1-Our First Families

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Volume 3, Issue 1 Our First Families

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An In tegra ted C urric ulum For The Washington Po s t Newsp aper In Educ a tion Program

Our F ir st Families In the Know KidsPost Article: “The Unboring Illustrated True Story of the On the Web Washington Area from 1600 to Right Now, Part 1” ➤ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/education/kidspost/nie/A99958- L esson: An introduction to the first First, it is a chance to study how 1995Jun14.html Americans who settled along the researchers unearth the buried past “Life in America 400 Ye ar s A go: When Potomac River and how they use fragments to Algonquian Culture Ruled Our R egion” L evel: All piece together the larger picture. Stephen Hyslop in this Post Horizon There’s a speculative element article provides a good introduction to Subjects: History, social studies of course. An archeologist or an Native Americans who lived in this area. anthropologist says we know X R ela ted A ctivity: Language arts, art ➤ and we know Y. Put together they Rountree, Helen C. The Powhatan About T his Series: This is the first suggest—but do not prove—Z. Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional of nine illustrated segments about Culture. University of Oklahoma Press, the history of the Washington Second, it is opportunity to 1989. area. Each installment will treat view drawings and read accounts An anthropologist at Old Dominion a different period—European of individuals who were the first University in Norfolk, Roundtree settlement, the creation of the Europeans to come to this area. provides readable information using nation’s capital, the Civil War era, We can discuss the extent of their the accounts of John Smith and other the turn of the century, up to the objectivity and the influence their English colonists. present. The series is meant to culture had on their observations of ➤ Rountree, Helen and Thomas E. be a provocative starting point an unfamiliar one. Davidson. Eastern Shore Indians of for young people rather than a Third, it is a lesson in intellectual Virginia and Maryland. University of definitive history. Its aim is to discipline (and humility) that is Virginia, 1997. provide context to where we live, truly valuable. On some subjects, A closer look at the Native Americans to convey the idea that life here in some fields, we just have to who lived east of the Chesapeake and evolved in rich and exciting ways accept that we can only know so their relations to the land and each other. that transcend the conventional much. Of course, we try to fill in portrayal of Washington as only the blanks. But we do not fill in ➤ Potter, Stephen. Commoners, a seat of government. Students the blanks with fiction or idealized Tribute and Chiefs: The Development in each of the three jurisdictions- images, as has happened so often, of Algonquian Culture in the Potomac Maryland, Virginia and the District- particularly with early studies of Valley. University of Virginia Press, 1993. will find something meaningful in Native American culture. Returning Dr. Potter, an archeologist based at it. to the equation above: If “Z” is the National Park Service headquarters in D.C., combines archeology, anthropology September: First Families: The best we can do for the moment, we and ethno-history for a scholarly study of Journey Begins will take it, recognizing it for what it is, a deduction. the rise of the Chicacoans. Our knowledge of the Native ➤ Egloff, Keith and Deborah Woodward. Americans who lived in the R e ad and Discuss First People, the Early Indians of Washington area is fragmentary, Give students “Q and A,” a Virginia. Virginia Department of especially compared with the reproducible that provides basic Natural Resources, 1993. voluminous record of the years information about the people that followed their disappearance. who lived in this area. For a more The Virginia archives of Indian artifacts A complete picture, even a semi- comprehensive article, download provided the extensive collection upon complete picture, is unattainable. “Life in America 400 Years Ago: which state historians reconstructed When Algonquian Culture Ruled what aboriginal life might have been like But this is a learning opportunity Our Region.” What do students from 9500 B.C. to the 1800s. Includes for young people in several understand about people living in descriptions of Virginia’s eight surviving respects. our region 400 years ago? tribes. 2 September 23, 2003 © 2003 THE WASHINGTON POST COMPANY Volume 3, Issue 1

