DOCSLIB.ORG

Modern Car Handbook Benas Kundrotas & Algis Jurgis Kundrotas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modern Car Handbook Benas Kundrotas & Algis Jurgis Kundrotas Modern Car Handbook Benas Kundrotas & Algis Jurgis Kundrotas Vilnius 2020 Modern Car Handbook Authors: Dr. Benas Kundrotas Dr. Habil., Prof. Algis Jurgis Kundrotas Annotation The handbook presents innovative technologies of a modern car. Cars with internal combustion engines are mainly overviewed. Hybrid and electric vehicles are presented as well. Great attention is paid to technologies that ensure fuel economy and reduction of gas emissions. The newest internal combustion engine technology is presented and explained. The car passengers and driver safety systems are widely considered. The assist and self-adaptive technology principles for safely ride are reviewed and discussed too. Also, an introduction in the latest technologies that help to protect the surrounding road users and particularly pedestrians is delivered. Car security issues and some recommendations to protect your car from theft are introduced. Car computers elements and its applications for car control and diagnosis are examined. Widely and in details are discussed sensor system which applies in a modern car. Sensors operation principles (physics) and technologies are studied and presented as well. ISBN 978-609-475-496-8 Experimental Version Non-profit edition © Benas Kundrotas, Algis Jurgis Kundrotas Vilnius 2020 Publisher: Benas Kundrotas Vilnius 2020 2 Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….……. 8 Chapter 1. Modern Car ………………………………………………………………...…10 1.1 Introduction to car systems …………………………………………………………….……10 1.2 Car drive wheel configurations ……………………….…………………………………..... 11 1.3 Rear-wheel drive (RWD) and front-wheel drive (FWD) ………….…………………...…... 12 1.4 A four-wheel drive car (4WD) …………………….…………………………… ………..... 15 1.5 All-wheel drive car (AWD) …………………….…………………………………….….… 16 1.6 Symmetrical All-wheel drive car …………….…………………………...…………..….… 18 1.7 All-wheel drive systems ……………………………………………. …..……………...…...19 1.8 Differentials for AWD …………………………………………………………...……….. 21 1.8.1 Torsen differential ………………………………………………….……………. 21 1.8.2 Crown gear differential ………….…………………………………..………...…. 22 1.8.3 Multidisc (multiplate) clutch ………………………………………….……..….... 22 1.8.4 Planetary gear central differential …………………………………….…..…….... 22 1.8.5 Viscous limited slip differential (VLSD) ………………………….……….....….. 23 1.8.6 Haldex limited slip differential …………………….……………..…...……....…. 23 1.9 Short overview of All Wheel Drive systems ………………………………….......……….. 23 1.9.1 Audi Quattro AWD …………………..……………………………….…..…...…. 23 1.9.2 BMW xDrive AWD ……………………………………….………...….….….…. 24 1.9.3 Ford Intelligent (new Disconnect) AWD ……………………………………...…. 24 1.9.4 Honda SH-AWD …………………………………………………….…..…….…. 25 1.9.5 Hyundai HTRAC AWD ……………………………………………..………...…. 25 1.9.6 Kia Dynamax AWD …………………………………………………………...…. 26 1.9.7 Mazda i-ACTIV AWD …………………………………………...………..….…. 26 1.9.8 Mercedes 4MATIC AWD ………………………………...…………..……….…. 27 1.9.9 Mitsubishi Super All Wheel Control S-AWC ……………………………..….…. 27 1.9.10 Nissan ATTESA AWD …………………………………………….…..…….…. 28 1.9.11 Range Rover AWD ………………………………………….……………….…. 