The Rockefeller Institute Quarterly 1961, Vol. 5, No. 2 the Rockefeller University

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Summer 1961 The Rockefeller Institute Quarterly 1961, vol. 5, no. 2 The Rockefeller University

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THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE QUARTERLY

VOLUME 5 NUMBER 2 APRIL MAY AND JUNE 1961

THEROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE PRESS 66th Street and York Avenue, New York 21 COLICINES: POTENT BACTERIOCIDES PRODUCED BY BACILLI

BY PROFESSOR WALTHER F. GOEBEL

THEHUMAN INTESTINAL TRACT har- bors myriads of bacteria which appear to live in harmony with the host they have invaded. Only on rare occasions do virulent microorganisms gain a foothold, and when this occurs they bring about distress- Cultures of five ing and dangerous disease processes such strains of colicine- as typhoid fever or bacillary dysentery. producing bacteria Viruses, too, are found in the intestine, were killed and but most of these are benign in so far as overlayered with colicine-sensitive the human host is concerned, yet virulent bacteria. Dark for certain of the microorganisms he car- circles show how ries. The study of these viruses, which are differently growth known as bacteriophages, has been an ex- was inhibited by citing field of investigation which has been the various extensively pursued during the past dec- colicines. At lower ade in many laboratories throughout the right is the original world. V strain and at Dominant among the intestinal flora are lower left the the colon bacilli, a great family of micro- K strain. organisms which number well over a hundred different specific types. Some of these not phages, nor are they like the antibiot- identical colicines. Not only this, but many elaborate potent antibacterial agents of lit- ics elaborated by molds, for their spectra strains elaborate more than one type of tle-known nature which in some respects of activity are far more limited. colicine. resemble the bacteriophages. These sub- From the time of their discovery in In the accompanying illustrations are stances have been termed colicines, and 1925 until the mid-forties, colicines re- to be seen photographs of five Petri dishes their nature and our efforts to understand mained a curiosity. No one seemed partic- containing nutrient agar; each has been them are the subject ofthis article. ularly concerned about them until Dr. stabbed in the center with a different strain Colicines were discovered by Gratia in Pierre FrCdCricq, a student of Gratia's and of colicine-producing colon bacillus. After 1925. At that time he was working with a distinguished microbiologist at the Uni- the colonies had grown for some 48 hours, a strain of Escherichia coli isolated from versity of Liirge, began an extensive study they were killed with chloroform vapor a rabbit which had died of infection. Be- of the bacteria which produce these unique and the dishes then overlayered with ap- cause of its remarkable virulence he named microbial agents. FrCdCricq began his stud- proximately 50million cells of the colicine- the strain "V." He made the observation ies by investigating the flora of the human sensitive strain E. coli B. The latter is a that cell-free filtrates of a culture of these intestine, and it soon became apparent that strain of colon bacillus which has been used microorganisms inhibited the growth of colicine-producing bacilli were to be found for many years by bacteriophage workers. still another strain of E. coli which he there in far more abundance than was It has a very broad pattern of susceptibil- named +. He first thought this filterable commonly supposed. Furthermore, he suc- ity both to the bacteriophages and to the agent to be a bacterial virus, or bacterio- ceeded in showing that many varieties of various colicine types. The photographs re- phage, but he soon found that this was not colicines exist, each with distinct proper- veal that around each central colony is a the case. Gratia was struck by the fact that ties. In fact, to date some seventeen differ- broad zone of inhibition where the sensi- his "V principle" exhibited a remarkable ent colicine types are known; these have tive strain of E. coli B has failed to grow, specificity, for when he tested it against a been designated with letters, such as coli- because of colicine which has diffused variety of different bacteria only occasional cine A and colicine B. through the agar gel. In this respect, these microorganisms proved to be susceptible. In attempting to understand the nature zones bear a similarity to the much smaller Colicines are selective killers which at- and distribution of these agents it is im- zones of lysis, or plaques, produced by tack only certain strains of intestinal or portant to realize that many strains of bacteriophage particles. This elegant tech- enteric bacteria. In this respect they re- colon bacilli, which differ remarkably in nique was devised by FrCdkricq, and it semble the bacteriophages, yet they are various ways, can nevertheless elaborate (continued on page two) COLICINES : POTENT BACTERIOCIDES continued from page one ciding with the colicines to which they have been subjected. Thus, a microorgan- serves admirably for detecting colicinogen- though for a short time they continue to ism which was originally susceptible to a ic bacteria. It will be noted that although respire. number of different colicines can be ren- the various zones of inhibition show cer- The ability of a microorganism to syn- dered resistant to them all. tain similarities, they also exhibit charac- thesize a given colicine is an exceedingly The concept of specific receptor sites on teristic differences in size and in shape. stable hereditary characteristic. Several in- the cell surface of the susceptible micro- The ability to elaborate these potent and vestigators have shown that the genetic organism is by no means a figment of the highly specific substances is not confined factors which govern colicine synthesis can imagination. Indeed, "receptor sites" might to colon bacilli; other enterobacilli (in- be readily transferred to noncolicinogenic better be termed "receptor substances," for testinal bacteria) such as dysentery and microorganisms either of the same family it has been demonstrated that extracts of typhoid bacilli, also produce colicines, and or to other related families of enteric ba- colicine-susceptible bacteria contain sub- bacteria quite unrelated to intestinal or- cilli, such as Salmonella typhimurium, Sal- stances which inactivate in vitro the coli- ganisms are known which also elaborate monella paratyphoid B, or Shigella sonnei. cine to which the cell is susceptible. specific bacterial inhibitors. Since inhibi- When this factor has been transferred, the One of the important and fascinating tory agents may arise from unrelated bac- new strain retains all of the characteristics properties of the colicines is their resem- teria the name "bacteriocines" has been of the parent and differs from it only in blance to the bacteriophages. It is this used by some investigators to embrace all so far as its newly a~~ui~ed'colicinogenicenigmatic relationship perhaps more than colicines and colicine-like substances. property is concerned and in the fact that anything else which has stimulated the it has become resistant to the colicine it curiosity of investigators to unravel the RECEPTOR SITES synthesizes. genetic, serologic and biochemical nature How does a colicine carry out its lethal Certain microorganisms, such as E. coli of colicine-producing microorganisms and mission when it encounters a susceptible B, are susceptible to a number of different the colicines themselves. In fact it was at bacterial cell? The first step is, of course, colicines. By growing such a strain in the a conference on bacteriophages that I first specific combination between the colicine presence of a particular colicine type (e.g., heard of colicines. This meeting, held dur- and what appear to be certain specific re- colicine E), it is possible to obtain resist- ing the early part of the summer of 1952 ceptor sites located on the bacterial cell ant mutants which have apparently lost under the auspices of UNESCO, took place surface. When this occurs, death of the their specific receptor sites for the colicine at the lovely and ancient Abbaye Royau- microorganism follows promptly. The cells in question, and which are therefore un- mont situated a few miles outside of Paris. die, but just what enzymatic pathways are affected by the antibacterial agent. Such Here we lived in a wonderful twelfth- involved in this death struggle is not mutant strains are still susceptible to other century abbey, though perhaps somewhat known. We know only that the microor- colicines. However, by repeating the same more austerely than did our predecessors ganisms promptly stop synthesizing their procedure still other variants can be ob- the monks. For some eight hours each day complement of intracellular nucleic acids, tained which have resistant patterns coin- we participated in lively discussions dealing with nearly every aspect of the bacteriophages. One of these days was de- L'Abbaye Royaumont, cloistered scene of a conference on bacteriophage'where, as often occurs, the research of a laboratory was decisively redirected by stimulating discussions. voted to a discussion of the colicines and their relationship to the bacterial viruses. Two papers were presented that day, one by FrCdCricq, in which he reviewed his work dealing with the occurrence and characterization of colicinogenic microorganisms and their striking relationship to phage-carrying, or lysogenic bacteria. The other paper, also dealing with this relationship, was presented by Fran~oisJacob of the Pasteur Institute.

