Labor History in the United States

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTRIBUTIONS NO. 6

LABOR HISTORY IN THE UNITED STATES

A General Bibliography

INSTITUTE OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LI B RARY OF THE UNIVER.5ITY.. Of ILLINOIS 0163310973 St8£

Hii/juiii tr.'jiiorty suKVfet LIBRARY

BIBLIOGRAPHIC CONTRIBUTIONS NO. 6

LABOR HISTORY IN THE UNITED STATES

A General Bibliography

Compiled by Gene S. Stroud and Gilbert E. Donahue

INSTITUTE OF LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, URBANA, 1961 Manufactured in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Catalog Card No. A6 1-9096. 0/

PREFACE

In 1953, the University of Illinois Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations published Ralph E. McCoy's History of Labor and Unionism in the United States: A Selected Bibliography as the second in its new Bibliographic Contributions series. In the preface of that compilation of 1,024 titles. Professor McCoy stated:

This contribution is largely an assemblage of secondary works published sepa- rately, i.e., books and pamphlets. Some of the items are surveys of existing conditions rather than histories, but have attained historical value with the passing of time. The term "labor" is used in a broad sense to include working conditions, labor-management relations, and government regulation of industrial relations.

This broad approach to the compilation of materials on labor history as well as the bibliography itself were favorably received, and the publication was soon out of print. Basic to the McCoy bibliography were standard books, monographs, and pamphlets on labor history and related accounts of specific events, movements, or organizations which influenced the development of trade unionism in the United States. Those works, whether scholarly or popular, which reported the political, economic, and social conditions by time periods also were part of the basic list. A few non-statistical government documents and publications were included, as were some pamphlets which concerned events and issues not reported in other forms. Addi- tional items, referred to in the preface as "marginal material," were listed for convenient reference.

Professor McCoy's compilation excluded government statistical reports, union proceedings and journals, unpublished theses, articles in periodicals, and most general histories containing only chapters or sections on the American labor movement. Also excluded were business histories and

general works on radicalism, Utopias, and cooperatives, unless they related specifically to trade unionism. The continuing need for a reference tool of wide scope and the desirability of including recently published materials led the Institute's Library Committee, in 1958, to approve and encourage preparation of a successor to the original bibliography. Labor History in the United States: A General Bibliography is the successor. In selecting material for the new bibliography, McCoy's definition of labor history was extended to include a wide range of concepts, forces, events, and issues that influenced, however slightly, the development of the labor movement in the United States up to the end of World War II in 1945. Hence, material from what has traditionally been defined as the core area of labor history is supplemented with tangential data. In part, the problems of definition in labor history are posed because labor history has been treated by economists and industrial relations specialists rather than by general historians. It is hoped that this bibliography not only documents the range of forces that shaped labor unionism in the United States, but also stimulates fresh approaches to the writing of labor history. The scope of this bibliography is best described by comparing the bases of inclusion and exclusion used in it with those of the earlier work. Most of the items in the McCoy list have been retained; types of materials deleted were those in mimeograph, manuscript, or microfilm form, untranslated foreign publications, works on Canadian labor, and pamphlets of fewer than fifty pages published since 1886. Pamphlets which were

retained, or added to the original list, were those especially relevant to a specific topic or providing information not found elsewhere. At best, the present pamphlet selection represents only a minute sampling of what is available. A separate bibliography of pamphlets is needed to give ade- quate coverage to the thousands which have been published on labor unionism and related subjects. Separate bibliographies of Canadian labor history and of untranslated foreign publications on American labor history would also be useful. This bibliography has been expanded in scope to include some of the materials excluded in the McCoy compilation: statistical summaries and studies relating to wages and hours, living cost, productivity, employment and unemployment, work stoppage, social security, and health and welfare activity. Bulletins and reports of the U.S. Department of Labor and the Bureau of Labor Statistics were examined, and those germane to the scope of this bibliography were included. Resources did not permit a detailed search of all the reports and documents of Congressional committees, industrial commissions, and investigatory and fact-finding boards, but the best known and most frequently cited were listed. Partial coverage also has been given to the histories and activities of state and federal administrative and regulatory agencies in labor areas. Additional biographies and autobiographies of labor leaders, as well as some public figures and industrialists who have been prominent in the history of the labor-management relationship, were located. Books and monographs using the case study approach to collective bargaining, arbitration, labor law, and human relations appear also. While the earlier work explicitly excluded articles in periodicals, the new bibliography cites a number of articles and collections of articles which appeared in special or topical issues of journals, anthologies, or encyclopedias. Again, only partial coverage is given to this important area.* Journal articles and symposiums which are included provide summaries of contemporary thought regarding labor at a particular time period. Other additions to the earlier compilation have been largely the result of extending the coverage, in depth and in terms of numbers of items, of the various subject areas. As in the McCoy bibliography, a certain amount of "marginal material" has been listed.

An attempt has been made to maintain consistency in style and in the information included in both individual and series entries. Publishers were identified, where possible, by the name used in the Cumulative Book Index. Such notations as and "n.d." were eliminated where "n.p." ; information about place, publisher, date, or pagination does not appear, it was not available in the sources used in the compilation. Parenthetic notations identify series or otherwise describe the origin of the material and are not intended to present any normative connotations. Where the sources used indicated that subsequent editions of a book differed ma- terially from earlier editions, the latest edition was listed and a parenthetic notation provides basic information about the original version. Experience demonstrated that the arrangement of the McCoy compilation was both practical and useful in a bibliography which embraced a variety of separate, though often interrelated, subjects. Consequently, the 2,022 items in the new listing are numbered in alphabetical order by author, or by issuing agency in the case of publications of governmental agencies and some private organizations, as they were in the earlier work. If the issuing agency credits an individual as author, editor, or compiler, an unnumbered entry is made under his name, and a cross reference to the numbered entry is provided. Preparation of the Subject Index has also followed the general arrangement used by Professor McCoy, and a majority of the entries from that bibliography have been retained with no change in their indexing. Where changes were made, it was to reclassify the items to conform to the additional index heads and subheads needed to preserve the usefulness of such a large compilation. Wherever possible, the added items were examined before they were indexed. Some, however, were not available, and in these cases the classification was based on Library of Congress catalog cards, book reviews, or the suggestions of persons acquainted with the publication. An effort was made to classify the subject matter of each item by its * A comprehensive bibliography of journal articles related to labor history is being prepared as Number 7 in the Institute's Bibliographic Contributions series. It will list articles from various local, state, regional and subject history journals. major emphasis as well as by the principal events, concepts, persons, or organizations considered in it. Many decisions as to where an item should be indexed were, of necessity, arbitrary. It was also necessary, whenever a large number of books would be classified under a very general heading, such as "labor problems," to make some mechanical distinction among the items. These distinctions, based on the period during which the items were published or on the period of time covered by them, were made to break large blocks of index numbers into smaller, more usable groups. Liberal use of cross references has been made, and many items which are indexed under one or more main subject headings are also listed under subheads of related topics. When two or more subject headings are basically synonymous, the applicable items are listed under only one heading, but a see entry for the alternate headings has been provided. Agencies of the federal government are listed, as they are in the body of the bibliography, in alphabetical order under "U.S." Labor History in the United States: A General Bibliography carries the names of Gene S. Stroud and Gilbert E. Donahue as compilers, but it is not the effort of two people alone. Members of the Institute faculty and staff, faculty from various University departments and the University Library, and others who are acquainted with the fields of history, industrial relations, or library science, generously contributed suggestions, information, judgments, and advice. of The primary debt is, course, to Professor Ralph E. McCoy, former Institute Librarian and now Director, University Library, Southern Illi- nois University. Few compilers of bibliographies have the advantage of starting a project with so much of the basic material collected and classified and the technical problems stated. The Institute Library Committee, Professors Milton Derber, Hjalmar Rosen, and Solomon B. Levine, were generous with encouragement and assistance during the planning and research phases of the project. Miss Jo Ann Block and Mrs. Beverly Creek, of the Institute Library staff, prepared, checked, and rechecked the entry cards and collated the material, and Miss Anice Duncan and Mrs. Sandra Rockhold typed and checked the text and index. Professors Barbara D. Dennis and Archie

Green provided editorial advice and supervision during the final stages of preparation. LABOR HISTORY IN THE UNITED STATES: A GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

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American Association for Adult Education, 1940. 162 p. 12. Adamic, Louis. Dynamite: The Story of Class Violence in America.

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120 1735. Joint Industrial Control in the Book and Printing In- dustry. By Emily C. Brown. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1928. 234 p. (Bulletin No. 481.) 1736. Kansas Court of Industrial Relations. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1923. 51 p. (Bulletin No. 322.) 1737. Labor Laws That Have Been Declared Unconstitu- tional. By Lindley D. Clark. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1922. 90 p. (Bulletin No. 321.) 1738. Labor Laws of the United States, with Decisions of Courts Relating Thereto. In 2 Parts. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1914. 2,473 p. (Bulletin No. 148.) 1739. Labor Laws of the United States, with Decisions of Courts Relating Thereto. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1925. 1,240 p. (Bulletin No. 370.) 1740. Labor in the South. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1947. 181 p. (Bulletin No. 898.) 1741. Labor in the Territory of Hawaii, 1939. By James H. Shoemaker. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1940. 244 p. (Bulletin No. 687.)

1742. Labor Through the Century, 1833-1933 . . . Presented at the Century of Progress Exposition, Chicago, 1933. Washing- ton, Government Printing Office, 1933. 46 p. (Bulletin No. 597.) 1743. Labor Unionism in American Agriculture. By Stuart M. Jamieson. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1945. 457 p. (Bulletin No. 836.) 1744. Laws Relating to Employment Agencies in the United States as of January 1, 1933. By Charles F. Sharkey and George D. Patterson, Jr. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1933. 164 p. (Bulletin No. 581.) 1745. Laws Relating to Employment Agencies in the United States as of July 1, 1937. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1937. 237 p. (Bulletin No. 630.) 1746. Laws Relating to Prison Labor in the United States as 1 Charles F. D. of July , 1933. By Sharkey and George Patterson, Jr. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1933. 146 p. (Bulletin No. 596.) 1747. Michigan Copper District Strike. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1914. 183 p. (Bulletin No. 139.) 1748. Minimum-Wage Laws of the United States: Construc- tion and Operation. By Lindley D. Clark. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1921. 345 p. (Bulletin No. 285.)

121 1749. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Minimum-Wage Legislation in the United States and Foreign Countries. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1915. 335 p. (Bulletin No. 167.) 1750. National War Labor Board: A History of Its Formation and Activities, Together with Its Awards and the Documents of Importance in the Record of Its Development. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1921. 334 p. (Bulletin No. 287.) 1751. Numbered Series. Bulletins 100 through 237 bore series titles and numbers. Following is a list of the bulletins in each of the pertinent series. (Some of the bulletins cited here are also cited as separate entries, and are entered in the Subject Index.) Conciliation and Arbitration Series. Bulletins No. 124, 133, 139, 144, 145, 191, 198, 233. Employment and Unemployment Series. Bulletins No. 192, 195, 196, 202, 206, 220, 227, and 235. Industrial Accidents and Hygiene Series. Bulletins No. 104, 120, 127, 141, 157, 165, 179, 188, 201, 205, 207, 209, 216, 219, 221, 230, 231, 234, 236. Labor as Affected by the War Series. Bulletins No. 170, 219, 221, 222, 223, 230, 237. Labor Laws of the United States Series (Including Decisions of the Courts Relating to Labor). Bulletins No. Ill, 112, 148, 152, 166, 169, 186, 189,211,213,224,229. Miscellaneous Series. Bulletins No. 109, 117, 118, 123, 158, 159, 162, 167, 170, 172, 174, 183, 208, 222. Vocational Education Series. Bulletins No. 159, 162, 199. Wages and Hours of Labor Series. Bulletins No. 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 137, 143, 146, 147, 150, 151, 153, 154, 161, 163, 168, 171, 177, 178, 187, 190, 194, 204, 214, 218, 225, 232. Women in Industry Series. Bulletins No. 116, 119, 122, 160, 175, 176, 180, 182, 193, 215, 223. Workmen's Insurance and Compensation — Including Laws Thereto. A Series. Bulletins No. 101, 102, 103, 107, 126, 155, 185, 203, 210, 212, 217. 1752. Occupational Disease Legislation in the United States, 1936. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1937. 58 p. (Bulletin No. 625.) 1753. Personnel Research Agencies, 1930 Edition. By Estelle M. Stewart. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1930. 197 p. (Bulletin No. 518, Revision of Bulletin No. 299.) 1 754. Prison Labor in the United States. By Herman B. Byer.