28 1.9.12 Subaru Symmetrical AWD (SAWD) ………………………………..……….…. 29 1.9.13 Toyota AWD with Dynamic Torque Control (DTC) …………...…………...…. 29 1.9.14 Volkswagen 4motion AWD ………………………………………….…..…..…. 30 1.10 Car classification …………………………………………………………………..…...…. 30 1.10.1 Car dimensions …………………………………………………….…..…….….. 31 1.10.2 Sedan …...……………………………………………………………..……...…. 33 1.10.3 Convertible or Cabriolet ………………………..………….…………..…….…. 34 1.10.4 Coupe …………………………………………………………………..…….…. 35 1.10.5 Hatchback ………………………………………………………………...….…. 36 1.10.6 Station Wagon, Estate ……………………………………………....…….….…. 37 3 1.10.7 Multi-purpose vehicle ……………………………………..…………...…….…. 38 1.10.8 Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) …………………………..…………….……….…. 39 1.10.9 Crossover, Crossover Utility Vehicle (CUV) ……………………...…..…….…. 40 1.10.10 Pickup truck …………………………………………………..…………….…. 41 1.10.11 Luxury vehicles …………………………………………………..…...…….…. 42 1.11 Car tire labelling and parameters ……………………...……………………..……..….…. 42 1.11.1 Car tire label ………………………………………………...……..…...…….…. 42 1.11.2 Car tire code ……………………………………………………........……….…. 44 1.11.3 Car tire parameters ……………………………………………….....….....….…. 45 1.11.4 Car tire load index and speed rating ………………….………...…...……….…. 46 Chapter 2. Engine & Fuel …………………………………………………..…..…….…. 48 2.1 Internal combustion engines classification …………………………………….…….….…. 48 2.1.1 Camshaft ……………………………………………………………….……...…. 50 2.1.2 Gasoline (Petrol) fuel injection ……………………………...……………..….…. 51 2.1.3 Diesel engine common rail direct injection (CRDI) system ………………..……. 52 2.1.4 Gasoline (petrol) injectors ……………………………………………….....….…. 53 2.1.5 Diesel engines injectors ……………………………………………..……....…… 55 2.1.6 Turbo charger ………………………………………………………..…..…….…. 57 2.2 Variable valve timing & lift ………………………………………………...……..…….…. 58 2.3 Overview of Variable valve timing & lift systems ………………………..…………….…. 60 2.3.1Audi valvelift system (AVS) ……………………………...……………..…….…. 60 2.3.2 BMW VANOS, Valvetronic …………………………………...…………..….…. 60 2.3.3 Ford Ti-VCT ………………………………………………...…..…………….…. 61 2.3.4 Honda VTEC, i-VTEC …………………………………………..…………….…. 61 2.3.5. Hyundai, Kia CVVT, Dual-CVVT ………………………………..………….…. 61 2.3.6 Mazda S-VT system ……………………………………………………..…….…. 62 2.3.7 Mercedes CAMTRONIC …………………………………………………..….…. 62 2.3.8 Mitsubishi MIVEC …………………………………………….…..………….…. 62 2.3.9 Mitsubishi MIVEC Turbo (gasoline engine) ………………….……..……….….. 65 2.3.10 Nissan N-VTC ………………………………………………..………..…….…. 66 2.3.11 Subaru AVCS & i-AVLS ………………………………….………………...…. 66 2.3.12 Toyota VVT, VVTL, Valvematic ………………………………………………. 66 2.3.13 Volkswagen VVT ………………………………………….……………..….…. 67 2.4 Common rail direct fuel injection systems in diesel engines ………………………………. 67 2.5 Overview of Common rail direct fuel injection systems in diesel engines…………………. 68 2.5.1 Audi TDI …………………………………………………………..……….….…. 69 2.5.2 BMW d, sd …………………………………………………….………..….….…. 69 2.5.3 Ford TDCi ……………………………………………………..…..…………..…. 69 2.5.4 Honda, Acura i-CTD, i-DTEC …………………………………………..…….…. 69 2.5.5 Hyundai, Kia CRDi ………………………………………………….…..…….…. 70 2.5.6 Mazda MZR-CD, Skyactiv-D ……………………………….…..…………….…. 70 2.5.7 Mercedes d, CDI ……………………………………………..…….………….…. 70 4 2.5.8 Mitsubishi Di-D, Di-DC ………………………………….…………..……….…. 