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Armed Forces As a Significant Actor in Turkish Foreign Policy: Refahyol Government Period in Turkey*
Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, Cilt 74, No. 1, 2019, s. 257 - 282 Araştırma Makalesi ARMED FORCES AS A SIGNIFICANT ACTOR IN TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY: REFAHYOL GOVERNMENT PERIOD IN TURKEY* Arş. Gör. Duygu Kabak Doç. Dr. Müge Aknur ODTÜ Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi İşletme Fakültesi ORCID: 0000-0002-9341-4194 ORCID: 0000-00002-1407-7047 ● ● ● Abstract The Turkish military, which dominated Turkish domestic politics in a continuation of its coups throughout the 1970s and 1980s, also dramatically increased its interference in foreign policy for a brief period in the mid-1990s during the Refahyol coalition government. This involvement in foreign policy was evidenced in Turkey’s relations with various Middle Eastern countries including Israel, and with the EU, in addition to the extension of Operation Provide Comfort. This article investigates why Turkish military’s role in foreign policy decision-making increased at this time by drawing on three approaches: Claude Welch’s classification of “military control with partners”, Michael Desch’s framework on the relationship of civilian control to intensity of internal threats and Joe Hagan’s fragmented regime analysis. Keywords: Turkish foreign policy, Refahyol government, Civil-military relations, Civilian control, Internal and external threats, and fragmented regimes Türk Dış Politikasında Önemli Bir Aktör Olarak Ordu: Türkiye’de Refahyol Hükümeti Dönemi Öz 1970 ve 1980’ler boyunca özellikle darbeler sonrasında Türk siyasi hayatında baskın bir rol oynayan Türk ordusu, 1990’ların ortasında özellikle Refahyol hükümeti döneminde kısa bir sure için Türk dış politikasındaki müdahelesini de arttırmıştır. Ordunun dış politikaya bu müdahelesi kendini Türkiye’nin İsrail de dahil olmak üzere Orta Doğu ülkeleri ve de AB ile ilişkilerinde, ayrıca Huzur Harekatı’nın (Çekiç Güç Harekatı’nın) süresinin uzatılmasında göstermiştir. -
Armed Forces As an Element of National Power, and Compulsory Military Service
Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies Volume: 3 – Issue: 4 – October - 2013 Armed Forces as an Element of National Power, and Compulsory Military Service Suat Begeç, Turkey Abstract Whether military service should be done as a national duty or left to the professionals has been discussed for a long time both in Turkey and across the world. In order to answer this question and make relevant suggestions, this paper begins with the recruitment system in the Turkish Armed Forces during the history. Subsequently, armed forces of neighbor countries, their communication strategies and of those politically linked with Turkey as well as the world armies carrying weight for the scope of this study are all analyzed. Thirdly, current military service and its flawed aspects are explained. Finally come suggestions on how the military service should be. Keywords: Armed forces, compulsory military service, national army, recruitment © Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies 179 Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies Volume: 3 – Issue: 4 – October - 2013 Introduction Neither numbers nor technology wins in a war… The winner is always the heart. There is no might that can stand against a unit banded together. Soldiers believe that if they lose their life in a war, they will die a martyr and be worthy of heaven; and that if they survive they will be a veteran and leave unforgettable memories to his children. This belief renders them fearless. This bestows on their commanders a power that few leaders have. Power is the ability to influence people and events. Power is the ability that leaders and managers gain and enjoy through their personalities, activities and situations within the organizational structure [Newstrom & Davis, 2002:272]. -
Turkey and Black Sea Security 3
SIPRI Background Paper December 2018 TURKEY AND SUMMARY w The Black Sea region is BLACK SEA SECURITY experiencing a changing military balance. The six littoral states (Bulgaria, siemon t. wezeman and alexandra kuimova* Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine) intensified their efforts to build up their military potential after Russia’s The security environment in the wider Black Sea region—which brings takeover of Crimea and the together the six littoral states (Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey start of the internationalized and Ukraine) and a hinterland including the South Caucasus and Moldova— civil war in eastern Ukraine is rapidly changing. It combines protracted conflicts with a significant con- in 2014. ventional military build-up that intensified after the events of 2014: Russia’s Although security in the takeover of Crimea and the start of the internationalized civil war in eastern Black Sea region has always Ukraine.1 Transnational connections between conflicts across the region been and remains important for and between the Black Sea and the Middle East add further dimensions of Turkey, the current Turkish insecurity. As a result, there is a blurring of the conditions of peace, crisis defence policy seems to be and conflict in the region. This has led to an unpredictable and potentially largely directed southwards, high-risk environment in which military forces with advanced weapons, towards the Middle East. including nuclear-capable systems, are increasingly active in close proxim- Russian–Turkish relations have been ambiguous for some years. ity to each other. Turkey has openly expressed In this context, there is an urgent need to develop a clearer understanding concern about perceived of the security dynamics and challenges facing the wider Black Sea region, Russian ambitions in the Black and to explore opportunities for dialogue between the key regional security Sea region and called for a actors. -