COLICINES AND PHAGES At the time there seemed to me to be certain voids in these two brilliant presen- tations. The analogies which were drawn between phages and colicines, striking and persuasive though they were, did not appear to justify the implication that these antibacterial substances were precursors of the bacterial viruses. Even the sugges- tion that colicines were proteins, as they me his colicinogenic strains for chemical study. In the autumn of 1952 I returned to my laboratory and embarked upon the problem. For our studies we chose colicine K chiefly because of its relationship to the coli- dysentery phage T6, a virus with which Toxicity of a colicine we had had some considerable experience. is tested by putting First, a variety of media, both natural and drops of varying synthetic, were tested, but none favored the concentration on culture production of the colicine. Eventually it medium and observing was found that aqueous extracts of beef inhibition of bacterial heart muscle as well as autolyzed yeast growth. Clear circles show inhibition at contained a growth accessory factor which I .z5 micrograms of greatly stimulated the elaboration of the colicine and some colicine. Next, a mutant of the colicine effect with only K producing microorganism originally sent one-tenth that amount. us by Dr. FrCdCricq was isolated which by good fortune was found to produce nearly ten times as much colicine K as did the were alleged to be, appeared questionable. enzymes. In view of this it is quite con- original strain. Moreover I was impressed with the fact ceivable that the colicine might fall into that no one had yet isolated or character- a similar category of substances and that THE BACTERIOSTAT ized a colicine nor had anyone demon- their biological activities might be lost if Still further experimentation revealed strated any direct relationship by serologi- but a small segment of the molecule be that the amount of colicine K in the me- cal techniques between phages and coli- split by the proteolytic enzyme in ques- dium reached a maximum at that point cines. tion. where the bacterial population too had Just what are these relationships be- One of the striking similarities between reached its peak, and when the acidity tween colicine and phage, or between coli- bacteria which bear temperate phages (so- (pH) of the medium was carefully main- cine-like and lysogenic bacteria? What called lysogenic bacteria) and those which tained at an optimum value. These very evidence is there that colicines are pro- elaborate the colicines is the fact that both important observations led to the develop- teins, and is there any direct experimental can be induced to liberate their lethal ment of an electronic device for controlling evidence to support the contention that agents by subjecting them to irradiation the pH of the culture medium. This ingen- % colicines are related to the protein com- with ultraviolet light or to certain chemi- ious equipment, which was developed for - ponent of the sperm-like tail of the bac- cals such as hydrogen peroxide or the nitro- us at this institution by Dr. Theodore teriophage particle, as some investigators gen mustards. Finally, and perhaps most Shedlovsky, enabled us to grow colicine- have suggested? significant, is the fact that some phages producing microorganisms at any prese- and colicines attack certain susceptible lected acidity and to study the influence PROTEINS OR NOT PROTEINS bacteria through the same receptor site. which the pH of the medium had upon First, let it be said there can be no ques- For example, a phage and a colicine are colicine production. In addition, it per- - tion but that the colicines are exceedingly known both of which attack one of the mitted us to obtain a very high bacterial susceptible to protein-splitting enzymes. dysentery bacilli. If a mutant strain of this population by growing the microorganisms At first sight this would seem evidence bacillus is produced which resists attack by in relatively high concentrations of glu- . enough that the colicines are proteins. one of these agents, it is invariably found cose. Eventually we were able to obtain However, the fact that they lose their to be resistant to the other. It is thus ap- cell populations ten times as concentrated biological activity when brought into con- parent that the virus and the colicine share as those obtained when the bacteria were * tact with these ferments does not neces- the same specific receptor site on the cell grown in the conventional manner. In ad- sarily warrant the deduction that colicines surface of the susceptible microorganism, dition, the amount of colicine liberated are actually proteins. Many complex bio- and because of this the deduction seems into the culture medium was two hundred logically active substances occur in nature logical enough that the colicine and virus times that obtained in our initial experi- which are predominantly carbohydrate, ought to be related. All of this, which I ments. Because of the relatively high con- but which contain amino acid residues first heard in 1952, was very impressive centration of colicine in the medium it was as an integral part of their molecules. The but many questions made me hesitate to no great problem to subject it to chemical molecular integrity of these substances is give credence to this fine fabric of circum- fractionation. essential for a complete expression of their stantial evidence. The colicines loomed as Two distinct and different substances biological activities, yet this activity may a fascinating problem indeed, and before were obtained. One proved to be a most un- be destroyed or radically impaired if the our meeting at Royaumont had ended, Dr. usual polysaccharide, a polymer of n-acetyl amino acid residue is split by appropriate FrCdkricq had generously offered to send (continued on page four) &' COLICINES : POTENT BACTERIOCIDES continued from page three and, as one would expect, is some ten times as active as is the intact substance. This neuraminic acid, which we named "colo- stance which accompanied the true 0 anti- protein-like component is constituted from minic acid." The other had powerful antigen rather than being an integral part of at least twenty different amino acids and bacterial properties and was named "puri- the antigen molecule. If the colicine were has certain unique properties. Of this pro- fied colicine K." indeed a separated entity, Amano reasoned t6in-like substance, a thousandth of a mi- that he should be able to obtain a genetic crogram suffices to kill a million cells of PURIFIED COLICINE K variant of the colicinogenic bacillus which E. coli B. Though we do not yet have ade- Purified colicine K was soon identified would elaborate an 0 antigen devoid of quate proof, it is our belief that the spe- as belonging to a class of substances which colicine K activity. cific antibacterial activity of colicine K is is present in the cell wall of all gram nega- For many months he sought the bacte- determined by a particular sequence of tive enteric bacteria - a high molecular rium he wished. Finally, he obtained it amino acids which form part of the protein weight complex molecule constituted from from irradiated cultures of E. coli K235. component of the colicine molecule. protein, carbohydrate, and phospholipid. Before his return to Japan he was able to During the past two years John Hutton, These substances, which are known to mi- show clearly and convincingly that the a graduate fellow of The Rockefeller Insti- crobiologists as 0 antigens, endow enteric noncolicinogenic bacillus elicited in rab- tute working in our laboratory, has under- bacilli with their specific