71 2.5.9 Nissan dCi ……………………………………………………..……… .…….…. 71 2.5.10 Subaru d, TD ………………………………………………….…………..….…. 71 2.5.11 Toyota D-4D …………………………………………………….……..…….…. 72 2.5.12 Volkswagen TDI ………………………………………………...……..…….…. 72 2.6 Engine fuel ………………………………………………………………………...…….…. 72 2.7 Energy losses in a vehicle ……………………………………………………………….…. 76 2.8 Automatic Stop-Start system …………………………………………………………....…. 77 Chapter 3. Driving & braking …………………………………….……………..….…. 81 3.1 Gear box (transmission) ……………………………………………….……………..….…. 81 3.1.1 Automated manual transmission (AMT) ………………………………..…….…. 83 3.1.2 Automatic transmission (AT) ………………………………….…………..….…. 84 3.1.3 Front-wheel drive (FWD) manual transmission ………..……...…………..….…. 88 3.1.4 A continuously variable transmission CVT………………………….………...…. 89 3.2 Steering systems ………………………………………………………….……..……….…. 94 3.3 Power assisted steering systems ……………………………………….…………..…….…. 95 3.4 Anti-lock braking system (ABS) ……………………………………...………………...…. 99 3.5 Brake assist system …………………………………………………………………….…. 102 3.6 Electronic brake distribution (EBD) …………………………………..……………….…. 102 3.7 Electronic stability control (ESC) …………………………………………..………….…. 104 3.8 Traction control system .……....…………………………………………………..………. 105 3.9 Hill Start Assist HAS …………………………………………………………….…….…. 106 3.10 Indirect tire pressure monitoring ……………………………………..……………….…. 107 Chapter 4. Electrical and Electronic systems ……………...…………..……….…. 109 4.1 Introduction to Car Electrical System .…………………………………..…………….…. 109 4.2 Battery ………………………………………………………………………………….…. 110 4.2.1 Conventional Battery …………………………………………..…………….…. 111 4.2.2 Battery for Stop Start systems ……………………………………….……….…. 112 4.2.3 Battery for Hybrid Electrical Vehicles …………………...………………….…. 113 4.2.4 Battery for electric vehicles ………………………………………………….…. 114 4.3 Starter. Restarting engine ……………………………………………...……………….…. 115 4.4 Modified alternator and regenerative-breaking …………………………….………….…. 116 4.5 Other important electrical system elements …………………………...……………….…. 117 4.6 Electronic systems. Introduction ……………………………………………………….…. 117 4.7 Car computer …………………………………………………………….……………..…. 118 4.8 Controlling the engine ………………………………………………………………….…. 120 4.9 In-Vehicle Networking (IVN) and Protocols…………………………..……………….…. 120 4.9.1 LIN (Local Interconnect Network) ………………………………………….….. 121 5 4.9.2 CAN (Controller Area Network) …………………………………………….…. 121 4.9.3 FlexRay high speed network …………………….……………………………… 122 4.9.4 MOST bus …………………….………………………………………………… 122 4.10 Car Communication ports and their functions …………………….…………………….. 123 4.11 On-Board Diagnostics (OBD) …………………….……………………………………... 124 4.12 On-Board Diagnostics and parameters identification …………………….……………... 126 4.13 Diagnostic and erasing trouble codes …………………….……………………………... 129 4.13.1 Understanding diagnostic trouble codes……………………………………….. 129 4.13.2 OBD-II scan tools …………………….……………………………………….. 130 4.13.3 Cheap OBD-II scan tools …………………….………………………………... 133 4.13.4 The risk of using OBD-II scan tools …………………….…………………….. 135 Chapter 5. Safety, Security & Comfort …………………….………………………. 139 5.1 Car Safety introduction …………………….……………………………………………... 139 5.2 Safety systems …………………….………………………………………………………. 141 5.3 Security systems …………………….…………………………………………………….
