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Shenandoah County Historic Resources Survey Report

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Shenandoah County Historic Resources Survey Report sh-49 SIIBNANDOAH COUNTY HISTORIC RESOURCES SURVEY SURVEY REPORT IÈ May 1995 STMNANDOAH COUNTY HISTORIC RESOURCES SURVEY SURVEY REPORT Shirley Maxwell and James C. Massey Maral S. Kalbian Massey Maxwell Associates Preservation Consultant P. O. Box 263 Rr 1 Box 86, Boyce, VA 22620 Strasburg, VA 22657 (703) 837-2A81 (703) 646s-4s66 J. Daniel Pezzoni Preservation Technologies, Inc. PO Box 7825, Roanoke, YA 24019 (703) 342-7832 written by James C. Massey, Shirley Maxwell, J. Daniel Pezzoni, and Judy B. Reynolds with contibtttions by Maral S. Kalbian, Scott M. Hudlow, Susan E. Smead, and Marc C. Wagner, Jeffrey C. Everett, Geoffrey B. Henry, Nathaniel P. Neblett and Barbara M. Copp prepared for The Virginia Department of Historic Resources 221 Governor Street Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 786-3143 May 1995 L TABLE OF CONTENTS il. ABSTRACT .. I III. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2 IV. LIST OF MAPS, LLUSTRATIONS, TABLES 2 V. DESCRIPTON OF PROJECT 5 VI. HISTORIC CONTEXT 7 Historic Overview 7 Topography and Political Organization of Shenandoah County 8 Prehistoric Native American Settlement: 10,000 B.C-1606 A.D. European Settlement to Society: 1607-1749 Colony to Nation: 1750-1789 10 Domestic Theme 14 Agriculture Theme 26 Education Theme . 36 Military Theme . 44 Retigionttreme... 48 Health Care and Recreation Theme 53 Transportation Theme 56 Commerce Theme 63 Industry Theme 67 Funerary Theme 76 Settlement and Ethnicity Theme 80 ArchitectureTheme... 82 Government/LadPolitical Theme . 106 Social Theme 106 Technology and Engineering Theme 106 The New Dominion: 1946-Present 106 VII. RESEARCH DESIGN . 107 VM. SURVEY FINDINGS 110 IX. EVALUATION . t12 X. RECOMMENDATIONS 122 XL BIBLIOGRAPHY 133 t_ {" XII. APPENDICES I Appendix A: Numerical Inventory List t_ Appendix B: Alphabetical Inventory List Appendix C: Text of Preliminary Information Forms for Ten Rural Communities L L I t_ t_ t_ L t_ L t_ t_ L L t t II. ABSTRACT The Shenandoah County Historic Resources Survey was undeftaken in two phases: the first during the winter and spring of 1993 and the second f¡om January 1994 through March 1995. The survey purpose was to investi-eate the architectural and historic resources of Shenandoah County, Virginia. The survey was funded by the County of Shenandoah and the Virginia Department of Historic Resources (VDHR). The frst phase was carried out by Maral S. Kalbian, Preservation Consultant; J. DanielPezzoni, Preseruation Technologies, Inc.; and a æam of sub-contractors. The second phase was carried out by James C. Massey and Shirley Maxwell, Massey Maxwell Associates, Historic Preservation Consultants, and a separate team of sub-contractors. The survey ûeams are heleafter refen'ed to as "the consultants." The survey covered the rural areas of Shenandoah County outside of incorporated communities and outside the boundaries of the George Washington National Forcst, a survey area of between 240,000 and 250,000 acres. The first objective of the survey was to survey a total of 350 resources, 315 at the reconnaissance level and thir"ty-five at the intensive level in the fîrst phase, and 360 at tho reconnaissance level and forty at the intensive level in the second phase. The second objective was to produce a survey report that would provide historic contexts for the surveyed properties. Additional products from each phase were to include survey files prepared with the Integrated Preservation Software (IPS), photographic negatives and prints for all sites, United Staæs Geological Survey (USGS) maps indicating the location of survey sites, and a scripted slide program on the county's historic resources. Completed in July 1993, Phase I of the survey resulted in the document¿tion of 329 siæs at the reconnaissance level and thirty-eight sites at the intensive level for a total of 367 sites. Fourteen of the intensive sites were rural communities for which VDHR Preliminary Information Forms were prepared. This phase of the survey also resulted in the mapping of all accessible properties that appeared to be over fifty years in age, as well as recommendations for further survey in the county in order to document the many historic sites that were not surveyed during the initial phase and to define the threshold of National Register eligibility for various property types. The first-phase report also recommended six intensive-level sites for consideration for listing in the Virginia Landmarks Register (VLR) and the National Register of Historic Places (NR). The second phase of the survey was completed in April 1995. It resulted in the documentation of 359 sites at the reconnaissance level and 32 at the intensive level, in addition to ten communities evaluated for poæntial as historic districts. This repor"t reprcsents the culmination of survey results. The historic context statement from the first phase was revised and expanded, and a color slide program to complement the one from the fîrst phase was prepared. Finally, Massey Maxwell Associates presented recommendations for further research and for ten properties to be or considered for listing in the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places. 