immunological bits only the antibodies which precipitated taken a study of a second colicine, coli- characteristics and with their toxic proper- colicine K. These antiseia were entirely cine V. This, it will be recalled, is the ties as well. These lipocarbohydrate-pro- devoid of colicine-neutralizing antibodies. original colicine described by Gratia and tein complexes are powerful toxins both in Although colicine K was readily precipi- is identical with his "V principle." Hutton man and in many other mammalian spe- tated by the sera, its antibacterial activity obtained colicine V in a high state of pu- cies. remained unaffected. Suspensions of the rity. It too has proved to be a protein-lipo- In the case of our material from the coli- immune precipitates so obtained still killed carbohydrate complex, identical with the cinogenic bacillus, we had in hand a com- the test organism E. coli B. 0 antigen of the colicine V producing plex which was not only a potent neuro- Here indeed was proof that colicine K bacillus E. coli K357 from which it was toxin for man, but a powerful antibacterial and the 0 antigen of the colicinogenic derived. The gross chemical and toxic agent as well-a double-headed bludgeon, bacillus was not a mixture, but a single properties of colicine V are essentially in- a killer of man and a killer of bacteria. So macromolecule endowed with antigenicity, distinguishable from those of colicine K. lethal was this substance that 0.02 milli- specificity and toxicity, both for mammals It differs from the latter, however, in its liters-of a solution containing one part per and bacteria. During this past year still spectrum of toxicity for other enteric mi- million, sufficed to kill a million cells of E. further proof of a direct chemical nature croorganisms, and in the fact that it bears coli B. This was exciting indeed, for we has been obtained which substantiated no serological relationship whatsoever to had unearthed a new fact, namely that Dr. Amano's elegant immunological ex- colicine K. bacterial endotoxins may be endowed with periments. a biological property hitherto unsuspected In sum our experimental evidence all THE FUTURE -they could function as killers of other points to the conclusion that colicine K and At present this is about all we can say enteric bacteria. the 0 antigen of E. coli K23 5 are one and concerning the nature of colicines. Our The next problem with which we were the same and that the serological specificity observations, for the most part, have con- concerned was that of the purity of our and the bacterial activity are properties of firmed those of others who have made sal- colicine. Was it a homogenous substance, different components of the same macro- lies into the elucidation of the nature of or was its antibacterial activity due to an molecule. the colicines. Whether other colicines will accompanying impurity, the true colicine? prove to be similar to colicines K and V The solution to this difficult question was THE COLICINE K MOLECULE is unpredictable. achieved by my brilliant associate Tsune- The colicine K molecule, or if you will, It is our opinion that a detailed study of hisa Amano, Professor of Bacteriology at the 0 antigen of E. coli K235, is consti- the protein components of the 0 antigens the ~edicalSchool of Osaka University, tuted of some 15% of protein, 30% of of E. coli K23 5 and of its noncolicinogen- who had joined our laboratory as a guest lipid and the remainder carbohydrate. ic variant should reveal differences in their investigator. Prior to his coming we had These three components are held together amino acid make-up which can be directly found that purified colicine K stimulated in firm chemical union. Yet the molecule correlated with the unique antibacterial antibody production in experimental ani- can be severed to yield a protein or protein- activity of the colicine K molecule itself. mals when injected in minute subtoxic like constituent and a lipocarbohydrate At present our laboratory is very actively quantities, thus behaving like an 0 anti- which can be readily separated. The latter engaged in the elucidation of this interest- gen. The sera of these animals contained bears the serological specificity of the coming problem. two different antibodies, one which pre- plete antigen and is highly toxic for mam- I presume the reader will not be happy cipitated the colicine, the other which neu- mals, but it is quite devoid of any activity unless a guess is ventured as to whether tralized its antibacterial activity. Yet these against bacteria. The protein component, colicines could ever serve as therapeutic facts did not obviate the possibility that on the other hand, retains all of the anti- agents. This I cannot do. Let this be a sur- the colicine K itself might be a second sub- bacterial properties of the parent substance prise for some future reader. in 1915 with the support of 150 leading Associate of the Institute. When the new medical scientists of the country, the "Fra- laboratories were opened in 1907 he was ternitas Medicorum" secured some 16,000 invited to become head of the Department Portrait Gallery members in this country alone who wished of Physiology and Pharmacology and Mem- c7mU-42 SAMUEL JBSEFHC MELTZER to protect international cooperation in sci- ber of the Institute. The opportunity to ence against the unreasoning emotion of devote himself wholly to research was the war. With the entry of this country into realization of a cherished dream, and even THE GALLERY OF portraits in the Din- the war, however, Meltzer, fearing accusa- though it involved a considerable finan- ing Room of Welch Hall is devoted to that tions of lack of patriotism, publicly sus- cial sacrifice, Dr. Meltzer accepted with- noble employment referred to by Pliny the pended the organization. He was first pres- out hesitation. He remained actively at Younger when he urged us "to rescue from ident of the American Association for work thereafter until the hour of his death, oblivion those who deserve to be remem- bered." Among the distinguished men honored there is Samuel J= Meltzer, Mem- ber of the Institute from 1907 until his death in 1920. A scholar by nature, Meltzer forsook his father's intention to limit him to rabbini- cal studies. Instead he studied philosophy at the University of Berlin under Stein- thal and earned the degree of Doctor of Medicine under Kronecker. Before he left Germany, Meltzer's investigations of the act of swallowing led him, in 1883, to anticipate by ten years Sherrington's conclusions regarding the role of reciprocal inhibition in the central nervous system. Meltzer came to New York almost pen- niless in 1884. Soon he had a flourishing practice, which, however, did not prevent his carrying on intensive investigations from which began to flow a stream of significant scientific publications. In 1899 he began to explore the inhibitory and anesthetic effects of magnesium salts, which not only led to important physio- logical conclusions, but had practical clinical applications as well. Studies of anes- thetization led him to artificial respiration, and he and his son-in-law, John Auer, de- - veloped a method of tracheal insufflation which was of practical importance to thoracic surgery. Thoracic Surgery, and also served as presi- in spite of great suffering from diabetes. Throughout his life Dr. Meltzer main- dent of the Association of American Physi- On the question of retirement he is tained a devoted interest in numerous pro- cians, the American Gastroenterological quoted as saying: "There are only two fessional societies. He was the founder Society, the Federation of American Bio- things which would stop me from work-

