SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 157
Anthropological Papers, No. 46
The Original Strachey Vocabulary of the Virginia Indian Language
By JOHN P. HARRINGTON
189
265191—54 21
CONTENTS PAGE Introduction 193 Facsimile reproduction of Strachey's vocabulary 196 Semantically classified lists of Strachey's vocabulary 197 Literature cited 202 191
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THE ORIGINAL STRACHEY VOCABULARY OF THE VIRGINIA INDIAN LANGUAGE
By John P. Harrington
INTRODUCTION
It will be a matter of surprise to many people that the original manuscript by WilUam Strachey, written probably about 1612, entitled
"Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia . . .," terminated by the large vocabulary of the Virginia Indian language, the tongue spoken by Powhatan and Pocahontas, has lain at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, England, all these years and has never been published in full and correct; form. A somewhat divergent copy, in the possession of the British Museum, was published by the Hakluyt Society in 1849, and this has taken away attention^ from the^original. The present paper centers interest on the vocabulary which appears at the end of the Strachey manuscript at the Bodleian Library, and which fills 15 double-column sheets of legal size. Little is known of the life of WiUiam Strachey beyond his being a "Gentleman of London," who sailed on his only voyage to Virginia in the summer of 1611 and was shipwrecked on one of the Bermuda Islands, yet reached the newly established colony of Jamestown, Va., later in the same year. He was Secretary of the Jamestown colony for part of 1611, all of 1612, and part of 1613, terminating his secretary- ship in 1613 by returning to England. It is on record that a man who was perhaps the son of William Strachey emigrated to Virginia. Strachey's Indian vocabulary was made—as a similar and much smaller one had been made by Capt. John Smith a few years before in connection with the writing of a book on Virginia. While in the capacity of Secretary of the Jamestown colony, Strachey evidently interviewed one or more Indians and from them produced a vocabulary of some 800 entries; one of the best features of this vocabulary is that some of the words are written twice with different orthographies, thus hinting at what the pronunciation may have been. It is not known whether Strachey wrote his book in Virginia or in England, but the linguistic materials for it were certainly obtained in Virginia. The present facsimile edition of the vocabulary is published with the kind permission of the Director of the Bodleian Library, facsimile reproduction having been chosen so as to present the original forms to the reader, thereby eliminating as far as possible the element of 193 :
194 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 157
error involved in transliteration. The Strachey vocabulary is by far the largest ever made of the now long extinct Virginia Indian language, Strachey's work had been preceded by that of two other men. It was also followed by that of two other men who took down words from the lips of Virginia Indians. AU other recordings appear to be secondary. Thus there are five records of source material in the Virginia Indian language. The recorders besides Strachey were White, Smith, a nameless recorder, and Dalrymple, Strachey oc- cupying an intermediate chronological position, between Smith and the anonymous record maker. Brief accounts of the recorders follow 1. White.—Sir Walter Raleigh sent first an exploratory expedition to what is now the coast of North Carolina before sending a colony. In 1584 Raleigh fitted out two vessels, one under the captainship of one Armidas, the other under the captainship of one Barlow, and sent them across the Atlantic Ocean to explore. The ships returned to England in September of the same year. In 1585 Raleigh sent a ship of colonists who settled on Roanoke Island, but returned to England with Drake in 1586. In 1587 Raleigh sent another ship with colonists to Roanoke Island. John White, who was a prominent "Gentleman of London" and friend of Raleigh's, and a natural- history artist, sailed on the voyage of 1587, and again on the voyage of 1590, when he was proclaimed governor. His watercolors of fishes and birds, accompanied to a large extent by Virginia Indian names, have come down to us, preserved at the British Museum. The Indian names comprise 37 in all; 17 of these are names of fishes and 20 are names of birds. An article about the White watercolors by Edward E. Hale (1860) gives White's animal names. Roanoke Island is on the North Carolina coast, where it is shel- tered by an outer chain of islands; it is separated from the mainland by Croatan Sound. Roanoke Island is 10 miles long by 3 miles wide. Just north of it is Albermarle Sound, into which flows the Roanoke River, rising in Virginia. 2. Smith.—Capt. John Smith was evidently with the Jamestown Colony from its foundation in 1607. His book published at Oxford in 1612, contains, prefaced to it, his famous vocabulary of the Virginia Indian language. He probably took down the vocabulary in 1608, the year in which he became head of the colony. The Virginia Indian words published by Smith are speUed entirely diff'erently from those later recorded by Strachey. Smith's map has many names of places that have linguistic value. S. Strachey.—Unlike the vocabulary by Smith, which was pub- Hshed about 4 years after it was recorded, that by Strachey was ^"^^^ Noi^feT^' ORIGINAL STRACHEY VOCABULARY—HARRINGTON 195
destined to lie long unpublished: its British Museum version being
published 239 years after it was recorded, the present version still later.