Turkey and European Security
February 2007 8 ENGLISH This publication represents the outcome of SERIES a joint study conducted in the period 2005- 2006 by the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) and the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV). Following the European Union’s decision to TURKEY AND open membership negotiations with Turkey, the Turkish contribution to European secu- EUROPEAN rity and defence has became increasingly important, thus requiring further analysis, SECURITY both at national and European level. Turkey’s role in maintaining peace and secu- rity in Europe, especially on the south-east- IAI-TESEV ern front and in the Mediterranean area, is, REPORT indeed, a very important aspect of the co- operation between Turkey and the Euro- edited by Giovanni Gasparini pean Union. The study underlines the positive aspects of this collaboration, and, at the same time, the problems emerged, aiming at identifying their possible evolution. To this end, two multidisciplinary research teams have analysed the same issues from different perspectives and compared their respective results. Quaderni IAI ISTITUTO AFFARI INTERNAZIONALI Istituto Affari Internazionali 00186 Roma - Via Angelo Brunetti, 9 Tel. 39-6-3224360 Fax 39-6-3224363 http://www.iai.it - e-mail: [email protected] Per ordini: [email protected] IAI-TESEV REPORT TURKEY AND EUROPEAN SECURITY IAI-TESEV REPORT edited by Giovanni Gasparini Quaderni IAI ISTITUTO AFFARI INTERNAZIONALI This research has been possible thanks to the generous support of Alenia Aeronautica. This publication represents the final outcome of a study conducted in the period October 2004 – June 2006 by two joint teams, respectively lead by the Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI), Rome and the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV), Istanbul. -
Turkey: Military Service
Country Policy and Information Note Turkey: Military service Version 2.0 September 2018 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the basis of claim section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis of COI; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Analysis This section analyses the evidence relevant to this note – i.e. the COI section; refugee/human rights laws and policies; and applicable caselaw – by describing this and its inter-relationships, and provides an assessment on whether, in general: x A person is reasonably likely to face a real risk of persecution or serious harm x A person is able to obtain protection from the state (or quasi state bodies) x A person is reasonably able to relocate within a country or territory x Claims are likely to justify granting asylum, humanitarian protection or other form of leave, and x If a claim is refused, it is likely or unlikely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must, however, still consider all claims on an individual basis, taking into account each case’s specific facts. Country of origin information The country information in this note has been carefully selected in accordance with the general principles of COI research as set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation’s (ACCORD), Researching Country Origin Information – Training Manual, 2013. -
Turkey's Role in the Western Balkans
SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Alida Vračić Turkey’s Role in the Western Balkans RP 11 December 2016 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2016 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They reflect the views of the author(s). SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 34 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-200 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 This research and its publi- cation have been enabled by the generous support of Stiftung Mercator, Essen. Table of Contents 5 Issues and Conclusions 7 Turkey’s Comeback in the Balkans 12 Turkey’s Economy and Non-state Actors in the Western Balkans 15 Turkish Military in the Balkans 18 Countries of Particular Interest to Turkey 18 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22 Kosovo 24 Macedonia 27 Can Old Animosities Die? Serbia-Turkey Relations 30 Turkey’s Activism as Seen from the Balkans 32 Western Balkans – EU’s Forgotten Post? 33 Outlook 34 Abbreviations Alida Vračić is IPC-Stiftung Mercator Fellow 2015/2016 at SWP Issues and Conclusions Turkey’s Role in the Western Balkans For the past two decades, Turkey has been rediscover- ing the Balkans. The end of the Cold War and the dis- solution of the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the subsequent violence were decisive points in Turkish foreign policy. New openings toward southeast Europe and the creation of new states greatly transformed the foreign policy strategies of Turkey, which was aiming for far-reaching political impact. -
