GENDARMERIES AND THE SECURITY CHALLENGES OF 21ST CENTURY GENDARMERIES GENDARMERIES J.L. Hovens / G.A.G. van Elk (Eds.) / G.A.G. van Hovens J.L. AND THE SECURITY CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY J.L. Hovens G.A.G. van Elk (Eds.) GENDARMERIES AND THE SECURITY CHALLENGES OF THE 21ST CENTURY FIEP Seminar Publication 2011 Royal Marechaussee Dutch FIEP Presidency 2010 Seminar Project ‘‘Gendarmeries and the security challenges of the 21st century” 1 ©2011 Koninklijke Marechaussee Layout: Grafische Dienst, AudioVisuele Dienst Defensie, Den Haag Print : OBT bv Den Haag All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the author. Views and opinions expressed in this publication are and stay the sole responsibility of the author. They do not necessarily express the view of the Minister of Defence. ISBN: 978-90-817734-0-9 2 VAN PUTTEN - FOREWORD Foreword For a period of one year I had the honour of presiding over the Association of European and Mediterranean Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status, better known by its abbreviation: FIEP. During the Presidency of the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee the revitalisation, as well as the dissemination, of the gendarmerie-concept was paramount. FIEP’s ambition, laid down in the Way Ahead for the Association*, was -and still is- to be better known as an association of gendarmerie professionals, also among other (police) professionals and the larger public. The document continues, stating that -inside and outside the FIEP- the association wants to be recognised as a learning organisation and acknowledged as the catalyst for the process of further professionalisation within the gendarmeries and the further development of the gendarmerie concept, and as platform for the exchange of best practices. To that end, the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee organised the Special FIEP Seminar entitled ‘Gendarmeries and the Security Challenges of the 21st Century’. This book marks the conclusion of the efforts made by the Dutch Presidency to contribute to the goals set for the near future of the association. It consists of contributions from both scholars and practitioners on the theme of the special seminar. In one common language, the book brings together the history and possible future of our gendarmerie family. I would like to pay tribute to all the contributors to this book and express the hope that the rich blend of academics and practitioners will result in further research into gendarmerie and related topics, as well as in fruitful cooperation with academics in the further development of future gendarmerie leadership. Dick van Putten, Lieutenant General Commander Royal Netherlands Marechaussee The Hague, October 2011 * Document developed during the Dutch Presidency and attached as an annex to the Common Declaration of the Summit of the General Commanders and Directors of FIEP in The Hague, 19 October 2010. 3 4 HOVENS/VAN ELK - EDITORS' INTRODUCTION Editors’ Introduction Gendarmeries fulfil traditional law and order functions within several countries and this is occurring to an increasing extent in countries around the world. Some authors have doubts about the role the gendarmerie forces could or should fulfil. These doubts partly stem from misconceptions resulting from the fact that gendarmeries are often neglected in academic research. The consequences of this oversight are enhanced by the fact that the ample volume of literature on gendarmeries has been published in many different languages and is to some degree inaccessible to the main stream of academics. At the same time the gendarmeries feel a need to (re-)assess their relevance, potential role and mandate, as well as their added value against the background of the 21st-century security challenges. The need to (re-)assess comes at a time when interest in the gendarmerie concept seems to be on the increase. Such an assessment can serve European and global police partners in acquiring a better understanding of the gendarmerie and its possibilities, as well as the association itself. It can also help to highlight the (operational) activities of the gendarmeries and clear away obstacles that hamper the realisation of these activities. The development of this book is a follow-up to the seminar organised by the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee in Breda in December 2010 and was inspired by the thesis by Pierre Gobinet: “The gendarmerie alternative: Is there a case for the existence of police organisations with military status in the twenty-first century European security apparatus?” The book has three objectives. First of all, it collects and synthesises the relevant views of (international) scholars and practitioners and describes the aforementioned assessment. Doing so, and that is our second goal, the book adds value to the public discourse on gendarmeries within the world of academics, practitioners, and policy makers. Finally, this book can be used as a stepping stone for further international comparative research on the subject of gendarmeries in the fast-growing field of international policing studies. 