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Variable Dynamic Testbed Vehicle Dynamics Analysis
    Variable Dynamic Testbed Vehicle Dynamics Analysis Allan Y. Lee Jet Propulsion Laboratory Nhan T. Le University of California, Los Angeles March 1996 Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology JPL D-13461 Variable Dynamic Testbed Vehicle Dynamics Analysis Allan Y. Lee Jet Propulsion Laboratory Nhan T. Le University of California, Los Angeles March 1996 JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Table of Contents Page Table of Contents ............................................................ 2 Abstract .................................................................... 3 Introduction................................................................. 4 Scope and Approach.......................................................... 5 Vehicle Dynamic Simulation Program........................................... 6 Selected Production Vehicle Models............................................. 8 Steady-state and Transient Lateral Response Performance Metrics .................. 9 The Selected Baseline Variable Dynamic Vehicle ................................. 12 Sensitivity Analyses .......................................................... 13 Four Wheel Steering Control Algorithms........................................ 16 Results obtained from Consumer Union Obstacle Course .......................... 20 Concluding Remarks.......................................................... 21 References................................................................... 22 Acknowledgments ...........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Board of Directors Contents
    EFFECTIVE FIRST DAY OF THE MONTH UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED January 2016 BOARD OF DIRECTORS CONTENTS BOARD OF DIRECTORS | December 4-5, 2015 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1 SOLO 28 The SCCA National Board of Directors met in Kansas City, Friday, December 4 and SEB Minutes 28 December 5, 2015. Area Directors participating were: John Walsh, Chairman, Dan Helman, Vice-Chairman, Todd Butler, Secretary; Bill Kephart, Treasurer; Dick Patullo, CLUB RACING 32 Lee Hill, Steve Harris, Bruce Lindstrand, Terry Hanushek, Tere Pulliam, Peter Zekert, CRB Minutes 32 Brian McCarthy and KJ Christopher and newly elected directors Arnold Coleman, Bob Technical Bulletin 41 Dowie and Jim Weidenbaum. Court of Appeals 52 Divisional Time Trials Comm. 53 The following SCCA, Inc. staff participated in the meeting: Lisa Noble, President RALLY 54 and CEO; Eric Prill, Chief Operations Officer; Mindi Pfannenstiel, Senior Director of RallyCross 54 Finance and Aimee Thoennes, Executive Assistant. Road Rally 56 Guests attending the meeting were Jim Wheeler, Chairman of the CRB. LINKS 57 The secretary acknowledges that these minutes may not appear in chronological order and that all participants were not present for the entire meeting. The meeting was called to order by Vice Chair Helman. Executive Team Report and Staff Action Items President Noble provided a review of 2015 key programs and deliverables with topic areas of core program growth, scca.com, and partnerships. Current initiatives to streamline event process with e-logbook tied into event registration, modernize timing systems in Pro Solo, connecting experiential programs (eg TNIA, Starting Line) to core programs. Multiple program offerings to enhance weekend events.