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Our F ir st Families (c ontinued) In the F ield KidsPost Article: “The Unboring Illustrated True Story of the ➤ http://www.historyisfun.org/ Washington Area from 1600 to Right Now, Part 1” Jamestown Set tlement and Yorktown Check out Geograph y Young Girl” with De Bry’s. Give V ictory Center A map of D.C. in the early 1600s students “First Draft of History” Select “Jamestown Settlement” for is provided. Give students “Map to study “Indian Woman and information about the Powhatan Indian It.” Note the topographic features: Baby of Poemiooc,” view a virtual Village at the Jamestown Settlement hills and low lands, creeks and village and compare and contrast in Virginia. Historical interpreters rivers, inlets and islands. images. To answer question four, demonstrate preparing food, processing Cre a te a T imeline give students copies of “Toward animal hides and weaving natural fibers “Timeline: 1400-1600” is divided Nacotchtank.” into cordage. into two main sections—the R e ad Art ➤ www.nmai.si.edu/ North American experience and Provide students copies of Na tional Museum o f the American Indian that of the rest of the world. A “Growing Up in the Potomac (NMAI) few significant examples from Valley.” In this handout, students Get visitor information for the Cultural history and discovery, inventions learn about the life of younger Resources Center in Suitland, Md., and and technology, arts and literature members of the Powhatan and plans for the NMAI to open on Sept. 21, are indicated. You might have Piscataway chiefdoms. Information 2004, on The Mall. Visit the “Education” students add examples from their for this reproducible, came section for teaching materials. If in New current study. For example, if from Rountree’s works and the York City, view the George Gustav Heye Africa is being studied in class, add commentary of Paul Hulton and examples from there. David Beers Quinn (American Center exhibits. Ex amine the F ir st Draft o f History Drawings of John White, 1577- ➤ The Piscataway Indian Museum in The story of Native Americans 1590) found on the Jamestown White Plains, Md. has often been filtered through site. Compare and contrast your Open Sundays, 1-4 p.m. clouded lenses with both favorable students’ way of life with that of Maryland Indian Cultural Center and unfavorable consequences for those living in the 1500s. 16816 Country Lane them. Through this activity, the Give students “Toward Waldorf, MD 20601 accuracy of detailing a way of life Nacotchtank.” What aspects of 301-372-1932 and the romanticization of Native growing up are illustrated in this ➤ http://www.cr.nps.gov/aad/eam/ Americans can be illustrated. artwork? Where are these found in index.htm Watercolorist John White actually the image? Have students “read” T he Earliest Americans saw his subjects and left us a the Patterson work more carefully. series of eyewitness portrayals of Using the key to the illustration The National Park Service Archeology the Powhatan Native American found on page 13, guide students and Ethnography program provides basic Culture. Then Theodor De Bry on a close reading. information on their study of nominated archeological sites to preserve the legacy used White’s watercolors to make L e arn about La w and Or der engravings about the same culture. of the earliest Americans. On the Record Based on eyewitness To see the neo-classical sheen he section in “The Southeast” provides a observations, contemporary put on these images, begin with the map of archeology sites that PaleoIndians accounts (Pocahontas and others) first in a series of pairs of White and archeological evidence, inhabited. and De Bry illustrations (http://je scholars have attempted to ➤ http://www.cr.nps.gov/ fferson.village.virginia.edu/vcdh/ understand the power structure archeology.htm jamestown/images/white_debry_ and maintenance of order within and compare Link s to the Past: Ar cheology html/plate32.html) and between the chiefdoms. Have White’s “Indian Woman and Discoveries of the National Park Service students read “Mamonotowick, archeologists and their partners. 3 September 23, 2003 © 2003 THE WASHINGTON POST COMPANY Volume 3, Issue 1

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An In tegra ted C urric ulum For The Washington Po s t Newsp aper In Educ a tion Program

Our F ir st Families (c ontinued) KidsPost Article: “The Unboring Illustrated True Story of the Washington Area from 1600 to Right Now, Part 1”

Werowances and the People.” Discuss the early concepts of law and order. Do a Cross wor d P uz zle The crossword puzzle is built upon terms associated with the way of life of the Algonquian culture - the Conoy chiefdom of southern Maryland and the Powhatan chiefdom of eastern Virginia. Enrichment For an introduction to bartering and more Native American resources, visit www.washpost.com/nie. Select Lesson Plans. Click on “A World of Money,” the first of the Post NIE online guides.