If.. Anonymous.—In a collection of the Lord's Prayer published in Livonia (Bergmann, 1789) there appears a Lord's Prayer version in the Virginia Indian language. Who did the recording, where it was done, and when are unknown. The source is not stated; surely it was not from White, Smith, or Strachey, but was probably subse- quent to these. 5. Dalrymple.—In 1844 the Reverend Mr. Dalrymple, whose first name or initials are not known, took down a short vocabulary of the language of the Pamunkey Indians, in Virginia. A person writing under the initials "C. C." (1858, p. 182) published this vocabulary 14 years later. It consists of 17 words; last are the terms for the nu- merals 1 to 10 with the exception of the term for 9, which evidently could not be remembered. The words of this vocabulary almost without exception accord with the Virginia Indian language else- where on record, or with the Delaware language. The Virginia Indian language recorded by Strachey and others is now known to belong to the Algonquian linguistic stock. W. R. Girard was the first to notice that it exhibits features which remind one of Cree, an Algonquian Indian language of eastern Canada. But actually the Virginia Indian language is merely a dialect of Delaware. Almost every word can be found in the standard diction- ary of the so-called Delaware language (Brinton and Anthony, 1888). A paper has been published (Siebert, 1931, pp. 288-303) which shows that although the Virginia Indian language is like Cree in having dk and xk fall together to become sk, there is agreement of the Virginia language with several other Algonquian languages in that original xp appears as hp, while in Cree it becomes sp. There existed, no doubt, dialects in the Virginia Indian language, but the extant material is entirely inadequate for determining the nature and extent of these. The personal names "Powhatan" and "Pocahontas" do not appear as entries in the Strachey vocabulary. How the Indians pronounced these names is not known; however, certain interesting facts about each of the names can be worked out from sources. That Capt. John Smith's pronunciation had the accent on the last syllable of the name Powhatan is shown by a poem contained in one of Smith's books, a hne of which reads: "Didst make proud Powhatan his fubjects fend." That the etymology of the name Powhatan is not "place of the waterfalls" is shown by Strachey's giving the name "Paquachowng" for the waterfalls at the upper end of the James River. This name sounds very different from the name Powhatan, It is 196 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 157 recorded in Virginia history that the residence of Powhatan was on what is now called Mayo Hill, situated about a mile up the James River from Mayos Bridge; both of these places are in the city of Richmond, Va. The James River becomes choked with small islands at the vicinity, which is the head of navigation. In the text of Strachey's manuscript, the name Pocahontas is stated to mean "the httle wanton." The name is possibly to be connected with Strachey's "Pocohaac," awl, penis. FACSIMILE REPRODUCTION OF THE STRACHEY VOCABULARY
Several of the entries of the Strachey vocabulary have ethnological as well as linguistic interest. Among these are one personal name, Nanamachavwk, the name of the Roanoke chief, and three place names: Chessiopiock, Chesapeake Bay; Paquachowng, the waterfalls at the end of the James River; Tfenakcommacah, Virginia. Strachey's handwriting was peculiar to his contemporaries, and is to us still more so. It is very unfortunate that although the decipherment of the Indian words is so important, the reading of some of the letters is difficult and sometimes impossible with certainty. Strachey's handwriting, like that of his contemporaries, uses capital and smaU letter forms. On the whole, his capital letter forms are easier to read than his small ones. He makes two forms of capital A, one like the printed form, and one having the form of small a, which varies in tallness so that one cannot be certain what is intended for
capital and what is not. Capital C has two forms : one like a circle with a Greek cross inside of it, and one like a smaU c made larger. Capital F also has two forms: one like the printed capital and one
which looks like a doubled small /. Capital T has two forms : one like a printed capital J, and one like a capital c with a horizontal
bar at its top. The small a sometimes looks like a small u. Small i, TO, n, and u are especially hard to decipher. The "long f" occurs mostly between vowels and not finally in words, and small n and u are made much the same, very occasionally a macron being put over n to distinguish it from u. In the Strachey vocabulary, each new letter introduces two lists: an Indian-English list and an English-
Indian list, except that e, f, and g have an English-Indian list only, whereas g and z have Indian-English only. The letters j, u, and x are lacking. Together with the reproduction of the 16 sheets in facsimile that follow, 16 pages of transliteration into the current letter forms of today are given as keys to facilitate the reading. These are followed by a section of classified vocabulary, in which the words of related meaning are grouped together. REPRODUCTION OF THE ORIGINAL STRACHEY VOCABULARY OF THE VIRGINIA INDIAN LANGUAGE WITH KEYS TO THE SHEETS Key to sheet 1
(Title of the Strachey manuscript at the Bodleian Library consisting of the vocabulary)
A fhort Dictionary, added unto the former Difcourses of the Indian Language used within the Chessiopiock Bay; more particularly about the Tract and amongft the Inhabitants of the firft Riuer, called by them Powhatan, and by us the Kings Riuer wherein as yet our Townes and Fortes are seated. By which such who fhall be Imployed thither may know the readyer how to confer, and how to truck and Trade with the People. \
Sheet 1.
l.'f;5191^54 22
X ^ cl« '^i>^^ ^ 'J~'J^ll«<^c
'^ o Gciao
flJSrntrr'rytC
1> l>f -t "z f /
