1 Etymology Longer to Be Accepted in Western Europe and Other Less- Developed Parts of the World

For other types of motorized vehicles, see Motor vehicle. of gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel. Both fuels For other uses, see Car (disambiguation), Automobile are known to cause air pollution and are also blamed for (disambiguation), and Cars (disambiguation). contributing to climate change and global warming.[5] Ve- A car is a wheeled, self-powered motor vehicle used for hicles using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity in some countries. Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury- related deaths worldwide.[6] The costs of car usage, which may include the cost of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs and auto maintenance, fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and insurance,[7] are weighed against the cost of the alternatives, and the value of the benefits – perceived and real – of vehicle usage. The ben- Vehicles in use per country from 2001 to 2007. It shows the efits may include on-demand transportation, mobility, [8] significant growth in BRIC. independence and convenience. The costs to society of encompassing car use, which may include those of: maintaining roads, land use, pollution, public health, health care, and of disposing of the vehicle at the end of its life, can be balanced against the value of the benefits to society that car use generates. The societal benefits may include: economy benefits, such as job and wealth creation, of car production and maintenance, transportation provision, society wellbeing derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and revenue generation from the tax opportunities. The ability for humans to move flexibly from place to place has far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.[9] World map of passenger cars per 1000 people The term motorcar has formerly also been used in the transportation. Most definitions of the term specify that context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which cars are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seat- functions as a small locomotive but also provides space ing for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were and to be constructed principally for the transport of peo- often used on suburban routes by both interurban and in- [10] ple rather than goods.[3][4] The year 1886 is regarded as tercity railroad systems. the birth year of the modern car. In that year, German It was estimated in 2010 that the number of cars had inventor Karl Benz built the Benz Patent-Motorwagen. risen to over 1 billion vehicles, up from the 500 million of Cars did not become widely available until the early 20th 1986.[11] The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially century. One of the first cars that was accessible to the in China, India and other NICs.[12] masses was the 1908 Model T, an American car manufactured by the Ford Motor Company. Cars were rapidly adopted in the United States of America, where they replaced animal-drawn carriages and carts, but took much 1 Etymology longer to be accepted in Western Europe and other less- developed parts of the world. The word “car” is believed to originate from the Latin Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, parking, word carrus or carrum (“wheeled vehicle”), or the Middle and passenger comfort and safety. New controls have also English word carre (meaning cart, from Old North been added to vehicles, making them more complex. Ex- French). In turn, these originated from the Gaulish word amples include air conditioning, navigation systems, and karros (a Gallic chariot). The Gaulish language was a in car entertainment. Most cars in use today are propelled branch of the Brythoic language which also used the word by an internal combustion engine, fueled by deflagration Karr; the Brythonig language evolved into Welsh (and

1 2 2 HISTORY

Gaelic) where 'Car llusg' (a drag cart or sledge) and 'car was fuelled by a mixture of Lycopodium powder (dried rhyfel' (war chariot) still survive.[13][14] It originally re- spores of the Lycopodium plant), finely crushed coal dust ferred to any wheeled horse-drawn vehicle, such as a cart, and resin that were mixed with oil, whereas de Rivaz carriage, or wagon.[15][16] “Motor car” is attested from used a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.[24] Neither de- 1895, and is the usual formal name for cars in British En- sign was very successful, as was the case with others, such glish.[4] “Autocar” is a variant that is also attested from as Samuel Brown, Samuel Morey, and Etienne Lenoir 1895, but that is now considered archaic. It literally with his hippomobile, who each produced vehicles (usu- means “self-propelled car”.[17] ally adapted carriages or carts) powered by internal combustion engines.[25] The word “automobile” is a classical compound derived from the Ancient Greek word autós (αὐτός), meaning In November 1881, French inventor Gustave Trouvé “self”, and the Latin word mobilis, meaning “movable”. demonstrated a working three-wheeled car powered by It entered the English language from French, and was electricity at the International Exposition of Electricity, first adopted by the Automobile Club of Great Britain in Paris.[26] 1897.[18] Over time, the word “automobile” fell out of favour in Britain, and was replaced by “motor car”. It remains a chiefly North American usage.[19]

