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The Worldview of Franklin D. Roosevelt: France, Germany, and United States Involvement in World War Ii in Europe

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The Worldview of Franklin D. Roosevelt: France, Germany, and United States Involvement in World War Ii in Europe ABSTRACT Title of Dissertation: THE WORLDVIEW OF FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT: FRANCE, GERMANY, AND UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD WAR II IN EUROPE Michael S. Bell, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Professor Keith W. Olson Dep artment of History President Franklin D. Roosevelt operated from a remarkably consistent view of the world that grew naturally from his experiences. Before he entered the White House, Roosevelt already possessed a coherent worldview that influenced his thinking and informed his decisions as president. The product of his background and education, his experiences, and his exposure to contemporary ideas, Roosevelt’s worldview fully coalesced by the mid 1920s and provided a durable and coherent foundation for Roosevelt’s thinking as president and his strategic direction in response to the deteriorating situation in Europe in the late 1930s and toward the Second World War. Roosevelt’s “worldview” was his broad perspective and sweeping understanding of the impact and interplay of states, parties, groups, and individual people on the progressive advance of world civilization. His background and personal experiences, understanding of historical events, and ideology shaped Roosevelt’s perspective and enabled him to formulate and deliberately pursue long-range strategic goals as part of his foreign policy. The foundation of Roosevelt’s worldview was a progressive, liberal outlook that provided a durable basis for how he interpreted and responded to events at home and abroad. An essential aspect of that outlook was Roosevelt’s deep conviction that he had a personal responsibility to advance civilization and safeguard the cause of liberal reform and democracy. He believed that he was an agent of progress. Exam ining several of Roosevelt’s wartime policies within the context of his overall perspective allows new insights and a deeper appreciation for the depth and complexity of his thinking. As wartime leader, he remained focused on his fundamental strategic goal s of defeating Nazi Germany and totalitarianism while crafting and implementing an enduring peace. As part of the enduring peace, he envisioned a postwar world marked by continued cooperation between the great powers, the reestablishment of republican Fran ce, and the revitalization of German liberalism. THE WORLDVIEW OF FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT: FRANCE, GERMANY, AND UNITED STATES INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD WAR II IN EUROPE by Michael S. Bell Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2004 Advisory Committee: Professor Keith W. Olson, Chair Professor Herman J. Belz Professor Rose -Marie Oster Professor Shu Guang Zhang Dr. J. Samuel Walker ©Copyright by Michael S. Bell 2004 Preface Tales of the exploits of the Second World War have been part of the fabric of my entire life, and the political story of Franklin D. Roosevelt and United States entry into the war attracted my interest over twenty years ago. I first encountered Wayne S. Cole’s masterful Roosevelt and the Isolationists while a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point. Since then, my fascination with Roosevelt and the Second World War has remained strong. The period offers many insights that are invaluable today. During Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, service in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Iraq awakened my interest in how prewar perceptions and assumptions influence United States entry into foreign conflicts. Related to that issue is the extent those perceptions and assumptions also shape, inform, or limit the manner in which the United States wages the subsequent war. As a citizen and a soldier, I find these to be vital issues. Events since 9/11 have served to sustain and reinforce my curiosity concerning the assumptions underpinning strategic direction and decision-making as the United States transitions from peace to war. This study developed out of my master’s thesis at the University of Maryland. Under the direction of Wayne Cole, my thesis examined United States relations with the French State between the Fall of France and the Anglo -American invasion of North Africa. During that study , I came to appreciate three circumstances. The first was the central role Franklin D. Roosevelt played in the foreign policy and strategic direction of his administration. The second was the extent to which United States policies derived from ii attitudes, perceptions, and influences in the United States that did not always reflect what was happening overseas. The third was that in Roosevelt’s thinking there seemed to be a symbiotic relationship between France and Germany. With these as a point of departure, I began my dissertation research and had the great fortune to return to the Hudson Valley as a member of the Department of History at West Point. With the assistance of a generous research grant from the United States Military Academy’s Faculty Development