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Chapter 15: the Progressive Movement, 1890-1920

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Chapter 15: the Progressive Movement, 1890-1920 Chapter TThehe PProgressiverogressive Movement 1890 –1920 SECTION 1 The Roots of Progressivism SECTION 2 Roosevelt and Taft SECTION 3 The Wilson Years Women wearing academic dress march in a New York City parade for woman suffrage in 1910. 1890 1902 1889 • Jacob Riis’s How the Other • Maryland passes first U.S. • Hull House opens Half Lives is published workers’ compensation laws 1906 in Chicago B. Harrison Cleveland McKinley T. Roosevelt • Pure 1889–1893 1893–1897 1897–1901 1901–1909 Food and Drug Act passed U.S. PRESIDENTS U.S. EVENTS 1890 1900 WORLD EVENTS 1884 1903 1906 • Toynbee Hall, first • Russian Bolshevik Party • British pass settlement house, is is established by Lenin worker’s established in London compensation law 518 Chapter 15 The Progressive Movement (2)Museum of the City of New York Print Archives MAKING CONNECTIONS Can Politics Fix Social Problems? Industrialization changed American society. Cities were crowded, working conditions were often bad, and the old political system was breaking down. These conditions gave rise to the Progressive movement. Progressives campaigned for both political and social reforms. • What reforms do you think progressives wanted to achieve? • Which of these reforms can you see in today’s society? 1910 • Mann-Elkins 1913 Act passed • Seventeenth Analyzing Reform Programs Create a Taft Wilson Amendment 1920 1909–1913 1913–1921 Pocket Book Foldable that divides the progressive requires states • Nineteenth agenda into political to elect Amendment gives reforms and social reforms. senators women voting rights Take notes on a wide range of reforms, placing each Progressive Progressive 1910 1920 one in the proper column Political Social of the Foldable. Reform Reforms 1914 1917 1908 1911 • World War I • Russian • Germany limits • British create begins in Europe Revolution working hours for national health begins )JTUPSZ 0/-*/& Chapter Overview children and women insurance program Visit glencoe.com to preview Chapter 15. Chapter 15 The Progressive Movement 519 Section 1 The Roots of Progressivism he Progressive Era was a time when many Americans Guide to Reading Ttried to improve their society. They tried to make Big Ideas government honest, efficient, and more democratic. The Group Action The progressives movement for women’s suffrage gained more support, as sought to improve life in the United did efforts to limit child labor and reduce alcohol abuse. States with social, economic, and political reforms. Content Vocabulary The Rise of Progressivism • muckraker (p. 521) MAIN Idea Progressives tried to solve the social problems that arose as • direct primary (p. 522) the United States became an urban, industrialized nation. • initiative (p. 523) HISTORY AND YOU What areas of public life do you believe need to be • referendum (p. 523) reformed? Read on to learn about a movement that tried to fix many of • recall (p. 523) society’s problems. • suffrage (p. 524) • prohibition (p. 527) Progressivism was a collection of different ideas and activities. It Academic Vocabulary was not a tightly organized political movement with a specific set of • legislation (p. 523) reforms. Rather, it was a series of responses to problems in American • advocate (p. 527) society that had emerged from the growth of industry. Progressives had many different ideas about how to fix the problems they saw in People and Events to Identify American society. • Jacob Riis (p. 521) • Robert M. La Follette (p. 522) • Carrie Chapman Catt (p. 525) Who Were the Progressives? Progressivism was partly a reaction against laissez-faire economics Reading Strategy and its emphasis on an unregulated market. Progressives generally Organizing As you read about the believed that industrialization and urbanization had created many beginnings of progressivism, complete a social problems. After seeing the poverty of the working class and the graphic organizer similar to the one filth and crime of urban society, reformers began doubting the free below by filling in the beliefs of market’s ability to address those problems. progressives. Progressives belonged to both major political parties. Most were urban, educated, middle-class Americans. Among their leaders were journalists, social workers, educators, politicians, and members of the Progressive clergy. Most agreed that government should take a more active role Beliefs in solving society’s problems. At the same time, they doubted that the government in its present form could fix those problems. They con- cluded that government had to be fixed before it could be used to fix other problems. One reason progressives thought they could improve society was their strong faith in science and technology. The application of scientific knowledge had produced the lightbulb, the telephone, and the automobile. It had built skyscrapers and railroads. Science and technology had benefited people; thus, progressives believed using scientific principles could also produce solutions for society. 