2 History

Main article: History of the automobile

The first working steam-powered vehicle was designed— and most likely built—by Ferdinand Verbiest, a Flemish member of a Jesuit mission in China around 1672. It was a 65-cm-long scale-model toy for the Chinese Emperor that was unable to carry a driver or a passenger.[20][21][8] It is not known if Verbiest’s model was ever built.[21] Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is widely credited with building the first full-scale, self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in about 1769; he created a steam-powered tricycle.[22] He also constructed two steam tractors for the French Army, one of which is preserved in the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts.[23] His inventions were, however, handicapped by problems with water supply and maintaining steam pressure.[23] In 1801, Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his Puffing Devil road locomotive, believed by many to be the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle. It was unable to maintain sufficient steam pressure for long pe- Karl Benz, the inventor of the modern car riods, and was of little practical use. The development of external combustion engines is de- Although several other German engineers (including tailed as part of the history of the car, but often treated Gottlieb Daimler, Wilhelm Maybach, and Siegfried Mar- separately from the development of true cars. A vari- cus) were working on the problem at about the same time, ety of steam-powered road vehicles were used during the Karl Benz generally is acknowledged as the inventor of first part of the 19th century, including steam cars, steam the modern car.[25] buses, phaetons, and steam rollers. Sentiment against In 1879, Benz was granted a patent for his first engine, them led to the Locomotive Acts of 1865. which had been designed in 1878. Many of his other in- In 1807 Nicéphore Niépce and his brother Claude created ventions made the use of the internal combustion engine what was probably the world’s first internal combustion feasible for powering a vehicle. His first Motorwagen was engine (which they called a Pyréolophore), but they chose built in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. He was awarded to install it in a boat on the river Saone in France.[24] Co- the patent for its invention as of his application on 29 incidentally, in 1807 the Swiss inventor François Isaac de January 1886 (under the auspices of his major company, Rivaz designed his own 'de Rivaz internal combustion en- Benz & Cie., which was founded in 1883). Benz began gine' and used it to develop the world’s first vehicle to be promotion of the vehicle on 3 July 1886, and about 25 powered by such an engine. The Niépces’ Pyréolophore Benz vehicles were sold between 1888 and 1893, when 3

1899 and, because of its size, Benz & Cie., became a joint-stock company. The first motor car in central Europe and one of the first factory-made cars in the world, was produced by Czech company Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau (later renamed to Tatra) in 1897, the Präsident automobil. Daimler and Maybach founded Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in Cannstatt in 1890, and sold their first car in 1892 under the brand name Daimler. It was a horse-drawn stagecoach built by another manufacturer, which they retrofitted with an engine of their design. By 1895 about 30 vehicles had been built by Daimler and Maybach, either at the Daimler works or in the Hotel A photograph of the original Benz Patent-Motorwagen, first built Hermann, where they set up shop after disputes with in 1885 and awarded the patent for the concept their backers. Benz, Maybach and the Daimler team seem to have been unaware of each other’s early work. They never worked together; by the time of the merger his first four-wheeler was introduced along with a model of the two companies, Daimler and Maybach were no intended for affordability. They also were powered with longer part of DMG. four-stroke engines of his own design. Emile Roger of France, already producing Benz engines under license, Daimler died in 1900 and later that year, Maybach now added the Benz car to his line of products. Because designed an engine named Daimler-Mercedes that was France was more open to the early cars, initially more placed in a specially ordered model built to specifications were built and sold in France through Roger than Benz set by Emil Jellinek. This was a production of a small sold in Germany. In August 1888 Bertha Benz, the wife number of vehicles for Jellinek to race and market in his of Karl Benz, undertook the first road trip by car, to prove country. Two years later, in 1902, a new model DMG the road-worthiness of her husband’s invention. car was produced and the model was named Mercedes after the Maybach engine, which generated 35 hp. May- bach quit DMG shortly thereafter and opened a business of his own. Rights to the Daimler brand name were sold to other manufacturers. Karl Benz proposed co-operation between DMG and Benz & Cie. when economic conditions began to dete- riorate in Germany following the First World War, but the directors of DMG refused to consider it initially. Ne- gotiations between the two companies resumed several years later when these conditions worsened and, in 1924 they signed an Agreement of Mutual Interest, valid until the year 2000. Both enterprises standardized design, production, purchasing, and sales and they advertised or marketed their car models jointly, although keeping their respective brands. On 28 June 1926, Benz & Cie. and DMG finally merged as the Daimler-Benz company, bap- tizing all of its cars Mercedes Benz, as a brand honoring the most important model of the DMG cars, the May- bach design later referred to as the 1902 Mercedes-35 hp, along with the Benz name. Karl Benz remained a member of the board of directors of Daimler-Benz until his death in 1929, and at times his two sons also participated in the management of the company. In 1890, Émile Levassor and Armand Peugeot of France Bertha Benz, the first long distance car driver in the world began producing vehicles with Daimler engines, and so laid the foundation of the automotive industry in France. In 1891, Auguste Doriot and his Peugeot colleague Louis In 1896, Benz designed and patented the first internal- Rigoulot completed the longest trip by a petrol-powered combustion flat engine, called boxermotor. During the vehicle when their self-designed and built Daimler pow- last years of the nineteenth century, Benz was the largest ered Peugeot Type 3 completed 2,100 kilometres (1375 car company in the world with 572 units produced in 4 3 MASS PRODUCTION

