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12-1962 The Rockefeller Institute Quarterly 1962, vol. 6, no. 2 The Rockefeller University

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DECEMBER * 1962

THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE A GRADUATE UNIVERSITY AND RESEARCH CENTER \

Electron Microscopy at the Institute

BY RAY M 0 N D B . G R I F F I T H S Executive Editor of 'The Journal of Cell

THE DEVELOPMENT within the past sented to Claude in 1943 by Albert E. the ground substance, nucleus and mito- two decades of the electron microscope Gessler, then Director of Research at the chondria. Distortion was not excessive de- and of techniques for using it to study Interchemical Corporation, , spite the extreme dryness and thinness of biological structure has ushered in an where a research laboratory was equipped the specimens, and details were revealed epoch of new discoveries. With the high with one of the earliest models of the elec- of submicroscopic structure never before resolving power of this instrument, which tron microscope. In his first studies, car- seen. The paper noted that osmium tetrox- is over one hundred times greater than ried out with Ernest E Fullam, an engi- ide fixation gave the most truthful images that of the light microscope, biologists neer at the Interchemical Corporation, and that in the best osmium preparations have explored the architecture of the cell Claude succeeded in obtaining electron the ground substance of the cytoplasm in the submicroscopic realm (zooo A micrographs of fractionated material had a "lace-like reticulum" with "vesicle- down to zo A and below) and have found sprayed onto the specimen'grid of the like bodies, i.e., elements presenting a this to consist of a richly differentiated microscope, but the resulting images were center of less density, and ranging in size fine structure of great complexity. From not satisfactory enough for an accurate in- from loo to 150 m~ . . . arranged along the the systematic study of the fine structural terpretation of structural details. Though strands of reticulum." This discovery, evi- organization of cells, new concepts of mor- this preliminary work yielded meager in- dence of "invisible" organization in the phology have emerged, and these bear on formation on fine structure, it did indicate cell ground- substance, was to have im- the fundamental principles of all biologi- the potential value of electron microscopy portant implications for the future course cal disciplines. Such studies, together and also defined some of the basic re- of cell research. with those employing biochemical tech- quirements for the preparation of speci- In 1945 an electron microscope ob- niques in the analysis of the functional ac- mens. tained by The Rockefeller- Foundation tivities of cell components, have begun to was set up in the Institute and was made CULTUREDCELLS elucidate basic structural-functional rela- available to Claude and Porter for their tions within cells and even to make possi- One of the most important considera- continuing work on cultured cells. In one ble their interpretation in molecular terms. tions was that specimens should be thin. of their studies, carried out in collabora- At The Rockefeller Institute pioneering It occurred to these investigators that tis- tion with Edward G. Pickels, Claude and ' efforts in the biological exploitation of sue culture cells which spread out exten- Porter examined cultured chicken tumor electron microscopy were made in the sively when grown on a flat surface might cells to determine the of the filtra- early 1940's by and Keith be thin enough for the differential scat- ble agents responsible for transmission of R. Porter, then working in the Laboratory tering of electrons and the formation of these tumors to new hosts. Previous filtra- of Cancer Research under J. B. Murphy. useful images. Keith Porter, who was tion studies had indicated the transmit- * Over the years this work has prospered, working with cultured tissue cells, collab- ting agent to be particulate and of small and one result has been the growth of a orated with Claude and Fullam in trial size, but confirmation of its character had vigorous school of cytology. Much of the studies. In preparing specimens for exam- been unobtainable by the limited resolu- technique evolved within this school has ination, Porter employed a fixation with tions of the light microscope. Using the now been adopted in other laboratories, osmium tetroxide and worked out an in- new techniques, these investigators were and by other groups at The Rockefeller geniously simple method for transferring able to demonstrate in the tumor cells the Institute. The historical account which the cultured cells from coverglasses, on presence and distribution of "small bod- follows is concerned only with the work which they had grown, to the specismen ies" of the size estimated for the tranmit- of the school of cytology and its develop- grid of the microscope. Both the selection ting agents. From this work came the first ment since the early forties. of specimens and the method of their microscopic description of the Rous sar- preparation proved to be favorable, as coma virus. CELL FRACTIONS electron micrographs were produced in For some time Claude had been devel- which clear images of cell structures were MICROTOMY oping techniques for sLparating cell com- discernible. By the late forties it had been amply ponents by differential centrifugation and The results of the work of Porter, demonstrated that the electron micro- had isolated from homogenates of liver Claude and Fullam were reported in 1945, scope was an effective means of examin- and other