Thematic Country of Origin Information Report Turkey: Military Service
Thematic Country of Origin Information Report Turkey: Military service Datum July 2019 Pagina 1 van 26 Thematic Country of Origin Information Report Publication details Plaats The Hague Opgesteld door Sub-Saharan Africa Department / Country of Origin Information Reports Section (DAF/AB) Disclaimer: The Dutch version of this report is leading. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands cannot be held accountable for misinterpretations based on the English version of the report. Pagina 2 van 26 Thematic Country of Origin Information Report Table of Contents Publication details ............................................................................................2 Table of Contents ....................................... Fout! Bladwijzer niet gedefinieerd. Introduction ....................................................................................................4 1 Basic information ........................................................................................ 5 1.1 The position of the armed forces in society .........................................................5 1.2 Basic information about the armed forces. ..........................................................7 1.3 Relevant legislation ..........................................................................................7 2 Registration and screening .......................................................................... 9 2.1 Call-up system ................................................................................................9 2.2 -
The Road to July 15 in the Turkish Armed Forces and Combat Effectiveness in Its Aftermath
ANALYSIS JULY 2017 NO: 37 THE ROAD TO JULY 15 IN THE TURKISH ARMED FORCES AND COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS IN ITS AFTERMATH MURAT YEŞILTAŞ, MURAT ASLAN ANALYSIS JULY 2017 NO: 37 THE ROAD TO JULY 15 IN THE TURKISH ARMED FORCES AND COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS IN ITS AFTERMATH MURAT YEŞILTAŞ, MURAT ASLAN COPYRIGHT © 2017 by SETA All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, without permission in writing from the publishers. Layout : Hasan Suat Olgun Printed in Turkey, İstanbul by Turkuvaz Haberleşme ve Yayıncılık A.Ş., 2017 SETA | FOUNDATION FOR POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH Nenehatun Caddesi No: 66 GOP Çankaya 06700 Ankara TÜRKİYE Phone:+90 312.551 21 00 | Fax :+90 312.551 21 90 www.setav.org | [email protected] | @setavakfi SETA | İstanbul Defterdar Mh. Savaklar Cd. Ayvansaray Kavşağı No: 41-43 Eyüp İstanbul TÜRKİYE Phone: +90 212 315 11 00 | Fax: +90 212 315 11 11 SETA | Washington D.C. 1025 Connecticut Avenue, N.W., Suite 1106 Washington, D.C., 20036 USA Phone: 202-223-9885 | Fax: 202-223-6099 www.setadc.org | [email protected] | @setadc SETA | Cairo 21 Fahmi Street Bab al Luq Abdeen Flat No 19 Cairo EGYPT Phone: 00202 279 56866 | 00202 279 56985 | @setakahire THE ROAD TO JULY 15 IN THE TURKISH ARMED FORCES AND COMBAT EFFECTIVENESS IN ITS AFTERMATH CONTENTS ABSTRACT 7 INTRODUCTION 8 THE CHALLENGE OF FETÖ 8 THE EFFECTS OF AK PARTY REGULATIONS AFTER THE JULY 15 COUP ATTEMPT 14 CONCLUSION: STEPPING FORWARD FOR COMBAT READINESS AND EFFECTIVENESS 19 setav.org 5 ANALYSIS ABOUT THE AUTHORS Murat Yeşiltaş He has completed his BA and MA at the Department of International Relations of Sakarya University, in 2003 and 2009, respectively. -
THE RIGHT to CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION in EUROPE: a Review of the Current Situation
THE RIGHT TO CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION IN EUROPE: A Review of the Current Situation Quaker Council for European Affairs Preface Aware of the fact that conscientious objectors are still treated harshly in some European countries and that the right to conscientious objection is not even recognized in all the member states of the Council of Europe, the Quaker Council for European Affairs commissioned this report to highlight the problems which still remain in Europe with regard to the right to conscientious objection to military service. This report provides an overview of the current situation in Europe. In recent years many developments have taken place with regard to conscription and conscientious objection. Several European countries have suspended conscription although by 2005 most European countries still maintain conscription and most European young men are still liable to perform military service. In many countries, particularly in Eastern Europe, the Balkans and the former Soviet Union, both legal regulations on the recognition of the right to conscientious objection and actual practice are changing quickly. In other European countries, the right to conscientious objection is still not recognized fully or at all and governments persist in harsh treatment of conscientious objectors. Although there is a wealth of information available about conscription and conscientious objection in some countries, surprisingly little is known about others. Moreover, there is no recent comparative survey on conscientious objection in easily accessible format. The last survey of this kind was published in 1998 by War Resisters' International ('Refusing to bear arms - a world survey of conscription and conscientious objection to military service'), which answered the need of many organisations working on issues of conscription and conscientious objection. -