miles) from Valentigney to Paris and Brest and back again. They were attached to the first Paris–Brest–Paris bicycle race, but finished 6 days after the winning cyclist, Charles Terront. The first design for an American car with a gasoline internal combustion engine was made in 1877 by George Selden of Rochester, New York. Selden applied for a patent for an car in 1879, but the patent application ex- pired because the vehicle was never built. After a delay of sixteen years and a series of attachments to his application, on 5 November 1895, Selden was granted a United States patent (U.S. Patent 549,160) for a two-stroke car engine, which hindered, more than encouraged, development of cars in the United States. His patent was chal- lenged by Henry Ford and others, and overturned in 1911. Ransom E. Olds In 1893, the first running, gasoline-powered American car was built and road-tested by the Duryea brothers of England, in 1802. The assembly line style of mass pro- Springfield, Massachusetts. The first public run of the duction and interchangeable parts had been pioneered in Duryea Motor Wagon took place on 21 September 1893, the U.S. by Thomas Blanchard in 1821, at the Springfield [33] on Taylor Street in Metro Center Springfield.[27][28] The Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts. This concept Studebaker Automobile Company, subsidiary of a long- was greatly expanded by Henry Ford, beginning in 1914. established wagon and coach manufacturer, started to As a result, Ford’s cars came off the line in fifteen-minute build cars in 1897[29]:p.66 and commenced sales of electric intervals, much faster than previous methods, increasing vehicles in 1902 and gasoline vehicles in 1904.[30] productivity eightfold, while using less manpower (from [34] In Britain, there had been several attempts to build steam 12.5 man-hours to 1 hour 33 minutes). It was so suc- cars with varying degrees of success, with Thomas Rick- cessful, paint became a bottleneck. Only Japan black ett even attempting a production run in 1860.[31] Santler would dry fast enough, forcing the company to drop the from Malvern is recognized by the Veteran Car Club of variety of colors available before 1914, until fast-drying Great Britain as having made the first petrol-powered car Duco lacquer was developed in 1926. This is the source in the country in 1894[32] followed by Frederick William of Ford’s apocryphal remark, “any color as long as it’s [34] Lanchester in 1895, but these were both one-offs.[32] The black”. In 1914, an assembly line worker could buy a [34] first production vehicles in Great Britain came from the Model T with four months’ pay. Daimler Company, a company founded by Harry J. Law- son in 1896, after purchasing the right to use the name of the engines. Lawson’s company made its first automobiles in 1897, and they bore the name Daimler.[32] In 1892, German engineer Rudolf Diesel was granted a patent for a “New Rational Combustion Engine”. In 1897, he built the first diesel engine.[25] Steam-, electric- , and gasoline-powered vehicles competed for decades, with gasoline internal combustion engines achieving dominance in the 1910s. Although various pistonless rotary engine designs have attempted to compete with the conventional piston and crankshaft design, only Mazda's version of the Wankel engine has had more than very limited success.

3 Mass production

See also: Automotive industry The large-scale, production-line manufacturing of af- fordable cars was debuted by Ransom Olds in 1902 at his Oldsmobile factory located in Lansing, Michigan and based upon the assembly line techniques pioneered by Marc Isambard Brunel at the Portsmouth Block Mills, Portrait of Henry Ford (ca. 1919) 5