tissues a mitochondria1 fraction and their paper was the first demonstra- ing cells grown in uitro, but its application and a "small granule" (later called micro- tion that intact cells could be examined to the study of cells in situ, in their normal somal) fraction. The opportunity to ex- by electron microscopy. The electron mi- surroundings within tissues, was ham- amine his fractions with the high reso- crographs revealed all the cellular entities pered by the difficulty of preparing thin lutions of electron microscopy was pre- known from light microscopy including sections. Claude and Fullam, like investi- gators at other laboratories, turned their The year 1949 was an eventful one for by poor preservation. Palade first studied attention to the problems of microtomy. the future development of electron mi- the fixation of cell preparations with 0s- With Joseph Blum, a talented instrument croscopy at the Institute. Knowing the mium tetroxide, and defined the optimum maker at the Institute, Claude developed progress already made, and being con- conditions for using it. As a resilt he was " . a smgle-pass" microtome in which a vinced of the importance of the method in able to resolve in fine detail the structure specimen was fixed to the edge of a re- cell research, Dr. Herbert S. Gasser, then and spatial relationship of cell compo- volving disc or wheel and thus carried Director of the Institute, established a nents in thin sections of cells. Palade used past a knife, but this was not entirely sat- Cytology Laboratory and appointed Keith his improved technique for the study of isfactory. Eventually the chief contribu- Porter to direct its work. Two rooms in mitochondria. He examined the mitochon- tion to the technique of microtomy the basement of Hall dria in the cells of a variety of mammalian emerged in the form of the Porter-Blum were designated for the laboratory and tissues and found that they have a charac- instrument, in which by mechanical con- were fitted very soon with a new RCA teristic pattern. Each mitochondrion was trol a specimen is brought against a knife. electron microscope, purchased by the observed to possess an outer limiting This device has now become the standard Institute, and the "old" RCA instrument membrane and a second inner membrane microtome for electron microscopy. bought by the Foundation. Within the from which a system of regularly spaced While his associates were attempting year, Porter was joined by George E. ridges (which he termed cristae mito- to prepare tissues for electron microscopy, Palade, a colleague from, J. B. Murphy's chondriales) projects into a structureless Porter continued to utilize cultured cells Laboratory, who had been conducting matrix. In the most favorable micrographs, in his work and, with the assistance of cell fractionation studies in collaboration the cristae appeared as folds of the inner his students, he examined the fine struc- with Claude and with Walter C. Schnei- membrane. Palade interpreted these struc- ture of various cultured materials, includ- der and the late George H. Hogeboom. tural details as the expression of a more ing tumor cells, blood clots, fibroblasts, Thus began the association between Por- complex organization at the molecular and other cell types. He demonstrated the ter and Palade that fostered and gave level. In correlating his findings with the virus-like particulate bodies (thought to leadership to the development of elec- known biochemical data, he postulated be milk agent) associated with the epi- tron microscopic research in cytology that the framework of the internal mem- thelial cells of transmissible mammary throughout the world. Their independent brane is probably the site of chains of adenocarcinomas in mice, and described and collaborative works, together with oxidative enzymes and that the matrix is the origin and development of collagen those of their associates and students, laid made up of soluble proteins including fibrils in fibroblasts. Particularly signifi- the foundation for the rapid advances that enzymes. cant in the course of this work was his were made in cellular research over the Having explored the fine structure of observation that "endoplasmic strands" next decade. numerous types of cells in vitro, Porter arranged in a complex reticulum of vesic- then saw the opportunity to extend his FINE STRUCTURE ular or canalicular elements are character- observations on the endoplasmic reticu- istically present in the ground substance By 1951 methods were available for lum to cells in situ. Independently, and of all cells. To this system of elements, preparing tissue sections for examination in association with Palade, he carried out which he observed to be a feature of the in the electron microscope, but it was comparative studies on the fine structure endoplasmic region of the cytoplasm, he soon apparent that the electron micro- of various kinds of avian and mammalian was to apply the term "endoplasmic retic- graphs were not satisfactory because of cells in vitro and in situ and demonstrated ulum." structural alterations in the cells caused conclusively that a reticulum similar to that previously described in cultured cells is present in the ground substance of all cells studied in situ. In the latter, the re- ticulum appeared to consist of a network of cavities, commonly in the form of broad, flat vesicles (cisternae), bounded by a continuous limiting membrane. It was evident that the reticulum has char- acteristic patterns of organization. Varia- tion in the appearance of the reticulum among different cell types was interpreted as the expression of cell differentiation, while differences in its appearance within