122 Washington, Government Printing Office, 1933. 216 p. (Bulletin No. 595.) 1755. Prison Labor in the United States, 1940. By Richard F. Jones, Jr. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1941. 288 p. (Bulletin No. 698.) 1756. Problems and Policies of Dispute Settlement and Wage Stabilization During World War II. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1950. 380 p. (Bulletin No. 1009.) 1757. Profit Sharing in the United States. By Boris Emmet. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1916. 188 p. (Bulletin No. 208.) 1758. Public Employment Offices in the United States. By John G. Herndon, Jr. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1918. 100 p. (Bulletin No. 241.) 1759. Public Service Retirement Systems: United States, Canada, and Europe. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1929. 223 p. (Bulletin No. 477.) 1760. Report on the Work of the National Defense Mediation Board, March 19, 1941-January 12, 1942. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1942. 285 p. (Bulletin No. 714.) 1761. The Safety Movement in the Iron and Steel Industry, 1907-1917. By Lucian W. Chaney and Hugh S. Hanna. Wash- ington, Government Printing Office, 1918. 299 p. (Bulletin No. 234.) 1762. Strikes and Lockouts in 1944. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1945. 35 p. (Bulletin No. 833.) 1763. Strikes in 1942. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1943. 30 p. (Bulletin No. 741.) 1764. Strikes in 1943. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1944. 40 p. (Bulletin No. 782.) 1765. Strikes in 1941 and Strikes Affecting Defense Produc- tion. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1942. 130 p. (Bulletin No. 711). 1766. Strikes in the United States, 1880-1936. By Florence Peterson. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1938. 183 p. (Bulletin No. 651.) 1767. Summary of the Report on Condition of Woman and Child Wage Earners in the United States. Washington, Gov- ernment Printing Office, 1915. 445 p. (Bulletin No. 175.)

1768. . . .. Technological Changes and Employment in the Electric-

123 Lamp Industry. By Witt Bowden. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1933. 62 p. (Bulletin No. 593.) 1769. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Technological Changes and Em- ployment in the United States Postal Service. By Witt Bowden. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1932. 69 p. (Bulletin No. 574.) 1770. Unemployment-Benefit Plans in the United States and Unemployment Insurance in Foreign Countries. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1931. 385 p. (Bulletin No. 544.)

1771. . . . Unemployment in the United States. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1916. 115 p. (Bulletin No. 195.) 1772. Use of Federal Power in the Settlement of Railway Labor Disputes. By Clyde O. Fisher. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1922. 121 p. (Bulletin No. 303.) 1773. Welfare Work for Employees in Industrial Establish- ments in the United States. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1919. 139 p. (Bulletin No. 250.) 1774. Wage-Payment Legislation in the United States. By Robert G. Paterson. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1917. 186 p. (Bulletin No. 229.) 1775. Work Stoppages Caused by Labor-Management Dis- putes in 1945. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1946.

41 p. (Bulletin No. 878.) 1776. Workmen's Compensation Laws of the United States and Foreign Countries. Washington, Government Printing Office,

1913. 464 p. (Bulletin No. 126.) 1777. Workmen's Compensation Laws of the United States and Foreign Countries. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1917. 961 p. (Bulletin No. 203.) 1778. Workmen's Compensation Legislation of the United States and Canada. By Lindley D. Clark and Martin C. Frincke,

Jr. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1921. 1,211 p. (Bulletin No. 272.) 1779. Workmen's Compensation Legislation of the United as 1 States and Canada, of July , 1926. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1926. 687 p. (Bulletin No. 423.) 1780. Workmen's Compensation Legislation of the United States and Canada as of January 1, 1929, with Text of Legisla- tion Enacted in 1927 and 1928. By Daniel F. Callahan and Charles F. Sharkey. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1929. 260 p. (Bulletin No. 496.)

124 1781. Workmen's Compensation Legislation of the United States and Foreign Countries, 1917 and 1918. Washington, Gov- ernment Printing Office, 1918. 477 p. (Bulletin No. 243.) 1782. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Division of Historical Studies of

Wartime Problems, 1941-45. Historical Studies of Wartime Prob- lems, Nos. 1-78. Washington, The Bureau.

1783. U.S. Children's Bureau. Child Labor: Facts and Figures. . . .

Washington, Government Printing Office, 1933. 85 p. (Bureau Publication No. 197, Revised.) 1 784. Child Labor Legislation in the United States. By Helen L. Sumner and Ella A. Merritt. Washington, Government Print- ing Office, 1915. 1,131 p. 1785. U.S. Civil Service Commission. Biography of an Ideal: The Diamond Anniversary History of the Federal Civil Service. Wash- ington, Government Printing Office, 1959. 170 p. 1786. History of the Federal Civil Service, 1789 to the Present. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1941. 161 p. 1787. U.S. Gonmiission on Industrial Relations. Report on the Colorado Coal Strike. By George P. West. Washington, The Commission, 1915. 189 p. 1788. Final Report and Testimony. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1916. 11 Vols. 1789. National Erector's Association and International Asso- ciation of Bridge and Structural Ironworkers. By Luke Grant. Washington, The Commission, 1915. 192 p. 1790. U.S. Congress. First Annual Report of the Commission on Industrial Relations. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1914. 79 p. 1791. U.S. Congress. House. Report on the Factory System of the United States. By Carroll D. Wright. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1884. 78 p. (House Miscellaneous Document No. 42. 47th Congress, 2d Session, Vol. 13.) 1792. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on the Judiciary. Investigation of the Employment of Pinkerton Detectives in Connection with the Labor Troubles at Homestead, Pennsylvania. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1892. 247 p. (House Miscellaneous Document No. 335, 52d Congress, 1st Session.)

1793. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Manufactures. Report . . . on the Sweating System. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1893. 269 p. (House Report No. 2309, 52d Congress, 2d

Session. ) 1794. U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Mines and Mining. Condi-

125 tions in the Coal Mines of Colorado: Hearings. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1914. 2 Vols. 2,940 p. 1795. U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee on Existing Labor Troubles. Investigation of Labor Troubles in Missouri, Arkansas, Kansas, Texas, and Illinois. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1887. 2 Parts in 1 Vol. 623 p. and 477 p. (House Report No. 4147, 49th Congress, 2d Session.) 1796. Labor Troubles in the Anthracite Regions of Pennsyl- vania, 1887-88. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1889. 783 p. (House Report No. 4147, 50th Congress, 2d Session.) 1797. U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee to Investigate Causes of the General Depression in Labor and Business, etc. Depression in Labor and Business. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1879. 675 p. (House Miscellaneous Document No. 29, 45th Congress, 3d Session.) 1798. U.S. Congress. House. Select Committee to Investigate the Causes of the General in Labor and Business and as to Chi- Depression ; nese Immigration. Causes of General Depression in Labor and

Business. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1879. 468 p. (House Miscellaneous Document No. 5, 46th Congress, 2d

Session. )

1799. U.S. Congress. Senate. History of Women in Industry in the United States. By Helen L. Sumner under the direction of Charles P. Neill. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1910. 277 p. (Senate Document No. 645, 61st Congress, 2d Session.) 1800. History of Women in Trade Unions, 1825-90, through the Knights of Labor. By John B. Andrews. Washington, Gov- ernment Printing Office, 1911. (Senate Document No. 645, Part 10, pp. 9-132, 61st Congress, 2d Session.) 1801. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Education and Labor. Re- port upon the Relations Between Labor and Capital, and Testi- mony Taken by the Committee. Washington, Government Print- ing Office, 1883-1885. 4 Vols. 1,196, 1,412, 729, and 857 p. 1802. Violations of Free Speech and Rights of Labor. Hear-

ings before a subcommittee . . . pursuant to S. Res. 266 (74th Congress), a resolution to investigate violations of the right of free speech and assembly and interference with the right of labor to organize and bargain collectively. Parts 1-75. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1937-1941. 27,425 p. 1803. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interstate Commerce. Con-

126 ditions in the Coal Fields of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1928. 2 Vols. 1804. Threatened Strike of Railway Employees. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1916. 171 p. 1805. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Limiting the Scope of Injunctions in Labor Disputes. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1928. 5 Vols, in 2.

1806. U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee. . . . Investigation in Relation to the Employment for Private Purposes of Armed Bodies of Men or Detectives, in Connection with Differences Be- tween Workmen and Employers. Washington, Government Print- ing Office, 1893. 271 p. (Senate Document No. 1280, 52d Congress, 1st Session.) 1807. U.S. Department of Agriculture. A History of the Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program, 1943-1947. By Wayne D. Rasmussen. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1951. 298 p. (Mono- graph No. 13.) 1808. U.S. Department of Justice. Inquiry of the Attorney General's Committee on Administrative Procedure Relating to the National Railroad Adjustment Board: Historical Background and Growth of Machinery Set Up for the Handling of Railroad Labor Dis- putes 1888-1940. By Harry E. Jones. Washington, The Depart- ment, 1941. 427 p. 1809. U.S. Department of Labor. How American Buying Habits Change. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1959. 253 p. 1810. The Law Behind Union Agreements. By David Ziskind. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1941. 87 p. 1811. United States Department of Labor: Twenty-five Years of Service, 1913-1938. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1938. 71 p. 1812. The Workers' Story, 1913-1953. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1953. 143 p. (Labor Yearbook, Vol. IL) 1813. U.S. Department of Labor, Division of Negro Economics. The Negro at Work During the World War and During Reconstruc- tion. ... By George E. Haynes. Washington, The Division, 1921.

144 p. (Bulletin No. 2.) 1814. Negro Migration in 1916-1917. Washington, Govern-

ment Printing Office, 1919. 158 p. 1815. U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education. The Turnover of Labor. By Boris Emmet. Washington, 1919. 60 p. (Employment Management Series No. 6, Bulletin No. 46.)

127 1816. U.S. Federal Security Agency. Social Security Administration. Temporary Disability Insurance: Problems in Formulating a Program Administered by a State Employment Security Agency. Rev. ed. Washington, The Administration, 1949. 67 p. 1817. U.S. Immigration Commission. Immigrants in Industries. Wash- ington, Government Printing Office, 1911. (In 25 Parts.) 1818. U.S. Industrial Commission (1898.) Reports. Washington, Gov- ernment Printing Office, 1901-1902. 19 Vols. 1819. U.S. Library of Congress. Legislative Reference Service. Strikes in Defense Industries. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1941. 299 p. 1820. U.S. National Labor Relations Board. Legislative History of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1948. 2 Vols. 1,680 p. 1821. Legislative History of the National Labor Relations Act, 1935. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1949. 2 Vols. 3,305 p. 1822. U.S. National Labor Relations Board. Division of Economic Re- search. Collective Bargaining in the Newspaper Industry. Wash- ington, Government Printing Office, 1939. 194 p. (Bulletin No. 3.) 1823. Governmental Protection of Labor's Right to Organize. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1936. 174 p. (Bulletin

No. 1.) 1824. Written Trade Agreements in Collective Bargaining. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1940. 359 p. (Bulletin No. 4.) 1825. U.S. National Mediation Board. Fifteen Years Under the Railway Labor Act, Amended, and the National Mediation Board, 1934-

1949. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1950. 92 p. 1826. The Railway Labor Act and the National Mediation Board. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1940. 76 p. 1827. U.S. National War Labor Board. Steelworkers Organizing Com- mittee. Washington, The Board, 346 p. 1828. The Termination Report of the National War Labor Board: Industrial Disputes and Wage Stabilization in Wartime. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1948. 3 Vols. (His- torical Reports on War Administration.) 1829. U.S. Office of Adviser on Negro Affairs. The Urban Negro Worker in the United States, 1925-1936. Washington, Government Print- ing Office, 1938. 2 Vols.

128 1830. U.S. Office of Federal Co-ordinator of Transportation. Hours, Wages and Working Conditions in Domestic Water Transporta- tion. Washington, Office of Federal Co-ordinator of Transporta- tion, Section of Labor Relations, Section of Research, 1936. 2 Vols.