+ and first president of the Society for Ex- logical Societies, and the American Physi- ing. If anyone said to me, 'Meltzer, your perimental Biology to which he gave so ological Society. He was an active mem- work is no longer good,' then I would stop, much that it was known informally for ber of the American Society of Biological or if anyone said to me, 'Meltzer, you can years as the "Meltzer Verein." His deep and Chemists, the Society of Pharmacology and no longer understand a young man,' then active interest in young workers led him to Experimental Therapeutics, the Society I would stop also." No one ever said either. organize the American Society for Clini- for Experimental Pathology, the Ameri- Illness necessitated his partial retirement i cal Investigation, which came to be called can Philosophical Society, the National in 1919, however, and shortly before that, "The Young Turks." One of Meltzer's at- Academy of Sciences, as well as many in recognition of his distinctions and serv- tempts at organizing a society, aimed at others. ice, Mr. John D. Rockefeller, Jr., commis- elevating international morality, was too Dr. Meltzer's wife, Clara, was one of sioned Mr. Adolphe Borie to paint the por- far removed from political reality to suc- the first Scholars of The Rockefeller Insti- trait of Dr. Meltzer that now hangs in ceed and was soon forgotten. Launched tute (1902) and in 1904 he became an Welch Hall. P [51 INSTITUTE HOLDS CONVOCATION institutions. Miss Mary A. Bonneville will be a Teaching Assistant in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia Uni- FOR CONFERRING DEGREES versity, Robert DeVoe will be Instructor in the Department of Physiology at The Johns AT IT s THIRD academic convocation, tion at a luncheon in Abby Aldrich Rocke- Hopkins University School of Medicine, held on June 16, 1961, The Rockefeller feller Hall. Allen B. Edmundson will hold a Public Institute conferred the degree of doctor of President Bronk paid tribute during the Health Service Fellowship in the Medical philosophy on ten of its students, among ceremonies to the colleges and universities Research Council Unit in the Cavendish whom were the first women to be gradu- in which the graduates had pursued their Laboratories in the University of Cam- ated from the Institute. undergraduate studies: Amherst, Barnard, bridge, Jack F. Kirsch will hold a Jane Each one of ten members of the faculty Bowdoin, Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvard, Coffin Childs Postdoctoral Fellowship in described a candidate's intellectual pro- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the the Department of Biochemistry of Bran- gression and the way in which studies in University of Michigan, Oberlin, Reed, deis University, Miss Elena Ottolenghi will many fields of science ultimately led him and Smith. be a Research Fellow at the New York or her to seek new knowledge and under- In recognition of their scholarly achieve- University College of Medicine, Peter Satir standing through research. Each told how ments and the noble example they have will be Instructor in biology and Research the graduand's study enabled his or her set for youthful scholars,' the degree of Associate in zoology at the University of research, the relevance of that research to doctor of science, honoris causa, was con- Chicago, Aaron J. Shatkin will be associ- other fields of learning, and the signifi- ferred on Dr. Thomas M. Rivers, Director ated with the Laboratory of Cellular Biol- cance of the discoveries that the students Emeritus of the Institute and Vice Presi- ogy of the National Institute for Allergic had made during the course of their in- dent for Medical Affairs of the National and Infectious Diseases, Roger Thies will vestigations. Foundation, as well as on Dr. Hugh S. be Instructor in the Department of Physi- The graduands, their wives, and their Taylor, President of the Woodrow Wilson ology of Washington University, Bruce R. parents were guests of President and Mrs. Fellowship Foundation and Dean of the Voeller will remain at The Rockefeller Bronk at a buffet supper before the tradi- Graduate School, Emeritus, of Princeton Institute as Research Associate with Pro- tional Ball for the students on the night University. fessor Armin Braun, and Frederick Whee- preceding the conferring of degrees. Fol- As the graduates begin their postdoc- lock will be Assistant Professor in the De- lowing the ceremonies, the Trustees were toral careers in teaching and research they partment of Preventive Medicine of West- hosts to those who attended the convoca- will go to many universities and research ern Reserve University School of Medicine.