5 The realisation of Gendarmeries and the security challenges of the 21st century was both challenging and inspiring. As we wanted to interest both our academic and practitioner audiences, the book combines contributions by both practitioners and scholars from various countries and organisations. This turned out to be a challenging venture. We had to blend the general and theoretical parts with the more practical. How to strike a balance between the histories of the various gendarmerie corps, their organisation, tasks and position, and the possible views for the future of the gendarmeries in the 21st century? It was challenging also, because we had to find a balance between the depth and rigour of peer-reviewed contributions on the one hand, and the strong ambition to have as many participating writers as possible from all the various gendarmerie-type forces on the other hand. Styles of course vary. While some contributors have concentrated on the more abstract -or academic- themes, others have concentrated more on international aspects. Still others have put more emphasis on the national context of their gendarmerie, and conducted a (strategic) study. We have been fortunate to have sufficient skilled reviewers, who enabled us to deliver contributions with quality. Many thanks to all those who helped us to realise this book: the reviewers, the graphic designers and our colleagues at the translation service, who helped us achieve a good standard in the English language. A special thanks also goes to the Netherlands Defence Academy for its support. Finally, we are grateful to Vathec Publishing for their kind permission to reproduce the article by Pierre Gobinet, published earlier (2008) in the International Journal of Police Science & Management. As has been said before, this journey was also inspiring. We learned a lot by reading all the contributions that were sent in, but reading them also made us very curious about the answers to questions that have not been raised yet. In this way, the book reflects the start of a promising journey into the interesting subject of gendarmeries. We welcome any comments, ideas and expressions of interest in joining us with this journey. Hans Hovens Gemma van Elk October 2011 6 TABLE OF CONTENT Table of Content Editors’ Introduction 5 By Hans Hovens & Gemma van Elk General Introduction Towards understanding the potential of gendarmeries 9 By Hans Hovens The gendarmerie alternative: 27 Is there a case for the existence of police organisations with military status in the twenty-first century European security apparatus? By Pierre Gobinet Gendarmeries and the Security Challenges in the 21st Century 51 Some introductory remarks By Willy Bruggeman A contemporary security concept and its implications for gendarmerie-type forces 69 By Karina Paulina Marczuk Policing the Gap: 97 The Growing Importance of Gendarmerie Forces in Creating National and International Stability By Bob Hoogenboom Europe’s Internal Security and the Gendarmeries 119 In Memoriam Professor Yves Gaultier By Pierre Berthelet The European Gendarmerie Force 139 Bridging the Public Security Gap? By Hans Hovens The Romanian Gendarmerie in the 21st Century 167 By Ioan Ovidiu Bratulescu 7 The need for gendarmeries in the years ahead 183 By Mehmet Bingöl Profile of a police organisation in an Advanced Society: A Police for the 21st Century 195 (A discussion document) By Roberto Hernández Araya, Sergio Moras Opazo & Mauricio Rodríguez Ramírez The Italian Carabinieri Corps: old traditions for a modern version 227 By Nicola Conforti The Turkish Gendarmerie: “A Source of Honour” 241 By Alper Bilgic The 21st century: security challenges. Expanded borders for the Argentinian national gendarmerie 255 By Oscar Enrique Gomez & Angel Mungai The Guardia Civil and Public Security 275 By Antonio Doblas Jiménez The Jordanian gendarmerie and the security challenges of the 21st century 293 By Mo’tasem Abu Shattal & Mais Rawashdeh Gendarmeries and the security challenges in the 21st century: A Portuguese perspective 317 By Bartolomeu Da Costa-Cabral 8 HOVENS - GENERAL INTRODUCTION General Introduction Towards understanding the potential of gendarmeries By Hans Hovens Colonel of the Royal Netherlands Marechaussee National Representative Royal Marechaussee at Joint Force Command Headquarters Brunssum Associated Researcher at the Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defence Academy 1. Background of this book This book originates from an initiative of the association of national gendarmeries or affiliated corps, encompassing the European and Mediterranean Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status (FIEP)1. The goal of FIEP (which started with the corps of France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal) is to broaden and strengthen the mutual relationships, to promote an innovative and active reflection on the forms of police cooperation, and to value its model of organisation and structures abroad. FIEP wants to be recognised by the European authorities as a forum and a structure of separate police cooperation, capable of leading concrete actions.