Ford’s complex safety procedures—especially assigning Chevrolet shared hood, doors, roof, and windows with each worker to a specific location instead of allowing Pontiac; by the 1990s, corporate powertrains and shared them to roam about—dramatically reduced the rate of in- platforms (with interchangeable brakes, suspension, and jury. The combination of high wages and high efficiency other parts) were common. Even so, only major makers is called "Fordism,” and was copied by most major indus- could afford high costs, and even companies with decades tries. The efficiency gains from the assembly line also co- of production, such as Apperson, Cole, Dorris, Haynes, incided with the economic rise of the United States. The or Premier, could not manage: of some two hundred assembly line forced workers to work at a certain pace American car makers in existence in 1920, only 43 sur- with very repetitive motions which led to more output per vived in 1930, and with the Great Depression, by 1940, worker while other countries were using less productive only 17 of those were left.[34] methods. In Europe much the same would happen. Morris set up In the automotive industry, its success was dominating, its production line at Cowley in 1924, and soon outsold and quickly spread worldwide seeing the founding of Ford Ford, while beginning in 1923 to follow Ford’s practice of France and Ford Britain in 1911, Ford Denmark 1923, vertical integration, buying Hotchkiss (engines), Wrigley Ford Germany 1925; in 1921, Citroen was the first native (gearboxes), and Osberton (radiators), for instance, as European manufacturer to adopt the production method. well as competitors, such as Wolseley: in 1925, Morris Soon, companies had to have assembly lines, or risk go- had 41% of total British car production. Most British ing broke; by 1930, 250 companies which did not, had small-car assemblers, from Abbey to Xtra, had gone un- disappeared.[34] der. Citroen did the same in France, coming to cars in Development of automotive technology was rapid, due 1919; between them and other cheap cars in reply such in part to the hundreds of small manufacturers compet- as Renault's 10CV and Peugeot's 5CV, they produced 550,000 cars in 1925, and Mors, Hurtu, and others could ing to gain the world’s attention. Key developments in- [34] cluded electric ignition and the electric self-starter (both not compete. Germany’s first mass-manufactured car, by Charles Kettering, for the Cadillac Motor Company the Opel 4PS Laubfrosch (Tree Frog), came off the line at Russelsheim in 1924, soon making Opel the top car in 1910–1911), independent suspension, and four-wheel [34] brakes. builder in Germany, with 37.5% of the market.

4 User interface

See also: Automobile controls Cars are equipped with controls used for driving, pas-

Ford Model T, 1927

Since the 1920s, nearly all cars have been mass-produced to meet market needs, so marketing plans often have In the Ford Model T the left-side hand lever sets the rear wheel heavily influenced car design. It was Alfred P. Sloan who parking brakes and puts the transmission in neutral. The lever to established the idea of different makes of cars produced the right controls the throttle. The lever on the left of the steering by one company, so buyers could “move up” as their for- column is for ignition timing. The left foot pedal changes the two forward gears while the centre pedal controls reverse. The right tunes improved. pedal is the brake. Reflecting the rapid pace of change, makes shared parts with one another so larger production volume resulted senger comfort and safety, normally operated by a com- in lower costs for each price range. For example, in bination of the use of feet and hands, and occasionally the 1930s, LaSalles, sold by Cadillac, used cheaper by voice on newer cars. Modern cars’ controls are now mechanical parts made by Oldsmobile; in the 1950s, standardised, such as the location for the accelerator and 6 8 SAFETY

brake, but this was not always the case. Controls are evolving in response to new technologies, for example the electric car and the integration of mobile communi- cations. Since the car was first invented, its controls have become fewer and simpler through automation, for example all cars once had a manual controls for the choke valve, clutch, ignition timing, and a crank instead of an electric starter. However new controls have also been added to vehicles, making them more complex. Exam- ples include air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Another trend is the replacement of The Nissan Leaf is an all-electric car launched in December physical knob and switches for secondary controls with 2010 touchscreen controls such as BMW's iDrive and Ford's MyFord Touch. Most cars in use today are propelled by an internal combustion engine, fueled by deflagration of gasoline (also known as petrol) or diesel. Both fuels are known to 5 Weight cause air pollution and are also blamed for contributing to climate change and global warming.[39] Rapidly increas- The weight of a car influences fuel consumption and per- ing oil prices, concerns about oil dependence, tighten- formance, with more weight resulting in increased fuel ing environmental laws and restrictions on greenhouse consumption and decreased performance. According to gas emissions are propelling work on alternative power research conducted by Julian Allwood of the University systems for cars. Efforts to improve or replace existing of Cambridge, global energy use could be heavily reduced technologies include the development of hybrid vehicles, by using lighter cars, and an average weight of 500 kg has plug-in electric vehicles and hydrogen vehicles. Vehicles been said to be well achievable.[35] using alternative fuels such as ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles and natural gas vehicles are also gaining popularity In some competitions such as the Shell Eco Marathon, av- in some countries. erage car weights of 45 kg have also been achieved.[36][37] These cars are only single-seaters (still falling within the Oil consumption in the twentieth and twenty-first cen- definition of a car, although 4-seater cars are more com- turies has been abundantly pushed by car growth; the mon), but they nevertheless demonstrate the amount by 1985–2003 oil glut even fuelled the sales of low-economy which car weights could still be reduced, and the sub- vehicles in OECD countries. The BRIC countries are sequent lower fuel use (i.e. up to a fuel use of 2560 adding to this consumption; in December 2009 China was km/l).[38] briefly the largest car market.[40]

6 Seating and body style 8 Safety

See also: Car body style Main articles: Car safety, Traffic accident, Low speed vehicle and Epidemiology of motor vehicle collisions Road traffic accidents are the largest cause of injury- Most cars are designed to carry multiple occupants, often with four or five seats. Full-size cars and large sport utility vehicles can often carry six, seven, or more occupants depending on the arrangement of the seats. In the other hand, sports cars are most often designed with only two seats. The differing needs for passenger capac- ity and their luggage or cargo space has resulted in the availability of a large variety of body styles to meet individual consumer requirements that include, among others, the sedan/saloon, hatchback, station wagon/estate, and minivan.