THE CONFERRING OF DEGREES IN THE AUDITORIUM OF CASPARY HALL gadnien Stochastycznych Fizyki i Matema- tyki. It was originally published as "Some stochastic problems in physics and mathematics" by the Dallas Field Research Lab- oratory of the Magnolia Petroleum Com- . Faculty Members Elected to and Utopias," writes in his introduction: pany, based on a series of colloquium National Academy of Sciences "I shall attempt to show that the illusions, lectures he gave there in 1956. aspirations, and whims of mankind, even ' Among those to be honored for original more than its physical needs, influence New Facilities for Education contributions to science by election to mem- profoundly the beliefs and activities of and Research Completed bership in the National Academy of Sci- scientists." ences this spring were two of the Institute's The second and last volume of the late Creation of new facilities for education, faculty and one of its Trustees: Rollin D. Henry E. Sigerist's History of Medicine, research, and recreation is an almost con- Hotchkiss, who has been a member of the which was completed last year through the tinuous activity at the Institute, but in the faculty of the Institute since 1935 and devoted labors of Professor Edelstein and Spring of 196 1 an unusual number were I Professor since 1955; George E. Palade, others, was published this Spring by Ox- completed. who has been associated with the Institute ford University Press. This volume, on Noteworthy among them are the new since 1946 and Professor since 1953; and early Greek, Hindu, and Persian medi- laboratories and studies completed in the William 0.Baker, recently elected Trustee, cine, was complete in manuscript when South Laboratory Building. On the ninth who is Vice President-Research at the Bell Dr. Sigerist died in 1957, and a note in floor are beautiful and spacious new suites Telephone Laboratories. his handwriting on the last page read: of offices, studies, libraries and workrooms 1 "Here my legacy ends." Dr. Edelstein says for philosophy, mathematics, and theoreti- Sigma Xi Chapter Meets in his foreword as general editor: "These cal physics, which total nearly 7000 square terse and moving words made it clear to feet of space. Professors Kac, Uhlenbeck The final dinner meeting and lecture me that he had hoped that the book would and Berlin were able to occupy the mathe- of The Rockefeller Institute Chapter of be published although he knew that he matics and physics areas this Spring, and the Society of the Sigma Xi was held on would be unable to finish it. I therefore two additional rooms completed for Pro- April 24, 1961, at which Professor Jesse undertook to carry out his wish as a token fessor Edelstein, who had arrived last Fall, ! L. Greenstein of the Mount Wilson and of my indebtedness to him as scholar and will enable him to provide studies for two Mount Palomar Observatories and the friend." associates in philosophy joining him on California Institute of Technology gave the Less accessible to most readers than the faculty this Fall. . third public lecture of the academic year these, perhaps, is a Polish edition of a Professors Dubos and James Hirsch oc- 1960-61. Professor Greenstein lectured book by Professor Mark Kac: Kilka Za- (continued on next page) on "Stellar Evolution and the Origin of B the Chemical Elements." Earlier in the year Sigma Xi lectures - were given at the Institute by Professor Marston Bates, Professor of Zoology in the University of Michigan, on the subject of "The Human Ecology of an Atoll in Micro- which the scientist obtains into niture can and should be employed in commanding & ,:I nesia" and by Professor Loren Eiseley, nature for the service of man. Macaulay says that Bacon used means different from. . .+ Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, those of other philosophers because he wished to arrive at an end altogether different .'' whose topic was "A Renewed Examination from theirs. The end was 'fruit' rather than 'light', utility and progress in improving the of Pre-Darwinian History." condition of the human race, the good of mankind in the sense in which the mass of mankind has always understood the word 'good'. 'To make men perfect was no part of New Books from the ficulty Bacon's plan. His humble aim was to make imperfect man comfortable.' The utility of . )i scientific progress was not, of course, an entirely new idea but it had never been insisted Professor RenC Dubos's latest book, The on so forcibly. Dreams of Reason, was published this Bacon was well aware that the search for fruits and the search for light must go on Spring by Columbia University Press. The together, 'ascending to axioms as well as descending to works'. 'What is most useful in . -- book is based on the George B. Pegram practice is most correct in theory' and 'The improvement of man's mind and the im- lectures which Professor Dubos gave at the provement of his lot are one and the same thing'. 'To be ignorant of causes is to be "rookhaven National Laboratory last Fall. frustrate in action'. The lectureship was established by the In fact he seems to want it both ways, but I think it must be agreed that Bacon did Trustees of Associated Universities, Inc. * value 'fruit' at least as much as, and sometimes more than, 'light'. "to provide a forum for discussing the broad implications of science in our times." From a lecture honoring the four hundredth anniversary of Bacon's birth given at The Rocke-. m Dubos, who subtitled his book "Science feller Institute and published as Occasional Paper Number Eleven. [71 New Facilities and evergreens last Fall burst into blds- istry of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sci- som. Finally, a tennis court was completed ences; and Dr. Hugh Huxley of University (continued from page seven) this Spring on the west side of the Institute College, London, who was attending a campus near York Avenue where it is meeting of the Board of Editors of the cupied their new laboratories, to which the shaded from the afternoon sun.The locker Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical entire fourth floor of the South Laboratory facilities of the Graduate Student Resi- Cytology. is devoted. In addition to the facilities dence are available to players, who have Guests from other universities in this which they moved from their former space made heavy use of the court since it was country included Dr. Saunders MacLane, in Theobald Smith Hall, they have added completed in June. Professor of Mathematics in the University rooms in which to carry on special con- of Chicago, who spent three months at the trolled environmental studies of animals Visiting Scientists Enjoy Institute during the preparation of a work with a view to investigating the effect of Guest Facilities on mathematics; Dr. Kasimir' Fajans, Pro- various environments in their totality on fessor of Theoretical Chemistry, Emeritus, man and animals. The living quarters and social halls in2 in the University of Michigan, who was The student laboratories for physiology Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Hall enable hun- Professor Berlin's close friend and teacher; and organic chemistry, completed on the dreds of visiting scientists each year to Dr. 0. H. Robertson, Emeritus Professor second floor of the South Laboratory last meet and associate informally with faculty of Medicine in the University of Chicago, year, have been extended with nearly and students in the course of their visits to who was a guest of Dr. Rous; Professor 3000 square feet of space on the third New York City. During the three Spring Kenneth V. Thimann of Harvard Univer- floor. The new laboratories for students, months alone nearly two hundred were in sity, a guest of Professor Bearn; and Pro- developed for biochemistry, cytology, em- residence including half a hundred from fessor Paul Doty of Harvard University; as bryology, and physiology, with appropriate more than a dozen foreign countries. well as the distinguished members of the dark rooms, cold rooms, and a chromatog- Among the guests from abroad were Committee on NaturalResources Research, raphy room, were financed in part by a Professor Charles de Hevesy of Stockholm, appointed by the National Academy of Sci- grant from the National Science Founda- who received the Atoms for Peace Award ences at the request of President Kennedy, tion. here a few years ago; Professor Wilder which held the first of a series of meetings Earlier in the year Professor Lipmann Penfield, Director of the Montreal Neuro- at the Institute this Spring. moved his laboratory to the sixth floor of logical Institute, who was a guest for the South Laboratory, Professors Porter a month while he was preparing material Students and Faculty Explore and Palade moved into the fifth floor, and for a biography of Alan Gregg, Vice Presi- the History of Science a major portion of the ground floor was dent of the Rockefeller Foundation; and occupied by the Institute's illustration Lord Adrian, Master of Trinity College, A common interest in the origin and service, which was completely re-equipped Cambridge, who was in residence as a progress of science brought a score of fac- and modernized. Visiting Professor at the Institute when he ulty, students, and staff together once a In Flexner Hall, laboratories for cyto- delivered the 400th Anniversary Lecture month during the academic year for a se- physics were completed this Spring for on Francis Bacon and two lectures on ries of evening .seminars in the history of Professor Weiss with financial support studies on sleep and on pain. Other visitors science. The sole condition of membership from the Health Research Council of New from abroad included Sir Harold Hims- in the group is willingness to undertake to York City. These include a staff room and worth, Secretary of the Medical Research present some relevant topic to the group, laboratory for a senior investigator, a room Council of Great Britain; Visiting Pro- using original sources as far as practicable. for operations and preparations, a bio- fessor A. M. Monnier of the University of The seminars were organized three years physics laboratory with two staff rooms, a Paris at the Sorbonne; Msgr. L. Gillon, ago by Dr. George Corner, Historian of the dark room and an electron microscope President of the University of the Congo Institute. Dr. Howard Schneider served as room. Republic; Dr. Arthur Huggett, Professor co-chairman this year to assist in arrang- A clinical laboratory, which is under the of Physiology in the University of London; ing the seminars after Dr. Corner's depar- direction of Professor Vincent Dole, was Dr. Hugo Steinhaus, Professor of Mathe- ture to become Executive Officer of the completed on the seventh floor of the hos- matics and Member of the Polish Academy American Philosophical Society. pital. The entire fifth floor of the hospital of Sciences, who was Professor Kac's teach- This year the series began with a dis- has been converted into modern and con- er; Sir Solly Zuckerman, Professor of Anat- cussion of Greek medicine led by Profes- solidated laboratories for Professors Ahrens omy in the University of Birmingham and sor Edelstein and supplemented by phpto- and Jules Hirsch, whose groups had here- Chairman of the British Defense Research graphs taken by Dr. Merrill Chase on the tofore been dispersed in three different Policy Committee; Dr. Thorsten Teorell, Island of Cos and by Dr. Corner at the locations. Professor of Physiology in the Royal Uni- shrine of Asklepios at Pergamum. Dr. Mal- The new planting boxes, extending for versity of Uppsala, who was visiting Dr. colm Peterson, a graduate of the Institute four blocks along York Avenue, were seen Osterhout; Dr. Marcel Roche, Director of in.1960 who wrote his doctoral disserta- in dazzling splendor for the first time this the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific tion on chylomicrons, told of evidence that Spring as the rhododendrons and pink and Investigations; Dr. Karel Sebesta of the In- makes him believe that Leeuwenhoek had white azaleas planted among the shrubs stitute of Organic Chemistry and Biochem- first seen these fatty particles which appear in the blood following ingestion of fatty the historic development of the Royal In- tween the Inca and Aztec civilizations, by meals. Dr. Eugene Opie, whose interest in stitution founded by Count Rumford, an Dr. Corner on curious legends about The Chinese medicine was the subject of an American, and the role it played in the Rockefeller Institute that he encountered article in the Quarterly, talked on the rela- dissemination of science in England in while writing the history of the Institute, tion of the philosophy of scholars to the the nineteenth century. and by Dr. G.M.K. Wallach, a guest speak- folklore of the people in traditional Chi- Other talks were given by Dr. Richard er, whose topic was "Early Litchfield Coun- nese medicine. Dr. Alexander Bearn traced Krause on cultural and social contrasts be- ty Physicians."