-;-o 6ry 4 ( .S.-xTSf*"^ ,i.:i ••"''^'' jr/if <^-^ */'>r 'B ,:l X^t^i^ cWc , .Jf(.C^^^. ^/funjnecoi'n ^^\.y ofLci^ l»*in/t^^e9^I't >'"i'^"p"'!^' f'^*^^ cut S/UIS^' ^''''^' '^:^t::Xri^ ' Key to sheet 3 B B a Bed Cawwaivuh a Boat Aomatau Petaocawin a Bottle Paheewh 1T^ QfrVTiCliOIliCH a Board Cutfsotahwooc to Beat out w*'' a Auntemdum to Boile up Potopotauktawk Cudgell Noouefhetum a Bone wufkan Bear Corne into] a Boye vfcapess to vshuccohomen a Box at wch they meale J to Beat any Ironl play at a cer- vtssetecuttawfuw Assowpoon tayne kind of to an edge J to Bend Accongaivwh Game Before vtcharond the Bobb of the! okiflier not to Bend Sansagwaivwh Ginnye wheat [ okinfher Behind Tanagogwayk w/out Corne J Below Noufvmon Bread Appoans Beneath vtshemayn Bread made of a| Taccahoappoans called a Begger Cuttafsamais wote J Better wingutfcaho a Braszer Qwunnumfe jTlhehip a Bridge Metucs a Bird JTfhetchenidg to Broyle or toast Apetawh poan smale Bird or bread a Cawacheims Chicken i jvnchgucheis to Break a stick a Bird w"' carna-1 jcaumelmufhe tion colloured \ Alishowcutleis to Break w"' one wings J fingers any vdefmamum A Bird like a Lap-^l thing strik- vdeasta- wing collour l tvt , , to Break w"' [Pafkeaw , ,, > Nonahamshaw gray w"'' useth ing on any thing [ hamu all in ketai'owkfuinah the water ) to Break a Bird called a] piece Ofafianticns Divedapper j to Be broken or Perew the Bill or Beake Mehkewh crackt Amm Bright or plaine] to Bite J Mulcaufsum [Nufsaeom all over j a Bitch vfquaufum to Bring into the Paakfetowee Black Mahcatawaiuwh Boat Blew ofaih to Bring againe Patow to Blow any thing Nepotatamen Brasse Ofawas vmetagwufhowon to bruyse any] Blew beades vnetawvunum Blew berries of tliel thing small J bignes of grapes \ Accoondew a Brother Nemat very pleasant J a Brush vnepawahumma Blunt wyhwaivwh a Bramble or briar Cawmdgus to make any thing a Broome Tfhekehicawwons Neihpunfannuwh Blunt / a Butterfly Manaang-gwas Block Taccahoac to Burne as if a Blynd Nehpaangvnnu sparke light on Cutchow a Bow Auhtab any Matowram a Bow-string Aupeis a Bunch of Grapes Metucsmarakimins 1 The first mention of tuckahoe bread. With -poans compare the second word of "c(jrn pone." — — '3 'fftciocaivffi tr^^t pcfnipA po^> ^t"fl<7!< ijlT' < /ill > ^<<^ «>*>v*> '- —— •-' <- ^ j^»^^ < \lUl'^'"'^\ ^''"^- / u. 23'VT>o^^^ •^^''/tekfAiratvioo^i ofaik j^M. <_//" ''**''? iMf OF "*- £;^ C^ULmr '^' Sheet 3. Key to sheet 4 c Chamange a Tobacco bagg a Circle Mufsetagwaioh Chapant a Shewe a Civet Cat Attownin Curcye neire I am a cold Clay Pufsagwun Commotins a Turtle to Clap ones handes Pafsahicaan Cheawanta a Robin red brest the Claw of a Crab Ohtindge Cuvfmc Sister to Clense a pipe Jacutteahwoon Chippfni Land or earth to Clense the Chichiquamins a kind of grayne to ground and make Monafcunnemun eat yt fitt for seed , Camatnige 6 in nomber to Cleave or hold} Auputchahgwctone Chakafowe a Crack in any fast to a thingj thing to Clymb a tree Ahcoufhi Cucheneppo a woman the Clowds Mammau Arrah- Cvenepo a woman gwotuwh Cheskchamay All freinds to take hold of Mammun any thing Ceader naraak Copper Matafsan Calme Cohqwaivwh a Comb Reihcoun to Call on one Otafsapuax Cold Nonfsamats a Canoa or small} a Cord or small! Aquointan Pemanataon boat J lyne or a thread] a Can or any such a Coat of plate Agwahvfsum like thing to ohtamocan a Coat ierkin dub-} Mantchoor drinke in let or ells what/ a Candle or"\ to Come being fCamerowath gummy stick I spooken famil- \ Caameic Ofamintak w*^*" will keepe iarly or hard by [Caumearah [ Light j to Come being fPyak a Cap or hatt Puttaiquapifson spoken a far off { Pyarowah to Carry a thing} to one IPyarah Nowwicwafhim up and downej to Come in Peintiker to Carry a thing] to Come againe or fOiacpyam Necufoagwus betweene twoo J we will come { Naantuc-ah to Carry upon 1 agame [ pyautch Ahcokinemun ones showlder / Jvfkepyah to Come quicklye to Catch in the] Vlkepewh Onafcandonien } mouth as dogs[ to Come up Vtacqwowsun OpafTontamen doe J to Come downe Neighfawfun a Cat or wild to CofTe NufTuccum beast much big- the Cock Crowes Momnawentfecamo ger and spotted a Covering or ' Vtchooiiggwai black und' the mantle made of Puttawus belly as a Lu- feathers zarne a Covering to lay Cawafsun Caviare or the Ro upon Woock out of Sturgeon fouhshawkowh a Cod fish to Chaw Tawhtagwonntamen } Vttacomuck Cheine Rarenaw a Cockle Ofakefcai a Chaine of Cop-] to Cover one Ahgwur per with long Tapaantaminais a Cob-web Nuttafsapec [ linkes J a Cookold wimpenton Chesnuts Opominins a Copper kettle Aucutgagwafsun Cheese or any] a Crab Tuttafcuk curded matters Ootun a Crane Vfsac made from milk] [Pafkafew a Crack, or Crackt a Chamber vtshecommuc }Tatumfew a Child Neckaun a Creek Meihsutteraflc a Chest Pacus a Crowne or oft a Chicken Cawahcheims dears haire died Cutaantaqwapifsun to Chop wood Catchcahamun red muftie a Crow Ohawas . — »< nit'f-K-r CO a y-i-i tiffj>^ Cuvfrne C--'t-'^ah>'t/<.- t'rr-ifi -- o /r.^ ;.t K. i\. If.> ^.yir .yi ... ' Y'"J - . c U^ • • <£ i^ «>t>M.<» ^&'..3 /J»^,. t <»'.'<• /....^^ /A - ^ ,r^>w ...... r.,.,^,,. ...„^ fr "";•'; -"^f /.'-^r^ I nkihmi'/iJtvA • ( t/'//'/""^ J/V'""-'"/ **» ,-, 4f^J -J/U i gt»^i^ Sheet 4. Key to sheet 5 E Crooked okhorime the Eare of a man Meihtawk to Cry Neigh feum the Eares of a hare weihtaws to Cut the haire of] Mouiidg or any other Mechlin a mans head J Numinundgum beast Cummundgum to Eate Mecher to Cut any thing Vnekifliemun I will eate Nummechyn Curled haire Vtchepetaiuwk rie eate by & by Mechocufk Arorewhmerersk Eate w"' me Meihtufsur Muttusk Afpamun a wonians Secret / the Earth f [Mucofyt lOttawm the East VtchepwoifTonna D an Eagle Opatenaiok an Eare of wheat Autowtaoh Dawba on quire Warme yo'felf an Eare of new fCuttepacus Maucatanatfomcor a day wheat I Raioawk Ebbing water Seifeatuwh dark Pahcunnaioh an Eele Afcamuuk [Necgwu saw an I dare not egg wovwh [Negutahke an Elboe Meifquail a deare Vttapantam E[l]der Nufsaandg dead or to be dead Tfepaih the Element Poomy Arrathqwa- deipe to the mid- Tlaqwomoi turoh dle Enemy or naught Macherew deepe ou"' tlie head Nuttahcaam I Marapo deafe ( Cuppotaiv Enough wamat to divide a thing Neimbat / Rickewh in half Entombing Paianiafum the devill Riapoke the Eye Mufkiendguk a dish Outacan the Eyes Mufkiendgues to dive Poohkewh a dot Noungut a dog Attemous doe so Vtfseneind Farewell, or the] An ah JVnaucopen or Ka- word at parting) to drink to one 1 kopen the Face Vfcaentur I would drink Vgaucopefsan the Fall of the leaf] Punfaos to dry any be tier Tfetewh I or the Automn J or otherwise / Gaukenates the Fall Ammawfkm to be dry or thirsty Paougwufsentlawk vdamom to dresse or pitch a vdamofun (Ascahamun boat to be like to fall Cawefewh a drum Ahqwohhooc to Fall downe Raqwa sewh mufhe a duck Pifcoend from a tree dust Nepenfun to lett any thing] ^ Vtamocahken dyrt Keishackaivwh fall / to dwell Nahapuc the Falls at the fPohcoons upper end of the Pa(iuaehowng a red dve \ Mataqwiwun Kings river — c 7' ^<9 ^-liHif _ O. ^oo-'"--(J(5<»r-ve^ 7?;t>»-«frt i./v»>r lb 't>ait^a/i w irci V — """//'^ 'pet. I a n-a^''^" Cf^ odl r . ^4^.A»i ^.. P,fcc.