1831. U.S. Shipping Board. Works Committees and Joint Industrial

Councils. By A. B. Wolfe. Philadelphia, The Board, 1919. 254 p. 1832. U.S. Shipping Board. Marine and Dock Industrial Relations Divi- sion. Marine and Dock Labor: Work, Wages and Industrial Relations During the Period of the War. By Horace B. Drury. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1919. 203 p. 1833. U.S. Strike Commission. Report of the Chicago Strike, 1894. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1894. 676 p. (Senate Executive Document No. 7, 53d Congress, 3d Session.)

1834. U.S. Women's Bureau. . . . Conditions in the Millinery Industry in the United States. ... By Bertha M. von der Neinburg. Wash- ington, Government Printing Office, 1939. 128 p. (Bulletin No. 169.)

1835. . . . The Development of Minimum-Wage Laws in the United States, 1912 to 1927. ... By Mildred L. Gordon. Wash- ington, Government Printing Office, 1928. 635 p. (Bulletin No. 61.)

1836. . . . The Effects of Labor Legislation on the Employ-

ment Opportunities of Women. . . . Washington, Government Printing Office, 1928. 498 p. (Bulletin No. 65.)

1837. . . . Employed Women under NRA Codes. By Mary E. Pidgeon. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1935. 144 p. (Bulletin No. 130.)

1838. . . . The Employment of Women at Night. By Mary D. Hopkins. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1928. 86 p. (Bulletin No. 64.) 1839. The Employment of Women in Slaughtering and Meat Packing. By Mary E. Pidgeon. Washington, Government Print- ing Office, 1932. 210 p. (Bulletin No. 88.) 1840. History of Labor Legislation for Women in Three States. By Clara M. Beyer. And, Chronological Development of Labor Legislation for Women in the United States. By Florence P. Smith. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1929. 288 p. (Bulletin No. 66.) 1841. The Immigrant Woman and Her Job. By Caroline

129 Manning. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1930. 179

p. (Bulletin No. 74.)

1842. U.S. Women's Bureau. . . . The Industrial Experience of Women Workers at the Summer Schools, 1928 to 1930. By Gladys L. Palmer. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1931. (Bul- letin No. 89.)

1843. , . . Lost Time and Labor Turnover in Cotton Mills: A

Study of Cause and Extent. . . . Washington, Government Print- ing Office, 1926. 203 p. (Bulletin No. 52.) 1844. Negro Women in Industry. By Emma L. Shields, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1922. 65 p. (Bulletin No. 20.) 1845. Negro Women in Industry in 15 States. ... By Mary E. Pidgeon. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1929. 74

p. (Bulletin No. 70.)

1846. . . . The New Position of Women in American Industry. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1920. 158 p. (Bulletin No. 12.)

1847. . . . The Occupational Progress of Women, 1910 to 1930. By Mary V. Dempsey. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1933. 90 p. (Bulletin No. 104.)

1848. . . . State Labor Laws for Women. ... By Florence P. Smith. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1940-1941. 2 Vols. (Bulletin No. 156.)

1849. . . . State Labor Laws for Women, with Wartime Modi-

fications. . . . Washington, Government Printing Office, 1945. 4 Vols. (Bulletin No. 202.) 1850. Women at Work: A Century of Industrial Change. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1933. 50 p.

1851. . . . Women in the Economy of the United States of America: A Summary Report. By Mary E. Pidgeon. Washing- ton, Government Printing Office, 1937. 137 p. (Bulletin No. 155.)

1852. . . . Women Street Car Conductors and Ticket Agents. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1921. 90 p. (Bulletin No. 11.) 1853. Women's Occupations Through Seven Decades. By Janet M. Hooks. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1951.

260 p. (Bulletin No. 218.) 1854. U.S. Work Projects Administration. Farm-City Migration and Industry's Labor Reserve. By Francis M. Vreeland and Edward

130 J. Fitzgerald. Philadelphia, The Administration, 1939. 67 p. (National Research Project Report No. L-7.) 1855. Getting Started: Urban Youth in the Labor Market. By Albert Westefeld. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1943. 193 p. (Research Monograph No. 26.) 1856. Labor and the Shutdown of the Amoskeag Textile Mills. By Daniel Creamer and Charles W. Coulter. Philadelphia, The Administration, 1939. 342 p. (National Research Project Report No. L-5.) 1857. Trade-Union Policy and Technological Change. By Harry Ober. Philadelphia, The Administration, 1940. 129 p. (National Research Project Report No. L-8.) 1858. U.S. Work Projects Administration, Federal Writers Project. Labor History of Oklahoma. Oklahoma City, A. M. Van Horn, 1939.

120 p. 1859. U.S. Works Progress Administration. Chronology of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, May 12, 1933 to December 31, 1935. By Doris Carothers. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1937. 163 p. (Research Monograph No. 6.)

1860. . . . Cigar Makers: After the Lay-off. By Daniel Creamer and Gladys V. Swackhamer. Philadelphia, The Administration,

1937. 93 p. (National Research Project Report No. L-1.) 1861. Federal Work, Security, and Relief Programs. By Arthur E. Burns and Edward A. Williams. Washington, Govern- ment Printing Office, 1941. 159 p. (Research Monograph No. 24.) 1862. Migrant Families. By John N. Webb and Malcolm Brown. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1938. 192 p. (Research Monograph No. 18.) 1863. The Migratory-Casual Worker. By John N. Webb. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1937. 128 p. (Re- search Monograph No. 7.) 1864. Rural Families on Relief. By Carle C. Zimmerman and Nathan L. Whetten. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1938. 161 p. (Research Monograph No. 17.) 1865. Rural Migration in the United States. By C. E. Lively and Conrad Taeuber. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1939. 192 p. (Research Monograph No. 19.) 1866. Selective Factors in an Expanding Labor Market: Lan- caster, Pennsylvania: A Study of Employment Opportunites in Four Manufacturing Plants in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 1928-36.

131 By Edward J. Fitzgerald. Philadelphia, The Administration, 1939. 92 p. (National Research Project Report No. L-4.) 1867. U.S. Works Progress Administration. Seven Stranded Coal Towns: A Study of an American Depressed Area. By Malcolm Brown and John N. Webb. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1941. 188 p. (Research Monograph No. 23.) 1868. The Transient Unemployed: A Description and Analy- sis of the Transient Relief Population. By John N. Webb. Wash- ington, Government Printing Office, 1935. 132 p. (Research Monograph No. 3.) 1869. Trends in Relief Expenditures, 1910-1935. By Anne E. Geddes. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1937. 117 p. (Research Monograph No. 10.) 1870. Philadelphia Labor Market Series. Philadelphia, The Administration, 1937-1939. 8 Vols. (In cooperation with the Industrial Research Department, Wharton School of Finance and Commerce, University of Pennsylvania.) (Vol. 8 published by the U.S. Work Projects Administration, successor to the Works

Progress Administration. ) 1871. Uphoff, Walter H. The Kohler Strike. Kohler, Wis., 1935.

139 p. 1872. Van Doren, Durand H. Workmen's Compensation and Insur- ance. New York, Moffat, Yard, 1918. 332 p. (Williams College, David A. Wells Prize Essays, No. 5.) 1873. Van Kleeck, Mary. Artificial Flower Makers. New York, Survey Associates, Inc., 1913. 261 p. (Russell Sage Foundation Publi-

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132 1879. Vaughan, Bernard. Socialism from the Christian Standpoint. New York, Macmillan, 1912. 389 p. 1880. Versteeg, Dingman. Labor Saving Machinery and Progress. New York, Humboldt Publishing Company, 1895. 43 p. (Twentieth Century Library No. 60.) 1881. ViAU, Sister Joseph Marie. The Problem of Hours and Wages in American Organized Labor. St. Louis, Putnam, 1939. 301 p. 1882. Vincent, Henry. The Story of the Commonweal. Chicago, Conkey, 1894. 247 p.

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142 SUBJECT INDEX

Numbers following the subject entries 1414, 1517, 1567, 1586, 1668, 1972 refer to the items in the body of the compulsory, 69, 865 bibliography. See also Mediation and conciliation Artificial flower makers, 1873 Atkinson, Edward, 1960 690 Accidents, Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural Industrial Work- See also safety, Implement Workers of America, men's compensation International Union, United, 563, Actors, 691, 1401, 1716, 1945 591, 716, 789, 940, 1094 Local No. 841 Actors and Artistes of America, As- 5, Automobile sociated, 1401 workers, 149, 194, 303, 468, 535, 563, 591, 940, 1094, Actors' Equity Association, 1716 1187, 1343, 1495, 1932 See Farm labor Agricultural labor. Automobile Workers of America, In- Air Line Pilots Association, Interna- ternational Union, United, 1094 tional, 994

Akron, Ohio, 875, 1081 B 247 Altgeld, John P., 29, 122, Baltimore, unions in, 618 American Federation of Labor, 20, 41- Barbers International Union of Amer- 44, 304, 397, 401, 582, 583, 635, ica, Journeymen, 675 730, 834, 873, 636, 651, 707, 822, Bargaining, individual, See Individual 1080, 890, 924, 942, 1011, 1040, bargaining 1174, 1350, 1375, 1603, 1604 Bartenders, See Hotel and restaurant Ancient Order of United Workmen, workers 1426 Beal, Fred E., 134 1967 Anderson, Mary, Benefit associations, 1426 Anthracite coal industry, 1378 See also Labor unions, general — benefit and La- Anthracite strikes and disputes (1887- plans activities; bor — member- 88), 1796 unions, general services (1902), 382, 395, 1133 ship (1922), 666 Berger, Victor L., 151 (1925-26), 79 Berkman, Alexander, 153 See also Mine workers — strikes; Billings, Warren K., 775, 1167 Strikes and lockouts — mine Bituminous Coal Act 102 workers (1937-41), Bituminous coal industry, 115, 539 An ti -labor activities, 1468 the Blair hearings, 1801 See also Injunction — labor. Man- Bituminous coal See Mine agement attitudes toward labor workers. workers Apprenticeship, 63, 443, 718, 962, Ella R. 180. 1175, 1180, 1242, 1276, 1475, Bloor, (Mother Bloor), , 1669, 1673, 1710 Bookbinders, 1876

Arbitration, 8, 25, 61, 127, 486, 580, Boston, foreign population, 679 600, 786, 798, 900, 901, 912, 913, the poor in, 1653 932, 1033, 1044, 1171, 1197, 1234, women workers, 197

143 Boycotts, 265, 375, 954, 1135, 1910, Casual labor, 1270, 1863, 2008, 2009 1982 See also Farm labor — migratory; Migrant labor Brandeis, Louis, 1 1 20 Catholic Worker Movement, 733, Brewery workers, 1442 1076, 1480 Bricklayers, Masons and Plasterers' In- Centralia 960 ternational Union of America, conspiracy, 318, 132 Chicago, clothing workers, 305, 1985, 1986 Bridge and Structural Iron Workers, collective 329 International Association of, 266, bargaining, construction workers, 323, 1084, 1087, 1789 1164 Bridge workers, See Iron workers cost and standard of living, 781 Bridges, Harry R., 693, 1314, 1903 Negro workers, 736 758 British workers in America, 161, 2010 printers, 240, revolutionary unionism, 1275 Brownson, Orestes A., 1439 See also Haymarket affair Bryn Mawr Summer School, 1447, steamfitters, 1103 1842 stockyards district, 910, 1163 1833 Building Service Employees' Interna- strikes (1894), 1544, tional Union, 112 sweating system, 1218 the Local 32b, New York City, 258 unemployment and unemployed, 1593 Burlington strike, 1089, 1429 women workers, 1218 Butchers, 33; Hebrew, 144 Chicago Building Trades Council, Richard Dick" But- Butler, J. ("Big 323, 1084 ler), 271 Chicago Federation of Labor, 454 Chicago Women's Trade Union League, 1220, 1986