VERNON B. BROOKS Participant, Inter-Society Symposium on the Hemicholiniums, FACULTY ACTIVITIES Annual Meeting, Federation of American Society for Ex- perimental Biology.

LYMAN C. CRAIG Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Proteins. . Academic Honors ARP~DI. CSAPO Lecture, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Den- DETLEV W. BRONK tistry. Sc.D., Hamilton College. Lecture, Department of Obstetrics, Downstate Medical Center, ' The John and Samuel Bard Award in Medicine and Science, State University of New York, Brooklyn.

Bard College. RENE J. DUBOS

HENRY G. KUNKEL Kober Lecture of the American College of Physicians, George- M.D. hon. causa, University of Uppsala. town University. Silliman Lectures, Yale University. Convocation Address, American College of Physicians, Miami, Academic Appointments Florida. Graduation Address, Albert Einstein College of Medicine. . MAURICE S. FOX Lecture, The Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced Visiting Professor, Institute for Molecular Biology, University International Studies. of Oregon. Speaker, Conference on Psychiatric Research, McLean Hos- pital, Boston. EDWIN C. WOOD Seelig Lecture, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Assistant to Professor of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Louis. Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Lecturer, Congress on Environmental Health, University of Michigan School of Public Health. Speaker, Public Health Conference, Rochester, New York. Lectures, Conferences and Symposia Herman Beerman Memorial Lecture, Society for Investigative Dermatology, Philadelphia. EDWARD H. AHRENS, JR. Invited Speaker, Annual Meeting, Association of American SAM GRANICK Physicians, Atlantic City. Annual Lecture, Washington, D.C., Branch, American Society Guest Speaker, Harvard Medical School Alumni Association, of Plant Physiologists. Boston. JULES HIRSCH Participant, Nutrition Conference, American Medical Associa- Chairman, Gordon Research Conference on Lipid Metabolism. tion, New York. Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Lipid Metabolism. TE PIAO KING Invited Speaker, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious RUTH ARNON Diseases, Conference on Standardization of Ragweed Pollen Lecture, New York State Public Health Research Institute. Allergens, Santa Monica.

ARMIN C. BRAUN DANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR. The Harvey Lecture. Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Proteins. Annual Meeting, National Academy of Sciences. GERTRUDE E. PERLMANN McArdle Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, The Uni- Lecture, Dartmouth Medical School. versity of Wisconsin. Participant, First International Symposium on Poly-a-amino Acids, Madison. DETLEV W. BRONK Address, Temple University 75th Anniversary Convocation. Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Proteins. Address, loth Anniversary, Cancer Research Institute of the KEITH R. PORTER New England Deaconess Hospital. Invited paper, 58th Annual Meeting, American Association of Address, Summer Lecture Series, University of Colorado. Pathologists and Bacteriologists, Chicago. t~. FACULTY AC TIVITIEs continued from page nine DAVID C. MAUZERALL Member, American Society of Biological Chemists.

GEORGE E. PALADE FLOYD RATLIFF Member, National Academy of Sciences. Louis Block Lecture in Neurophysiology, University of Chicago. KEITH R. PORTER ROBERT R. SCHOENFELD Member, American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriolo- Lecture, Tri-State Meeting, American Academy of General gists. Practice, North Conway, New Hampshire. ROBERT R. SCHOENFELD LOUIS E. SILTZBACH Administrative Committee, Professional Group on Medical Lecture, Royal Society of Medicine, London. Electronics, Institute of Radio Engineers.

Lecture, Royal Free Hospital Medical School, London. LEONARD B. SPECTOR Participant, Royal Northern Hospital Symposium, London. Member, American Society of Biological Chemists. Lecture, St. Goran's Hospital, Stockholm. IGORTAMM - GEORGE R. STARK Associate Editor, Journal of Immunology. Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Proteins.