Key ( fr om p age 5) Crossword Answer s

1. S tickb all, anyone? 1 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 1 9 10 11 2. Body p aint. F I S H M E L O N S R O D 12 1 13 1 14 1 15 3. Ta ttoo . O R E C O R N E A O Y E 4. A c orns, boiled for food and medicine. 16 17 17 1 18 1 19 20 5. Dogs were gre a t rabbit chaser s. R E E D C R U G E E S E 1 1 21 22 1 23 1 24 6. Messenger. E D S C A B S A E T R 7. Home s weet home; a small long house. 25 26 1 1 27 1 28 29 1 8. F ishing spe ar. S S C A N O E C L U E 9. Drying a be a ver pelt. 30 31 36 32 1 1 33 34 10. Sleeping pla t form. T U S K S T A R I A R C 1 35 1 36 1 1 37 38 1 1 11. Drying tob acc o le a ves. C O T I R L O C F F F 12. Socc er practic e. 39 40 1 1 1 41 42 43 13. Seeking a god’s help. A C U M E N T U R K E Y 1 44 O P O S S 45 U 46 M 1 1 47 S O A R 1 48 1 49 50 51 1 52 53 14. L ongbow practic e. A T L T S I L T A N O N 54 55 56 1 57 58 1 59 15. The chief (werowanc e) lived here. C A R D I N A L O A K S U 16. Palisade (a fenc e), to pro tect chief. 60 1 61 1 62 63 1 17. F ish trap (weir). T S P F O R R I T E S T 18. F ire wall to trap deer (winter). 64 1 65 1 66 19. Bowmen in canoes to shoo t the deer. S H I N Y T E A L R A Y S 20. Woman carrying maize (c orn).

How They Did It Like molding a piece of clay, Washington Post news artist Patterson Clark planned the page with Post writer and editor Fred Barbash, sketched layouts, adding and subtracting components, photographed models, interviewed local experts and finally transferred all of his research and data, into a computer called an Apple Macintosh. Using illustration software in the computer, Clark created the piece above. Map It This map represents the area that is present-day metropolitan Washington, D.C. An Algonquian-speaking people lived here more than 400 years ago. Nacotchtank is believed to have existed on the bank of the Anacostia River where it meets the Potomac. Descriptions from early explorers and research suggest that another settlement existed on the Virginia side of the Potomac River across from what is now Roosevelt Island.

1. Locate the Potomac River, the Anacostia River and Rock Creek.

2. What other rivers and streams are indicated on the map?

3. Indicate a north, south, east and west orientation.

4. How is higher elevation indicated on the map?

5. Locate present-day Roosevelt Island, Rosslyn, Georgetown, Alexandria, Silver Spring and Capitol Hill on the map.

6. How might the geography of the area have influenced the way the first families lived here? Volume 3, Issue 1

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An In tegra ted C urric ulum For The Washington Po s t Newsp aper In Educ a tion Program Q&A