7 Fuel and propulsion technologies

See also: Alternative fuel vehicle Result of a serious car accident 7

related deaths worldwide.[6] Mary Ward became one of may act as an incentive for the production of more effi- the first documented car fatalities in 1869 in Parsonstown, cient, hence less polluting, car designs (e.g. hybrid ve- Ireland,[41] and Henry Bliss one of the United States’ first hicles) and the development of alternative fuels. High pedestrian car casualties in 1899 in New York City.[42] fuel taxes may provide a strong incentive for consumers There are now standard tests for safety in new cars, to purchase lighter, smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, or such as the EuroNCAP and the US NCAP tests,[43] and to not drive. On average, today’s automobiles are about insurance-industry-backed tests by the Insurance Institute 75 percent recyclable, and using recycled steel helps re- for Highway Safety (IIHS).[44] duce energy use and pollution.[47] In the United States Congress, federally mandated fuel efficiency standards Worldwide, road traffic is becoming ever safer, in part due to efforts by the government to implement safety have been debated regularly, passenger car standards have not risen above the 27.5 miles per US gallon (8.6 features in cars, and by implementing safety components such as speed bumps on the roads themselves. L/100 km; 33.0 mpg-ᵢ) standard set in 1985. Light truck standards have changed more frequently, and were set at 22.2 miles per US gallon (10.6 L/100 km; 26.7 mpg-ᵢ) in 2007.[48] 9 Costs and benefits The manufacture of vehicles is resource intensive, and many manufacturers now report on the environmental Main articles: Economics of automobile usage, Car costs performance of their factories, including energy usage, and Effects of the automobile on societies waste and water consumption.[49] The growth in popularity of the car allowed cities to The costs of car usage, which may include the cost sprawl, therefore encouraging more travel by car result- of: acquiring the vehicle, repairs and auto maintenance, ing in inactivity and obesity, which in turn can lead to fuel, depreciation, driving time, parking fees, taxes, and increased risk of a variety of diseases.[50] insurance,[7] are weighed against the cost of the alter- Transportation (of all types including trucks, buses and natives, and the value of the benefits – perceived and cars) is a major contributor to air pollution in most in- real – of vehicle usage. The benefits may include dustrialised nations. According to the American Surface on-demand transportation, mobility, independence and Transportation Policy Project nearly half of all Ameri- convenience.[8] cans are breathing unhealthy air. Their study showed air Similarly the costs to society of encompassing car use, quality in dozens of metropolitan areas has worsened over which may include those of: maintaining roads, land use, the last decade.[51] pollution, public health, health care, and of disposing of Animals and plants are often negatively impacted by cars the vehicle at the end of its life, can be balanced against via habitat destruction and pollution. Over the lifetime of the value of the benefits to society that car use gener- the average car the “loss of habitat potential” may be over ates. The societal benefits may include: economy ben- 50,000 square meters (540,000 sq ft) based on primary efits, such as job and wealth creation, of car production production correlations.[52] Animals are also killed every and maintenance, transportation provision, society well- year on roads by cars, referred to as Roadkill. More re- being derived from leisure and travel opportunities, and cent road developments are including significant environ- revenue generation from the tax opportunities. The abil- mental mitigations in their designs such as green bridges ity for humans to move flexibly from place to place has to allow wildlife crossings, and creating wildlife corri- far-reaching implications for the nature of societies.[9] dors. Growth in the popularity of vehicles and commuting has led to traffic congestion. Brussels was consid- 10 Environmental impact ered Europe’s most congested city in 2011 according to TomTom.[53] See also: Exhaust gas

While there are different types of fuel that may power 11 Future car technologies cars, most rely on gasoline or diesel. The United States Environmental Protection Agency states that the average Car propulsion technologies that are under development vehicle emits 8,887 grams of carbon dioxide per gallon of include gasoline/electric and plug-in hybrids, battery gasoline. The average vehicle running on diesel fuel will electric vehicles, hydrogen cars, biofuels, and vari- emit 10,180 grams of carbon dioxide.[45] Many govern- ous alternative fuels. Research into future alternative ments are using fiscal policies (such as road tax or the US forms of power include the development of fuel cells, gas guzzler tax) to influence vehicle purchase decisions, Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI), with a low CO Stirling engines,[54] and even using the stored energy of 2 figure often resulting in reduced taxation.[46] Fuel taxes compressed air or liquid nitrogen. 8 12 INDUSTRY

