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The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of the United States, Volume 6 (of 6), by E. Benjamin Andrews This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: History of the United States, Volume 6 (of 6) Author: E. Benjamin Andrews Release Date: December 24, 2007 [EBook #24023] Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES *** Produced by Don Kostuch [Transcriber's Notes] Text has been moved to avoid fragmentation of sentences and paragraphs. This is the last volume in a set of six. The other five volumes are at: Volume I -- http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/20925 Volume II -- http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22567 Volume III -- http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/23748 Volume IV -- http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22676 Volume V -- http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22777 Here are the definitions of some uncommon words. capitation Numbering or assessing by the head. Poll tax. Fee or payment of a uniform amount for each person. cumberer Hindrance. imperatively Absolutely necessary; unavoidable; commanding. justiciable Capable of being settled by law or by the action of a court: munificent Very generous. [End Transcriber's Notes] HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Copyright, 1907, by Clinedinst. Washington, D. C. Theodore Roosevelt At his desk in the executive offices of the White House during his term as president HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES FROM THE EARLIEST DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE PRESENT TIME BY E. BENJAMIN ANDREWS CHANCELLOR OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA FORMERLY PRESIDENT OF' BROWN UNIVERSITY With 650 Illustrations and Maps VOLUME VI. NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1912 COPYRIGHT, 1912, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 7 CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER I. THE RISE OF THEODORE ROOSEVELT 21 Career of Theodore Roosevelt.--Characteristics.--Temper and Method.-- Administration.--Reciprocity.--Trusts.--Industrial Confederations.--Railway, Steel and Steamship Combinations.--Ship Subsidy Bill.--Beef Trust.--Steel Strike of 1901.-- Anthracite Coal Strike of 1902.--President Roosevelt Calls Conference for Its Settlement. CHAPTER II. ROOSEVELT'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION 43 His Fine Equipment for the Office of President.--A Remarkable Cabinet.--Mr. Root's Work for Cuba and the Philippines.--For the Army.--The Diplomacy of John Hay.--Department of Commerce and Labor Created.--The Panama Canal Achievement.- -Recognition of Panama.--The Galveston Flood.--Plan of City Government.--Cuba an Independent Republic.--The Philippines under United --States Rule.--The Baltimore Fire.--The St. Louis Exposition. CHAPTER III. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION OF 1904 71 President Roosevelt Renominated.--Nominations of the Democratic Convention.-- Of the Conventions of the Populist, Socialist and Prohibitionist Parties.--Character of the Campaign.--Charges Made against the Republicans.--President Roosevelt's Reply to Judge Parker's Statements.--Results of the Election. 8 CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER IV. AMERICA AND THE CHINESE OPEN DOOR 85 Aggressive Policy of President Roosevelt.--Secretary Hay Continued in Office.-- William H. Taft Made Secretary of War.--Trade of America and European Nations with China.--Secretary Hay's Request for Equal Trade Rights in China for All Nations.--The Boxer Rebellion.--Portion of China's Indemnity Cancelled by Congress.--Chinese Students in America.--Russia's Influence in China.--New Commercial Treaty between United States and China.--Opening of Manchurian Ports to All Nations.--Secretary Hay and Chinese Neutrality during the Russo-Japanese War.--Effects of too Strict Interpretation of Chinese Exclusion Act.--President Roosevelt's Instructions to Immigration Officials. CHAPTER V. INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION. 94 Progress Made in Settlement of International Difficulties by Arbitration.--First Meeting of the Hague Peace Conference.--Work of the Conference.--Chief Features of a Permanent International Court of Arbitration.--Advantages of Such Court.--Convened for the First Time in 1901.--The Pious Fund Case.--The Venezuela Case.--Mr. Carnegie's Gift for a "Palace of Peace."--The Building.--Peace Congresses Held in the United States in 1904.--Resolutions Adopted.--The Nations Invited by President Roosevelt to a Second Hague Conference.--Work of Second Conference.--Number of Treaties Concluded between the Nations. CHAPTER VI. THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN-AMERICA 110 Interest in South American Republics.--Meeting of Pan-American Congress in Washington.--In City of Mexico.--Comparison of Foreign Commerce of South American States with European Countries and with the United States.