California, Hindustani workers, 404 Child labor, 140, 339, 576, 862, 1041, labor market, 806 1050, 1092, 1095, 1111, 1195, labor movement, 392, 1073, 1394, 1216, 1248, 1381, 1522, 1634, 1416, 1566 1695, 1705, 1767, 1783, 1784, laws and legislation, 461, 476, 1201, 1877, 1884, 1963 1840 Colorado, 1196 migrant labor, 534, 1098, 1615 Iowa, 720 Workingmen's Party, 1545 Massachusetts, 577 529 Capital and labor, 24, 86, 131, 189, New Jersey, 275, 286, 478, 614, 703, 785, 858, New York, city and/or state, 283, 876, 941, 975, 1074, 1078, 1231, 672 415 1293, 1497, 1573, 1600, 1801, southern states, 406, 2002 1931, 1941, 1956, Chimney sweeps, 1303 1404 Carey, Mathew, Chinese workers, 227, 1715, 1798 Andrew, 19, 298 Carnegie, Church and labor, 35, 72, 87, 88, 249, 218 Carnegie Steel Company, 250, 275, 312, 364, 413, 517-20, Carpenters and Joiners of America, 566, 700, 733, 827, 828, 890, United Brotherhood of, 330, 1335 1045, 1095, 1127, 1190, 1316,

144 1317, 1423, 1549, 1553, 1905, Coal industry, 937, 1937 1964, 1987, 2002, 2012 See also Anthracite coal industry; Christian sociology, 107, 282, 456, Bituminous coal industry 491, 611, 741, 773, 811, 1282, Coal miners. See Mine workers 1550, 1552, 1554, 1583, 1626, Coeur d'Alene riots, 815 1879 Collective bargaining, 225, 267, 819, 1860 Cigar makers, 864, 1027, 1137, 1152, 1189, 1203, Civil service, 621, 1530, 1785, 1786 1470, 1655 See also U. S. Civil Service Com- actors, 1716 mission agreements, the law of, 1310, 1810, 1936 Civil War period, 264, 543, 1110, 1443 agreements, written, 1824 Class violence. See Violence case studies, 326, 391, 545, 598, Clerical 1154 employees, 188, 627, 689, 915, 916, 1006, 1076, unions and 1211 unionism, 1144, 1277, 1474, 1487, 1488, women, 13 1579 Closed shop, 146, 863, 1274, 1373, clerical workers, 1210 1568, 1638 clothing workers, 667, 786, 1205, See also Labor unions, general — 1383 union security; Open shop move- construction workers, 668 ment development of, 407, 590, 864, 984, 1961 Clothing workers, 697, 1440, 1466 1310, 1436, 1824, 1936, arbitration, 1171 government regulation of, 527, 1611, 1971 Chicago, 305, 1985, 1986 1969, See also Laws and collective bargaining and collective legislation 1006 bargaining agreements, 667, industry-wide, 759 786, 1205, 1383 lithographers, maritime 760 ladies' and women's garment indus- workers, methods 1137 try, 835, 837 of, mine 565 leaders, 385, 431, 622, 693, 709, workers, 176, 537, 1013 882, 1516 multi-employer, New 1527 New York (city and state) 695, 708, Deal, 158, 439, 1039, 300 969, 1101, 1171, 1257, 1287, New York, 1822 1315, 1383 newspaper industry, 993 organizing, 336 photo-engravers, 1891 Philadelphia, 959 pocketbook workers, 1057 union-management cooperation, 213 pottery workers, textile 1302 unions and unionism, 32, 195, 257, workers, 474, 692, 833, 834, 836, 926, Colonial labor, American, 111, 217, 1009, 1572, 1575, 1576, 1582, 856, 1079, 1176, 1475, 1504, 1651, 2016 1731 women workers, 1292, 1955 women in the Southern Colonies, working conditions, 325, 1793 1537 See also Textile workers Colorado, child labor, 1196 Clothing Workers of America, Amal- coal miners, 1794 gamated, 32, 195, 501, 622, 692, steel workers, 1469 693, 695, 786, 882, 1440, 1516, strikes, 87, 129, 853, 971, 972, 1341, 1579, 1582, 1985, 2016 1686

145 Colorado Industrial Plan, 1388 See also Forced labor, Prison labor, Slave labor Colvin, Fred H., 356 Commercial Telegraphers' Union, See Cooperative movement, 148, 163, 348, Telegraphers' Union, The Com- 532, 903, 1233, 1602, 1979 mercial Corridan, John M., S.J. [Waterfront Commissary system, 345 Priest), 1346 362 Commons, John R., Cost of living. See Standard and cost Communications Workers of America, of living 118 Cotton workers, 28, 171, 415, 1158, Communism and labor, 93, 134, 453, 1360, 1489 455, 465, 474, 548, 555-59, 561, See also Textile workers

607, 685, 710, 887, 963, 1256, Court decisions, 481, 1022, 1246, 1738, 1430, 1445, 1602, 1948, 1988 1739 Trotskyism, 291, 1342 See also Labor and the courts; U. S. See also Revolutionary unionism; Supreme Court and labor Labor unions, general — fac- Coxey's Army, 1088, 1882 tionalism and rival unionism Cripple Creek strike, 129, 778, 971, 948 Communists, deportation of, 1341 Company health programs, 1728 Company pension plans, 979, 982 D Company recreation programs, 1186, The Daily Mail Trade Union Mission 1319, 1728 to the U. S., 400 Company towns, 1732 Darrow, Clarence S., 403, 1574 Company unions, 466, 467, 1570, 1714 Davis, James J., 412 Company welfare programs, 567, 599, Debs, V., 350, 420-22, 602, 1637, 1773 Eugene 1448 See also Paternalism 888, 889, 970, 1168, 1266, DeLeon, Daniel, 1294 Compensation, dismissal, 717 Demobilization of manpower, WW I, Compensation, unemployment. See 1720 Unemployment — insurance and and the 281 compensation Democratic Party CIO, mine 162 Conditions of work, See Working con- Denver, workers, ditions Department store clerks, See Sales Congress of Industrial Organizations, employees 42, 281, 426, 578, 582, 583, 821, Depressed areas, 1867 834, 873, 882, 887, 1011, 1122, Depressions and panics, 186, 324, 386, 1164, 1375, 1571, 1900 489

Connecticut, laws and legislation, 482 (1870's), 1797, 1798 unemployment, 1048 (1930's), 301, 1421 Construction trades and industry, 1719 Detroit, Mechanics Educational Soci- 399 Construction workers, 323, 464, 668, ety, 1131, 1719, 1947 Disabled and handicapped workers, apprenticeship training, 1710 715, 918 Convict labor, 1290, 1504, 1677, 1678, Disputes, 992, 1750, 1828, 1971 1681, 1746, 1754, 1755 arbitration of, 61

146 railroad workers, 535, 1772, 1808 Ethics, business and labor, 540 settlement of, 62, 65, 523, 886, 1756 See also Social ethics 414 telephone workers, Ettor-Giovannitti-Caruso case, 480 U. S. President, and, 154 Everett massacre, 1510 See also Emergency disputes; Strikes and lockouts

Domestics and servants, 458, 1299, 1535 Fact-finding, 7, 1561 1933 Dubinsky, David, 402, 431, Fair Employment Practices Commit- tee, 1398, 1411 E Fair Labor Standards Act, 528, 1300 Eight-hour movement. See Hours of Family allowances, 282, 446 work — eight-hour movement See also Wages and salaries — min- Electrical Workers, International imum wage Brotherhood of, 118, 224, 1114, Farm labor, 588 1371 1182, colony system, 904 Ely, Richard T., 488 in Hawaii, 1741 labor 1807 Emergency disputes, 261, 874 force, See also Government intervention in migratory, 534, 714, 973, 1098, 1854 labor disputes; U. S. President 1099, 1196, See also and labor disputes Migrant labor; Migration organizability of, 1172 Employee magazines, 1204 political parties, and, 302, 531, 747, Employee representation. See Collec- 896, 1361, 1546 tive bargaining seasonal labor, 534, 1455 432 Employee suggestion systems, technological improvement and pro- Employers' associations, 191, 192 ductivity, 120, 1165, 1333, 1392 New York, 300, 466, 1170 C tenant farmers, 919, 973, 1340 unions and Employment, 143, 505, 1997 unionism, 177, 483, 493, 1911 hiring practices, 907, 1925 1374, 1743, 17 regularization of, 526 wages, See also Unemployment Farm-labor cooperation, 747, 1361, Employment Act of 1946, 96 1374, 1546 Employment agencies, private, 429, Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Un- 806, 1744, 1745 ions, National, 177, 851 Employment agencies, public, 777, Featherbedding, See Made-work 806, 1592, 1744, 1745 Federal Emergency Relief Administra- social and sci- Encyclopedias, political tion, See U. S. Federal Emer- 958 ences, 173, 174, gency Relief Administration Engineers, International Union of Op- Filene, Edward A., 870, 950 erating, 840 Fire Fighters, International Associa- Equal Rights Party ("Loco-Foco"), tion of, 594, 1456 273 Flore, Edward, 1408 Ervin, Charles W., 501 Florida, "right-to-work" law, 1484 Espionage, industrial, 280, 575, 663, 788, 794, 1010, 1311, 1312 Flynn, Elizabeth G., 548

147 Forced labor, 1965 Gorman, Patrick E., 682 also Convict Prison la- See labor; Gould, Jay, 1941 bor; Slave labor Government employees, 621, 719, 1495 Ford, Henry, 149, 468, 1343, 1359, 1456, 1530, 1531, 2022 Foreign countries, views of labor and accident compensation, 1718 industrial conditions in the U. S., hours of work, 1680 10, 646, 647, 831 pension plans, 1692 See also Civil U. S. Civil Foreign workers. See Immigrants; also service; Service Commission names of national origins (e.g., Chinese workers) Government intervention in labor dis- Foremen and foremen's unions, 274, putes, 145, 886, 932, 992, 1069, 1912 591, 998, 1348 See also Emergency disputes; U. S. Free trade, See Tariff President and labor disputes Frick, Henry C, 706 Government labor policy, See Public Fur and Leather Workers' Union of labor policies United States and Canada, Inter- Great Lakes, maritime workers on, national, 550 760, 976 Furuseth, Andrew, 92 Green, William, 401 Greenwich House, 1491 Group health and sickness plans, 1329 Garment Cutters' Union, Ladies', 709 See also Company health programs Garment workers. See Clothing Guaranteed annual wages, 980 workers Garment Workers' Union, Interna- H tional Ladies', 305, 385, 402, 431, 676 833, 834, 836, 837, 969, 1009, Hamilton, Alice, Dr., 1257, 1292, 1572 Handbook of labor statistics. See La- bor handbook of Gary, Elbert, 1608 statistics, Handbook of labor See Labor Gaston County, N. C, textile workers, unions, 1360 unions, handbooks and directories Marcus 387 Gastonia, N. C, textile workers, 470, Hanna, Alonzo, 1316 Hat workers, 256, 648, 1382, 1834, 1875 General strike, 389, 484, 1014, 1461 and Workers Gilson, Mary Barnett, 601 Hatters, Cap Millinery International Union, United, 648, Girdler, Tom M., 605 1382 Glass, Ceramic and Silica Sand Work- Hawaii, agricultural workers, 1741 ers of America, Federation of, 689 contract labor, 358 Glass workers, 125, 1405 labor injunctions, 220 Glass Workers Union of North Amer- labor movement, 861 American 1405 ica, Flint, women workers, 172 629 Goldman, Emma, Haymarket affair, 9, 29, 122, 193, 285, Gompers-Allen debate, 637 405, 934, 1047, 1435, 1534, 1650, 2019 Gompers, Samuel, 635, 636, 707, 970, 2018, 1350, 1604, 1632, 1934 Haywood, William D., 724, 933, 1991

148 Health and hygiene, industrial, 178, Housing for workers, 658, 1223, 1356, 352, 1066, 1752 1683, 1711, 1732, 1990

Health insurance, 624, 1349 Hull House, 1968 also sickness See Group health and Human relations in industry, 524, 567, plans 1391 Hebrew Butcher Workers of America, See also Industrial relations in U. S. 144 Hutcheson, William L., 1335