>n-f .'i,^ 3-yU- Pohioon-f /l yyjahtatvtti'un . c ^'^. Sheet 5. ( Key to sheet 6 to be First Nettencrianges a water Fowle in"] Nummamuntam bignes of a duck | meihteams a Father Nows fine coloured w""! a Faune Monattecow a Coppit crown J Fatt wiroakawh Jwintuc a Fart Poket a Fooll 1 wintuttum a long Feather Meqwance Froth Peihtoah Feathers Ahpewk Frost Tacquacat the feathers of an| Assaconcawh a Friend or the arrowe J principall word Xetah Feet of a havvke Oreingeis of kindnes Feet by a geiierall] Mefsets fwingan outfse- name my Foot is well J (metfumneir to Feed w"' a Accoqaatamun the Furre of the spoone Beast Arrath- wefscanoc Mefhpataan to Fetch some Fier cune bocotaoh I am Full Negei fp Fish Nammais to be Full Geifpun a Fishhooke Auketuttawh Fier Bocuttaow Fish a small as big wmamaik a Cole of Fier Mahcatois as a Woach f Accecow the Fingers Meteingeies a spark of Fire [ Pahqwarra Nummeifutteing- Socaqwinchemmum the finger I Fore to make a fier wah [Neusakagwan the long Finger Nuttawwutteindg the Fier is out Otawiaac Bocotow the ring Finger Nomgweitut the little Finger Nummeifutteidg G to Fill some to- Binseram Apook bacco a Garden or plot Moich of ground to sow Oronacah Filthy Moiowatt corne the Fins of a Fish wyhcats a Garter Kifpurracautupus a fight at fisticuffes Nummecaxuttenar a Gate Cuppanawk a fine or small] a Garfish Tatamaho vfcook thread Give yt me or let] J Tangoa the Flame Catzahanzamufhcis me see it J Flowing water Tan^mufcamcuwh JPaatch-ah to Give the Flower of the [Pafemeh Tfemahcang apple Maracah Give me some To-] Pa feme vppook a Flower of a fine| bacco Mufkaiuwh J thing Give me some 1 J Mammahe fucqwa Awafsew water to Fly j Paugweuwh Give me some 1 Aleifhuah-mechen a Fly Mowchesoh meat J Flap Tfhehaoah Give me some but-"] a Flea Nuttagwon ter or fat to| Paatchnatinungan to Flea any thing Pafhenaan spread on my ( vdamufcan a Flying Squirrell Aiofsapanyk bread j a Fly Mowchesoh Give this to the] Meifh miroan a Fowle in likenes'l Child J cheffoyowk of a footed! Give yt him Cumtneifh yoowah Tfhoegetewh w"" a sharpe ( Nepogwaanfhepi f- a Girdle I beak J sun a Fowle like &\ teale w"" a sharp ( ceumeats bill like a black- bird J /; ^* 1^^'-^ jfsfacOHcatfk : Ttlf^UJrttft'-V //"xc* "'>< 'if, A-Y<-// riraNic • a 0^a^ "/^ 'Thawtea fa If 1.3 ff^ yrtcfV'H^r, <-s t • 'pciriatifu.rra Mn tti"*' I " '< ffe."/ lit/ "^ ="^*' •f^ ff^'*^ ,^ ff-ec<^^ j-//ie/ia.>aJi ryrc Sheet 6, Key to sheet \ a Grayue or the Girth or Rafswocatuwh leather the [sic] I maaugwaoap Crotch girde their a Grashopper Tatacaunfhewah | ourcar middle J a Grave a Girle vfquafeins a ground-nut ouhpunnawk Girles vfquafenis a great-deale Moowehick the Gills of aj a great waie Amaiunk sturgeon or any \ Wofkeqwus Netasoon other Fish J Gynny wheat PacuiTac Glew or gum that") the Gum that fasteneth on I Vppeinfaman yssueth out of a their arrow- certaine tree > Pickewh | called Vir- heads J the a Glove Otemgas ginia maple , Glorious, smooth] Mufcaivwh the Gutts of any Otakeifheheis thing or beautifull J wmgaivwh a Gnat Poengwus a Gull coiahgwus Good wingan a Gust of horro- Tohtummocunuum not good or naught Macherewh Kefhe- cado or sower maok, chewwen- nowh, Atchetowh. H It is good meat Necoondamen to goe Ireh Haugueqiiins a little stone pot Paspeen Hawkone a Ladle to goe abroad Ireh vfcoend Hufque b}i and by pr to goe along Cawcawmear quickly Afcamanee Hawtoppe a bow to goe downe Ireh cuppemta- Hufquiguenatora now I understand naan you to goe in Vfcomtain Hufkpemmo to sow wheat to goe softly Vdafemeodaan Poketawes to goe home nummacha Howh weih takon I am hungry to goe before Nepopawmin neire to goe after Apahhamundg Hawtorinkanufke a black fox skin or now lets goe to- Caumenaun an overgrown gether Cowichawwotun sables the ships goes [sic] vpponfhun mufli- a Hare wyheutteis home owc gone macntehatemayoa c the haire of the Mexerfe not goe up kekenohaivmh head vfpenh the haire of a deare Vfhegwunnuih God rawottonemd hard by yowhfe a Goose Kahanqoc Hard Efepannawh a Goosling Marahungoc a Hand Meihtinge Good morrow, or to Hang out Wawapunnah the word of sal- Kencuttemaun a Hatchet Taccahacan utation Tamahaac the Ground Pttawin an Indian hatchet Cunfenagwus to grow high Atfetuns to haue Nohainwh Cutterewh I have bene Near Nowwan the grisle of a a Hawthorne berry Vfocan strugeon a Hazell nut Paangahtuinuns head of arrow Grasse Mehteqweins the Affamowh Grapes Marakimmins that is round a Grapes stone or the head of an Raputtak the stone of any onacaugs caunomel arrow plumb the head-ake Kawmclirppaan Heaven Mounfhagwatowh ^ s iJit^t o> I'otrtrvea!* T'^'i Aciylf .1 -^ ^, .ln^ev / - >l>^.^\. ^ ' -• «/./>-// 4 f (lute, ft . Ji4-,i tfoi:'^ tuC^^ X-'£(oc nUa iiiei J fS'/rL r c,u;^...-.iuc-<^trt-^> „.... ^ "••"v^-^-'- '•'- .'^---" •-'"^' '-<-. .^ c ^ C,p ^v*, ,./, »v //;... .,.-jy . , J -/^^ Z / ' J- ^^ 9lfUA^ma>vh T / -' r^ N • ^nctkt^y ^^^..,.