Research Fund, I began detailed exploration into Roosevelt’s personal direction of policy, his background, and his experiences in the collection at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, New York and at other repositories. This st udy could not have succeeded without the kind and professional assistance provided by the staff at the National Archives and the Roosevelt Library. I would like to offer my particular appreciation to National Archives staff archivists: John Taylor, from th e modern military record branch, Larry McDonald, in the records of the Office of Strategic Services, and Rich Boylan, at the Suitland Federal Records Center and College Park. I also owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to the superb staff of the Roosevelt Li brary, especially Raymond Teichman, Robert Parks, Mark Renovitch, Nancy Schnedecker, and Virginia Lewick. Their character made very visit to Hyde Park a rewarding one. Throughout this study I have benefited from the professional advice and helpful enco uragement of colleagues and friends. Historians Wayne Cole, George Herring, and Mark Stoler encouraged, supported, and inspired my efforts. Herman Belz, Rose -Marie Oster, and Shu Guang Zhang at the University of Maryland and J. Samuel Walker, the historian of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, provided critical analyses and iii invaluable feedback. To Keith Olson, who directed my doctoral studies, I owe a lasting debt of gratitude for his counsel, patience, insight, and commitment. I am deeply grateful to him. As always, my greatest acknowledgement is to my wife, Terri, and our wonderful children: Elise, Michael, and Mary Ellen. They have supported me in every way. What follows is a testament to their love, inspiration, and encouragement. iv TABLE OF CONT ENTS Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Chapter 2: The Development of Roosevelt’s Worldview, 1882-1913 11 Chapter 3: Great War and the Confirmation of a Progressive Worldview, 1913-1918 111 Chapter 4: Affirmation of a Progressive Worldview, 1919-1928 219 Chapter 5: Implementing his Worldview: France, Germany, and the Second World War in Europe, 1933-45 288 Chapter 6: Insights and Conclusions 411 References 421 v Chapter 1: Introduction He has an amazingly retentive memory and constantly floors his family with knowledge of events, geography and history, factual concrete knowledge. Joseph Lash’s diary description of Franklin D. Roosevelt, 19401 Before he entered the White House, Franklin D. Roosevelt already possessed a coherent and consistent worldview that influenced his thinking and informed his decisions as president. 2 That worldview shaped how he understood and responded to events in Europe as war threatened and his conduct of the Second World War. As a re sult, Roosevelt pursued what he believed was a steady and rational foreign policy and strategic concept. The consistency in Roosevelt’s major decisions and strategic direction for waging the war against Nazi Germany and totalitarianism emanated from his particular worldview. Roosevelt operated from a remarkably consistent view of the world that grew naturally from his experiences. His worldview developed over more than forty years and fully 1 Entry for August 6, 1940, Joseph P. Lash Journal, 1939-42, Folder 3, Box 31, Speeches and Writings, The Papers of Joseph P. Lash, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library, Hyde Park, New York (hereafter cited as FDRL). 2 Although Roosevelt has remained a subject of historical scrutiny for over half a century, there is no scholarly consensus on his actions with regard to World War II. Historians Justus Doenecke and Gerhard Weinberg assert that previously untapped or classified sources may lead to a greater understanding of Roosevelt’s actions. With those, Weinberg suggests, historians may develop a more complete assessment of the influence of Roosevelt’s experiences, particularly from the Great War and immediate post war era, on Roosevelt’s perceptions and the impact of those perceptions on some of his most important decisions and wartime policies. Justus D. Doenecke, “U.S. Policy and the European War, 1939-1941,” Diplomatic History , Fall 1995, vol. 19, number 4, pp. 673, 696; Gerhard L. Weinberg, “World War II: Comments on the Roundtable,” Diplomatic History , Summer 2001, vol. 25, number 3, p. 492; Gerhard L. Weinberg, Germany , Hitler , and World War II : Essays in Modern German and World History (Cambridge, Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 186-7, 299-301. 1 coalesced by the mid 1920s. As a young man, Roosevelt’s family background and his boyhood travels, reading, and experiences provided a solid foundation for his emerging perspective. As he matured during the progressive era, his formal education complemented those views and his subsequent entry into public life further exposed him to contemporary attitudes and strategic thinking. In world affairs, he thought the United States had a responsibility to promote liberty and progress, wielding significant influence through moral suasion and sea power. As Roosevelt entered public life, his ideas underwent further refinement, particularly in association with the two presidents and statesmen whom he admired most: Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson.
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