    [Show full text]
  • Owner's Manual
    GLA Operator's Manual É1565843700IËÍ 1565843700 Order no. 65155407 13 Part no. 1565843700Edition A 2015 GLA Operator's Manual Symbols X This symbol indicates an instruction Publication details Registered trademarks: that must be followed. Internet X Several of these symbols in succes- RBluetooth® is a registered trademark of sion indicate an instruction with sev- Bluetooth SIG Inc. Further information about Mercedes-Benz eral steps. vehicles and about Daimler AG can be found RDTS is a registered trademark of DTS, Inc. (Y This symbol tells you where you can on the following websites: RDolby and MLP are registered trademarks page) find more information about a topic. http://www.mbusa.com (USA only) of DOLBY Laboratories. YY This symbol indicates a warning or an http://www.mercedes-benz.ca (Canada RBabySmart™, ESP® and PRE-SAFE® are instruction that is continued on the only) registered trademarks of Daimler AG. next page. R ® HomeLink is a registered trademark of Dis‐ This font indicates a display in the Johnson Controls. play multifunction display/COMAND dis- Editorial office RiPod® and iTunes® are registered trade- play. © marks of Apple Inc. Parts of the software in the vehicle are pro- Daimler AG: Not to be reprinted, translated RLogic7® is a registered trademark of Har- tected by copyright © 2005 or otherwise reproduced, in whole or in part, man International Industries. The FreeType Project without written permission from Daimler AG. RMicrosoft® and Windows media® are reg- http://www.freetype.org. All rights reserved. istered trademarks of Microsoft Corpora- Vehicle manufacturer tion. R SIRIUS is a registered trademark of Sirius Daimler AG XM Radio Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017 CADILLAC ATS-V: the Smallest and Lightest V-Series Sedan and Coupe Ever Receive Technology Enhancements and an Available Carbon Black Sport Package
    2017 CADILLAC ATS-V: the smallest and lightest V-Series sedan and coupe ever receive technology enhancements and an available Carbon Black sport package New for 2017 • AVAILABLE CARBON BLACK SPORT PACKAGE • CADILLAC CUE ENHANCEMENTS INCLUDING TEEN DRIVER AND COLLECTION The first-generation Cadillac ATS-V introduced class-leading twin-turbocharged performance and a comprehensive suite of design and performance systems to the lightest and smallest V- Series Sedans and Coupe models ever. The 2017 Cadillac ATS-V adds a Carbon Black sport package and upgrades and enhancements for the Cadillac CUE infotainment system improving the ATS-V’s superior connectivity. The enhanced Cadillac CUE includes new standard technologies such as the myCadillac Mobile App, Teen Driver and Cadillac Collection. Since its inception in 2004, Cadillac’s V-Series performance family has driven remarkable power and performance capability into the brand’s growing luxury car range. Building on the strengths of the award-winning Cadillac ATS product line, V-Series adds impressive track capability to what was already the lightest and most agile-driving car in the luxury compact class. The result is a dual-purpose luxury performer – a car with true track capability right from the factory that is also a sophisticated luxury car on the road. Key features include: • The Cadillac Twin Turbo V-6 engine mated to a standard six-speed manual transmission or paddle-shift eight-speed automatic transmission • Standard carbon fiber hood and available carbon fiber package, including
    [Show full text]
  • 3.17 Indirect and Cumulative Effects
    FHWA-AZ-EIS-19-01-D Draft Tier 1 Environmental Impact Statement and Preliminary Section 4(f) Evaluation Section 3.17, Indirect and Cumulative Effects March 2019 Federal Aid No. 999-M(161)S ADOT Project No. 999 SW 0 M5180 01P This page intentionally left blank I-11 Corridor Draft Tier 1 EIS Section 3.17. Indirect and Cumulative Effects 1 3.17 Indirect and Cumulative Effects 2 This section identifies potential indirect and cumulative effects that would result from the 3 implementation of the Build Corridor Alternatives. 4 3.17.1 Regulatory Guidance 5 The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) states that indirect effects “are caused by the 6 action and are later in time or farther removed in distance, but are still reasonably foreseeable. 7 Indirect effects may include growth-inducing effects and other effects related to induced 8 changes in the pattern of land use, population density or growth rate, and related effects on air 9 and water and other natural systems, including ecosystems” (Code of Federal Regulations 10 Title 40, Sec. 1508.8[b]). Indirect effects are commonly categorized as effects that would not 11 occur “but for” the implementation of a project. Indirect effects also can be considered “ripple 12 effects” (Transportation Research Board 2002). 13 The CEQ states that cumulative effects result from the “incremental impact of an action when 14 added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of which 15 agency (federal or non-federal) or person undertakes such actions. Cumulative effects can 16 result from individually minor, but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of 17 time” (Code of Federal Regulations title 40, sec.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of Technology Used and Comparison Between Traditional and Hf120 (Advanced Aero Engine)
