GildedGilded AgeAge PoliticsPolitics Third (1860-1896)

▶ Antebellum and Post War Issues(1854-1877) ▶ Post Reconstruction Issues (1877-1896) ▶ Slavery and Emancipation ▶ Civil Service Reform ▶ Reconstruction policies ▶ Tariffs and Protectionism ▶ Gold Standard and Silver ▶ Populist Party

▶ Democrats ▶ Republicans . Platform . Platform ▶ Pro-slavery ▶ Radical Reconstruction ▶ States’ rights; laissez-faire ▶ Pro-business; tariffs; protectionism . Factions . Factions ▶ Bourbon Democrats ▶ Stalwarts . Pro-business Democrats . Preserve and machine politics . Supported civil service reforms ▶ Half-Breeds ▶ Redeemer Democrats . Pursued civil service reform . Coalition ▶ . Independents discouraged with corrupt GOP ▶ White Southerners, Catholics, . Coalition Lutherans, Jews, Immigrants, working class ▶ Business, upper-class, middle-class, Northern WASPs, reformers, blacks, ▶ Solid South scalawags, carpetbaggers ▶ Northeast and West Election of 1868

▶ Ulysses S. Grant (R) ▶ (D) Ulysses S. Grant (R) (1869-1877)

▶ Civil War hero, but no political experience; linked with moderates and Radicals ▶ . Credit Mobilier ▶ Union Pacific Railroad creates dummy construction company to hire execs at inflated salaries and earn high dividends ▶ Sold stock to Republican congressmen and bribed press to keep quiet . Whiskey Ring ▶ Republicans embezzled liquor tax revenues using bribes and networks ▶ Amnesty Act of 1872 ▶ Panic of 1873 Election of 1872 Panic of 1873: The Long Depression

▶ Causes . Expansion of railroads, enterprises in industries and mines outpaces market demand . Coinage Act of 1873 ▶ Demonetizes silver contracting the money supply ▶ “Crime of 73” . Jay Cooke & Company bankrupt ▶ Major financing investment firm leads to chain reaction of banks ▶ Effects . Over 100 railroads fail; 16,000 businesses fail ▶ Unemployment at 14% “Election” of 1876

Samuel Rutherford B. Tilden (D) Hayes (R)

▶ Republicans struggle to nominate “boring” Rutherford B. Hayes ▶ Democrats nominate solid and popular Samuel J. Tilden ▶ Tilden won the popular vote solidly and needed only 1 more electoral vote for majority ▶ Contested electoral votes in 3 Reconstruction states (Louisiana, South Carolina, Florida) ▶ Electoral Commission rewarded 3 sets of electoral votes to Hayes . Split ideologically 8-7 in favor of Republicans 81.8% voter turnout Compromise of 1877 ▶ Hayes will become president, if… . Remove federal troops from the South . Help develop infrastructure in South, ex. Railroads . Appoint Southerner to Cabinet . Limited enforcement of racial equality ▶ Redemption . Redeemer Democrats . Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) . Jim Crow Laws ▶ Segregation ▶ Disenfranchisement . Literacy tests . Poll taxes . Grandfather clauses Rutherford B. Hayes (R) (1877-1881)

▶ Compromise of 1877 ▶ Great Railroad Strike of 1877 ▶ Civil service reform Election of 1880

▶ James A. Garfield (R) . Protective tariffs ▶ Winfield S. Hancock (D) . Lower tariffs

79.4% voter turnout James A. Garfield (R) (1881)

▶ Challenged political machines, spoils system, and senatorial courtesy ▶ Assassination . July 2, 1881 . Charles J. Guiteau ▶ “a disgruntled office-seeker” ▶ Death . September 19, 1881 ▶ Chester A. Arthur assumes presidency Civil Service Reform ▶ Patronage/Spoils System dominated political appointments since Jackson ▶ Corruption during Grant administration called for reform . Stalwarts ▶ Supported machine politics and spoils system ▶ . Half-breeds ▶ Pursued civil service reform ▶ James G. Blaine ▶ Garfield’s assassination ▶ Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (1883) . United States Civil Service Commission . Federal employees based on expertise, civil service exams . Prohibited federal employees and campaign contributions Chester A. Arthur (R) (1881-1885)

