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Site Report: Potamac Ave and AX204

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Site Report: Potamac Ave and AX204 -".-~underb~--"'­ Archeology ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTlGATlONS WITHIN A PORTION OF POTOMAC A VENUE AND ASSOCIATED EAST/WEST ROADS AND OF SITE 44AX0204 POTOMAC YARD PROPERTY, CITY OF ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA By Jolm P. Mu ll en, M.A., RPA and Wi lli am P. Barse, Ph .D. Jul y 2008 Revised FebruclIY 2009 Secolld Revisioll May 2009 Filial Revision December 2012 WSSI Project #2 1486.0 I Prepared for: Potomac Yard Development, L.L.C 2501 Jefferson Davis Hi ghway Alexandria, Virginia 2230 I Prepared by: Thunderbird Archeology Wetland Studies and So lutions, Inc. 5300 Wellington Branch Drive, Sui te 100 Gainesville, Vi rginia 20 155 ABSTRACT Archeological investigations were conducted within a portion of the Potomac Yard property located within the City of Alexandria, Virginia. The work was carried out in July and October of 2007 by Thunderbird Archeology, a division of Wetland Studies and Solutions, Inc., of Gainesville, Virginia, for Potomac Yard Development of Alexandria, Virginia. Initial test boring, along a +2300 foot section of the proposed path of Potomac Avenue, resulted in the discovery of a buried ground surface along the southernmost section of the study area. Subsequent Phase I investigations of the buried ground surface in a 500 foot section of this road, resulted in the identification of one new multi- component archeological site, 44AX0204. The prehistoric component of the site likely represents temporary use of the terraces and upland settings above a small stream that eventually emptied into the Potomac River. The historic component dates to the 19th century and is suggestive of a nearby structure. Additional archeological work was necessitated in April of 2009 by the construction of a sanitary sewer through site 44AX0204. Shovel test pits were hand excavated in the northern end of the site, revealing that the entire site had been plowed. Additionally, the plow zone was stripped in the southern end of the site and the subsoil was examined for the presence of historic features related to a possibly nearby dwelling or structure. No historic or prehistoric features were located. Site 44AX0204 measures 500 feet in length and, although the eastern and western site limits have not been determined, an estimated 50 feet in width. The placement of a 72- inch storm sewer has likely destroyed the eastern portion of the site and the western portion of the site has likely been disturbed or destroyed by the construction of the Avis parking lot. Additional archeological work may be required to determine the western extent of the site, should impacts be planned beneath the Avis facility. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ i TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ iii LIST OF EXHIBITS ........................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... vi LIST OF PLATES .......................................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ..................................................................................... 3 PALEOENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND ............................................................ 9 Prehistoric Overview .................................................................................................. 10 General Historic Overview......................................................................................... 22 Potomac Yard Contextual History ............................................................................ 30 Native American Occupation .................................................................................... 30 Early Settlement, 1669-1808 ..................................................................................... 30 Transportation Improvements, 1808-1860 ............................................................... 35 Civil War, 1861-1865................................................................................................ 38 Railroad Expansion and Early Suburban Development, 1865-1905 ........................ 40 Potomac Yard, 1906-1930 ........................................................................................ 47 Decline and Closing, 1970-1992 .............................................................................. 58 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS ................................................................. 62 RESULTS OF THE SOIL BORINGS .......................................................................... 66 Potomac Avenue .......................................................................................................... 69 Buried Ground Surface (Ab or Apb horizon) ............................................................ 69 Swann Avenue ............................................................................................................. 73 S.L. Barbour Estate .................................................................................................... 73 Pond Expansion (Landbay K) ................................................................................... 74 Summary and Recommendations .............................................................................. 74 Potomac Avenue........................................................................................................ 74 Swann Avenue ........................................................................................................... 75 S.L. Barbour Estate ................................................................................................... 75 Pond Expansion ........................................................................................................ 75 RESULTS OF THE PHASE I TRENCHING .............................................................. 76 Site 44AX0204 ............................................................................................................. 76 Trenches 1-4 (Stations 53+00 to 54+50) ................................................................. 76 Trenches 5-8 (Stations 55+00 to 56+50) ................................................................. 80 Trenches 9-11 (Stations 57+00 to 58+00) ............................................................... 82 Site Discussion ............................................................................................................. 83 Proposed Utilities and Existing Site Conditions ....................................................... 89 Summary and Recommendations .............................................................................. 91 RESULTS OF ADDITIONAL TESTING WITHIN SITE 44AX0204 ...................... 96 Block 1 .......................................................................................................................... 96 Block 2 ........................................................................................................................ 102 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS continued SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................. 106 REFERENCES CITED ................................................................................................ 108 PLATES ......................................................................................................................... 121 APPENDIX I ................................................................................................................. 155 Scopes of Work .......................................................................................................... 155 APPENDIX II ................................................................................................................ 179 Soil Bore Profiles ....................................................................................................... 179 APPENDIX III .............................................................................................................. 189 Cultural Resource Form........................................................................................... 189 APPENDIX IV .............................................................................................................. 197 Artifact Inventory ..................................................................................................... 197 iv LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit 1 : Portion of the 2005 ADC Northern Virginia Regional Map Showing the Location of the Project Area ..................................................................... 2 Exhibit 2 : Portion of the USGS 1994 Alexandria, VA-D.C.-MD 7.5’ Quadrangle Showing the Location of the Project Area ...................................................... 4 Exhibit 3 : Fall 2007 Natural Color Imagery Aerial Photograph Showing the Project Area .............................................................................................. 5 Exhibit 4 : Portion of 1861 Boschke Topographic Map of the District of Columbia Showing the Approximate Location of the Project Area ................................ 6 Exhibit 5 : Project Map Showing the Disturbed (Cut) Areas and Potentially Undisturbed (Filled) Areas …………..…………………….…….................
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