Helpers, 84 Herrin massacre, 57 Coeur d'Alene 815 Hicks, Clarence, 746 Idaho, riots, revolutionary unionism, 699 Hill, Joe, 1543 Ideological unionism, 393 Hillman, Sidney, 622, 692, 882, 1516 See also Labor unions, general — 754 Hillquit, Morris, philosophies of Hindustani workers, 404 Illinois, building trades, 323 labor 817 Hod Carriers', Building and Common conditions, 185, Laborers' Union of America, In- laws and legislation, 139 mine ternational, 1131 workers, 57, 176, 797, 974, 1030, 1867 Homestead, Pa., 262, 272, 1312, 1577, steel 1949 1792 workers, Williamson County, 57 American Federa- Hosiery Workers, See also Herrin massacre tion of, 912, 1613 Illinois Central R. R. strike (1911), Hotel and restaurant workers, 442, 1291 780, 883, 913, 1408 Immigrants, 363, 500, 525, 783, 995, Hotel and Restaurant Employees In- 1817, 1915, 1916, 1973 ternational Alliance and Bartend- British, 161, 2010 ers International League of Amer- Chinese, 377, 1798 ica, 780, 913, 1408 European, 499, 1379 Hotel and Restaurant and Employees Irish, in Boston, 679 Bartenders International Union, unionists, as, 860 883 women, 1841 Hours of work, 276, 946, 1623, 1704, Immigration and emigration, 326, 680, 1881 852, 1379, 1555 efficiency, and, 630 Income distribution, 359, 1012, 1116, eight-hour movement, 748, 946, 1129, 1307, 1499, 1519, 1580 1193, 1336, 1628, 1680, 1804 Indentured servants, 111, 589, 737, government employees and govern- 1063, 1504 ment contract work, 1680 labor mine workers, 81, 538 Independent organizations, 198, 1347 steel workers, 520, 1676 ten-hour movement, 276, 946 Individual bargaining, 1436 twelve-hour 520 day, 39, Industrial codes, 987, 1115 women, 1220 Industrial democracy, 67, 110, 368, Hourwich 836 affair, 376, 466, 492, 590, 986, 997, House organs, See Employee maga- 1135, 1136, 1143, 1313, 1399, zines 1419, 1469, 1471, 1898

149 Industrial education, 11, 63, 715, 718, International labor conventions, 433, 908, 962, 1052, 1123, 1242, 1276, 1038 1684, 1685, 1703 International labor movement, 1037, Industrial efficiency, 40, 335, 510, 522, 1729

536, 586, 630, 907, 908, 1181, Iowa, laws and legislation, 450, 451, 1391, 1476, 1493, 1925 720

Industrial fatigue, 630 workmen's compensation, 451 Industrial homework, 1477, 1651 Iowa State Federation of Labor, 1584 Industrial psychology, 536, 1181, 1619, Iron workers, 266, 412, 767, 1385, 1624 1577, 1789 See also Steelworkers Industrial relations in the U. S., 5, 101, 108, 269, 328, 627, 774, 831, Irvine, Alexander F., 842, 843 1109, 1113, 1147 Italian workers, 1247 research, 1391, 1753 small plants, in, 1207 J Industrial revolution, 478 and women, 1086 Jewish labor movement, 497, 498, 546, 1287 Industrial safety, 66, 75, 178, 199, 507 iron and steel industry, 1761 Jewish workers, 144, 497, 498, 809, Industrial unions and unionism, 549, 1618 582, 583, 711, 824, 866, 873, Johnson, Hugh S., 871 1174, 1217, 1433, 1524, 1644, Journalism, labor. See Labor journal- 1980 ism See also Labor unions, classified — Journalists, See Newswriters industrial unions Jurisdictional disputes, 1937 Industrial unrest, 103, 465, 957, 1327, See also Strikes and lockouts 1624, 1788 Industrial Workers of the World, 36, K 219, 221, 228, 319, 420, 422, 449, 479, 480, 585, 685, 822-25, 888, Kansas, unemployment compensation, 1647 960, 1402, 1510, 1627, 581 See also Revolutionary unionism — Kansas Industrial Relations Court, 25, Industrial Workers of the 1736 World 200, 580, 798, 867, Kelley, Florence, 631 Industrialists, biographies and autobi- mine workers, 1199, 1400 ographies, 19, 149, 298, 380, 468, Kentucky, 605, 785, 870, 950, 1239, 1343, Knights of Labor, 249, 846, 851, 909, 1495, 1598, 1698, 1941 930, 945, 1324, 1325, 1923

Injunction, labor, 150, 220, 463, 568, Knights of St. Crispin, 1002

574, 1065, 1107, 1463, 1595, 1805, Knudsen, William S., 138 1910 Kohler strike (1930's), 1871 See also Labor and the courts Inter-Church World Movement, 1252

International affairs and labor, 44, 560, 698, 826, 1038, 1190, 1375, Labor ballads, See Labor songs and 1729, 1966 ballads

150 Labor banks, 1328 southern states, 1017

World War II, in, 15 Labor and capital, See Capital and labor Labor and monopoly, 703 Labor American his- Labor and the church. See Church movement, and and labor tory, 297 business conditions, and, 967 Labor colleges, 1447, 1842 class struggles, and, 1441, 1492 Labor the law 306 conspiracies, of, descriptions and analyses of, 820, Labor and the courts, 659, 723, 1022, 1005, 1288, 1314, 1338, 1606, 1246, 1612 1607 See also Court decisions; U. S. Su- documentary histories of, 366 preme Court and labor general histories of (published before 1900), 91, 490, 644, 1093, Labor and democracy, 485, 1940 1262, 1306, 2000 Labor dictionaries, 248, 705 (published between 1901 and Labor fact books, 947 1940), 137, 166, 309, 335, See also Labor yearbooks 367, 660, 686, 701, 771, 791,

Labor force, 1017 849, 894, 952, 1004, 1161, 1908 California, 806, 1073 1258, 1260, 1286, 1662, since entry into, 1855 (published 1941), 90, 204, 340, 409, 462, 514, 551, fluctuations in, 1672, 1996 552, national, 472, 1003, 1672, 1995 654, 1011, 1228, 1281, 1345, 1390, 1482, 1712, 2011 Philadelphia, 1268 1587, government, and the, 1176, 1898 Labor injunctions. See Injunction, la- Hawaii, 861 bor international, 560, 1966 Labor and international relations. See Jewish, 546, 1287 International affairs and labor labor problems, and, 295, 369, 370, 1161 Labor journalism, 47, 501 Los 1566 See also Labor periodicals Angeles, Louisiana, 1486 Labor leaders, 34, 130, 211, 559, 603, periods in the of, 906, 925, 1100, 1153, 1295 development (1833-1933), 1742 Labor legislation. See Laws and leg- (1840-1860), 1907 islation (1860-1895), 1909 Labor in 354 literature, (1896-1932), 1289 Labor-management cooperation, 67, (1913-1953), 1812 71, 131, 189, 213, 342, 368, 572, (1920-1933), 157 688, 950, 1206, 1211, 1240, 1313, (1935-1941), 582 1367, 1471, 1496, 1570, 1735, San Diego, 1416 1757, 1831, 1883, 1992 San Francisco, 929

Labor-Management Relations Act, See Labor periodicals, 1353 Taft-Hartley Act Labor, 892 Labor market, See Labor force See also Labor journalism Labor See Public labor Labor mobility, 1188 policy. policies in depressed economy, 1856, 1862, Labor political parties, 159, 504, 515, 1865 531, 721, 801, 803, 944, 1149-51, geographic, 769, 1283, 1361, 1545, 1546, 1944

151 Labor problems, general summaries, independent unions, 198, 1347 295, 309, 354, 367, 2011 See also specific independent (items published before 1886), 49, unions 58, 128, 133, 250, 373, 613, industrial unions, 866, 1 1 74, 1 644 665, 897, 1055, 1093, 1132, See also Congress of Industrial 1166, 1229, 1306, 1629, 1919, Organizations; Industrial un- 2001, 2004 ions and unionism; specific (items published between 1887 and industrial unions end of World War I), 4, 16, local unions, 841 24, 60, 61, 187, 202, 246, 333, national and international unions, 361, 369, 370, 543, 609, 729, 549, 1660 848, 851, 1161, 1162, 1230, See also specific unions 1318, 1364, 1518, 1573, 1599, Labor unions, general, 10, 116, 182, 1998 223, 638, 660, 791, 796, 820, 849, (items published from end of World 947, 978, 1112, 1151, 1286, 1289, War I to 1934), 56, 85, 179, 1297, 1511, 1515, 1587, 1647, 310, 360, 396, 448, 541, 694, 1724, 1725, 1910, 2003 787, 1078, 1130, 1432, 1459, admission to, 1213, 1977 1643, 1898, 1924, 1926 benefit plans and activities, 911, (items published since 1935), 76, 981, 1560, 1711 626, 638, 651, 701, 893, 1059, communism, 93, 453, 555, 855, 963, 1263, 1587, 1611, 1908, 1913 1430, 1605 education, attitudes toward, 11, 43, Labor Relations Act, See Wagner Act 397 Labor skills. See In- Apprenticeship; factionalism and rival unionism, 42, dustrial education; Skilled labor; 453, 582, 583, 702, 1001, 1431 Unskilled labor finances, 183, 562, 1428 Labor and songs ballads, 347, 435, government regulation of, 341, 587, 939 645, 938, 1611, 1614, 1823, 1969, 1971, Labor and the state, 418, 532, 1106, 1981 1233, 1479, 1654 growth of, 619, 1031, 1482, 1660, See also Public labor policies 1662, 1984 1947 Labor statistics, handbook of, 1726, jurisdiction, 181, 330, 1727 membership, 1213, 1983 membership services, 1287 Labor and the tariff. See Tariff, labor attitude toward organizing, 46, 194, 233, 255, 356, 563, 1172, 1633, 1743, 1885, Labor and 1520 taxation, 686, 1939 See also Tax and the labor Single 1731 movement origins of, 396, 1642, philosophies of, 590, 945, 1105, Labor turnover, 73, 74, 222, 355, 1501, 1502, 1630 1996 1815, 1843, poHtical action, 61, 304, 327, 501, Labor unions, classified by type; com- 555, 578, 633, 698, 803, 890, pany unions, 466, 467, 1570, 1714 1105, 1541, 1542 craft unions, 98, 330, 549, 573, 771, productivity, and, 376 866, 1084, 1174, 1335, 1541, public interest, and, 260, 314, 540, 1590, 1603, 1909 633, 1500, 1974 See also American Federation of public relations, 1278 Labor, specific craft unions recognition of, 1200

152 right to organize, 212, 1802, 1823 court decisions, 481, 659, 1022, rights and responsibilities of, 260, 1246, 1738, 1739 553, 633, 1331, 1467 disputes, 535, 1415 structure and government of, 1 1 7, Employment Act of 1946, 96, 762 263, 396, 617, 696, 749, 830, employment agencies, regulation of, 1026, 1296, 1432, 1724, 1725 1744, 1745 1857 technological change, and, 45, evolution of, 306, 334, 512, 669, theories 1288 of, 1285, 671, 895, 922, 1022, 1090, 1091, union 1562 security, and, 1373, 1120, 1298, 1479, 1541, 1564, 914, wage policies of, 523, 678, 894, 1565, 1611, 1612, 1622, 1989 942, 1058, 1397, 1458, 1609, health and sanitation, 1752 1881, 2006, 2014 Illinois, 139 women in, 734, 735, 740, 1125, 1978 international, 1729 Labor handbooks and direc- unions, Iowa, 450, 451, 720 tories, 634, 1724, 1725 Kansas, 867 Labor in World War I, 355, 987, 1846, maritime labor regulations, 859, 1926 1056

Labor in World War II, 77, 82, 303, Maryland, 983 989, 1008, 1109, 1355, 1367, 1658, Massachusetts, 922 1819, 1976 mine workers, 1621, 1640 minimum Labor yearbooks, 1337 wage, 53, 528, 1177, 1201, See also Labor fact books 1748, 1749 National Industrial Recovery Act, Labor's share, 586 See also Income distribution 35, 569, 871, 1039, 1070, 1527, 1548, 1620, 1837 Ladies' Waist Makers' Union, 835 See also U. S. National Recovery Robert 951 LaFollette, M., Administration Lake Carriers' 1721 Association, 976, New York, 99, 283, 509, 661 Lancaster, Pa., labor market, 1886 Norris-LaGuardia Act, 1107 1828 Land policy and labor, 438, 512, 1165, Oklahoma, 2015 Oregon, 1177 Pennsylvania, 123 Lang, Lucy Robins, 970 prison labor, 1681, 1746 Laundry workers, 1219 railroad, 156, 891, 990, 1772, 1825, Lawrence, Mass., textile strike, 277, 1826 480 Rhode Island, 1639 Laws and legislation, 5, 54-56, 182, right-to-work, 1484 343, 374, 375, 487, 1069, 1406, safety, 66, 75, 1640 1687-89 Seamen's Act, 623, 764 anti-trust laws, 869, 1013, 1121 Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 155 Bituminous Coal Act, 102 state laws and legislation, 190, 344, California, 461, 476 669, 920, 1484, 1738, 1739, case books and text books, 59, 306, 1848, 1849, 1962 365,487,655, 1119, 1241, 1434, strikes, 341, 1179 1611, 1622 Taft-Hartley Act, 1148, 1820 child labor, 576, 720, 862, 1195, unconstitutionality of, 1737 1248, 1784 Utah, 135 Connecticut, 482 wage-payment, 1774