    International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-4 Issue-4, September 2015 A Study of Technology Used and Comparison Between Traditional and Hf120 (Advanced Aero Engine) Vivek Kumar, Rajeshwar Prasad Singh, Vikash Kumar Abstract- Paper includes detailed study of the HF120 turbofan The two companies began talks in 2003 with the goal of engine, which is the first product from GE Honda Aero providing durable and economical engines for business Engines. This paper is to showcase state of art technology aviation. The idea was to combine the strengths of each involved in gas turbine engines and to bring out various aspects and future trends in field of propulsion technology. parent company in technology leadership, manufacturing Paper also includes development in gas turbine engine that have expertise, and performance engine tradition to provide helped to achieve great fuel efficiency and less noise, increased modern business aviation engines with the performance power, thrust and also advancements made in the field of and availability of large commercial engines. A strategic materials have contributed in a major way in gas turbine in alliance between the two companies lead to planning of accordance to the future trends that have come up in recent 50/50 project intended to develop, certify and market the years. The paper reviews the evolutionary process that has taken place over the years with reference to the different design Honda engine. The HF120, product from GE Honda Aero concepts used for aero engines. At General Electric, the official Engines, utilizes Honda's world-renowned expertise in corporate slogan is “Imagination at work.” At Honda, it’s “The manufacturing, research and development and GE's power of dreams.” Two of the world's most respected names in experience in aerospace technology, durability, and propulsion have come together to design and manufacture certification.
    [Show full text]
  • Legacy Și Outback Noile Modele Ale Casei Japoneze Sunt Destinate Unui Public Avizat
    Numărul 1 – noiembrie 2009 „Fuji Heavy Industries Ltd. (FHI), care produce maşinile Subaru, are ca misiune integrarea perfectă a plăcerii de a conduce în siguranţă cu grija faţă de mediul înconjurător.“ Tomoo Takenaka, președinte Subaru Europa Subaru Motors Trading este importatorul și distribuitorul autorizat al produselor Subaru în România. Compania a fost înfiinţată în România în 2006 și are două showroom-uri în București și o reţea formată din alte 10 în cele mai mari NEWS orașe din ţară. Ziar publicat de Subaru Motors Trading EXEMPLAR GRATUIT 2009 noiembrie Noile Legacy şi Outback au fost lansate pe piața din România. În spiritul echili- brului propriu mărcii, noul design este însoțit de teh- nologie de vârf şi totodată de prețuri atractive. Pag.2 Legacy și Outback Noile modele ale casei japoneze sunt destinate unui public avizat. LA SUBARU, echilibru nu înseamnă armonie, iar noile modele Legacy și dar în același timp și despre liberta- compromis, iar avangardism tehno- Outback nu fac decât să confirme tea de mișcare, visele și momentele logic nu se traduce niciodată prin modul în care marca abordează au- plăcute care vin odată cu ele, do- complicație inutilă. Subaru mizea- tomobilul modern. E adevărat, vor- meniu în care aceste mașini exce- REVOLUțIE HIBRIDă ză pe eficiență, pe stabilitate și pe bim despre mijloace de transport, lează cu adevărat. Subaru şi-a deschis oficial aripile la Tokyo Motor Show. Modelul Hybrid Tourer Concept a uimit audienţa cu cele două uşi în still Gullwing şi cu inovații tehnologice. Subaru se consolidează Tourerul cu aspect de coupe este animat de un motor boxer de 2 litri, ajutat de două agregate electrice, Marca japoneză a făcut progrese extraordina- situate pe cele două punţi.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Intelligent Wheel Bearing to the Robot Wheel: Schaeffler
