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Fire and Nonnative Invasive Plants September 2008 Zouhar, Kristin; Smith, Jane Kapler; Sutherland, Steve; Brooks, Matthew L

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Fire and Nonnative Invasive Plants September 2008 Zouhar, Kristin; Smith, Jane Kapler; Sutherland, Steve; Brooks, Matthew L United States Department of Agriculture Wildland Fire in Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Ecosystems General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42- volume 6 Fire and Nonnative Invasive Plants September 2008 Zouhar, Kristin; Smith, Jane Kapler; Sutherland, Steve; Brooks, Matthew L. 2008. Wildland fire in ecosystems: fire and nonnative invasive plants. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 6. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 355 p. Abstract—This state-of-knowledge review of information on relationships between wildland fire and nonnative invasive plants can assist fire managers and other land managers concerned with prevention, detection, and eradi- cation or control of nonnative invasive plants. The 16 chapters in this volume synthesize ecological and botanical principles regarding relationships between wildland fire and nonnative invasive plants, identify the nonnative invasive species currently of greatest concern in major bioregions of the United States, and describe emerging fire-invasive issues in each bioregion and throughout the nation. This volume can help increase understanding of plant invasions and fire and can be used in fire management and ecosystem-based management planning. The volume’s first part summarizes fundamental concepts regarding fire effects on invasions by nonnative plants, effects of plant invasions on fuels and fire regimes, and use of fire to control plant invasions. The second part identifies the nonnative invasive species of greatest concern and synthesizes information on the three topics covered in part one for nonnative inva- sives in seven major bioregions of the United States: Northeast, Southeast, Central, Interior West, Southwest Coastal, Northwest Coastal (including Alaska), and Hawaiian Islands. The third part analyzes knowledge gaps regarding fire and nonnative invasive plants, synthesizes information on management questions (nonfire fuel treatments, postfire rehabilitation, and postfire monitoring), summarizes key concepts described throughout the volume, and discusses urgent management issues and research questions. Keywords: ecosystem, fire effects, fire management, fire regime, fire severity, fuels, grass/fire cycle, invasibility, invasiveness, monitoring, nonnative species, plant community, plant invasion, plant response, plants, prescribed fire, rehabilitation, succession, vegetation, wildfire The larger bold check-mark boxes indicate the volumes in “The Rainbow Series” currently published. To order, check any box or boxes below, fill in the address form, and send to the mailing address listed below. Or send your order and your address in mailing label form to one of the other listed media. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 1. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on fauna. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 3. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on cultural resources and archeology. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 4. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on soil and water. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 5. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on air. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 6. Wildland fire in ecosystems: fire and nonnative invasive plants. Send to: ________________________________________________________________________________ Name ________________________________________________________________________________ Address You may order additional copies of this publication by sending your mailing information in label form through one of the following media. Please specify the publication title and number. Publishing Services Telephone (970) 498-1392 FAX (970) 498-1122 E-mail [email protected] Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/rmrs Mailing Address Publications Distribution Rocky Mountain Research Station 240 West Prospect Road Fort Collins, CO 80526 Cover photo—Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) and tumble mustard (Sisymbrium altissimum) the first summer after October pile burning on a fuels reduction site in western Montana. (Photo by Steve Sutherland.) Wildland Fire in Ecosystems Fire and Nonnative Invasive Plants Editors Kristin Zouhar, Ecologist/Technical Information Specialist, Fire Modeling Institute; Fire, Fuel, and Smoke Science Program, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Missoula, MT. Jane Kapler Smith, Ecologist, Fire Modeling Institute; Fire, Fuel, and Smoke Science Program, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Missoula, MT. Steve Sutherland, Research Ecologist, Forests and Woodlands Ecosystems Science Program, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Ser- vice, Missoula, MT. Matthew L. Brooks, Research Botanist, Las Vegas Field Station, Western Ecological Research Center, Biological Resources Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Henderson, NV. Authors Guy R. McPherson, Professor, School of Natural Resources and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University Alison Ainsworth, NARS Specialist, Hawaii Division of Forestry of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 and Wildlife, Natural Area Reserve System, Hilo, HI 96720 Gregory T. Munger, Biological Technician, U.S. Department of Agricul- Dawn Anzinger, Research Assistant, Department of Forest ture, Forest Service, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT 59808 Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 Philip N. Omi, Professor Emeritus, Department of Forest, Matthew L. Brooks, Research Botanist, Las Vegas Field Sta- Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State tion, Western Ecological Research Center, Biological Resources University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Division, U.S. Geological Survey, Henderson, NV 89074 Steven R. Radosevich, Professor, Department of Forest Alison C. Dibble, Cooperating Research Ecologist, Northern Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Bradley, ME 04411 Lisa J. Rew, Assistant Professor, Land Resources and Envi- ronmental Sciences Department, Montana State University, Jonathan P. Freeman, Graduate Research Assistant, Natural Bozeman, MT 59717 Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Peter M. Rice, Research Associate, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812 James B. Grace, Research Ecologist, National Wetlands Re- search Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Lafayette, LA 70506 Jane Kapler Smith, Ecologist, Fire Modeling Institute; Fire, Fuels, and Smoke Science Program, Rocky Mountain Re- R. Flint Hughes, Ecosystem Ecologist, Institute of Pacific Islands search Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Department Missoula, MT 59808 of Agriculture, Forest Service, Hilo, HI 96720 Randall K. Stocker, Director, Center for Aquatic and Inva- Karen V. S. Hupp, Research Assistant, Department of Agron- sive Plants, Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, omy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 Gainesville, FL 32611 , Research Associate, Department of Forest, Molly E. Hunter Steve Sutherland, Research Ecologist, Forests and Woodlands Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State Uni- Ecosystems Science Program, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Rocky versity, Fort Collins, CO 80523 Mountain Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture, J. Boone Kauffman, Ecologist and Director, Institute of Pacific Forest Service, Missoula, MT 59808 Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. J. Timothy Tunison (retired), Chief of Resource Management, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Hilo, HI 96720 Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park, U.S. Department of the Interior, Rob Klinger, USGS-BRD, Western Ecological Research Center, National Park Service, Hawai`i National Park, HI 96718 Yosemite Field Station Bishop, CA 93515 Robin Wills, Region Fire Ecologist, Pacific West Region, Anne Marie LaRosa, Forest Health Management Coordinator, Insti- U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, tute of Pacific Islands Forestry, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Oakland, CA 94607 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Hilo, HI 96720 Kristin Zouhar, Ecologist/Technical Information Specialist, Fire Erik J. Martinson, Research Associate, Department of For- Modeling Institute; Fire, Fuels, and Smoke Science Program, est, Rangeland, and Watershed Stewardship, Colorado State Rocky Mountain Research Station, U.S. Department of Agri- University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 culture, Forest Service, Missoula, MT 59808 i Preface _____________________________________ In 1978, a national workshop on fire effects in Denver, Colorado, provided the impetus for the “Effects of Wildland Fire on Ecosystems” series. Recognizing that knowledge of fire was needed for land management planning, state-of-the-knowledge reviews were produced that became known as the “Rainbow Series.” The series consisted of six publications, each with a different colored cover (hence the informal title “Rainbow Series”), describing the effects of fire on soil (Wells and others 1979), water (Tiedemann and others 1979), air (Sandberg and others 1979), flora (Lotan and others 1981), fauna (Lyon and others 1978), and fuels (Martin and others 1979). The Rainbow Series proved popular in providing fire effects information for professionals, students, and others. Printed supplies eventually ran out, but knowledge of fire effects continued to grow. To meet the continuing
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