^, .t^^ ^^^^^^ ^^,_;^, yw*^^*' X it- fe ifinJ,^. Sheet 7. Key to sheet 8 H to Heare Nowwuntamen an Island Mennunahgue not to heare Mata nowwontamen to Itch Vnethikvtchikuffa He yoowah Certaine phrases put under Hemp weihkippeis Letter because they begin Hell popogwvfsur with I. He hath not or Tah-mocafewh I am lither or lazie Mafliawwacat none I am yo'' Friend Netah The height of or at yo' com- Netapewh any thing at a Mangeker aund good groth I care not for yt Nummafksitamen little height Tangafvw Of a I will not give yt Matacommeir Hearing Aumpfvwk I must keep yt or to hide or cover Nowamatamen Cufhe I love yt from the rayne I thank yu" Kenah Hill of small Romutton a I have none Mahmanidgno- mount haivwh Hill or Pomotawh a I will goe home Nummacha mountaine I must put tobacco] und"" Vpacocaheih Hidden a it in I Cloud or over Reihcahahcoik It stinketh Ahtur cast I cannot tell cairwh yohacan a Howse I have no tobacco Mata vppoan a great howse Machacammac nonvwh a husband wiowah I will not Matulh hole woor a I have no hooes Matamawcasu- to make a hole Mhocacotamen nneh a great hole Maangairagwatonu I have no hose Matacawqwro- the homes of a wawirak wanneh deare I understand yo» Mataguciiavoroth Hold yt aside Hatacqwoear not Hot weather Onofhawocanafsup I understand yo" Cuffewh kenneau- Keis how manie a little but not nten hungry Noiateiwk much mata mechik the Husk of their Pocuntavhca I love yo" Nouwmais wheat yo" loue Cummomais a hurt or Cut wapewh I give yt yo" gratis Thacgwenvmme- to hurt, or a Ahkey raun thing hurts me vwwaap I will come to mor- It hurts my Neihpyahracas Vncgapamuttamen row legge or my netataky I hurt my Leg vnechacuflionahfa leggs ake I have bene Mummaculliene- It hurts me not Mamoindgaky asleepe paw or it is hole or Potteracai well K Ire assuminge Goe & run quickly Kenagh I thank yu" loughqueme wath Let us goe or come Kaygmose a boat away Kuttchawc I burne lake sail apooke Light tobacco Komeyhon Rayne I myself Near Kowfe F'ather I or you Nim Kick Mother Brother the laggs of h* 1 Kemotte Rafsawans Komeratimicrc salvage habite ) yu" gave it me. Ice oreih quier >?.if.( /r^».»«-,.;,/awf^ . ,.*^»- J aW»... ,«./>#! »^;-" ro t"»^ .n df-bi "./*»•-, ^*'* ''' .A*^ V\** X ^ <% . if *V J Ji^. ,^<- J .h c .' yt'O/t. 'V" '^ •" >-,. ..<,rA .=..v ^.-Y Jc^hc^/e^aip iiU .< , fU^ ,^^ . ^^. ^^ . , ^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ ^ ^ y^^ j^ >^/^C Sheet 9. 265191—54 23 Key to sheet 10 M M Metinge a hand a Match Nmtawook Miske Heare to make bread Apoanocanosutck Mintabuckkain the Head to make a fpoone Ampconominda Mufkani the Forehead to make a bed Ouronnemunpeta Mufknis the eyes cawwin Mefkewe the nose to make a dish Achehican Mettone the mouth to make a frame or| Cowcacunnemun Mepit the teeth boat Ahtowenn Maratsno J the tongue to make a graue Cuttahamunourcar Mackatahone the arme to make a mat chofTunnaaufun Mefcot leg the to make a basket Mamcotaiheaun Mefscate the Foot meale & Flower Rouhcat Mekense thenaileof 'h^fing" Rowkfewh & toes meale made of 1 Metawce the eares Guynny wheate \ vfketehamun Mowhkohafi a Fishhooke called Mafkawhinge J a parrot to melt PufTepufTactawos Monowhaake a sward to be mclanchoUyl Mafkihaon Maquequins small belli or sad Makataweygh j Pearle Milke made of Powhigwava Mattanahayyough I have yt not walnuts Matchqueo a showe Milk Mutsofi Mangoite great to misse the hole Nembabatsoho Mufkffkimmins Strawberries a Morter Tuccahooc Matchkore a stagge skin Vttawh Mincum quire | eate yo" a mouth Mehtoan Mittchm J the morning or ] Mattaquenatorath I understand yo" Papasowh sun rise ( not the morning is Pafpafat vfcantewh Mattaffunutcho- a small bird of faire oke divers clours a Moth Mohwhawk Mahawke a goard to morrow Raiab Meroathachefsam a young boy Vnnawh Mayance I haue yt not a mother Neck Momufcken a mole in th* ground Apegwas Momnugh a Turkey a Mulbery Mufkimnis Moroke Ceader a Mushell shell Tihecomak Makique snot a Muskrat ofafquws Mufkes to run Mayn going in a path Matakufke the Leafe of a prick- le pear N Mattekeroth quierl the wylie words Marrapoth quier J they haue Numerothe quire yo"" companie Mattoth noe Neine my self Manote a basket Nifsakan a reed Mouffomko a fquirill Nisake a Cane Mufsaue a beast so called Nepaufche the Sun Meffetonaause a beard Nepunche ncire I am dead Man Nimatewh Nehapper sit downe a Mat made of Anansacoon Nuppawe Sleepe Reeds Nechan a Child a Martern Moschwacus Netap my deare Freind a maryed man Nowiowyhwiovvah Noweanalhfoun I haue forgotteri Maneaters Mussaangegwah Nekut 1 in nomber the marrow of a weimb Ninge 2 in nomber bone NufTaugh 3 in nomber a Marriner or fea- checksow Nufchawus 8 in nomber man Ninge poke 20 in nomber >r .;^ 3fi(t UJim •< h'-^ ey^ JilCC-.f 7 /e ^v ^<«> ""J . " / 'Juipaja^vh /"'-^7^' t^nr-ui^ Og(I«.,..l,^<«*S ,yLt^ P^-yitA i^ranhnA UmX 4,-» »^-<**« - Pi . Sheet 10. Key to sheet 11 N o Noringeamind 1 Opomens Chefnuts ^^"^^ "1^ ^''^ ^^^ baketaw / Ough yt is well Nehapper kupper Sit further Oughrath far off Namafke Owaugh an egg \ Fish of anv kind Nameche an oare Tfhemacaus Nethkeon the nose an Oke tree Poawamindg Neputts the tooth Oysters Cauwaih Noraughtoan put on yo"' hat an Old man Ramerumuwh Nahayhough I haue it. an old woman Vtumpfeis to open the dore Tennecatowee The Nailes of my wyhchaudg J? Rafficokear hand to open ones eyes Vdapungwaoen Naked Nepowwer to open any thing Raragwunnemun a Napkiii or any MattafTai"^ Cudotunnohaans lynnen cloth an otter or rather^ Pohkewh broken or Naught a Beaver J ( Perewh Crackt an Otter Cuttak the neck of any Nufgwoik Only one Naautucahnecut thing Out or yt is pluckt] Aumpoffaioh nett Auffas out a J Next Vtakyk Out away gett] Key a Nettle Mayhfaan yo" gone j the nest of a bird wahchefao to overset or a Neare by or next Patewh boat to turne Cotapeffeaw hand keel up New moone Suckimma an Owle Quangatarask Night Tapacoh Reihcawh No or nay Matah tall [sic] None Rawwanud the noise of a peece or Fall of^ Penim a tree No more Tawhs I will drink no NutfTegwacup ] more / the North vtcheiks Poketawes wheat a nut like a small Peketawas beans acroh, good cliechinquamins Peache fetch or bring meat Peminah a rope o Peymmata thread Pafquehamon to Cut Opykerough a Brent, a fowle like Powtowhone blow the fire with a goofe boketmoc yo'' mouth Otcyquenimin to teare or rent any Pugguy Afhes thing Petacqueth Thunder Ockquetath a taufell of a Pokorance a minerall stone gofhauke Pokin bokeyough to dive under Avat"' Oughtamangoyth a Tobacco bag Pamyack a goard Owanough who hath this Pocosack a gun Ouxe a Fox Pichanins an excellent plumb Ockquins a watchet collored Pafkamath Mulberries bird Poughcone the red paint or dye ^:.. , OyC>ne>h' /Zi- ya-j^^ir- ^n>.