--Progress of South American States.--The Third Pan-American Congress, at Rio Janeiro Bureau of Pan-American Republics Founded.--New Interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine.--The Santo Domingo Situation.--Its Adjustment by President Roosevelt. CONTENTS 9 PAGE CHAPTER VII. CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES 124 Waste of Nation's Resources.--Establishment of a Division of Forestry.--Mariposa Forest Reservation.--Preservation of Niagara Falls.--Inland Waterways Commission Appointed by President Roosevelt.--Conference on Conservation Held at the White House.--Resolutions Adopted.--First National Conservation Commission.--The National Conservation Association Formed.--First North American Conservation Congress, called by President Roosevelt.--Irrigation and the Reclamation Act.--The Roosevelt Dam.--The Shoshone Dam.--The Truckee-Carson Canal.--Proceeds from Sales of Public Lands.--Reclamation of the Swamp Lands.--The Mississippi Basin.-- The Lakes to the Gulf Deep Waterways Association.--Projects Submitted by the Inland Waterways Commission.--Appropriation for Enlargement of Erie Canal. CHAPTER VIII. DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW SOUTH 146 Splendid Natural Gifts of the South.--Its Water Power Facilities.--Wealth of Minerals and Forests, Coal and Iron.--Waste of Forest Lands.--Wonderful Economic Advancement.--Mr. Rockefeller's Gift.--Cotton Production.--Improved Methods of Agriculture.--Roads.--Methods of Financing the Plantation System.--Cultivation of Hay and Corn.--Stock-Raising.--The New Social Life.--Bright Prospect for the Future. CHAPTER IX. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION 158 Exposition at Portland, Oregon, Commemorating Lewis and Clark Expedition.-- Interstate Commerce Commission.--Provisions of Interstate Commerce Laws.--Pure Food and Drugs Law. --Investigation of Meat-Packing Methods.--The Earthquake in San Francisco.--Relief Fund.--Rebuilding of the City. 10 CONTENTS PAGE CHAPTER X. THE FINANCIAL PANIC OF 1907 170 Popular Explanations of Its Cause.--The Real Causes.--Insolvency of Knickerbocker Trust Company.--Lack of Confidence in Financial Institutions.--Aid from the United States Treasury's Surplus Fund.--Enormous Amounts Paid Out to Depositors.--Radical Steps Taken by Bankers.--"Emergency Currency" Issued.--Strengthening of the New York Stock Exchange.--Gold from Foreign Countries.--Sale of Panama Bonds and Notes.--Confidence Restored.--Discussions Concerning Financial System. --The Aldrich-Vreeland Act. CHAPTER XI. IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION 187 Great Increase in Immigration.--Change in Its Character.--Gain in Percentage from Southern Europe over that from Northern Europe.--Reasons Why These Foreigners Emigrate to America.--The Immigration Act of 1907.--And Its Effect.--The Emigration of Italians.--Slavs in the United States.--The Jews.--The Question of Oriental Immigration.--Dangers of Increasing Immigration.--Foreign Colonies in Chicago and Other Cities.--Increase in Criminality.--The Chief Problem.--Emigration of United States Farmers to Canada. CHAPTER XII. NOTABLE SUPREME COURT DECISIONS 211 The Northern Securities Company Case.--The Alonzo Bailey Case.--Case of Loewe vs. Lawler, or the Danbury Hatters Case.--The Standard Oil Case.--The Case of the American Tobacco Company. CHAPTER XIII. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION-- CONTINUED 225 President Roosevelt's Advocacy of a Larger and More Efficient Navy.--Rear- Admiral Evans's Effective Work.--Cruise of the Atlantic Fleet.--Unusual Honors Tendered by Brazil and Other Countries Visited by the Fleet.--Purchase and Settlement of Oklahoma Territory.--Indian System of Government.--Oklahoma and Indian Territory Admitted to the Union.--Exclusion of Japanese Students in San Francisco and President Roosevelt's Prompt Action.--Child-Labor in the United States.--The Bev- eridge-Parsons Bill.--New Uses of Electricity.--Wireless Telegraphy, Air-Ships and Submarine Boats.--Business and Political Reforms.--Advances in Educational Work.-- Notable Gifts of Mr. Carnegie and Mr. Rockefeller. CONTENTS 11 PAGE CHAPTER XIV. THE PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN OF 1908 253 The Republican Convention.--William H. Taft Nominated for President.--Other Candidates for Nomination.--James S. Sherman Nominated for Vice-President.--The Democratic Convention.--And Its Nominations.--Platforms of Both Parties.--The Socialist Convention and Platform.--Convention of the Prohibition Party and Its Platform.--Lack of Campaign "Issues."--Personal Fitness of the Candidates.--Fear of the Power of Great Corporations.--Efficiency of President Roosevelt's Administration.-- Results of the Election. CHAPTER XV. THE ADMINISTRATION OF PRESIDENT TAFT 271 Inauguration of President Taft.--His Cabinet.--Increase of Salaries of Principal Executive Officers.--Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition.--Alaskan Products.--Hudson- Fulton
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