153 Laws and legislation, (continued) Los Angeles Times bombing, 266, 1087 Wagner Act, 481, 527, 653, 656, Louisiana, workmen's compensation, 845, 868, 1108, 1148, 1490, 1128 1528, 1821 Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumber- women, relating to, 1836, 1840, men, 1733 1848, 1849 Lumber workmen's compensation, 475, 1128, workers, 318, 435, 766, 823, 1733 1617, 1717, 1776-81, 1816 854, 960, 1402, 1510, 1635, See also Wood workers Lawsoh, John R., 162 League for Industrial Democracy, 956 M League for Industrial Rights, 1135, 1136 MacDonald, David J., 905 Leather 1239 workers, 244, 550, McGIynn, Edward, Dr., 142 Legal-aid and legal-aid organizations, McKie, William ("Brother Bill"), 194 1722, 1723 McKinley, William, 1358 Leisure, use of, 164 McNamara Case, See Los Angeles Letter Carriers, National Association Times bombing of, 1530, 1531 Machinists, International Association Letter Carriers' Association, National of, 356, 915 Rural, 1 332 Lewis, John L., 23, 299, 710, 1591, Made-work, 1663, 1930 Maine, labor conditions, 1943 Liberalistic unionism, 393 Maintenance of membership, 1562 See also Labor unions, general — See also Labor unions, general — philosophies of union security Lincoln, Abraham, 1443 Maintenance of Way Employees, Brotherhood 742 Lithographers, 759 of, 236, attitudes toward Lloyd, Henry Demarest, 1028 Management labor, 1509 addresses of, 1029 108, 192, 784, 1194, 1274, Lockouts, See Strikes and lockouts Manpower demobilization, post WW I, 1720 Locomotive Engineers, Brotherhood of, 562 Marine and Shipbuilding Workers of America, Industrial Union of, Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen, 521 Brotherhood of, 235, 674 Maritime Union of America, National, London, Meyer, 1393 203, 795, 1212 Longevity of workers, 62 Maritime workers, 92, 203, 238, 259, Longshoremen, 124, 271, 471, 484, 337, 435, 471, 641, 728, 760, 764, 872, 1249, 1308, 1346, 1594 765, 795, 859, 968, 1056, 1427, Interna- Longshoremen's Association, 1538, 1616, 1721, 1734 1594 tional, 124, 872, 977, 1346, on domestic waters, 1830 Longshoremen's and Warehousemen's on the Great Lakes, 760, 976 Union, International, 471, 484, unions, 623, 976, 1934

1308, 1424, 1425 World War I, 1832 Los Angeles, labor movement, 1566 Marx, Karl, 455

154 Maryland, indentured servants, 1063 Migration, Negro, 1993 laws and legislation, 983 rural, 1865 1854 Massachusetts, Bureau of Statistics of urban, See also Labor Labor, 608, 1309 mobility Chicopee, labor and employment, Militant unionism, 424, 1015 1483 See also Labor unions, general — child labor, 577 philosophies of; Revolutionary unionism early labor legislation, 59, 922, 1309 Fall River, labor and industry, 1023 Militia, use of in strikes, 1600 Gas, Coke, and Chemical Workers, See also Violence — use of troops Union of, 1217 Millinery workers. See Hat workers minimum 1201 wage laws, Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, In- shoe workers, 726, 1238 ternational Union of, 408, 853, 1698 strikes, 744, 855, 1399 textile workers, 1302 Mine workers, 175, 254, 351, 503, wages and salaries, 1208, 1999 677, 825, 937, 1161, 1407, 1481, women, laws relating to, 1840 1640, 1951 1126 Maurer, James H., collective bargaining, 176, 537, 565, Maurin, Peter, 1480 1471, 1585, 1874 Meat Cutters and Butcher Workmen Colorado, 129, 162, 1794 of North America, Amalgamated, disputes, 349, 535, 1184, 1586, 1747 hours of 539 33, 381, 682 work, 81, 538, 1732 Meat See housing, packing; Packinghouse 974 workers Illinois, Kentucky, 1199 1020 Mechanics, 21, labor conditions, 408, 517, 640, 802, Mechanics' Educational Society of 810, 877, 1018, 1173, 1377, America, 399 1386, 1400, 1585, 1621, 1787, 1959 Mechanics of the United States of 1927, 1952, leaders, 23, 162, 620, 879, 1663, North America, Junior Order of 1991 United, 1020 Montana, 768 Mediation and conciliation, 69, 127, Ohio, 147, 1803 215, 1197, 1586, 1668 Oklahoma, 1133, 1418 See also Arbitration, U. S. Concili- organizations and unionism, 757, ation Service, U. S. National 797, 1067, 1914, 1950 Defense Mediation Board Pennsylvania, 18, 79, 167, 349, 430, Merritt, Walter G., 1134 666, 687, 1690, 1796, 1803, 1942 Metal trades, 510, 1937 1901, 121 See also Iron workers. Steel workers productivity, songs and ballads, 938, 939 Mexican workers, 1615 strikes, 79, 170, 349, 382, 395, 518, Michigan, strikes, 87 666, 768, 778, 853, 971, 972, 1794 Migrant labor, 1, 51, 714, 1098, 1099, 1030, 1665, 1690, 1787, 1046 1196, 1455, 1615, 1862, 1863, wages, 539, 1868 West Virginia, 966, 1185, 1803 See also Casual labor; Farm labor Mine Workers of America, Progres- — migratory sive, 797

155 Mine Workers of America, United, National Association of Manufactur- 23, 115, 299, 503, 620, 757, 972, ers, 1610

1018, 1067, 1184, 1400, 1591, National Civic Federation, 67, 650 1663, 1874, 1901, 1914, 1930, National Consumer's League, 1192 1951 National Defense Mediation Board, District 50, 1217 See U. S. National Defense Medi- Miners' 1950 Association, American, ation Board Minimum See Laws and wage, legis- National Industrial Recovery Act, See lation — minimum wage; Wages Laws and legislation — National and salaries — minimum wage Industrial Recovery Act; U. S. Minneapolis, strikes and lockouts, National Recovery Administration 1892 National Labor-Management Rela- teamsters, 1142 tions Act, See Laws and legisla- See Minority group workers, Jewish tion — Taft-Hartley Act; Taft- workers; Negro workers; etc. Hartley Act Missouri, mine workers, 408 National Labor Relations —Act, See Missouri and North Arkansas RR Laws and legislation Wagner strike (1921), 208, 639 Act; Wagner Act Mitchell, John, 620 National Labor Relations Board, See U. S. National Labor Relations Mobility, labor, See Labor mobility Board Molders' International Union, 662, National Labor 1636 1569, 1601, 1636 Union, 662, 1601, National Mediation Board, See U. S. Molly Maguires, 18, 167, 349, 430, 1060 National Mediation Board See also Revolutionary unionism — National Railroad Adjustment Board, Molly Maguires; Violence — See U. S. National Railroad Ad- Molly Maguires justment Board

Mooney, Thomas J., 775, 1167 National Recovery Administration, See U. S. National Ad- Morgan, J. Pierpont, 380, 785 Recovery ministration "Mother Bloor" (Bloor, Ella R.), 180 National Wage Stabilization Board, "Mother Jones," 879 See U. S. National Wage Stabili- Motor coach 1444 employees, 31, zation Board See Motor coach Motormen, National War Labor Board, See U. S. employees National War Labor Board 104 Moving picture operators, National Women's Trade Union Munitions 743 workers, League, 196, 454, 1978 Musicians, American Federation of, See also Chicago Women's Trade 47, 999 Union League Mutual benefit programs, 1329 Negro workers, 652, 1829, 1929, 1938 See also Labor unions, general — Chicago, 736 benefit plans and activities comparative conditions, 62, 252, 473, 554, 847, 947, 1261, 1518, N 1813, 1814 fair employment practices, 1398, Nagler, Isidore, 709 1411

156 government workers, 719 labor political parties, 159 labor mobility and migration, 1017, laundry workers, 1219 1814, 1993 machinists, 1551 New York City, 722 Negro workers, 569, 722, 1261 Pennsylvania, 458, 2005 poor, 207, 288, 290, 428, 1368, 1369 skilled workers, 459 transport workers, 1075, 1254 under slavery, 570, 571, 1304, 1305 unemployed and unemployment, unions and unionism, 214, 311, 569, 429, 1771 1213, 1236, 1351, 1532 women workers, 1264, 1363, 1648 women workers, 1844, 1845, 2013 Workingmen's Party, 159 World War 1813 I, Newspaper Guild, American, 1399 Nestor, Agnes, 1220 Newswriters, 1822 New Deal, 158, 426, 1039, 1070, 1071, Non-ferrous 129, 853, 1548 mining industry, 1148, 1157, 1348, 1341 strikes under, 625 Non-union workers, 687, 1124 New England, 1222, 1483 with union labor 1188 compared workers, 169, mobility, 1506 textile industry, 881 steel workers, 226 New Jersey, child labor, 529 Norris-LaGuardia Act, 1107 laws and legislation, 1232 Nunn, F., 1239 New York, Buffalo-Niagara area, labor Henry force, 15 child labor committee, 672 O colonial labor, 1079 hazards and electrical workers, 224 Occupational diseases, legislation, 352, 624, 676, 1617, Factory Investigating Commission, 1752 Reports of, 1225-27 See also Health and hygiene, in- laws and legislation, 99, 283, 509, dustrial 661, 1840 1954 public labor policy, 808 Occupations, descriptions of, public welfare, 1446 Oil Workers International Union, Rochester, trade unions, 1043 1244 typographical workers, 1558 Oklahoma, labor movement, 1858 996 unemployment, laws and legislation, 1415 1225-27 working conditions, mine workers, 408, 827, 1418 New York 1508 (City), Old-age and survivors insurance, 982 building service employees, 258 See also Social welfare — social se- clothing workers, 835, 837, 1171, curity 1315 Older workers, 1224 collective bargaining, 300, 695 See also Pensions and pension cost and standard of living, 317, Social welfare 1169 plans; Older, Fremont, 1251 firemen and policemen, 1456 general trade unions, 530 Open shop movement, 1194, 1373, 2020 hat workers, 1875 1533, See also Closed housing, 658, 1223, 1369 shop immigrants, 500 Orchard, Harry (Albert E. Horsley), injunctions, labor, 1107, 1463 768, 778

157 Oregon, minimum wage legislation, Old-age and survivors insur- 1177 ance; Social welfare — social security

Perkins, Frances, 1284 Personnel research 1753 Pacific Coast, labor on, 1437 agencies, See also Industrial relations in U. S. Pacific Northwest, and in- pulp paper — research dustry, 1339 Petrillo, James C, 999 Packinghouse workers, 307, 381 workers, 959 Painters, Decorators and Paperhang- Philadelphia, clothing cost and standard of 1301 ers of America, Brotherhood of, living, 2017 labor conditions, 22 labor market, 1268, 1870 Papal Encyclical, Pope Leo XIII, 592 in depression, 332 Encyclical, Pius XI, 1145, Papal Pope turnover in, 74 1183 Negroes, 458 1339 Paper industry, photo-engravers, 993 Paper Makers, International Brother- printing industry, 1474 hood of, 916 shoe workers, 584 textile 1269 Parker, Carleton H., 1271 workers, union and unionism, 278 Parsons, Albert R., 9, 285, 1275 women workers, 799, 1259, 1841 Passaic textile strike (1926-27), 1636, Union of North 1887, 1935 Photo-Engravers' America, International, 838, 993 Paternalism, 178, 1389, 1485, 1773 546 See also Company welfare pro- Pine, Max, grams; Open shop movement Pinkerton Detective Agency, 1403, Paternalistic unionism, 393 1498 See also Labor — unions, general Pittsburgh, labor conditions, 898 philosophies of Pocketbook Workers' Union, 1891 Patrolmen's Union, 1456 Politics and labor, 273, 304, 327 Patrons of Husbandry, Order of the, See also Labor political parties 302, 896 Populist movement, 747, 1096, 1387 Pennsylvania, early labor organization, 1590 Porters, 214 indentured servants, 589, 737 Post Office Clerks, National Federa- laws and legislation, 123, 190, 1640 tion of, 94, 1531 mine workers, 18, 79, 167, 349, 430, Postal employees, 1, 94, 1531 666, 687, 1378, 1481, 1640, Potters, 1057, 1523 1796, 1803, 1942 Potters, International Brotherhood of Negroes, 2005 Operative, 1057 steel workers, 520, 1697 Poverty and the poor, 216, 316, 322, Pensions and pension plans, 371, 494, 428, 547, 597, 770, 804, 1215, 495, 979, 981, 982, 1221, 1460, 1273, 1282, 1307, 1356, 1368, 1657, 1711 1472, 1536, 1653, 1922 public service, 1759 Terence 1325 railroad industry, 1692 Powderly, V., 1324, See also Company pension plans; President of the U. S. and labor dis-