Weapons Transfers and Violations of the Laws of War in Turkey
WEAPONS TRANSFERS AND VIOLATIONS OF THE LAWS OF WAR IN TURKEY Human Rights Watch Arms Project Human Right Watch New York AAA Washington AAA Los Angeles AAA London AAA Brussels Copyright 8 November 1995 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-81502 ISBN 1-56432-161-4 HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH Human Rights Watch conducts regular, systematic investigations of human rights abuses in some seventy countries around the world. It addresses the human rights practices of governments of all political stripes, of all geopolitical alignments, and of all ethnic and religious persuasions. In internal wars it documents violations by both governments and rebel groups. Human Rights Watch defends freedom of thought and expression, due process and equal protection of the law; it documents and denounces murders, disappearances, torture, arbitrary imprisonment, exile, censorship and other abuses of internationally recognized human rights. Human Rights Watch began in 1978 with the founding of its Helsinki division. Today, it includes five divisions covering Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Middle East, as well as the signatories of the Helsinki accords. It also includes five collaborative projects on arms transfers, children's rights, free expression, prison conditions, and women's rights. It maintains offices in New York, Washington, Los Angeles, London, Brussels, Moscow, Dushanbe, Rio de Janeiro, and Hong Kong. Human Rights Watch is an independent, nongovernmental organization, supported by contributions from private individuals and foundations worldwide. It accepts no government funds, directly or indirectly. The staff includes Kenneth Roth, executive director; Cynthia Brown, program director; Holly J. -
Handbook on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Armed Forces Personnel
Handbook on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Handbookof Armed on ForcesHuman Personnel Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Armed Forces Personnel ODIHR Published by the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) Al. Ujazdowskie 19 00-557 Warsaw Poland www.osce.org/odihr © OSCE/ODIHR 2008 All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may be freely used and copied for educational and other non-commercial purposes, provided that any such reproduction is accompanied by an acknowledgement of the OSCE/ODIHR as the source. ISBN 978-83-60190-53-1 Designed by Nona Reuter Printed in Poland by Agencja Karo Handbook on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Armed Forces Personnel Acknowledgements This manual was written by Prof. Ian Leigh of the Durham University Human Rights Cen- tre (United Kingdom) and Dr. Hans Born of the Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (Switzerland), with the assistance of Ms. Cecilia Lazzarini (DCAF) and Mr. Ian Clements (Durham University). ODIHR and DCAF express their gratitude to the governments of Germany and Romania for hosting the roundtable events “Citizen in Uniform: Implementing Human Rights in the Armed Forces” and “Military Unions and Associations”, respectively. They also thank the members of the expert review panel assembled to evaluate an earlier version of this hand- book: Col. Britt Brestrup, Deputy Commander at the Norwegian National Defence Col- lege; Dr. Nataliya Danilova, Research Fellow, Governance Research Centre, Department of Politics, University of Bristol; Ms. Allison Gill, Director, Moscow Office, Human Rights Watch; Mr. Emmanuel Jacob, President, European Organisation of Military Associations (EUROMIL); Prof. -
TURKISH MILITARY UNION Report: 1
TURKISH MILITARY UNION Report: 1 WHAT SERGEANTS & NCO WANT 1. SALARY IMPROVEMENTS. 2. ADJUSTMENTS 3. RECOUPMENT 4. LODGING SITUATION 5. OYAK (Turkish Armed Forces Assistance and Pension Fund) 6. TURKISH ARMED FORCES DISCIPLINARY LAW 7. RESTORING THE LATENCY TIME FOR RANK 8. DECREASING THE DURATION TIME OF COMPULSORY SERVICE. 9. MOBBING 10. OFFICER’S CLUBS AND SERVICES 11. TURKISH ARMED FORCES FOUNDATIONS 12. REGISTRY REMISSION 13. PERSONNEL REGIME 14. FOREIGN MISSION AND COURSES (TRAINING?) 15. OTHER ISSUES 16. RESULTS AND SUGGESTIONS 1 TURKISH MILITARY UNION 1. SALARY IMPROVEMENTS : 1.1 The draft bill on the payments of officers, sergeants, specialist gendarmes, specialized sergeants, petty officers and privates assigned under the Law no 5422 for the Law for Provincial Administration and Law no 7269 In Regards to the Aid with the precautions to be taken due to effectual disasters for public life to be 1/10 (63 TL) of the gross amount of the highest goverment employee salary was sent to MOD on April, 10, 2012 (Written statement of the The General Staff). 1.2 Currently, no compensation is paid to the personnel who is not provided lodging. Draft suggesting an increase of 400 Tl to the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF) personnel who is not provided lodging was sent to MSB on June 18, 2008.However, it did not pass into law during the 23rd legislative year. Thereupon, the article of the The General Staff including the matter of continuing the activities to renew and enact the mentioned law draft in the 24th legislative year was sent to MOD on April 6, 2012 (Written statement of the The General Staff).