WILLIAM H. STEIN Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Proteins. Other Appointments and Distinctions

IGOR TAMM EDWARD H. AHRENS, JR. Participant, Conference on Urinary Macromolecules, Bowman Member, Visiting Committee, Chronic Disease Research Insti- Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. tute, Buffalo. Lecture, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn. RENE J. DUBOS Member, Committee on the History of Medicine, National In- EDWARD L. TATUM stitutes of Health. Mike Hogg Lecture, University of Texas Postgraduate School of Medicine, Houston. ROLLIN D. HOTCHKISS Member, Panel on Genetic Biology, National Science Founda- PAUL A. WEISS tion. Chairman, Symposium on Research and the Community, Ad- Member, Board of Scientific Counselors, National Institute of visory Council on Industrial Research and Development of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. the State of New York, Sterling Forest, New York. Participant, Conference on Systems Research, Operations Re- DANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR. search Society, Arden House, New York. Advisory Editorial Board, Interscience Publishers, Inc. Opening Lecture, Annual Cancer Symposium, Henry Ford Hos- MURRAY D. ROSENBERG pital and Detroit Cancer Institute, Detroit. Member, Morison Panel on Life Sciences, President's Science Annual Initiation Lecture, Sigma Xi, Amherst College. Advisory Committee. Anna Westhoff Memorial Lecture, American Rheumatism As- Consultant, Division of Biological and Medical Sciences, Ad- sociation, New York. visory Panel for Specialized Biological Facilities, National Opening Lecture, Series on Cellular Pathology, Harvard Medi- Science Foundation.

cal School, Boston. HOWARD A. SCHNEIDER D. WAYNE WOOLLEY Consultant, Biochemistry Training Committee, Division of Louis Block Fund Lecture, University of Chicago. General Medical Sciences, U.S. Public Health Service. Consultant, Animal Disease and Parasite Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agricul- Society Elections ture.

ARMIN C. BRAUN RICHARD E. SHOPE Honorary Member, The Harvey Society. Member, Zoonoses Technical Advisory Group, Pan American Secretary, Society for the Study of Development and Growth. Health Organization. FRANK BRINK, JR. Member, Board of Scientific Counselors, National Cancer In- Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. stitute. WILLIAM H. STEIN LYMAN C. CRAIG Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Member, Board of Scientific Counselors, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness. ROLLIN D. HOTCHKISS Member, National Academy of Sciences. IGOR TAMM Associate Member, Commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases, Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science. Armed Forces Epidemiological Board. TE PIAO KING PAUL A. WEISS Member, American Society of Biological Chemists. Member, Organizing Council, Institut de la Vie, Paris. HENRY G. KUNKEL Member, Survey Committee on the Naples Zoological Station, President, American Society for Clinical Investigation. International Union of Biological Sciences, Naples.

1101 Newly Appointed Graduate Fellows s TUART D. ELLIOTT, Guest Investigator with Professors Lancefield and McCarty. On leave from the University of DAVID BALTIMORE,Swarthmore College. Cambridge where he is Assistant Director of Research in the Department of Animal Pathology. ROBERT BROWN BARLOW,JR., Bowdoin College. JO s E P H F E NDRI c H, Guest Investigator with Associate Pro- WILLIAM EDWARD BOWERS, Princeton University. fessor Trager. On leave from the Israeli Institute for Bio- RICHARD DANA CAMPBELL,Harvard College. logical Research from which he holds a fellowship. CHARLES CHAPMAN CARTER, Pomona College. ANNE GEISMAR, Research Associate with Associate Professor BRIAN ROGER CLARK, Pomona College. Csapo. From the FacultC de Mkdecine de Paris where she ROSEMARY FAULKNER,Radcliffe College. received the degree of Doctor of Medicine this year.

CALEB ELLICOTT FINCH, Yale University. u w E GBBE LS MANN, Guest Investigator with Associate Pro- fessor Csapo. A NATO Fellow, formerly with Kreiskran- JAMES DENNIS FOCH,JR., Dartmouth College. kenhaus at Plochingen, West Germany. ANN GALE, Radcliffe College. MORTEN HARB OE, Guest Investigator and Fellow and Assist- ALE x AN DE R KE s s LE R, New York University and College ant Physician with Professor Kunkel. Formerly with the of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. Institute for Thrombosis Research, University of Oslo. ROBERT MYRON KRUG,Harvard College. JAMES HENDRIX, Guest Investigator and Fellow and Assist- ALAN ROGER LATHAM,Harvey Mudd College. ant Physician with Professor Archibald. Formerly Resident STEVEN WILLIAM MATTHYSSE, Yale University. in Internal Medicine at State University of New York Med- ical Center at Kings County Hospital. JAMES HENRY REILL, Haverford College. CHARLE s H. HILL, Guest Investigator with Associate Pro- NORM AN R o B BIN S, Columbia University and Harvard Medi- cal School. fessor Schneider. On leave from North Carolina State Col- lege where he is Professor of Poultry Nutrition. He is a LEONARD AU s TIN s AUE R, Cornell University and The Uni- Special Research Fellow of the National Institutes of Health. versity of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry. JEROME KNITTLE,Research Associate and Assistant Physi- PHILIP MONTOY SEEMAN, McGill University. cian to the Hospital with Professor Ahrens. Formerly with GUDRUN DOROTHEA STAUB,Vassar College. Massachusetts Memorial Hospitals.

LAWRENCE STUART STURMAN,Northwestern University BEATRICE S. MAGDOFF, Research Associate with Associate Medical School. Professor Moore. Formerly Physicist with the Boyce Thompson Institute. Faculty Promotions MART MANNI K, Guest Investigator and Assistant Physician with Professor Kunkel. Formerly Assistant Resident in To Associate Professor: Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital.

MAURICE S. FOX JAC o B NEEDLE MAN, Research Associate with Professor Edel- stein. From Yale University where he received the degree RICHARD M. KRAUSE of Doctor of Philosophy this year. S. WILLIAM PELLETIER MIC H IHIKO OGATA,Research Associate with Associate Pro- To Assistant Professor: fessor Csapo. Currently a Postdoctoral Fellow in the De- P partment of Physiology, College of Medicine, University SAMUEL DALES of Florida. HANS J. EGGERS P. AIYA P PAN PI LLAI, Research Associate with Professor EARL H. FREIMER Weiss. Formerly Raptakos Medical Fellow at the Indian GEORGE R. STARK Cancer Research Centre, Bombay, and Lady Tata Scholar at the University of Lausanne.

JOEL ROTH s c HILD, Research Associate with Professor Pal- fiw Appointments to the Faculty ade. Formerly Helen Hay Whitney Foundation Fellow and Guest Investigator with Professor Palade. NANCY W. ALCOCK,Research Associate with Professor Archi- bald. Formerly Research Assistant at Postgraduate Medical NORTON s P RITZ, Guest Investigator and Assistant Physician School, London. with Professor Ahrens. Currently also Assistant Professor \ of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College. SAMUEL E. ALLERTON,Research Associate with Associate Professor Perlmann. Formerly Teaching Fellow in Biolog- BRUCE R. VOELLER, Research Associate with Professor ical Chemistry at Harvard University. Braun. A graduate of the Institute in June 1961. RAJINDRA ANEJA, Research Associate with Associate Profes- E WALD R. WEIB EL, Research Associate with Assistant Pro- sor Pelletier. Formerly Associate at Stevens Institute of fessor Stoeckenius. Formerly Research Associate, Depart- Technology. ment of Medicine, Columbia University. NE w APPOINTMENT s continued from page eleven Guest Speakers

SAMUEL H. BOYER,The Johns Hopkins Hospital, April 6, c. R. PAYLING WRIGHT, Guest Investigator with Associate 1961. Professor Bearn during the summer. A student at Univer- sity College Hospital Medical School, London. MIN ORU T s UT s UI, New York University, April 6.