New materials which may replace steel car bodies include clude OScar, Riversimple (through 40fires.org)[58] and duraluminum, fiberglass, carbon fiber, and carbon nan- c,mm,n.[59] None of the projects have reached signifi- otubes. cant success in terms of developing a car as a whole both Telematics technology is allowing more and more people from hardware and software perspective and no mass pro- to share cars, on a pay-as-you-go basis, through car share duction ready open-source based design have been intro- and carpool schemes. duced as of late 2009. Some car hacking through on- board diagnostics (OBD) has been done so far.[60] Communication is also evolving due to connected car systems. 12 Industry 11.1 Autonomous car Main articles: Automotive industry and Automotive Main article: Autonomous car market Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars, The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world’s motor vehicles. In 2008, more than 70 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide.[61] In 2007, a total of 71.9 million new cars were sold worldwide: 22.9 million in Europe, 21.4 million in the Asia- Pacific Region, 19.4 million in the USA and Canada, 4.4 million in Latin America, 2.4 million in the Middle East and 1.4 million in Africa.[62] The markets in North Amer- ica and Japan were stagnant, while those in South Amer- ica and other parts of Asia grew strongly. Of the major markets, China, Russia, Brazil and India saw the most rapid growth.

A robotic Volkswagen Passat shown at Stanford University is a About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States. driverless car Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion already exist in prototype (such as the Google driver- US gallons (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel fuel less car), and are expected to be commercially available yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in around 2020. According to urban designer and futurist China and India.[12] In the opinion of some, urban trans- Michael E. Arth, driverless electric vehicles—in conjunc- port systems based around the car have proved unsustain- tion with the increased use of virtual reality for work, able, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of travel, and pleasure—could reduce the world’s 800 mil- populations, and delivering a declining level of service de- lion vehicles to a fraction of that number within a few spite increasing investments. Many of these negative im- decades.[55] This would be possible if almost all private pacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who cars requiring drivers, which are not in use and parked are also least likely to own and drive cars.[63][64][65] The 90% of the time, would be traded for public self-driving sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to taxis that would be in near constant use. This would also these problems. allow for getting the appropriate vehicle for the particular In 2008, with rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as need—a bus could come for a group of people, a limou- the automotive industry, are experiencing a combination sine could come for a special night out, and a Segway of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes could come for a short trip down the street for one per- in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing son. Children could be chauffeured in supervised safety, increasing external competition from the public trans- DUIs would no longer exist, and 41,000 lives could be [56][57] port sector, as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle saved each year in the US alone. usage.[66] Roughly half of the US’s fifty-one light vehicle plants are projected to permanently close in the coming years, with the loss of another 200,000 jobs in the sec- 11.2 Open source development tor, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade.[67] Com- bined with robust growth in China, in 2009, this resulted Main article: Open source car in China becoming the largest car producer and market in the world. China 2009 sales had increased to 13.6 mil- There have been several projects aiming to develop a lion, a significant increase from one million of domestic car on the principles of open design. The projects in- car sales in 2000.[68] Since then however, even in China 9 and other BRIC countries, the automotive production is [2] The Mercedes-Benz book by Victor Boesen, Doubleday again falling.[69] 1981, p. 22, ISBN 0-385-12554-2 [3] compiled by F.G. Fowler and H.W. Fowler. (1976). Pocket Oxford Dictionary. London: Oxford University 13 Alternatives to the car Press. ISBN 0-19-861113-7.

[4] “motor car, n.”. OED Online. Oxford University Press. Main article: Alternatives to the automobile September 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-29.