Wha t did the Washington region look They hunted deer, bear and other wild like in the 1500s and e arly 1600s? animals. They trapped fish in “weirs”— Canopied hardwood forests gave way V-shaped structures built in the rivers to terraced fields and then marshland that the fish swam into but couldn’t as the landscape descended to the get out of. They gathered berries and Potomac and Anacostia rivers. Captain acorns. And they consumed oysters John Smith in his Historie describes in large quantities, gathered from the the area: “The river above this place wetlands around the river. They grew maketh his passage downe a low crops—especially maize and tobacco. pleasant valley overshadowed in manie From evidence found in Rock Creek places with high rocky mountains from Park, archeologists believe that Indians whence distill innumerable sweet and dug quartzite, then chipped, flaked and pleasant springs.” polished stones into weapons and tools. Where did the Na tive Americans live a t How did they tra vel? the time? They walked and they paddled, using Descriptions from early explorers and canoes made from hollowed-out tree research suggest a village—called trunks. They did not use horses. Nacotchtank—on the bank of the Anacostia where it meets the Potomac. How do we know about them? Another settlement existed on the Captain John Smith met them in 1608 Virginia side of the river across from as he sailed up the Potomac. He made a map of where the Native Americans what is now Roosevelt Island. Yet Research and reporting lived (there were far more settlements another was just south of Alexandria at by Fred Barbash Cameron Run. in Virginia’s northern neck) and wrote about his experiences. Other Who were the people who lived here? early visitors also left behind written They were Algonquian-speaking people. descriptions and drawings. The Native They are generally not identified as a Americans did not write and left no “tribe” but as a chiefdom or a sphere written evidence, though archeologists of power. South of the Potomac River, have found tools, arrowheads and other the most powerful was the Powhatan evidence that tell us something about chiefdom, the sphere of the paramount how and where they lived. chief named Powhatan, father of Pocahontas. North of the Potomac was Wha t happened to the Na tive Americans another politically complex culture— who lived around here? the Conoy chiefdom. Piscataways Starting in the 1600s, Europeans began are the largest group of the Conoy settling in the area, trapping beavers, chiefdom. then engaging in the tobacco trade and finally organizing the towns of How man y lived in our are a? Alexandria and Georgetown. The local Scholars are not sure. Rough estimates Native Americans gradually vanished put the number at no more than 2500, from this area as Europeans moved in. but these figures are not very reliable. They probably went westward across How did they live? the Blue Ridge. They lived off the land and the river.

7 September 23, 2003 © 2003 THE WASHINGTON POST COMPANY Timeline (1400-1600) WORLD 1400 1500 1600 1517: First Europeans reach China by sea History 962-1806: Holy Roman Empire 1406-1408: Forbidden City construction begins in Beijing 1500-1600: Renaissance, Europe

1400-1600: Renaissance, Italy 1520-1566: Reign of Suleyman, the Lawmaker

Invention 1450: Gutenberg invents movable type

Literature 1417: Works of Confucius published

Arts 1495: Leonardo Da Vinci paints the Last Supper 1512: Michelangelo completes Sistine Chapel ceiling

NORTH AMERICA

1000-1600: Algonquian Language cultures

1492: Christopher Columbus lands on an island in the Caribbean 1497: John Cabot claims Newfoundland for England; Europeans begin to fish on the Grand Banks, leading to contact with coastal tribes

1515: European fishermen investigate the possibilities of trade in animal furs. The fur trade becomes a major economic force throughout North America.

1550: The League of the Iroquois forms to avoid continuing conflict among Cayuga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga and Seneca

1585: British Colony of Roanoke; Cartographer John White makes an important series of watercolor drawings of people and places

1587: Second Colony of Roanoke; Virginia Dare born

1590: Theodor De Bry reissues Thomas Hariot's Virginia with engravings by De Bry

1400 1500 1600 Volume 3, Issue 1

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An In tegra ted C urric ulum For The Washington Po s t Newsp aper In Educ a tion Program