    29 Robot Wheel 29 Robot Wheel Robot Wheel 29 From the intelligent wheel bearing to the “robot wheel” Bernd Gombert 29 378 Schaeffl er SYMPOSIUM 2010 Schaeffl er SYMPOSIUM 2010 379 29 Robot Wheel Robot Wheel 29 ered as well. Mechanical steering and braking ele- The increasing ments are being replaced by mechatronic compo- nents thereby leading to higher functi onality with requirements placed increased safety. When referring to the further developments in on motor vehicles safety, the vision of “zero accidents” (autonomous and accident-free driving) has to be menti oned. Why is the trend heading Aft er slip control braking and driving stability sys- towards electromobility? tems, driver assistance systems known as ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems) are now be- Environmentally-friendly electrical mobility is the ing created as a further requirement for making expected trend and will become a real alternati ve this vision a reality. Figure 2 The fi rst electric vehicle, built in 1835 [1] Figure 4 Lohner-Porsche with four wheel hub motors to the current state of the art. Innovati ve technolo- By-wire technology, amongst others, is one of the in 1900 [1] gies, high oil prices and the increasing ecological nate the transmission and drive shaft since the prerequisites for the implementati on of ADAS. It awareness of many people are reasons, why elec- wheel rotated as the rotor of the direct current In order to compensate for the lack of range, of- monitors the current traffi c situati on and acti vely tromobility is increasingly gaining worldwide ac- motor around the stator, that was fixed to the fered by a vehicle only powered by electricity, supports the driver.
    [Show full text]
  • 2002 Nissan Xterra Owners Manual
    The inside pages of this manual contain a minimum of 50% recycled fibers, Foreword including 10% post-consumer fibers. Welcome to the growing family of new NISSAN familiarity with controls and maintenance For descriptions specified for four-wheel owners. This vehicle has been delivered to you requirements, assisting you in the safe op- drive models, a mark is placed at with confidence. It was produced using the eration of your vehicle. the beginning of the applicable latest techniques and strict quality control. sections/items. This manual was prepared to help you under- WARNING As with other vehicles with features for stand the operation and maintenance of your IMPORTANT SAFETY INFORMATION vehicle so that you may enjoy many miles off-road use, failure to operate four- (kilometers) of driving pleasure. Please read REMINDERS FOR SAFETY! wheel drive models correctly may result through this manual before operating your in loss of control or an accident. Be sure vehicle. Follow these important driving rules to to read ‘‘Driving safety precautions’’ in help ensure a safe and complete trip for the ‘‘Starting and driving’’ section of this In the U.S., a separate Warranty Informa- you and your passengers! tion Booklet or in Canada, a Warranty and manual. Roadside Assistance Information Book- ² NEVER drive under the influence of let explains details about the warranties alcohol or drugs. ON-PAVEMENT AND OFF-ROAD DRIV- covering your vehicle. The “NISSAN Ser- ING vice and Maintenance Guide” explains ² ALWAYS observe posted speed lim- its and never drive too fast for con- This vehicle will handle and maneuver details about maintaining and servicing differently from an ordinary passenger your vehicle.
    [Show full text]
  • 2009 Autocross Entry Form
    2021 AUTOCROSS / OPEN TRACK ENTRY FORM RMMR AX Event Classifications Stock Classes (ES, ESL, FS, FSL, LS, LSL): Mustang as produced with options available year of manufacture. One modification allowed over stock to suspension or gear ratio. Suspension must retain original configuration and ride height. Up to two modifications allowed to engine over stock. No power adders (eco boost excepted). No autocross or road race tires with wear indicators of less than 200 allowed. Allowed modifications are as follows: Suspension – higher rate springs, sway bars, wheels, and traction bars. One modification only. Shock absorbers are not considered a modification. No modification is allowed that does not adhere to the original suspension design and mounting points. Devices that allow for suspension alignment tuning are allowed. Upgraded brake system and steering systems that were not available for the model year are not allowed. Gear ratio – any gear ratio that was available during the model years covered by the class. Engine - intake manifold, carburetor, throttle body, air cleaner, exhaust headers, and chip upgrade. Two modifications only. Transmission – Transmission swaps/replacements are allowed only for transmissions that were available during the model year covered by the class. Street Prepared Classes (ESP, ESPL, FSP, FSPL, LSP, LSPL): Additional modifications allowed over stock. Car must be titled, have current license plates, be street driven. No major lightening is allowed. Car must have a full interior. The following models due to their superiority over the standard offerings of their model year are considered as Street Prepared cars:’93-’01 Cobra (non supercharged), Bullitt, ’03 –‘04 Mach1, 2012-13 Boss 302, 2011 - 2021 GT,’06 – ’21 Shelby GT/GTH/GT350 (non supercharged), and other non supercharged Shelby, Roush & Saleen models and all electric power vehicles.