>a/i(e i^ <^5 'pea U'A>n>'in^ /it-It a i^t/cj ^iS ,vut ^< it^'fr ^-lt.tjjCi.a. .'4-C-l /) J u>C^ -p -'AT o fo/l^ sauce f,i-v'*^ Q^VA-nOKOft fl.'j^.'o S'c*4f^ (-^U ^ .. . ^ ff°^ . Sheet 11. Key to sheet 12 Peyeugh returning a Plaife Keifkis Pickuts the gum we hold to play at any Mamantu ballome game Terracaun Potawaiigh a Porpois to fillip w"* ones] Vnepafkmtecahbon finger Parance 5 in nomber j Pafpene to walk about the privities or | Pocohaac of Pifquaofi a duck secret a man J Pafkonath the gold fpark in Prayer Maunumommaan the fand to come to praier Pyahtomaaoh Penouge jeron stone a Pumpeon Mahcawg Pocohaak a botkin or aule a Purse Vttamamquoih Pattihquapifson a hat to Pull Nummaumon Pocontath a girdle to pull yt out Necantough a Parrat Maffacamwindg to put yt in Penider to Paint black Nummatchqwran to put on any Puttohiqwofur to paint red Numerathguran thing pocoon to put off any Puffaqwonneindg Perle Matacawiak thing Perle mushell sells Vfafgwoik Purple ourcrewh Peas Offantamens to put out a Vtahtahamun candle a Peice of a pot or Ruinmafnwendg a pot seard to pull one downe Cuttaqwocum a Piece of bread Rowrooi Appones a Pestle Pocohaac Q to Play on a pipe Pawpecoon Que Quoy what is this a Tobacco pipe vppocano Que Quoy ternin the pipe is fowle Vppocanomoiee what is yo'' name quire the pipe is stopt Opoteyawh the Pipe is broken Vdei heawunsppo- R con a Pin Pohcohaac Rapanta venison to Pinch Nepokehanaan Rungah all kind of fuet a Pigeon Towaigwoins Rokayhook an otter a wood-pidigoon Quanonah Rickalhone a Comb a pillow or to lay Rokohamin parched corne under ones Ahqwafs ground fmale head Reconacke a Tobacco bag to pisse shekyn Rofsoun the wynd a Pike kyhtoroon Riapoke to morrow Porredge or Noumpgwaam Riahosicke the devill broath Rekafque a knife a Post Meihtusmufheis Raw Ascunmewh a Polcat Cuttenamuwhwa Rayne Camrowafi a Pot Aucagwins a Raynebow Qwannacut to powre out water Qwatchacuwhcaan a Rattle such as to powre in water Vfowcunnemun they use in a porpoyse Potawoc their Cere- ' chingawwonauk the Pox Nummanemennaus monies made a playftor Nuttacoondah of a gourd a Plomb ftone Maquafcawnomel a Ratt Aotawk a Plomb very De- a Reed Nehfaakah litious when yt Pufheninis Rent or torne Tuttafewh is ripe a River yocaauta . y ^ —^ ^'.v;.y4^,.U. .^.p7C:-/j^ ^l^' u. yL>^<>»4«»^i-'rr ^li-ih Cecil.' fpCMCUOf /fu "< •««•. f^«^ f^' tan /yoi. m< t-aHia'^ fa" a 'piece yi- ^'.w'w- '^ovi'vocc /£///'-•>«<> -- > / -- i-'/'pocniiC ^ ;^ iyOOf't-6-'^'^ /ivoMtr- ^^*v<^4:fAaCn$oiiraa>, p/e>m > '} ksjf^ii Sheet 12. ^ ^ -3 ^,^.. '^^.^uca. f-/'-^> ,^^/oj.,f/c>. f*tA^f a prvi ^ r>rv/>.^ o't. ^^^^ i^^w^W^rt^ ^^4.^;^^-,e- Jicfsaiiiki^ ^vu)>"''^Jra. Sheet 13. Key to sheet 14 to swymm as a pece of wood or the spring Suttekepacatuwh >Puppaqvvahauns feather on the Memmowchick to speak alowd I water [taywuffan to speake softly Kemaantun a squirrell Muffanek Tanggo Let me se it. to looke a squint Permgwah Towaughe a Crome [sic] a sturgeon Cuppotoon Tanre small or little a sturgeon Taniokin to swym a string vide Tauofin a toole [sic] leather Tangeguath a fur like a sables a stone Shacahocaii Tamohake a hatchett a little stone Manansk Take it Vntowli to steale Coinmotooah to take up Vummaumum a stake wepattaha to take up wh a stalke Mehtacouc Anutfahamun a spoone the stalke of to take off raffunnemun gynney or Thepahcoon to take one prison Necakeffutoii Virginia wheat to take tobacco Nepfleaupooc to strike NopafTmgwahwn to take heed Amwoir to strike wh a Nepacamaii a target Amun whock sword [ the taile of any stockings Cawgweawans wufhaqwun thing Starr Attaugwaffowk a tawny Nufcahfaiyam to stir the pot Vmmatahamu to tell one any to stretch ones Cutterah > VfThebowfkeom thing selfe to throw a thing) the stones of any Apacet ' Vtshowwah away male thing thunder Vmdgtuppauk to goe to stoole or Vunuifkittuwh a thigh Wyngwaus to ease ones self these yowhs a stoole to sit upon Apahpufa this yowhk a straunger Vttafantaflawinh the thonib Vketeqwaivttemdg strong Towangh the throat Vegwantaak to step or goe up Accowoh three Nus the stinging of a fVtagwoong three hundred NufwohcufTannack snake a thornebark Aumboick to strike tier Bocataoh kok to tickle one Kekitchuchun to stinck Auutas tobacco vhpooc the Sun Kefhowfe a tobacco pipe vhpoocaii Sun rise vide a tobacco bag vttamaucoih morning the Tobacco is Sun set Winyutfcovhpooc Quunfewh good to sup or to haue is ' Meatfun the Tobacco bene supper Kefkemaikpooc at naught Summer Cowwotaioh a Towne Muffavan to suck Anowwonnir the traine of a bird Otanneis to sweat Vebowhafs a tree Meihtus to swym Toofkean a greene tree vfqwatanaik to Swell Cunnaqueis a wallnut tree Affunnomeindg a swan wopufTouc a Turtle accomodemik to swallow Quautamu a sea Turtle Torocuppewk to sweepe Tfekehica a turd Moich s 'Iritvi.A Snncahcraii « ^t<«V^ //t>.. (^s. /.ri ^ hJbc-nt ^tyey/'i'^^ij'c- .'. 14. M I h jU^if '. ^ //v . 1 c*** /ire no. ca»i vnce ^(^ c..» .^.^ h. t^ C^.H,ta/t ^/-jyi-.y- yo •-^^'' c, /i i.M'V-;;/ CS-*^^ ^V^ V^^ . f^ ^oyui^cfa. ton ^Oick Shcct 14. Key to sheet 15 w a Turkey Monanaw to wash the hands Kefeiremdcher a Turkey Cock Ofpanno to wash any thing ketffetawuh to turne a Cakel water Suckciuahah CufkeefTmun upon the coalesj a wart Meihkeis twyned threed Pemuckweranemd to warme one Bahtanomun to tye or make fast yt is warme or hot] Chingiffum any thing weather J to waken Vnamuh the waves of the] Agwafkawwaus sea J to walke Pawpawmear weake Keffhemauc weary Cuttoveen Veroance a king or great man weede Attafqwus vndoth take yt to weede Nummawh vfquion an arrow welcome or the wingapo vmpfemen apooke drinck tobacco word of greet- chamah vmpfquoth the moone ing Notas vaugh a word of wonder Yt is well or a vayne asefcut ] wamattvwh ynough a Village kaafun / a well Ohcawoos Virginia Tfenakcommacah the west Attagwaffanna vnderneath vtfhemaynd wett Neppe to unclose hands Penumun what is yo"" name Cacutterewindg I understand well Kennehautows Reir I understand