Growing Up in the Po tomac Valley

After taking its first breath, a baby Men taught their sons to hunt and Early European explorers wrote about was dipped in cold water. A tie to the fish and to prepare for war. Mothers four games that they witnessed being natural world and life lived near water were observed throwing moss played. was begun. Water—for bathing, fishing and bones into the air; only after • Kick a ball to a goal. The boys and and cooking—would be part of a Native successfully hitting these targets were women were not allowed to “fight nor American’s daily life along the Potomac. their sons given breakfast. Daughters pull one another doune” or “strike vp Babies were strapped to cradle boards were taught to prepare meals, make one anothers heeles as we doe.” until they could crawl. They might first pottery, weave baskets and mats, repair • Hit a ball with crooked sticks. The notice the earrings made of shell beads houses and care for the young. ball was made of leather and stuffed or freshwater pearls worn by adults. Meals depended on the season and with hair. Teams would drive the ball The flash of red of a native cardinal abundance. Geese, sturgeon, bass, “between two trees appointed for their or the smell of burning wood as meals crabs and deer supplemented meals goal.” were prepared or a dugout canoe was of beans, corn, nuts and wild berries. • Footraces in groups. A prize was created would fill their senses. Tuckahoe or wild potatoes, squash hung in a tree for the winner to reach. Children explored their world without and ground mulberry could be used to • Football. Men dropped a “litel clothing to bind their movement. Men create a broth. Powhatan words that balle” from their hands and kicked it wore a loincloth and women an apron have entered our vocabulary include with the top of their foot. The winner made of deerskin. Moccasins and “succotash,” “opossum” and “raccoon.” was the one who kicked it the greatest leggings were worn when venturing Tools were created from sharpened distance. into woodlands to gather wild berries reeds, the spurs from wild turkeys, bills The first Americans who lived by the or to hunt. The native white-tailed of sharp-billed birds, and sharp edged Potomac could be observed working deer also were used to craft cloaks for mussel shells. Beaver teeth were even the land and fishing, sitting in silence cold weather. The right side of the spliced to sticks. for hours or dancing as the sun set over head of hunters was shaved to keep the In spite of the many tasks to be the life-sustaining waters. bowstrings from becoming entangled in completed, there was time for dancing, the hair. playing of instruments and games.

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An In tegra ted C urric ulum For The Washington Po s t Newsp aper In Educ a tion Program

F ir st Draft of History

The eyewitness account is valued. It Walter Raleigh and Captain John Cook takes us to the scene, allowing us to first learned of it. experience people, places and events. 1. View the work of John White and At the end of the 16th century, John Theodor De Bry in plate 34, “Indian White and Thomas Hariot provided Woman and Baby of Poemiooc.” (http: their observations of the New World. //jefferson.village.virginia.edu/vcdh/ “Virtual Jamestown” (http:// jamestown/images/white_debry_html/ jefferson.village.virginia.edu/vcdh/ plate34.html) jamestown/images/white_debry_ What details remain the same? What html/introduction.html) provides an differences do you note between the accessible collection of watercolors by paired works? Remember White drew John White and engravings of Theodor the first illustrations. De Bry had De Bry. According to the introduction White’s art and Hariot’s accounts on to the project: which to base his engravings. How “In 1585 White, an artist and might “audience” have influenced both cartographer, accompanied the voyage artists? from England to the Outer Banks of 2. Read the commentary that North Carolina under a plan of Sir accompanies the paired artwork. Write Walter Raleigh to settle ‘Virginia.’ a paragraph in which you compare and White was at Roanoke Island for about contrast the two illustrations. thirteen months before returning to 3. View plate 31, “Indian Village of England for more supplies. During this Pomeiooc.” (http://jefferson.village.vi period he made a series of over seventy rginia.edu/vcdh/jamestown/images/ watercolor drawings of indigenous white_debry_html/plate31.html) people, plants, and animals. The Compare the two illustrations. purpose of his drawings was to give Select “Pomeiooc in Virtual Reality.” those back home an accurate idea of John White used his imagination and the inhabitants and environment in the knowledge of cartography to paint New World. Despite their extraordinary a “bird’s-eye-view” of an Algonquian significance, the watercolors were not village in 1585. A University of Virginia published until the twentieth century. professor of architecture and his In 1590, Theodor De Bry made students applied modern technology engravings from White’s drawings to be to create a virtual village. Compare printed in Thomas Hariot’s account of their Quicktime view with White’s the journey. Hariot, a mathematician, watercolor and De Bry’s engraving. had also been part of the 1585 voyage.” 4. Using the knowledge you have Scientist Hariot and artist/ gained from viewing 16th and cartographer White spent early and 21st century renditions of our first middle winter of 1585-86 with the Americans, examine the artwork “Chesepieans,” collecting information found in “Toward Nacotchtank.” Study about the Chesapeake Indians and the the work of artist Patterson Clark area that is now Norfolk, Portsmouth, for groupings, gestures, objects and Chesapeake and Virginia Beach. When activities. What do you know about the we view these early illustrations, we way of life of those who first settled on see the world as contemporaries of Sir the banks of the Potomac River?