158 putes, See U. S. President and Taft-Hartley Act, 1820 labor disputes unions, 587, 1981 Pressmen, See Printers U. S. Department of Labor, 1035, 1811 Printers, 961, 1735 U. S. National Labor Relations Chicago, 240, 758 Board, 198, 201, 232, 1148, early organizations of, 1097, 1641, 1679 1666, 1970 U. S. National Adminis- New York, 1170 Recovery tration, 1039, 1070 Philadelphia, 936, 1462, 1474, 1558 wartime, 874, 1355, 1465, 1756, technological change, and, 97, 125 1819 unions and unionism, 126, 839, See also War labor — 1032, 1053, 1326, 1641, 1822 policies WW I and WW II See also Lithographers Public in labor Printing Pressmen and Assistants' Un- opinion disputes, 314, 1344 ion of North America, Interna- 827, tional, 98, 758, 1032 Public works, 423, 346 See also U. S. Prison labor, 68, 1677, 1678, 1681, Public Works Ad- 1746, 1754, 1755, 2002 ministration See also Convict labor Pullman strike, 265, 308, 338, 1025, Productivity of labor, 505, 506, 1476, 1544, 1833 1563 See also Railroad workers — and wages, 141, 1458, 1494 Pullman strike Professional workers, engineers, 241 Pulp, Sulfite and Paper Mill Workers, unionization of, 1237 International Brotherhood of, 916 women, 13 Profit-sharing, 109, 1198, 1239, 1470, R 1757 labor, 745, Proletarian, American, 1016 Racketeering, 779, 872, 1344, 1346, 1464, 1588, 1897 Property rights and labor, 512, 532, Railroad Labor Board, See U. S. Rail- 595, 612, 1021, 1499 road Labor Board Public employees, See Government Railroad Retirement Board, See U. S. employees Railroad Retirement Board Public employment offices, 704, 899, Railroad revolt of 206 902, 1758 1887, Railroad strikes See also Employment agencies — (1877), 206, 1034, 1311 public 1060, 1888, Burlington, 1089, 1429 Public labor policies, 342, 992, 1138, 1911, Illinois Central RR, 1291 1139, 1176, 1396, 1479, 1614, 1921-23, Missouri and North Ar- 1656, 1981 kansas RR, 639 collective bargaining, 1969 See also Railroad workers — dis- in disputes, 154, 261, 535, 874, 886 putes; Railroad workers — labor's rights, 212, 353, 987, 1021, strikes 1298, 1331, 1823 Railroad New Deal, 158, 625, 1039, 1070, Telegraphers, The Order of, 1148, 1157 1077, 1661

railroad, 145, 156, 1667, 1722 Railroad Trainmen, Brotherhood of, strikes, 338, 625, 1042 1061

159 Railroad workers, 242, 383, 508, 1141, Restriction of output, 1124, 1694 1693 1659, Retail clerks. See Sales employees . arbitration and mediation, 8, 1668 Reuther, Walter, 789 Brotherhoods, the, 502, 602 carmen, 1267 Revolutionary unionism, 130, 229, clerks, 732 393, 405, 425, 427, 670, 936, 1627 conductors, 1372 1001, 1015, 1186, 1524, and 153, 193, disputes, 535, 990, 1529, 1772, 1795, anarchy syndicalism, 1808, 1904 205, 449, 628, 629, 733, 934, eight-hour movement, 1804 1014, 1118, 1435, 1454, 1498, 1647 firemen, 234, 235 1534, labor-management cooperation, 990, communism, 453, 465, 561, 1001, 1992 1430, 1431, 1435 See also Communism and labor maintenance of way workers, 236, 742 general strikes, 389, 1014 Industrial Workers of the World, pension systems, 692 36, 219, 221, 228, 318, 319, periodicals, 892 Pullman strike, 83, 265, 308, 338, 430, 479, 548, 585, 824, 960, 1991 1025, 1544, 1833, 1912 1402, leaders 1294 revolt of 1887, 206, 208 of, 285, 724, 1275, 167 riots, 727 Molly Maguires, 18, signalmen, 507 violence, and, 12, 405, 424, 805, 1897 strikes, 83, 206, 398, 519, 639, 674, 933, 1087, 1510, 1577, 936, 1034, 1060, 1089, 1156, Rhode Island, collective bargaining, 1291, 1311, 1429 225 1661 telegraphers, 502, 1077, factory legislation, 1639 trainmen, 237 Right to organize, 212 wages, 237, 878, 891, 1061, 1412, freedom of speech, and, 1802 1567, 1946 See also Labor unions, general; — Carmen of Brother- Railway America, right to organize; — rights and hood 1267 of, responsibilities Clerks, Brotherhood of, 732 Railway Right to strike, 553 Railway Conductors of America, Or- Riis, Jacob A., 1370 der of, 1372 Riots of 1877, 253, 1034 Railway industry, 119, 891, 1937 Robins, Margaret D., 454 Railway Union, American, 265, 308, 338, 420, 602, 1025, 1168, 1448 Roney, Frank, 1394

Reconstruction, post WW I, 70, 572, Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1284 1720 921, Roosevelt, Theodore, 808, 1358 Reconstruction, depression of the Rubber, Cork, Linoleum and Plastic 832 1930's, Workers of America, United, See Indentured serv- Redemptioners, 1376, 1664 ants Rubber workers, 579, 875, 1376, 1664 Republic Steel Corporation, 605 Russell Sage Foundation, 616 Research in industrial relations. See 1422 Industrial relations in the U. S. Ryan, John A., — research Ryan, Paul W. ("Mike Quinn"), 1425

160 Shop committees, 1570 See also Works councils Sabotage, industrial, 1124, 1322 Shut-downs, involuntary, 1856 See also Violence Silk workers, 812 Safety, See Industrial safety Single Tax and the labor movement, Sailors, See Maritime workers 142, 1526, 1649 Sailors' Union of the Pacific, 92, 1295, Skilled labor, 510 1427, 1616 Slave labor, 644 Salaried National Federation Unions, See also Convict labor; Forced la- 188 of, bor; Prison labor Sales employees, 268, 440, 927, 949, Slavery and labor, 512, 570, 571, 1102, 950 1235, 1304, 1305, 1443, 1486 San Diego, labor movement, 1416 Slavic workers, 1916 San Francisco, collective bargaining, Sleeping Car Porters, Brotherhood of, 391 214 construction 1417 workers, Social conditions of labor (items pub- 484 general strike, lished before 1860), 251, 294, hotel and restaurant 913 employees, 315, 372, 800, 1051 industrial 929 relations, (items published between 1861 and labor 1251 movement, 388, 476, 929, 1901), 114, 322, 417, 592, 610, 745 racketeering, labor, 471, 642, 880, 1072, 1074, 1508, and 807 unemployment relief, 1518, 1653, 1895, 1994, 2004 Union Labor 136 Party, (items published since 1901), 296, women in 1125 unions, 384, 448, 512, 513, 533, 543, Scientific management and labor, 210, 947, 955, 957, 1085, 1145, 379, 457, 460, 790, 1191 1146, 1178, 1183, 1215, 1320, Screen Actors' Guild, 1401 1420, 1459, 1497, 1554, 1625, 2007 Seamen, See Maritime workers 1643, 1790, compared with conditions in foreign Seamen's Act, 623, 764 countries, 80, 293 Seamen's Service, United, 765 Social ethics, 438, 611, 1338 Seamen's Union of America, Interna- See also Ethics in business and labor 1934 tional, 1295, 1734, Social welfare, 496, 880, 1062, 1410, Seamen's Union of the Pacific, Inter- 1460, 1541 national, 1734 church-sponsored programs, 316 1773 Seattle, Centralia conspiracy, 318, 960 company programs, 184, 599, New York 1446 general strike, 1461 State, Unemployed Citizens' League, 752 relief programs, 3, 243, 1472, 1861, 1864, 1868, 1869 Sharecroppers, See Farm labor — tenant farmers social security, 3, 445, 494-96, 1349, 1657 Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 155 Socialism and labor, 151, 230, Labor 246, Shipbuilding Adjustment 292, 348, 416, 425, 437, 602, 681, Board, See U. S. Shipbuilding 711, 725, 753-56, 843, 873, 923, Labor Adjustment Board 944, 1015, 1126, 1129, 1243, 1294, Shipbuilding workers, 82, 521, 964, 1334, 1364, 1413, 1458, 1478, 1730 1496, 1521, 1524, 1589, 1879, Shoe workers, 411, 584, 1238, 1239 1890, 1899, 1902, 1933

161 Socialist Labor Party, 291, 292, 923, Stelze, Charles, 1553

944 Stone cutters, 125 Sociology, Christian, See Church and Street, Electric Railway and Motor labor — Christian sociology Coach Employees of America, Association Somerset strike, 170 Amalgamated of, 31, 1254 South Carolina, labor organizations, 1514 Street railway workers, 31, 1254, 1852, 1928 Southern labor, 152, 554, 1049, 1064, Strikebreaking, 1010, 1042 1122, 1159, 1305, 1633, 1740 Strikes and child labor, 406 lockouts, 398, 553, 744, 1699- slave labor, 1304, 1305 751, 936, 1135, 1473, 1599, 1888 strikes, 1065 1702, 1766, 1884, 1885, anthracite strikes, 79, textiles, 171, 470, 1068, 1158, 1160, 382, 395, 1665 1265, 1321, 1360, 1489 1133, automobile 1932 women workers, 1537 workers, 940, Bethlehem Steel Works, 1697 Sovereigns of Industry, Order of, 313 Burlington strike (1888), 1089, 1429 1534 Spies, August, causes of, 110, 394, 894, 1588, 1918, 2011 Spies, labor. See Espionage, industrial clothing workers, 708, 835, 837, Stage employees, 104, 829, 1401 1101, 1986 and Picture Stage Employes Moving Colorado, 1686, 1794 Machine Operators of the United cost of, 1253, 1988 States and Canada, International economics, and, 657 Alliance of Theatrical, 104, 829 Homestead strike, 262, 706, 1312, Standard and cost of living, 317, 544, 1792 586, 1085, 1169, 1279, 1280, 1301, Kohler strike (1930's), 1871 1581 law of, the, 341, 375, 1178 (in 1860), 1117 Lawrence, Mass., textile workers, (changes since late 1800's), 1809 1698 Standard Oil of New Jersey, labor re- longshoremen, 673, 1308, 1424 lations at, 321 Michigan copper district, 1747 Steamfitters' Protective Association of mine workers, 518, 778, 815, 966, Chicago, 1103 971, 1030, 1341, 1407, 1690, 1787 Steelworkers, 231, 272, 410, 520, 542, morality of, 1083 557, 664, 767, 827, 828, 1245, motor coach employees, 793 1385, 1469, 1577, 1596, 1645, New Deal, and the, 625 1886, 1893, 1894, 1959, 2012 Pennsylvania, 1646 before unionization, 226 prevention of, 850, 1190 organizing methods, 1597, 1827 Pullman strike, 113, 265, 308, 338, safety, 1676, 1761 1025, 1833, 1912 See also Iron workers railroad workers, 83, 206, 208, 519, Steelworkers of America, United, 231, 639, 674, 1060, 1156, 1291, 2021 598, 1144, 1488, 1596, 1597, 1429 Steel Workers' Organizing Committee, Scranton, Pa., 1034 905, 1597, 1827 Somerset, 170 Steffans, Joseph Lincoln, 1546 southern labor, 1633