▶ Assumed office after Garfield’s assassination ▶ Pendleton Act (1883) . Despite being a Stalwart ▶ Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Election of 1884 ▶ (D) ▶ James G. Blaine (R) ▶ Campaign . “Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine. Continental liar, from the state of Maine” . “Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion” . “Mama, mama! Where’s my pa?” ▶ “On to the White House, HA HA HA”

77.5% voter turnout Grover Cleveland (D) (1885-1889)

▶ Haymarket Riot (1886) ▶ Interstate Commerce Act (1887) . Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) ▶ Opposed Civil War veteran pensions . Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) advocacy ▶ Pursued tariff reform Election of 1888 ▶ (R) . Protective tariffs ▶ Grover Cleveland (D) . Lower tariffs . Against inflationary currency and war pensions . Won the popular vote

79.3% voter turnout Benjamin Harrison (R) (1889-1893)

▶ Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) ▶ Billion Dollar Congress ▶ Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) . Free Silver/Silverites ▶ McKinley Tariff (1890) ▶ Homestead Strike (1892) The Populist Movement

▶ Origin and Evolution of Populist Party . Granger Movement -> . Farmers Alliance -> . Populist Movement -> . People’s Party/Populist Party ▶ West and South ▶ Omaha Platform (July 4, 1892) . Coinage of silver . Direct election of Senators . Graduated income tax . State laws through referendums/initiatives . Government regulation/ownership of infrastructure . 8-hour workday . Abolition of national banks . Civil service reform Bimetallism

▶ Coinage Act of 1873 ▶ For Silver and Gold . Inflationary effect ▶ “If a farmer owes $3,000 and can earn $1 for every bushel of wheat sold at harvest, he needs to sell 3,000 bushels to pay off the debt. If inflation could push the price of a bushel of wheat up to $3, he needs to sell only 1,000 bushels.” . Free Silver/Silverites ▶ For Gold Standard . “Sound money” . Banks and businesses preferred gold standard . Stable economy and prevents inflation ▶ Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890) . U.S. Treasury ordered to buy 4.5 million oz of silver monthly . Treasury notes could be turned in for silver or gold ▶ Most took gold depleting U.S. gold reserves Election of 1892

▶ Grover Cleveland (D) . Lower tariffs . Gold standard ▶ Benjamin Harrison (R) . Protective tariffs . Bimetallism ▶ James B. Weaver (Pop) . Coalition of farmers and labor unions

74.7% voter turnout Grover Cleveland (D) (1893-1897)

▶ ▶ Bimetallism ▶ Pullman Strike (1894) Panic of 1893

▶ Causes . Overexpansion . Railroad speculation ▶ Pennsylvania and Reading Railroad bankruptcy . Silver Purchase Act repealed ▶ Impact . Unemployment to 18.4% . 16,000 businesses and 500 banks bankrupt/failed . Pullman Strike (July 1894) . Coxey’s Army (1894) ▶ March on Washington by unemployed workers and farmers $500 million for jobs ▶ Dispersed by federal troops . J.P. Morgan and the Treasury ▶ Cleveland and U.S. borrowed $65 million in gold (D)

▶ “The Great Commoner” . Appealed to farmers, working class, middle class ▶ “Cross of Gold” Speech . “If they dare to come out in the open field and defend the gold standard as a good thing, we shall fight them to the uttermost, having behind us the producing masses of the nation and the world. Having behind us the commercial interests and the laboring interests and all the toiling masses, we shall answer their demands for a gold standard by saying to them, you shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold.” Election of 1896 ▶ William McKinley (R) . . Outspent Bryan 5 to 1 . Benefited from recovering economy ▶ William Jennings Bryan (D) . Populist rhetoric ▶ Campaign . Bryan’s stump speeches . McKinley’s “front-porch” ▶ Realignment election . Ends Third Party System . Begins Fourth Party System ▶ Republican domination