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An In tegra ted C urric ulum For The Washington Po s t Newsp aper In Educ a tion Program La w and Order Mamonotowick, Werowances and Commoners

Custom and accepted roles military ones.” Conjurors for leaders provided order in or priests were also called the chiefdoms. upon during planting, Captain John Smith in his harvest and squalls. Early reports stated that the order records indicate that council imposed on the people by meetings were held at their rulers surpassed that of Greenleaf Point, the lower “many places that would be point of Fort McNair. counted very civil.” South of Murder, infanticide and the Potomac River, Powhatan stealing from one’s own was the mamonotowick, the people were considered most powerful position. The major crimes. The Europeans paramount chief of 30-40 who first settled in the area Algonquian tribal groups, witnessed the significance Powhatan would decree of being an outsider, or what was right to do and it “non-human,” when items was done. Under him were were stolen from them or werowances (male chiefs) members of their group were and weroansquas (female attacked. chiefs). These leaders lived Assisting in one of these in the largest long-houses actions made one as guilty as with many rooms and were the one who committed the given prized items such as act. The community required pearls. Similar arrangements justice. Several English were observed north of the witnessed clubbing to death, Potomac. breaking of bones and “being In matters that directly deade his bodye was burnt” affected them, weroances as punishment. gave orders that were When it came to personal obeyed. It was they who grudges, custom guided were ultimately responsible the actions of the common for the well-being of the folk. For wrong actions, community. Helen Rountree compensation was expected. in Eastern Shore Indians Personal revenge seemed to of Virginia and Maryland be allowed. that chiefs “had to consult Much as the palisades that with councils of priests were built around villages and outstanding warriors to protect one’s community, (appointed from certain custom and the wisdom of families, at least among the weroances brought order and Piscataways) before they a sense of well being to daily could give orders, especially life.

1 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 8 1 9 10 11

12 1 13 1 14 1 15

16 17 17 1 18 1 19 20

1 1 21 22 1 23 1 24

25 26 1 1 27 1 28 29 1

30 31 36 32 1 1 33 34

1 35 1 36 1 1 37 38 1 1

39 40 1 1 1 41 42 43

1 44 45 46 1 1 47 1

48 1 49 50 51 1 52 53

54 55 56 1 57 58 1 59

60 1 61 1 62 63 1

64 1 65 1 66

ACROSS 35. Mailing code for Colorado DOWN 34. Someone was placed on watch over 1. This aquatic animal was a staple of 36. Comes between la and do. 1. Wooded area where deer and bear the maize to ___ out and make noises to scare away “fowles an beasts.” their diet. 37. Library of Congress (abbr.) were hunted 36. To bear witness 4. Gourds enjoyed as fresh fruit 39. Shrewdness 2. Anger 37. Light (abbr.) 9. Used with a line and hook to catch fish 41. Wild bird native to the area, 3. Planted to produce the next season’s 12. Mineral containing metal associated with thanksgiving crop 38. Fish that make grunting noise; town in Virginia 13. A staple of the diet; maize 44. An Algonquian word for a white, 4. Worn when hunting in wooded areas; made of deerskin 40. Soil rich in humus; to knead 14. Each (abbr.) nocturnal mammal 5. Straying away from the proper path 42. Kansas (Associated Press abbrev.) 15. “_ _ (two words) of little faith.” 47. Movement of eagle or one’s spirit 6. Lane (abbr.) 43. Greek god of love 16. Tall grass that was sharpened to 48. Preposition create a spear 49. Light (abbr.) 7. Northeast (abbr.) 45. Illustrations made in America (three words/abbr.) 17. Current rate (abbr.) 50. The rivers’ sedimentary deposit 8. Keen in sense perception and judgment 46. Military (abbr.) 19. Waterfowl that were cooked 52. Unknown writer (abbr.) 9. Eggs of a fish 48. Deeds 21. Crusts that form over wounds 54. Native songbird of Virginia 10. Mollusk that was eaten and shells used for several purposes 51. Work 23. __ __ i o u 57. Hardwood tree whose nuts were 11. Native inhabitant, a source of food 53. Hard-shelled dry fruits or seeds, used 24. Initials of U.S. President for whom an boiled for food and medicine and clothing for food or medicine island in the Potomac is named 59. Shenandoah University (abbr.) 18. One who takes advantage of another 55. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 25. Sworn statement (abbr.) 60. Teaspoon (abbr.) 20. Long fish with smooth, slimy skin (abbr.) 27. Major source of transportation made 61. Preposition 21. South Carolina (abbr.) 56. Negative response from log 62. “___ of passage” 22. Wild hog 58. Preposition 28. A footprint or broken twig could 64. Description of a lustrous, polished 62. Royal Academy (abbr.) provide a ___. surface 26. Algonquian dish made of lima beans and green corn 63. South American (abbr.) 30. A long tooth used to get food or 65. Duck eaten by Powhatan; dark defend against an attacker greenish blue color 29. United Airlines (abbr.) 32. A celestial body visible at night 66. Bright surfaces would reflect the ___ 31. Liquid food made from meat, fish or 33. Curved path of an arrow of the sun vegetable stock Volume 3, Issue 1

