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JB APUSH Unit VIIA

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ProgressivismProgressivism Progressive Political Reform Direct Democracy ▶ Secret ballots (Australian ballot) . All candidates printed on ballots . Vote in privacy at assigned polling place ▶ Direct primaries ▶ Government of the People . Initiatives ▶ Petition of enough voter signatures to force an election . Referendums ▶ Legislative proposals determined by electorate . Recalls ▶ Remove elected officials through local/state elections Seventeenth Amendment (1913) ▶ Problems . State legislature corruption ▶ Candidates bribed state legislators for votes . Electoral deadlocks ▶ State legislators could not agree on a selection leaving vacant seats ▶ Direct Election of Senators Progressive Political Reform Local/Municipalities ▶ Assert more control and regulation of public utilities and services . Built public parks and playgrounds, sanitation services, municipal services, public schools . Zoning laws (industrial, commercial, residential) ▶ Local Governments . Galveston Plan ▶ Commissioners and councils directly elected . Dayton Plan ▶ City managers hired as non-partisan Lincoln Steffens administrators The Shame of the Cities Inspired social and municipal reform Progressive Political Reform States ▶ Reforms ▶ “Wisconsin Idea” . Direct primaries . Robert LaFollette . Business regulations . Influence and Application . Tax reforms of Education on Politics . Suffrage ▶ Primary elections . Temperance ▶ Progressive taxes ▶ Workers’ compensation . State wages ▶ Regulation of railroads . Insurance plans ▶ Limit or eliminate monopolies . Child labor laws and trusts ▶ Supported direct election of senators Fourth Party System (1896-1932) ▶ Republicans ▶ Democrats . Dominated the federal . Coalition government during this era ▶ Solid South, western farmers, . Coalition urban immigrants, working class . Laissez-faire policies ▶ Industrialists, corporations, upper-class, fundamentalists, . New Freedom Northeast ▶ Socialist Party of America . Nationalists and Imperialists . Coalition ▶ Bull Moose Party ▶ German and Jewish immigrants, . aka Progressive Party unionists, former Populist farmers, . New Nationalism Progressive social reformers . Elections ▶ Two members of U.S. House ▶ Dozens of state legislators, mayors, council members . Eugene V. Debs ▶ Ran in 1904. 1908, 1912, 1920 ▶ Received over 900,000 votes in 1912 and 1920 Election of 1896 ▶ William Jennings Bryan (D) . Populist rhetoric ▶ William McKinley (R) . Mark Hanna . Outspent Bryan 5 to 1 . Benefited from recovering economy ▶ Campaign . Bryan’s stump speeches . McKinley’s “front-porch” William McKinley (R) (1897-1901) ▶ Economy . Klondike Gold Rush (1896-1899) . Gold Standard Act (1900) . Economic expansion ▶ Foreign Affairs . Annexation of Hawaii (1898) . Spanish-American War (1898) . China ▶ Open Door Policy ▶ Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) ▶ Assassination . September 6, 1901 in Buffalo, NY . Leon Czolgosz Election of 1900 ▶ William McKinley (R) . William McKinley ▶ Theodore Roosevelt as VP ▶ William Jennings Bryan (D) . Bimetallism . Antiimperialism Theodore Roosevelt (R) (1901-1909) ▶ Square Deal . Trustbuster . Business Regulation . Conservation ▶ Coal Strike of 1902 ▶ Panic of 1907 ▶ Big Stick Policy . Panama Canal . Roosevelt Corollary Election of 1904 ▶ Theodore Roosevelt (R) ▶ Alton B. Parker (D) ▶ Eugene V. Debs . Socialist Party of America Roosevelt: Trustbuster ▶ Good Trusts & Bad Trusts ▶ Consumer Protection . Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) ▶ Prohibited impure and falsely labeled foods and drugs . Meat Inspection Act (1906) ▶ Prohibited misleading labels ▶ Prohibited harmful chemicals Roosevelt: Conservationist ▶ 230,000,000 acres under protection during Roosevelt’s administration ▶ U.S. Forest Service ▶ Newlands Reclamation Act (1902) . Federal promotion of irrigation in western states ▶ National Park Service (1916) ▶ Preservationists . John Muir and Sierra Club National Parks Election of 1908 ▶ William Howard Taft (R) . Hand-picked by Roosevelt ▶ William Jennings Bryan (D) William Howard Taft (R) (1909-1913) ▶ Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States (1911) . Supreme Court ruled trust in violation of Sherman Antitrust Act . Broken up into 33 companies and trust dissolved ▶ Sixteenth Amendment (1913) . Federal graduated income tax ▶ Dollar Diplomacy Election of 1912 ▶ Woodrow Wilson (D) . New Freedom ▶ Regulate business to promote competition and small businesses ▶ Theodore Roosevelt (Prog) . “Bull Moose Party” . New Nationalism ▶ Executive regulations of industries and social justice ▶ William Howard Taft (R) . Conservative Republicans and Progressive Republicans (Insurgents) ▶ Socialist Party of America . Eugene V. Debs Woodrow Wilson (D) (1913-1921) ▶ Progressive Amendments . Seventeenth Amendment – Direct election of Senators . Eighteenth Amendment - Prohibition . Nineteenth Amendment – Women’s suffrage ▶ Progressive Legislation and Policies . Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) ▶ Prevent and eliminate trusts and monopolies . Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) ▶ Strengthened Sherman Act by preventing mergers . Federal Reserve Act (1913) ▶ Central banking system and regulation of monetary policy ▶ World War I . Fourteen Points . League of Nations Progressive Business Regulation ▶ Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914) . Demand annual reports . Investigate complaints ▶ Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) . Prohibited monopolistic pricing policies . Held corporate officers personally responsible for anti- trust violations . Unions not subject to anti-trust laws and court injunctions Federal Reserve System and Central Banking ▶ Panic of 1907 ▶ Federal Reserve Act (1913) . “The Fed” ▶ Price stability, maximum employment, long-term economic growth . Federal Reserve Board ▶ President appointed with Senate consent ▶ FOMC ▶ Monetary Policy . Open-Market Operations . Reserve Requirement/Ratio . Discount rates Election of 1916 ▶ Woodrow Wilson (D) . “He kept us out of war.” ▶ Charles Evan Hughes (R) . U.S. Supreme Court justice.
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