[5] “Global Climate Change”. U.S. Department of Energy. Established alternatives for some aspects of car use in- Archived from the original on 2007-02-25. Retrieved clude public transit such as buses, trolleybuses, trains, 2007-03-03. subways, tramways light rail, cycling, and walking. Car- share arrangements and carpooling are also increasingly [6] Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D (eds.) (2004). World report popular, in the US and Europe.[70] For example, in the on road traffic injury prevention. World Health Organiza- US, some car-sharing services have experienced double- tion. ISBN 92-4-156260-9. Retrieved 2008-06-24. digit growth in revenue and membership growth be- [7] “Car Operating Costs”. my car. RACV. Retrieved 2009- tween 2006 and 2007. Services like car sharing offer- 12-22. ing a residents to “share” a vehicle rather than own a car in already congested neighborhoods.[71] Bike-share sys- [8] Setright, L. J. K. (2004). Drive On!: A Social History of tems have been tried in some European cities, includ- the Motor Car. Granta Books. ISBN 1-86207-698-7. ing Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Similar programs have [9] John A. Jakle, Keith A. Sculle. (2004). Lots of Parking: [72] been experimented with in a number of US Cities. Ad- Land Use in a Car Culture. Charlottesville: Univ. of Vir- ditional individual modes of transport, such as personal ginia Press. ISBN 0-8139-2266-6. rapid transit could serve as an alternative to cars if they prove to be socially accepted.[73] [10] “atchison_177”. Laparks.org. Retrieved 2011-02-13. [11] Sousanis, John (2011-08-15). “World Vehicle Population Tops 1 Billion Units”. Wards Auto. Retrieved 2012-07- 14 See also 17. [12] Plunkett Research, “Automobile Industry Introduction” Main article: Outline of automobiles (2008)

[13] “Car”. (etymology). Online Etymology Dictionary. • Car costs Archived from the original on 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2008-06-02. • Car classiﬁcation [14] 'Car' derived from 'carrus’ • Carfree city [15] “car, n.1”. OED Online. Oxford University Press. September 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-29. • List of countries by automobile production • [16] University of Wales Dictionary on-line; accessed 5 Octo- List of countries by vehicles per capita ber • Lists of automobiles [17] “auto-, comb. form2”. OED Online. Oxford University Press. September 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-29. • Motor vehicle theft [18] “Prospective Arrangements”, The Times, 4 December • Noise pollution 1897: 13

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[73] Jane Holtz Kay (1998). Asphalt Nation: how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 0- 520-21620-2.

16 Further reading

• Halberstam, David, The Reckoning, New York, Morrow, 1986. ISBN 0-688-04838-2

• Kay, Jane Holtz, Asphalt nation : how the automobile took over America, and how we can take it back, New York, Crown, 1997. ISBN 0-517-58702-5 • Heathcote Williams, Autogeddon, New York, Ar- cade, 1991. ISBN 1-55970-176-5 • Wolfgang Sachs: For love of the automobile: look- ing back into the history of our desires, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992, ISBN 0-520- 06878-5

17 External links

• Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

• Forum for the Automobile and Society 12 18 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