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An In tegra ted C urric ulum For The Washington Po s t Newsp aper In Educ a tion Program

Academic Content S t andards (The main lesson addresses these academic c ontent st andar ds.) This lesson addresses academic content standards of Maryland, Virginia and the District of Columbia. Among those that apply are: Maryland V ir ginia Washington, D.C. Social Studies History Social Studies United S t a tes History (2.0). 2.1 S tudent s United S t a tes History to 1877. 5.1 The Chronology and Sp ac e in Human History. demonstra te under st anding o f societies in student will describe life in America before S tudent s under st and chronological or der the Americas, Western E urope, and Western the 17th c entury by and sp a tial p a tterns o f human experienc es, Africa and how they interacted incre asingly • identifying and describing the f ir st by placing the stories o f people and event s after 1450. 2.1.5.2 analy ze the social, Americans ... Indians o f the Eastern forest in the c ontext o f their own time and plac e. ec onomic, and political characteristics o f (Iroquois, etc.) ... B y the end o f Grade 5, the student will societies na tive to North America • explaining how geography and clima te demonstra te an under st anding o f how inf luenc ed the wa y various Indian tribes E urope an c oloniza tion and settlement af fected Reading lived; the lives o f indigenous peoples o f Africa and S tudent s will demonstra te their ability • evalua ting the imp act o f na tive ec onomies the Americas to re ad for informa tion by ex amining, on their religions, art s, shelter s and cultures. c onstructing and extending me aning from 5.2 The student will trac e the routes and Historical Inquiry, Analysis and Judgment. articles, editorials, c ontent text s and o ther evalua te e arly explora tions o f the Americas, S tudent s use varied methods and sour c es in expository ma terials rela ted to the c ontent in terms o f rese ar ch and writing. B y the end o f Grade 3, are as. Grades 4-5 are able to summarize • the political, ec onomic, and social imp act the student will text in a manner tha t ref lect s the main on the American Indians • Distinguish between historical fact s ide as, signif icant det ails and it s underlying presented in historical document s and me aning. English narra tives; R e ading/Litera ture: The student will B y the end o f Grade 5, the student will A c omplete list o f S t a te Content S t andar ds demonstra te c omprehension o f a variety o f • Under st and wa ys o f identifying and testing o f Maryland can be found a t ht tp:// literary forms. evidenc e from societies tha t left no written www.mdk12. or g/mspp /st andar ds/. • Write about wha t is re ad. rec or ds; • Know the dif ferenc e between primary and A c omplete list o f S t andar ds o f L e arning o f sec ondary sour c es and identify the uses o f Vir ginia can be found on the Web a t ht tp:// e ach. www.pen.k12.va.us/. A c omplete list o f S t andar ds for Te aching and L e arning o f the District o f Columbia P ublic Schools can be found a t ht tp://www.k12.dc.us.