162 Southwest strike, 27 cigar making, 1860 steel strike of 1919, 1252 electric lamp industry, 1768 steelworkers, 357, 827, 828, 905, postal service, 1769 1312, 1577, 1645, 1697, 1949, printing, 97, 125 2012 textiles, 738, 1269, 1507 strategy, 390, 1557, 1989 unemployment. See Unemployment street railways, 1928 — technological textile workers, 277, 480, 1302, Telegraphers, railroad. See Railroad 1636, 1698, 1887 Telegraphers, The Order of violence, and, 12, 253, 255, 666, Telegraphers' Union, The Commer- 772, 1792, 1806 cial, 1661 World War I, 168, 1042 1661 World War II, 1756, 1762-65, 1775, Telegraphic Union, National, 1819 Telephone workers, 118, 414 See also General strike Telephone Workers, National Federa- Sweating system, 325, 1793 tion of, 118 Swift, Gustavus Franklin, 1598 Ten-hour movement. See Hours of work — ten-hour movement Swinton, John, 1921 labor 26 Sylvis, William, 662, 1601 Texas, movement, Mexican workers, 1615 Syndicalism, See Revolutionary un- Textile workers, 277, 469, 812, 953, 1843, 1856, 1887 children, 406 northern, 480, 881, 1160, 1240,

Taft-Hartley Act, legislative history 1269, 1302, 1384, 1698, 1887, 1935 of, 1820 organizing the, 406 Tailors, See Clothing workers southern, 470, 738, 739, 1068, 1265, Tailor's Union of North America, In- 1316, 1321, 1360, 1489 ternational, 1575, 1576 Textile Workers Union, National, 470 Tariff, attitude of labor toward, 357, Textile Workers Union of America, 593, 1104, 1352 906, 1277 relation to wages, 1449-51, 1631 Theater employees. See Stage em- Taxation, See Labor and taxes; Single Tax and the labor movement ployees Townsend National Recovery Plan, Taylor, Frederick W., 379 1221 Teachers, 441, 1279, 1280 Trade unions, See Labor unions Teachers, American Federation of, 46, Trade See as- 1380 associations. Employer sociations Teamsters, 284, 750, 1142 Trainmen, See Railroad Trainmen, Warehousemen Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Brotherhood of and Helpers of America, Interna- Tramps, See Unemployed — transient tional Brotherhood of, 750, 1000 Transport Workers Union of America, Technological change, 125, 857, 985, 1075 991, 1048, 1159, 1166, 1323, 1366, 748 1682, 1857, 1880 Trevellick, Richard, agriculture, 1165, 1333, 1392 Tuckerman, Joseph, 1062

163 Turnover of labor, See Labor turn- Annual Reports of the Commis- over sioner of Labor, See U. S. Com- missioner of Labor, Annual Re- Twelve-hour day, See Hours of work — twelve-hour day ports Miscellaneous Reports, 1691 Typographers, See Printers Special Reports of the Commis- Typographical Union, International, sioner of Labor, See U. S. 839, 1026, 1032, 1053, 1097, 1558, Commissioner of Labor, Special 1641 Reports Columbia Union No. 101, Wash- U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1708, D. 1462 ington, C, 1713, 1889 Typothetae of America, United, 1326 Bulletins, numbered series, 1751 U. S. Children's Bureau, 1634 U U. S. Civil Service Commission, 1785, 1786 Unemployed, transient, 50, 239, 904, U. S. Civilian Conservation 1953 Corps, 792, 1255 Unemployment, 52, 106, 270, 279, U. S. Commission on Industrial Rela- 447, 596, 604, 884, 1049, 1155, tions (1912), 1788 1166, 1771, 1856, 2008, 2009 U. S. Commissioner of Annual control measures, 526, 643, 1019 Labor, 1674 cyclical, 160 Reports, in depressed economy, 301, 332, U. S. Commissioner of Labor, Special 489, 516, 1088, 1157, 1421, Reports, 1696 1996 1864, 1866, 1867, 1870, U. S. Conciliation Service, 215 employment offices and agencies, U. S. Department of Labor, 95, 1035, and, 143, 902, 1505, 1592 1284, 1811 insurance and compensation, 45, 89, Wage and Hour Division, 1453 143, 445, 496, 581, 818, 1019, U. S. Employment Service, 899, 1505 1409, 1559, 1560, 1711, 1770 U. S. Federal Relief Ad- New York State, 996 Emergency relief measures, 14, 239, 243, 346, ministration, 776, 1859, 1861, 1957 516, 776, 792, 807, 844, 884, 1945, 928, 965, 1155, 1593, 1945, U. S. Industrial Commission (1898), 1957 Reports, 1818 social effects, 105, 331, 935, 1409, U. S. Maritime Commission, 964 1958 U. S. National Defense Mediation 45, 460, 544, 991, technological, Board, 1760, 1828 1768, 1769, 1860 U. S. National Labor Relations Board, unions, and, 1503 198, 201, 232, 481, 656, 1033, Union label, 1525 1148, 1234, 1348, 1490, 1666, Union Labor Party, San Francisco, 136 1970

Union recognition. See Labor unions, See also Taft-Hartley Act, Wagner general — recognition of Act U. S. Anthracite Coal Commission, U. S. National Mediation Board, 1825, 1184, 1665 1826 U. S. Bureau of Labor; Bulletins U. S. National Railroad Adjustment (1-100), 1675 Board, 1039, 1529, 1808

164 U. S. National Recovery Administra- Usury, 1536 tion, 35, 419, 439, 569, 625, 832, Utah, laws and legislation, 135 871, 1054, 1070, 1115, 1365, 1395, 1548, 1620, 1837 V U. S. National Wage Stabilization Board, 606, 1362, 1756 Violence, 12, 255, 424, 772, 805, 1275, See also U. S. Wage Adjustment 1600, 1788, 1897, 2018 Board; U. S. National War La- Centralia conspiracy, 318, 960 bor Board Chinese massacre, Wyoming Terri- 227 U. S. National War Labor Board, tory, communism, and, 180 1362, 1750, 1827, 1828 Dynamite Plot, National, 266, 1087 U. S. National Youth Administration, general strikes, and, 389 1024 Haymarket affair, 405, 1650 U. S. President and labor disputes, Herrin conspiracy, 57 154, 382 Industrial Workers of the World, See also Emergency disputes 1510 1060 U. S. Public Works Administration, Molly Maguires, 18, 167, railroad 1060 816, 844 strikes, 253, steel 1577 See also U. S. Works Progress Ad- strikes, 557, ministration syndicalism, and, 449 use of troops in, 253 U. S. Railroad Labor Board, 145, 156, western mining areas, in, 129, 699, 1668, 1904, 1975 815, 853, 933, 971, 972, 1341 U. S. Railroad Retirement Board, 1667 See also Revolutionary unionism — and Strikes and lock- U. S. Shipbuilding Labor Adjustment —violence; Board, 1730 outs and violence labor 1540 U. S. Steel Corporation, 664, 1608 Virginia, movement, Negro workers, 252, 847 U. S. Supreme Court and labor, 1202, 1612 Vocational education, See Industrial education See also Labor and the courts. Court decisions Voluntarism, 749 See also — U. S. Wage Adjustment Board, 464, Labor unions, general 511, 1362 philosophies of U. S. War Manpower Commission, 15 Vorse, Mary H., 1884 U. S. Works Progress Administration, 776, 1861 W Federal Theatre Project, 1945 Wage Adjustment Board, See U. S. See Non-union Unorganized labor, Wage Adjustment Board workers Wage stabilization. See U. S. National Unskilled workers, 781, 1895 Wage Stabilization Board; U. S. 1990 housing, National War Labor Board; U. S. income and 378 wages, Wage Adjustment Board International Union of Upholsterers' Wages and salaries, 38, 64, 165, 336, North 1438 America, 446, 985, 1115, 1420, 1449, 1450, Urbanization, 1854 1628, 1705, 1896

165 Wages and salaries, (continued) Whitney, Alexander F., 1061 arbitration of, 1517 Wisconsin, Civil War period, 1110 clothing workers, 685 Industrial Commission, 30 depressed economy, in, 186, 386 laws and legislation, 245, 669, 1201 of, 1453 governmental regulation Women in industry, 2, 6, 13, 48, 336, 980 guaranteed wages, 441, 477, 601, 649, 782, 813, historical survey of, 17, 293, 444, 1082, 1086, 1220, 1452, 1513, 943, 1012, 1036, 1670, 1704, 1671, 1695, 1705, 1708, 1799, 1999 1731, 1881, 1997, 1836, 1838, 1842, 1850-52, 1878, incentive systems, 37, 914, 1209 1967 1999 Massachusetts, 1201, 1208, bookbinding trades, 1876 mine 1046 workers, cotton and textile industries, 28, minimum wage legislation, 53, 205, 881, 1384, 1955 528, 1201, 1202, 1208, 1250, depressed economy, in, 1330 1578, 1748, 1749, 1835 early history of, 289, 1537, 1652 laws 1774 payment, relating to, immigrants, 1841 railroad workers, 878, 1567, 1946 industrial homework, 1873 steel workers, 1676 large cities, 100, 713, 1218, 1259, 1354 structure, 1264, 1363, 1648, 1706 1006, 1058 uniformity, laws and legislation, 1840, 1848, unskilled workers, 378 1849 women 1652 workers, 814, meatpacking industry, 1163, 1839 Wagner Act, 481, 656, 1108, 1148, Negro, 1844, 1845, 2013 1490 occupations, 712, 1847, 1853 legislative history of, 1821 retail trades, 268, 440, 442 See also U. S. National Labor Re- unionism, and, 196, 454, 734, 735, lations Board 740, 1125, 1800, 1978 2013 War labor policies, WW I, 168, 606, wartime, 931, 1846, 1849, 632, 683, 874, 1730, 1782, 1917, working conditions and wages, 62, 1926, 1974 140, 197, 287, 325, 564, 708, 743, 814, 1248, 1272, 1457, War labor policies, WW II, 261, 521, 1767, 1835, 1837 606, 874, 964, 1332, 1355, 1362, working mothers, 78, 799 1367, 1465, 1556, 1750, 1756, 1828, 1970 Wood workers, 423 See also Lumber workers War Manpower Commission, See U. S. War Manpower Commission Woodworkers' International Union of Warehouse and Distribution Workers North America, Amalgamated, 423 Union, 284 Workers' Welfare, See Social welfare education, 209, 399, 418, 615, 684, 716, 761, 885, 917, 956, West Virginia, mine workers, 966, 1447, 1709, 1842, 1906 1185, 1400, 1803 Working conditions, 88, 592, 642, 988, Western Federation of Miners, 129, 1007, 1441, 1518, 1788, 1791, 699, 853, 971, 972 1907, 1908, 2008, 2009 1243 Weydemeyer, Joseph, Civil War, 264 763 Whalemen, exploitation and sweating, 325, 1625 White collar 1741 worl»ii_^ jSei t Clerical Hawaii, employees hazardous occupations, 676 Ci-T

166 Maine, 1943 employer liability, 199, 434, 436, mine workers, 408, 640, 1621 451, 452, 475, 624, 690, 731, New York, 509, 1225-27 1140, 1214, 1617, 1872 relations with 184, 613, employers, ^^rks councils, 1206, 1211, 1831 ^"'" See also Shop committees women 1878 workers, 48, 440-42, ,», , „ ...... Works See , , , ,^^^ Progress Admmistration, Workmgmen s clubs, 1045 U. S. Works Progress Administra- Workingmen's Party (1830), 504, 1590 tion

^righ, Carroll D., 1889 Sf°Y™rk Ci" 159, 801 bright, Frances, 1920, 1979 Workmen's Circle, 809 Workmen's insurance and compensation, 66, 245, 320, 452, 690, 1140, Y 1214, 1357, 1707, 1717, 1776-81, jgjg Yellow dog contracts, 1468

laws and legislation, 1128 Yorke, Peter C, 488

167

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 016.3310973ST8L C001 LABOR HISTORY IN THE UNITED STATES URBANA