1 ilI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Shenandoah County survey was funded by Shenandoah County, VDHR, and the Shenandoah County Historical Society. Shenandoah County Administrator John D. Cutlip assisted as the county contact, and David Edwa¡ds administered the survey at the VDHR. Guidance wasprovided throughout the course of the survey by the Shenandoah County Historical Society. As president of the society in the first phase of the survey and chairman of the historic preservation committee in the second phase, Mrs. Bruce Helsley served as the society's official contact with the consultants and VDHR. The society alerted the consultants to important resources and suggested knowledgable informants among its own ranks and outside. The society also ananged for the use of a phone and office space in the old county courthouse in Woodstock durìng both survey phases. Several society members accompanied the consultants in the field. In the second phase, photo-eraphy for some properties was provided by Frank Hupp, co-chairman of the Shenandoah County Historical Society historic preservation committee. Many pfoperty ownefs generously opened their homes and farms to the consultants for site visits that often lasted nearly hatf a day and provided much valuable siæ-specific information. Nancye Bowman, Virginia Cadden, Mr. and Mrs. Blair Zítkle, J. Ray Miller, Nancy Sullivan, Philip and Linda Gibson, and Maral Kalbian were particularly helpful in sharing information and advice. The National Park Service provided information and maps concerning the Civil War battlefields survey, and the Lord Faidax Planning District Commission assisted in updating statistical data on the county. Iv. LIST OF MAPS, ILLUSTRATIONS, TABLES Maps: A. Shenandoah County, important highways, railroads, watercourses, and towns and villages. B. Shenandoah County, USGS quadrangles and George Washington National Forest lands. Showing historic districts. C. "Outline Plan of Shenandoah [County], Virginia" from the 1885 Lake Atlas. D. Shenandoah Valley and Adjacent Country, 1862 Tables: Table 1. Agricultural production in Shenandoah County, 1860 ro 1950. Page 30 Table 2: Populations of Shenandoah County communities, 1917. Page 81. Fieures: Cover: Lawrence Snapp House (85-123). Photographer: James C. Massey Fig. 1. Elijah Pifer House (85-a70). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig.2. Frye's Fort, Kitchen (85-58). Photographer: James C. Massey 2 Fig. 3. Dellinger-Vetter House (85-487). Photographer Dan Pezzoni Fig. 4. Clover Hitl (85-780). Photographer: James C. Massey Fig. 5. Green Spring, Spring House (85-21). Photographer: Frank Hupp Fig. 6. Jacob Pence House (85-209). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig. 7. Kirby Bowman House (85-790). Photographer: IVilliam T. Sherman Fig. 8. Bungalow, Orkney Springs (85-936-8). Photographer: Barbara M. Copp Fig. 9. Barn, John Bowers Farm (85-717). Photographer: James C. Massey Fig. 10. Clover Hill, Poultry House (85-780). Photographer: James C. Massey Fig. 11. Peter Myers Farm, Smoke House (85-788). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig. 12. Pine Grove School (85-880). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig. 13. Conicville High School (85-106). Photographer: Geoffiey Henry Fig. 14. Columbia Furnace School (85-400-l). Photographer: Geoffiey Henry Fig. 15. Fishers Hill (85-910). Photographer: Geoffiey Henry Fig. 16. Cedar Grove Church of the Brethren (85-786). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig. 17. St. James Lutheran Church, Fort Valley (85-410-2). Photographer: Geoff Henry Fig. 18. St. Paul's Church, Jerome (85-892-2). Photographer: Geoffrey Henry Fig. 19. B&ORR Capon Road Station (85-374). Photographer: James C. Massey Fig. 20. Southern Railroad Shenandoah River Bridge (85-771). Photographer: William T. Sherman Fig. 21. Old Valley Turnpike Tumbling Run Bridge Ruins (85-772). Photographer: James C. Massey Fog. 22. Old Valley Turnpike Tumbling Run Bridge Ruins (85-772), South Embankment. Photographer: James C. Massey Fí9.23. McCanie Filling Station (85-732). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig. 24. Walker's Store, St. Luke (85-925-4). Photographer: Geoffrey Henry Fig. 25. Hepners Store and Post Office (85-938). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig.26. Crabill's Tavern (85-97). {Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig. 27. Burnshire Dam (85-28). Photographer: Marc C. Wagner Fig. 28. Henrietta Furnace (85-44). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig.29. Stoner Mill (85-83). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig. 30. Stoner Mill, Interior (85-83). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig. 31. Lantz-Bowman Cemetery (85-759). Photographer: William T. Sherman fig. 32. St. Luke Cemetery (85-925-6). Photographer: Geoffrey Henry Fig. 33 Mounce Byrd House (85-3). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig. 34. Frye's Fort (85-58). Photographer: Jeff Everett Fig. 35. Lawrence Snapp House (85-123). Photographer: James C. Massey Fig. 36. Lawrence Snapp House, Attic Framing. Photographer: James C. Massey Fig. 37. Thomas Hudson House (85-20). Photographer: James C. Massey Fig. 38. Rogers Farm (85-75). Photographer: James C. Massey Fig. 39. Jacob Bowman House (85-207).
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