JOHN A. YANKEE LOV, JR., Assistant Professor with Dr. Kosh- R. JUNG, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University land, Affiliate of the Institute. Formerly with Brookhaven of Freiburg, April 13, 1961. National Laboratory. JO s EPH RUDINGER, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, April 20,1961.

Departures from the Faculty JE s SE L. GREEN s TEIN, Mount Wilson and Palomar Observa- tories and California Institute of Technology, April 24, THOMAS P. ASH F ORD, Guest Investigator with Professor 1961. Porter, left the Institute May 1 to return to Salt Lake City, where he will be in the Department of Surgery at Salt Lake PETER MIESCHES, Professor of Hematology, New York Uni- General Hospital. versity, April 26, 1961. HAROLD M. BATES, Guest Investigator with Professor Lip- J B ENOIT, Laboratory of Histophysiology, Collhge de France, mann, resigned May 1 to accept a position in industry. April 27,1961.

J. MARION BRYANT, Guest Investigator and Associate Physi- o. H. ROBERT s ON, Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Univer- cian with Associate Professor Bearn, left at the end of June sity of Chicago and Lecturer in Biology, Stanford Univer- to return to the New York University Medical Center where sity, May 4, 1961. he is Associate Professor of Medicine. B. D. BURNS, Professor of Physiology, McGill University, May A. TYB JAERG HAN s EN, Sophie Fricke Fellow of The Royal 9,1961. Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters in The Rocke- feller Institute, left in July to return to Copenhagen where FAUSTO RAMIRE Z, Department of Chemistry, State Univer- he is Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine at the Uni- sity of New York, May lo, 1961. versity of Copenhagen and Chief of the Cardiovascular w. T. J. MORGAN, Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Laboratory in the University Hospital. London, May 15, 1961. MELVIN LE VITT, Research Associate with Associate Profes- KA s IMIR FA JAN S, Professor Emeritus of Chemistry, Univer- sor Brooks, resigned May 3 1 to become an Associate in the sity of Michigan, May 16,1961. Department of Anatomy, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. HUGO STEINHAUS, Professor of Mathematics and Member of ROBERT L. MC AULEY, Guest Investigator with Professor the Polish Academy of Sciences, May 18, 1961. Ahrens, left at the end of June. He will continue to be as- AUDREY GLAUERT, University of Cambridge, May 18, 1961. sociated with the Massachusetts Memorial Hospitals where he has been a Research Fellow in Pathology and Biochem- JACK H. s CHU LMAN, Stanley-Thompson Professor of Chem- istry. ical Metallurgy, School of Mines, Columbia University, May 23,1961. MIROSLAV D. POULIK, Guest Investigator with Associate Pro- fessor Bearn, resigned May 30 to become Assistant Director KAREL SEBESTA, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Bio- of Research of the Blood Program of the American Na- chemistry, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, May 24, tional Red Cross in Washington. 1961.

WILLIAM J. RAY, JR., Assistant Professor with Dr. Koshland, STEN SKOGLUND, University of Uppsala, May 24, 1961. Affiliate of the Institute, resigned at the end of June to accept a position at Purdue University in the Biology Depart- PER-AKE ALBERTS SON, Biochemical Institute, University of ment. Uppsala, May 25, 1961. ROBERT P. s c H E F F E R, Research Associate with Professor VITTORIO LUZZATI, Center for Research on Macromolecules, Braun, left in June to return to Michigan State University Strasbourg, France, June 6, 1961. where he is Associate Professor in the Department of BERNARD ERLANGER, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Botany and Plant Pathology. Columbia University, June 15, 1961. OLGA STEIN, Guest Investigator and Fellow with Associate Professor Moore, resigned in July to return to Hadassah Medical School of Hebrew University in Jerusalem where she is a Research Associate in the Department of Experi- Visiting Professors in Residence mental Medicine and Cancer Research. LORD ADRIAN, Master of Trinity College, University of Cam- YE c H E ZKIE L s TEIN Guest Investigator and Fellow with , bridge, April 17-19, 1961. Professor Ahrens, left in July to return to Hadassah Medi- cal School of Hebrew University where he is Lecturer in A. M. M ON N I ER, Professor of Psychophysiology, University Medicine and Physician to the University Hospital. of Paris at the Sorbonne, May 1-12, 1961. [ New Grants and Contracts To Dr. Igor Taim for investigation of virus-induced altera- tions in animal cells $41,939 From the U.S. Public Health Service: To Dr. William Trager for development of a training plan To Dr. Alexander Bearn for biochemical and genetical stud- in experimental parasitology $29,567 ies on human serum proteins $21,813 To Dr. Paul Weiss for cinemicrography of cell interactions To Dr. Vernon Brooks for investigation of the excitability of in culture $13,208 pyramidal tract cells $14,715 To Dr. Victor Wilson for investigation of recurrent condi- To Dr. Zanvil Cohn for a study of virulence factors of tioning in the spinal cord $6,959 staphylococci $14,962 From the National Science Foundation : To Dr. Vincent Dole for investigation of the turnover of plasma lipids in diabetic ketosis $26,150 To Dr. Fritz Lipmann for a five-year study of biosynthetic mechanisms $750,000 To Dr. Fritz Lipmann for studies of biosynthetic mechanisms $69,447 To Dr. Beatrice Magdoff for determination of the structure of southern bean mosaic virus by X-ray diffraction $io,ooo To Dr. R. Lorente de N6 for investigating the relation of nitrogen compounds to nerve action potentials $28,0 13 From the National Foundation : To Dr. Clara Lynch for a genetic study of the susceptibility To Dr. Alexander Bearn for study of certain congenital and of mice to experimental tuberculosis $4,685 inherited metabolic disorders in man by the combined use of biochemical and tissue culture techniques $53,210 To Dr. George Miroff for the isolation and identification of the mammary tumor agent $26,450 To Dr. Igor Tamm for investigation of multiplication and inhibition of human viruses $70,769 To Dr. Dan Moore for etiological studies of mammary car- cinoma and for a study of literature and information sources To Dr. Norton Zinder for the study of a bacteriophage con- on viruses and cancer $54,515 taining RNA $85,586 To Dr. William H. Stein for investigation of the chemical From the American Cancer Society to Dr. Paul Weiss for the structure and enzymic activity of proteins $60,497 experimental analysis of cellular interactions $14,250