not Matakennownto- what is his name Cacutterewmdg rowh yowk wapapammdgas what is my name cacuttorewindg Kear what is this, or 1 Caqwaih what call yo" that) cacuttewaas j^owk when Tanoo chink where haue yo" w \ Tannowaam bene J weyans the leane of any to whet Nufleffeqwus thing whelpes Aphohomins wekowehees a hare wheat Powttoas wapin a ftab a wheat Plomb Affeffein wifotonoans a beard white Opaivwh winpe marrow to whistell Qweifgwefufi woufsicket a running brook a whiting Vtteitsouk woughtathe to fwym the small wind Rowhfunnvwh weracke a great wind Mahgwaih waufcan a bone wide or great Rummotaihwh wingapo my beloved friend a wife Noungafa wingan Good a wing Vttacomas winganoufe very good to wipe ones nose Cheifcunnemun a walnut AflTinenuns to winck Jufpungwaren to wash the face Kefeigwaan a widgin Ponomaw s fv H«A«vd> ^.iPr»«^ Ci.i.ttdVi.' t*- uV 4^*- U'p-i\\>»jL- y^^'i^ nj'T-^u una y-yV (^ a Ja.hs- /tve naekj ^i^ t vnju- mi I' IV z ^/^i«r<>»»«T<- (K'U»<^*' Sheet 15. Key to sheet 16 w Will you goe home Cunnacha yeahawkan a howse winter Puppoan noh yeokanta a Rver I will goe home Nunnuacha yeough 4 in number to wind about Pafqwurraws to yawne or gape Tamatuttener a woman Cutffenepo yellow Ouflawenk a womans breast otaue yesterday Ofayoh a woman with child Powevwh yea or yes Cuppeh a woman queen Wiransqua yonder or far off yoaruwh an old woman Tumpfeis younger wefums a little worme or] you Mowfah kear magot j wood Muftieis wood all along Macheis-ni-ourewh a wound Nepocuttokean the world Pamahfaivmh a woolfe Naantam to wrastle Mamarenarotun to wrap or wind up Nuwweifqwaput any thing Zanckone to sneese ^it'i^^^l^ '"T" /^/^ 'pCivfiit-'/i i ^t<£ L C* 'C^ y ^ / -rVl > lASC //< /^/ Vi' t> yf 7 7&i V' I. 75>. Sheet 16. Anthrop. Pap. No. 46] ORIGINAL STRACHEY VOCABULARY—HARRINGTON 197 SEMANTICALLY CLASSIFIED LISTS OF STRACHEY'S VOCABULARY The assembling in lists of words of related meaning taken from Strachey is a new departure. Strachey's vocabulary is found to cover practically all terms of the language, and the writer has grouped these terms in lists according to related meaning, so that they will stand out more clearly to the reader. After each entry the number is given of the vocabulary sheet from which the entry is taken. The spellings by Strachey frequently vary and are to be regarded as approximations. PHENOMENA WORLD Arrahgwotuwh, cloud, 4 Pamahfaivmh, world, 16 Quannacut, rainbow, 11 Rarafcaun, air, 2 Cheipfni, earth, land, 9 Arrokoth, sky, 2 Afpamun, earth, 5 Kykeythamots, wind, 9 Ottawn, earth, 5 Rofsoun, wind, 11 Pttawin, the ground, 7 Rowhfunnvwh, breeze, 15 Racaioh, sand, 13 Mahgwaih, great wind, 15 Rorautton, mound, 8 Pomotawh, hill, mountain, 8 ASTRONOMT Shacahocan, stone, 14 Kefhowfe, sun, 14 Mamansk, little stone, 14 Nepaufche, sun, 10 Sawwone, salt, 13 vmpfquoth, moon, 15 Matafsan, copper, 4 Suckimma, new moon, 11 ofawas, brass, literally the yellow one, 3 Attaugwaflbwk, star, 14 Mennumahgue, island, 14 MufTavan, town, 14 Kaafun, village, 15 Boketawgh, fire, 2 Mohcatois, fire coal, 6 Accecow, spark, 6 Suckquohana, water, 13 Pahqwaua, spark, 6 yeokanta, river, 16 Kekepemgwah, smoke, 15 Meihsutterafk, creek, 4 Pungue, ashes, 2 woufsicket, a running brook, 15 yapam, ocean, 13 Peihtoah, foam, 6 Kecuttannowas, lightning, 9 Komeyhon, rain, 8 Petacqueth, thunder, 11 Coan, snow, 13 CARDINAL DIRECTIONS oreih, ice, 8 Mamman, cloud, 4 vtcheiks, north, 11 PLANT CORPOREAL Maaugwipacus, leaf, 9 Amenacarac, seed, 13 Meihtus, tree, 14 onacaugs caunomen, fruit-pit, 7 Mehteqweins, grass, 7 Pickewh, pitch of the Virginia maple, 7 wapapammdgar, vine, 15 Vtchapoc, root, 13 265191—54 24 198 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull, 157 PLANTS Accondews, blueberry, 3 Mulksflcimmins, strawberry, 10 Apooke, tobacco, 2 Nehfaakah, reed, 11 Amkoming, poisonous flower the fruit Opomens, chestnut, 11 of which is a kind of black cherry, 2 Pickuts, balsam, 11 Anaskomens, acorn, 2 Peccataas, bean, 2 Afearafqwus, seaweed, 13 PufTaqwenibunanieindg, rose bush, 13 AffefTein, wheat plum, 15 weihkippe is, wild hemp, 8 Afinimins, walnut, 15 Paangahtumuns, hazel, 7 Aumboik, thornbark, 14 Pichanins, plum sp., 11 Cakefqus, rush, 13 Caumdgus, bramble, 3 chechinquamins, evidently chinquapin oak, 11 [The corn plant and its parts evidently Efkawwafcus, sedge, 13 have a large vocabulary in the Vir- Mahawke, gourd, 10 ginia Indian language, of which Maracah, native plant called apple, 2 vocabulary Strachey furnishes traces.] Marakimins, wild grape, 7 PacafTac, corn plant, 7. Strachey Matakuflce, pricklypear leaf, 10. [This gives Peccataas for bean and Poke- is the northeasternmost term for taws for wheat. pricklypear which is on record.] Pocuntavhca, corn ear husk, 8 Mauhfaan, nettle sp., 11 okiflier, corn ear cob (?), 3 Meroke, juniper, 10 Rokohamin, ground-up parched corn, 11 Mufkimnis, mulberry, 10 yfketehamun, corn meal, 10 ANIMAL CORPOREAL Naffhaih, lip, 9 weihfatonowans, beard, 2 wufkan, bone, 3 weineb, marrow, 10 feather, 6 Ahpewk, Vegwantaak, throat, 15 long feather, 6 Mequance, Mutson, milk, 10 horn, 11 wawirak, Otakeifheheis, bowels, 7 Owaugh, egg, 11 Pocohaac, penis, 11. [A little earlier Strachey gives this word as meaning awl, pin.] Mmabuckkam, head, 10 Vtohowwah, testicles, 14 Mexerfe, head hair, 7 Muttusk, vulva, 5 Mufkam, forehead, 10 wufhaqwun, tail, 14 Mufkiendg, eye, 5 Mefkewe, nose, 10 Makigue, mucus, 10 Mackatahone, arm, 10 Metawce, ear, 10 Meifquan, elbow, 14 Mettone, mouth, 10 Meihtinge, hand, 7 Mehkewh, beak, 3 Mefcot, leg, foot, 10 Meratsno, tongue, 10 Apome, thigh, 2 Mepit, tooth, 10 Mekense, digit nail, 10 Antheop. Pap. — No. 46] ORIGINAL STRACHEY VOCABULARY ^HARRINGTON 199 ANIMALS GENEBAL TURTLES Perhaps there is no general word for Commotins, turtle sp., 4 animal. accomodemfk, turtle sp., 14 LOW FORMS Torocuppewk, sea turtle, 14 Mowfah, worm, maggot, 16 BIRDS CRUSTACEANS AND SPIDERS Tfhehip, bird in general, 3 Assahampehooke, lobster, 2 Duck Group Tuttafcuk, crab, 4 Ohtindge, crab claw, 4 Pifcoend, duck sp., 5 Strachey does not give the word for