18 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

18.1 Text

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Watti Renew, Stagerd.thomas, Jonnogibbo, Yankees9043, Trekky3012, CounterVandalismBot, Kageyose, ShinePhantom, Neverquick, Skull365, Greennecro8, DragonBot, Eye of the Mind, Kitsunegami, Drewster1829, Hiper15, - Midorihana-, Alexbot, Rachelgiggles, Miguelisgay, Souljaboytellem44, LauLaunohow, Lucas the scot, Scole01, Vivio Testarossa, Archangel x105, NuclearWarfare, MickMacNee, Stoopered, Jotterbot, Τις, Paco1991, ATS 500, Qqwwwwwwww, RC-0722, Eddaido, Cm233lh, Beckettc, Gciriani, Teutonic Tamer, Nukeless, Thehelpfulone, Guska, Thingg, DineshAdv, 80120t, 271292hrs, Bfar7122, Rujoesmith, Danmore1101, Evankk, Casey8572, Rock427, Like 3, Mellisa Anthony Jones, Wnt, Mayank shah 89, Louisrix, DumZiBoT, Nju987, RM- Fan1, Spick And Span, Nonono123, Bobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobobob, IANMOORELOVESWIKI, Phntm, 10totti10, InternetMeme, Blorf, Historikos, XLinkBot, Hgvlyiwegv, Ahildaballa, Sqash, Will-B, Nathan Johnson, Freshbakedpie, SlimX, Robitaille03, 10sh10, Addbot, Mikeymcbreen, Jackace911, Ghostbubbles, Harryt95, Michael1115, Phlamer26, Youpli, Non-dropframe, Matron10, Mercury888, Wingspeed, Qwerty33, Bongohead222, Dragonflyharasser, 2e2e2e3r3r4t4tt5y5y6u6u7ui8i, Staceybabesx, Mclu- vin, Da man239, Bntsg, Pwnr77, CarsracBot, Coasting, CUSENZA Mario, Roux, LinkFA-Bot, Rent A Troop, 84user, Numbo3-bot, Unibond, Bfigura’s puppy, Lightbot, Neil Martin India, Greyhood, Renamed user 24, Blablablob, Q5967, Enthusiast10, Hoover789, Tucson Arizona Mexico, Luckas-bot, Bobjob455, Yobot, Themfromspace, Oilpanhands, Legobot II, Moscovite Knight, Beeswaxcan- dle, Kostan1, South Bay, MacTire02, AnomieBOT, Fanoftheworld, Truth or consequences-2, Citation bot, GB fan, ArthurBot, Xqbot, Bjorn Elenfors, K731, Gigemag76, A455bcd9, Hullo exclamation mark, Stars4change, Locos epraix, Almabot, GrouchoBot, Armbrust, Nayvik, Mark Schierbecker, RibotBOT, Celebration1981, Speednat, KeysHistorian, Chouette Sage, Bob332, Hornymanatee, Laservi- sor, Erik9bot, Mclal1pt1, Green Cardamom, FrescoBot, Tangent747, Ch Th Jo, Tobby72, Chupa me wevos, PeterEastern, Austria156, Foxman95, Biker Biker, MacMed, MJ94, HowardJWilk, Fixer88, Richdude24, Horst-schlaemma, 10jlyn, Jirka.h23, TobeBot, Winjay, Mr Mulliner, Benefactordyr, Dinamik-bot, Schwede66, GrahamTM, Qazwsx777, Nascar1996, Martin Kraft, Sjdfisher, Bernd.Brincken, FetchcommsAWB, Skamecrazy123, DASHBot, EmausBot, TurboBoostMan, YELKENN, Edson.ajj, Illdz, Rajkiandris, Djembayz, Ser- ketan, Joao.pimentel.ferreira, An Editor With a Self-Referential Name, Jacob1219, ZéroBot, Wikicalvin299, Rppeabody, Raymond- Sutanto, H3llBot, Music Sorter, Gsarwa, Hvkhvk, Puffin, Rangoon11, Spatulli, ChuispastonBot, Wakebrdkid, Targaryen, Davey2010, Yamaea, Jabartlett7, Jacob12190, Nateho, LogX, Mcharris22, Jenova20, Braincricket, CaroleHenson, Helpful Pixie Bot, Eleventh1, Yoshi2011, JWM83, BG19bot, Ahendrl, South Birmingham OK, Rabhach, Hashem sfarim, Northamerica1000, Hurricanefan25, Furkao- cean, Sandy13397, Anthro135 JDK, RGloucester, CeraBot, Khazar2, Ian.ruotsala, Dexbot, Hmainsbot1, Mdjrb, BarbarellaTwo, Zziccardi, Reatlas, Seqqis, Skeledzija, CsDix, Crwaterhouse, LeavemealoneNSA, Rk.prashan, Liam-dino, Paredes1995 and Anonymous: 1512

18.2 Images

• File:1885Benz.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/1885Benz.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:1923_Ford_Model_T_UPS_interior.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/1923_Ford_Model_T_ UPS_interior.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? 14 18 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:2011_Nissan_Leaf_WAS_2011_1040.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/2011_Nissan_Leaf_ WAS_2011_1040.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Mariordo Mario Roberto Duran Ortiz • File:Benz-velo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Benz-velo.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Berthabenzportrait.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Berthabenzportrait.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Automuseum Dr. Carl Benz, Ladenburg Original artist: Bühler, Mannheim • File:Car_crash_2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Car_crash_2.jpg License: Public domain Contribu- tors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Carl-Benz_coloriert.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Carl-Benz_coloriert.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Hands-free_Driving.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Hands-free_Driving.jpg License: CC-BY- 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Hands-free Driving Original artist: Steve Jurvetson • File:Henry_ford_1919.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Henry_ford_1919.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID cph.3c11278. This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information. Original artist: Hartsook, photographer. • File:Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Late_model_Ford_Model_T.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Rmhermen • File:Olds2.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Olds2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Karrmann at en.wikipedia • File:Padlock-silver.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg License: CC0 Contributors: http://openclipart.org/people/Anonymous/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg Original artist: This image ﬁle was created by AJ Ashton. Uploaded from English WP by User:Eleassar. Converted by User:AzaToth to a silver color. • File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0 Contributors: Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist: Tkgd2007 • File:Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Sportcar_sergio_luiz_ara_01.svg License: CC0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Symbol_list_class.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg License: Public domain Con- tributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Vehicles_map_2001-2007.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Vehicles_map_2001-2007.gif Li- cense: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Michael Hale • File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Original artist: Nicholas Moreau • File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk · contribs), based on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber • File:World_vehicles_per_capita.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/World_vehicles_per_capita.svg Li- cense: Public domain Contributors: self-made - An SVG version of previous PNG map. Used blank World Map here. Original artist: TastyCakes (talk)

18.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0