasive plants can assist fire managers and other land managers concerned with prevention, detection, and eradi- cation or control of nonnative invasive plants. The 16 chapters in this volume synthesize ecological and botanical principles regarding relationships between wildland fire and nonnative invasive plants, identify the nonnative invasive species currently of greatest concern in major bioregions of the United States, and describe emerging fire-invasive issues in each bioregion and throughout the nation. This volume can help increase understanding of plant invasions and fire and can be used in fire management and ecosystem-based management planning. The volume’s first part summarizes fundamental concepts regarding fire effects on invasions by nonnative plants, effects of plant invasions on fuels and fire regimes, and use of fire to control plant invasions. The second part identifies the nonnative invasive species of greatest concern and synthesizes information on the three topics covered in part one for nonnative inva- sives in seven major bioregions of the United States: Northeast, Southeast, Central, Interior West, Southwest Coastal, Northwest Coastal (including Alaska), and Hawaiian Islands.
    [Show full text]
  • Course Handout for Introduction to Forest Gardening
    COURSE HANDOUT FOR INTRODUCTION TO FOREST GARDENING Complied by Jess Clynewood and Rich Wright Held at Coed Hills Rural Art Space 2010 ETHICS AND PRINCIPLES OF PERMACULTURE Care for the Earth v Care for the people v Fair shares PRINCIPLES Make the least change for the greatest effect v Mistakes are tools for learning v The only limits to the yield of a system are imagination and understanding Observation – Protracted and thoughtful observation rather than prolonged and thoughtless action. Observation is a key tool to re-learn. We need to know what is going on already so that we don’t make changes we will later regret. Use and value diversity - Diversity allows us to build a strong web of beneficial connections. Monocultures are incredibly fragile and prone to pests and diseases – diverse systems are far more robust and are intrinsically more resilient. Relative Location and Beneficial Connections – View design components not in isolation but as part of a holistic system. Place elements to maximise their potential to create beneficial connections with other elements. Multi-functional Design – Try and gain as many yields or outputs from each element in your design as possible. Meet every need in multiple ways, as many elements supporting each important function creates stability and resilience. Perennial systems – minimum effort for maximum gain Create no waste - The concept of waste is essentially a reflection of poor design. Every output from one system could become the input to another system. We need to think cyclically rather than in linear systems. Unmet needs = work, unused output = pollution. Stacking – Make use of vertical as well as horizontal space, filling as many niches as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investment Primer for Reforestation CARBON REMOVAL, ENVIRONMENTAL and SOCIAL IMPACTS, and FINANCIAL POTENTIAL
    1 An Investment Primer for Reforestation CARBON REMOVAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS, AND FINANCIAL POTENTIAL JANUARY 2020 1 CONTENTS Contents About CREO 2 Terms 3 Executive Summary 4 Background Forestry for Climate 6 Reforestation Investment Potential 9 - Investment Avenues 9 - Costs and Returns 10 Carbon Markets Regulatory Compliance 14 Voluntary 15 Corporate Offsetting 15 Summary 16 Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products Timber 18 Agroforestry 19 Summary 20 Restoration and Conservation Initiatives Direct Revenue Creation 22 Blended Finance 23 Catalytic Capital 24 Summary 24 Moving Forward 25 Appendix A: CREO Modelling Assumptions 26 Appendix B: Carbon Markets 27 Citations 28 2 ABOUT CREO About CREO The CREO Syndicate (“CREO”) is a 501c3 public charity founded by wealth owners and family offices with a mission to address the most pressing environmental challenges of our time affecting communities across the globe—climate change and resource scarcity. By catalyzing private capital and scaling innovative solutions, CREO is contributing to protecting and preserving the environment and accelerating the transition to a sustainable economy for the benefit of the public. CREO works closely with a broad set of global stakeholders, including Members (wealth owners, family offices, and family-owned enterprises), Friends (aligned investors such as pension funds), and Partners (government, not-for-profit organizations and academia), who collaboratively develop and invest in solutions across sectors, asset classes and geographies. CREO’s primary activities include 1) knowledge building; 2) relationship building among like-minded, values-aligned, long-term investors; 3) conducting select research to support the advancement of its mission; and 4) deal origination. 3 TERMS Terms Afforestation (AF): Planting and/or deliberate seeding on land not forested over the last 50 years.
    [Show full text]