Ponomaws, widgeon, 15 spider, but gives Nuttafsapec, cob- Rowgwawh, sheldrake, 13 web, 4. Goose Group TICKS AND INSECTS Metacun, louse, 9 Kahanqoc, goose sp., 7 sp., Nuttaqwon, flea, 6. (Apparently the Marahungoc, goose 7 same word as the word for louse.) Kahunge, goose sp., 9 Poengwus, gnat, 7 Opykerough, brant, 11 Mowchesoh, housefly, 6 wopuffouc, swan, 14 Tatacaunfhewah, grasshopper, 7 Hawk Group Manaanggwas, butterfly, 3 Mohwhawk, moth, 10 Tatacaumevan, sparrow hawk, 13 Opatenaiok, eagle, 5 Pomahaum, snail sp., 13 Owl Group Tfhecomak, mussel shell, 10 Quangatarask, owl sp., 11 Vfafgwoik, pearl mussel shell, 11 Cauaih, oyster, 11 Turkey Group Momnugh, turkey, 10. Ofpanno, turkey cock, 15. Fish in general is called Nammais, fish, 6. Woskeqwus, gill, 7. Wyhcats, Pigeon Group fin, 6. Wooch, roe, hterally eggs, 4. MufTaangegwah, maneater shark, 10 Towaigwoins, pigeon, 11 pigeon, 11 Afcamuuk, eel, 5 Quanonah, wood Rahtaios, lamprey, 9 Crow Group Cuppotoon, sturgeon, 14 Vttacomuck, cod, 4 Ohawas, crow, 4 Tatamaho, gar, 6 Cuckoo Group kyhtoroon, pike, 11 AMPmBUNS wimpenton, cuckoo, 14 No name of an amphibian is recorded RMn Group by Strachey. Cheawanta, robin, 4 LIZARDS Vtacaf kis, lizard sp., 9 Crane Group SNAKES Vfsac, crane, 4 Reihtafcook, adder, 2. The last syl- Gun Group lable evidently means snake in general. coiahgwus, gull sp., 7 200 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 157 Parrot Group Rat Group Mafkawhinge, parrot sp., 10. Evidently Aotawk, rat sp., 11 the Carolina parakeet is meant, it being the only bird of the parrot RaMnt Group group in the region. wyheutteis, hare, 7 Marten Oroup Beaver Group Moschwacus, marten, 10 Pohkewh, beaver, 11 Cuitak, otter, 11 Insufficiently Identified ofafquws, muskrat, 10 Ahshowcutteis, bird sp. having red under the wings, 3 Bear Ofafianticus, a bird like divedapper, a 3 Mefseionaause, bear, 10 ceumeats, bird sp., 6 meihteams, bird sp., 6 Dog Group Mattaffunutchooke, bird sp., 10 Attemoos, dog, 5 Ockquins, bird sp., 11 Neantam, wolf, 16 Tfhoegetewh, bird sp., 6 Ouxe, fox, 11 MAMMALS Cat Oroup Vttacawoi, mountain lion, Marsupial Oroup 9 Aposoum, opossum, 2 Mole Oroup Cetacean Oroup Momufiken, mole, 10 Potawaugh, porpoise, 11 Skunk Oroup DuT Group Attowrin, skunk, 4 Rapanta, vension, 11. Raccoon Monattocow, fawn, 6. Arathkone, raccoon, 2 Squirrel Oroup Inadequately Described Mouffomko, ground squirrel, 10 Aiofsapanyk, flying squirrel, 6 vtchoonggway, mammal sp., 4 AGE-SEX Neckaun, child, 9 Cucheneppo, woman, 10 Vfcapess, boy, 3 Ramerumuwh, old man, 11 Vfquafeins, girl, 7 Vtumpfeis, old woman, 11 Nimatewh, man, 10 STATUS weroance, chief, 9 weransqua, woman chief, 16 Anthrop. Pap. No. 46] ORIGINAL STRACHEY VOCABULARY—HARRINGTON 201 RELATIONSHIP TERMS FRATERNAL Nows, father, 6 Nemat, brother, 3 Kiok, mother, 8 Covfmuc, sister, 3 Amofens, daughter, 2 PATKUAL MARITAL Ariqwoffac, aunt, 2 Noungafs, wife, 15 RELIGION Ahone, God, 2 [Uterally, strong] Riapoke, Devil, 5 Rawottonemd, God, 7 Popogwvfsur, hell, 8 Mounfhagwatowh, heaven, 7 Netflietsunh, soul, 13 PERSONAL NAMES Nanamachavwk, name of the Roanoke chief, 9 PLACE NAMES Chessiopiock, Chesapeake Bay, 1 Paquachowng, waterfalls at the upper end of the Kings [James] River, 5 Tfenakcommacah, Virginia, 15 TRIBE NAMES [The race name for white man appears in the song recorded by Strachey.] MATERIAL CULTURE TERMS Adornment. Cutaantaquapifsun, head- Implements. Pamifac, knife, 9. Reka- dress of red-dyed deer hair, 4. fque, knife, 12. Tamohake, hatchet, Awl. Pocohaac, awl, 2; Pocohaac, penis, 14. Cunfenagwus, Indian hatchet. 12. Compare perhaps the name Mat. Ananson, rush mat, 7. Pocahontas, said to mean "the little Musical instrument. Ahqwohhoac, wanton." drum, 5. Ball. Aitowf, ball, 2 Net. Auffas, net [a fish net is probably Broom. Tfhekehicawwons, broom, 3 meant.] Canoe. Aquintayne, canoe, 2. Aquin- Rattle, chingawwonauk, gourd rattle. tayne manggoy, large ship, 2. Bag. Porafap, bag. vttamancoih, bag. Aomtaii, canoe, 3. Mufsawwus, boat. Tackle. Auketuttawh, fishhook, 6. Kayqmose, boat, 3, 8. Tfemacaus, Mowhkohan, fishhook, 10. paddle, 11. Tobacco paraphernalia. Apokan, to- Clothing. Puttaiquapifson, hat, 11. bacco pipe, 2. Chamange, Reconacke, Pocontath, girdle, 13. Puttamus, tobacco bag, 4. feather mantle, 5. Utensil. Aucutgagwafsun, copper ket- Pestle. Pocohaac, 12. (Written same tle, 4. Outakan, dish, 5. Pocohaac, as word for awl.) pestle, 12. Arrowhead, Raputtak. Walking stick. Nisake, walking stick, Cordage. Pemanataon, string, 4. Pemi- 10. nah, rope. Peymmata, thread, 11. Weapons. Auhtab, bow, 5. Auppies, bowstring, 5. Asqweowan, arrow, 2. Food. Apones, bread. Taccahoap- Raputtak, arrowhead. Pocosack, gun, poans, tuckahoe bread. rifle, 11. Furniture. Cawwaivwh, bed, 3. Petoa- AILMENTS cawin, bed, 3. Ahquafs, pillow, 12. House, yeahawkan, house, 16. Headache, Kawmclirppaan, 7. 202 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bdll. 157] NUMERALS Strachey records the numerals from 1 to 10, inclusive, with the exception of the numeral for 7, which he does not give. The numeral for 20 is also given by Strachey, and here. (The numerals are in italics and the numbers of the sheets in roman.) Nekut, 1, 10 Comatnige, 6, 4 Ninge, 2, 10 Nufchawus, 8, 10 Nuffaugh, S, 10 Kykeytawc, 9, 9 yeough, J^, 16 Koike, 10,% Parance, 5, 13 Ninge poke, 20, 10 LITERATURE CITED Bergmann, Gustav von. Editor. 1789. Das Gebeth des Herrn ... in Hundert Zwey und FtJnfzig Sprachen, p. 65. Ruein (Livland). Brinton, Daniel G., and Anthony, Albert Seqaqkind. 1888. A Lenap6-English dictionary. Philadelphia. "C. C." 1858. Dalrymple's short vocabulary of the language of the Pamunkey. Historical Magazine, 1st ser. London. Dalrymple, [Reverend.] See "C. C." Hale, Edward E. 1860. [Notes by.] In Proc. Amer. Antiq. Soc, April 25, pp. 38-41, 42-47. Siebert, Frank T. 1931. Certain proto-Algonquian consonant clusters. Language, vol. 17, No. 4. Smith, John. 1612. A map of Virginia. . . . Oxford. Strachey, William. 1849. Historic of travaile into Virginia Britannia. . . . Hakluyt Society. London.