    [Show full text]
  • Relay Attack Resistant Passive Keyless Entry Securing PKE Systems with Immobility Detection
    DEGREE PROJECT IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, FIRST CYCLE, 15 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020 Relay Attack Resistant Passive Keyless Entry Securing PKE Systems with Immobility Detection ABEL VALKO KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT Relay Attack Resistant Passive Keyless Entry ABEL VALKO Bachelor’s Thesis at ITM Supervisor and Examiner: Nihad Subasic TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:48 Abstract A significant security risk of modern vehicles is their vulner- ability to relay attacks, due to challenge-response methods, such as those employed in Passive Keyless Entry (PKE) used by most commercial cars, being inherently exposed. This class of attacks are where communication between a vehicle and its key is relayed by an attacker over long range - thereby bypassing any encryption and unlocking the ve- hicle without requiring direct access to the key. While a multitude of defenses have been proposed in recent years, many lack either robustness or practicality. Any viable sys- tem will likely have to rely on an environmental parameter which is not easily manipulated. Moreover, the system has to be: cost effective; easily implementable; and take user comfort, such as the key’s battery life, into account. This thesis implements and evaluates a PKE system re- sistant to relay attacks, analyses a multitude of proposed strategies in literature for feasibility, as well as suggests a novel method: Approach Curve Matching. It is concluded that the most promising strategies are: Immobility Detec- tion, Distance Bounding Protocols, and Approach Curve Matching - the first of which is chosen to be implemented in the prototype PKE system. The project develops a PKE system and implements the communication protocol using Bluetooth, as opposed to the conventional RFID.
    [Show full text]
  • Bendix ABS-6 Advanced with ESP Stability System
    Bendix® ABS-6 Advanced with ESP® Stability System Frequently Asked Questions to Help You Make an Intelligent Investment in Stability Contents: Key FAQs (Start here!)………….. Pg. 2 Stability Definitions …………….. Pg. 6 System Comparison ……………. Pg. 7 Function/Performance ………….. Pg. 9 Value ………………………………. Pg. 12 Availability/Applications ……….. Pg. 14 Vehicle System Integration …….. Pg. 16 Safety ………………………………. Pg. 17 Take the Next Step ………………. Pg. 18 Please note: This document is designed to assist you in the stability system decision process, not to serve as a performance guarantee. No system will prevent 100% of the incidents you may experience. This information is subject to change without notice © 2007 Bendix Commercial Vehicle Systems LLC, a member of the Knorr-Bremse Group. All Rights Reserved. 03/07 1 Key FAQs What is roll stability? Roll stability counteracts the tendency of a vehicle, or vehicle combination, to tip over while changing direction (typically while turning). The lateral (side) acceleration creates a force at the center of gravity (CG), “pushing” the truck/tractor-trailer horizontally. The friction between the tires and the road opposes that force. If the lateral force is high enough, one side of the vehicle may begin to lift off the ground potentially causing the vehicle to roll over. Factors influencing the sensitivity of a vehicle to lateral forces include: the load CG height, load offset, road adhesion, suspension stiffness, frame stiffness and track width of vehicle. What is yaw stability? Yaw stability counteracts the tendency of a vehicle to spin about its vertical axis. During operation, if the friction between the road surface and the tractor’s tires is not sufficient to oppose lateral (side) forces, one or more of the tires can slide, causing the truck/tractor to spin.
    [Show full text]