520 Chapter 15 The Progressive Movement The Photojournalism of Jacob Riis Photography offered a new tool in combating injustice. One of the most famous early photojournalists was Jacob Riis, whose book, How the Other Half Lives, helped stir progres- sives to action: PRIMARY SOURCE “Look into any of these houses, everywhere the same piles of rags, of malodorous bones and musty paper. Here is a ‘flat’ or ‘parlor’ and two pitch-dark coops called bed- ▲ New York slum dwellers in this Jacob Riis photograph, taken rooms. Truly, the bed is all there is room for. The family about 1890, lived in wooden shacks in a city alley. teakettle is on the stove, doing duty for the time being as a wash-boiler. By night it will have returned to its proper use again, a practical illustration of how poverty in ‘the Bend’ makes both ends meet. One, two, three beds are there, if the old boxes and heaps of foul straw can be called by that name; a broken stove with crazy pipe from which the smoke leaks at every joint, a table of rough boards propped up on boxes, piles of rubbish in the corner. The closeness and smell are appalling. How many people sleep here? The woman with the red bandanna shakes her head sullenly, but the bare-legged girl with the bright face counts on her fingers—five, six!” —from How the Other Half Lives 1. Analyzing Visuals What effect do Riis’s photos convey? 2. Making Inferences Based on the quotation above, ▲ Riis took this photograph of a crowded one-room apartment how could you summarize Riis’s views on changing life in in a New York tenement in 1885. the slums? The Muckrakers attacked the beef industry. In McClure’s, Ida Tarbell published a series of articles critical of Read litera- Among the first people to articulate pro- the Standard Oil Company. Other muckrakers ture from the era on pages R72–R73 gressive ideas was a group of crusading jour- targeted government and social problems. nalists who investigated social conditions and in the American Lincoln Steffens reported on vote stealing and Literature Library. political corruption. President Theodore other corrupt practices of urban political Roosevelt nicknamed these writers “muck- machines. These articles were later collected rakers.” The term referred to a character in into a book, The Shame of the Cities. John Bunyan’s book Pilgrim’s Progress, who Still other muckrakers concentrated on single-mindedly scraped up the filth on the social problems. In his influential book, How ground, ignoring everything else. These jour- the Other Half Lives (1890), Jacob Riis pub- nalists, according to Roosevelt, were obsessed lished photographs and descriptions of the with scandal and corruption. Widely circulated, poverty, disease, and crime that afflicted many cheap newspapers and magazines helped to immigrant neighborhoods in New York City. spread the muckrakers’ ideas. By raising public awareness of these problems, Muckrakers uncovered corruption in many the muckrakers stimulated calls for reform. areas. Some concentrated on exposing the unfair practices of large corporations. In Describing How did the muck- Everybody’s Magazine, Charles Edward Russell rakers help spark the Progressive movement? Chapter 15 The Progressive Movement 521 Democratic Reforms )JTUPSZ 0/-*/& Reforming Student Web Another group of progressives focused on Activity Visit Government making the political system more democratic glencoe.com and more responsive to citizens. Many believed and complete the MAIN Idea Progressives tried to make govern- activity on the ment more efficient and more responsive to that the key to improving government was to Progressive citizens. make elected officials more responsive and movement. HISTORY AND YOU How do you use your time accountable to the voters. and resources wisely? Read on to learn how progres- sives tried to make the government more efficient. La Follette’s Laboratory of Democracy Led by Republican governor Robert M. La Follette, Wisconsin became a model of pro- Progressivism included a wide range of gressive reform. La Follette attacked the way reform activities. Different issues led to differ- political parties ran their conventions. Party ent approaches, and progressives even took bosses controlled the selection of convention opposing positions on how to address some delegates, which meant they also controlled the problems. They condemned corruption in gov- nomination of candidates. La Follette pressured ernment but did not always agree on the best the state legislature to pass a law requiring par- way to fix the problem. ties to hold a direct primary, in which all party members could vote for a candidate to run in Making Government Efficient the general election. This and other successes One group of progressives focused on mak- earned Wisconsin a reputation as the “labora- ing government more efficient by using ideas tory of democracy.” La Follette later recalled: from business. Theories of business efficiency first became popular in the 1890s. Books such as Frederick W. Taylor’s The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) described how a company could increase efficiency by manag- ing time, breaking tasks down into small parts, New Types of Government and using standardized tools.
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