Bat pancreas acinar cell, showing a mitochon- drion and elongated profiles of endoplasmic retic- ulum, whose membranes are couered externally by ribosomes. x 48,500. a given cell type were considered to be functional variations of the system. In the course of these studies, Palade discovered another cytoplasmic entity, a small particulate component ( loo to 150 A) of high density, which appeared in the form of small, round particles. These par- ticles appeared to have an affinity for the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, since in many cells the outside surface of these membranes (facing the cytoplas- mic matrix) is covered with them. As well as the particles attached to the membrane, there were found free in the cytoplasmic matrix a large number of similar particles. From their location and characteristics, Palade postulated that the particles, rather than elements of the reticulum, are re- sponsible for the basophilia of cytoplasm, i.e., contain most of the cytoplasmic ribo- nucleic acid. Cell fractionation studies which he carried out later with established that the particles (ri- bosomes) are involved in protein synthesis.

FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS The further analysis of these two basi- cally distinct components, the reticulum and the ribosomes, became an impor- tant focus of the work of the laboratory. A broad survey of the endoplasmic reticu- lum in many kinds of cells contributed further evidence of the varying patterns of organization of the system and revealed important relationships between the re- ticulum and other cell structures. It was noted, for example, that the particle- associated membranes of the reticulum, Bat pancTeas acinar cell, with a nucleus, mitochondria, and show- the so-called "rough-surfaced mem- ing extensive parallel arrays of endoplasmic reticulum. x 9,500. branes, are in continuity with membranes having no attached particles, the smooth- as these made it possible to begin to com- tein synthesis. In their studies on this surfaced membranes, in a common sys- prehend the functional role of this ubiqui- fraction from liver and pancreas cells, tem. It was observed by Michael Watson, tous system. Palade and Siekevitz demonstrated that working in the laboratory, that the reticu- Particularly important were the studies it consists of fragments of membranes of lum is continuous with the outer nuclear in which electron microscopy was utilized the endoplasmic reticulum with attached membrane, indicating that a pathway of in conjunction with cell fractionation pro- small, dense particles.They found that the exchange exists between the reticulum cedures to determine chemical composi- small particles are associated with ribo- and the perinuclear space (enclosed with- tion and biochemical activity of cell com- nucleic acid whereas the membranes are in the inner and outer membranes of the ponents. In this work, differential centrif- associated with most of the protein and nuclear envelope). In skeletal and car- ugation was used to separate from tissue phospholipid and with certain enzymes. diac muscle, it was found that the reticu- homogenates the various particulate com- These studies established that the small lum (here called sarcoplasmic reticulum) ponents of the cytoplasm according to particle, rather than the "microsome," is appears as a lacework of smooth vesicles their size and density. The microsome the functional unit in protein synthesis. around the myofibrils and is patterned fraction was of special interest because They also suggested that the limiting with respect to the bands of the myofibrils, earlier biochemical work by Claude and membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum suggesting that the system may be con- his colleagues had shown that it has a provides appropriate surface for the ar- cerned with intracellular conduction of high content of ribonucleic acid and is rangement of the particles and that the the excitatory impulse. Observations such therefore probably concerned with pro- cavities of the system are possibly a stor- age place for a cell product. these observations it was suggested that the mitotic cycle. New information was Additional information on the roles the small vesicles of the endothelium gained with respect to the organization of played by the various cell components in serve in the transport of water and solutes the chromosomes and of the nucleolus, the synthesis and subsequent handling of from the capillary lumen to the pericapil- the behavior of spindle elements, the dis- protein products was supplied by bio- lary spaces. In the renal glomerular capil- position of the nuclear membrane, and chemical studies on pancreatic exocrine laries, the tracer molecules appeared to the fate of the endoplasmic reticulum. cells. It was possible, for example, to iso- penetrate the openings (fenestrae) in the The large number of scientific papers late a fraction of zymogen granules and endothelium so as to reach the basement from this and other laboratories taxed to demonstrate the presence of proteolyt- membrane, in which they become em- existing outlets. In 1954, Dr. Detlev W. ic enzymes within them. The appearance bedded, and also the visceral epithelium, Bronk, President of the Institute, recog- and chemical composition of these gran- where they are engulfed in invagina- nizing the need for a vehicle of communi- ules are similar to those of large, dense tions of the plasma membrane. It was cation for cytologists, took steps to pub- granules (intracisternal) which were found concluded that the basement membrane is , lish a new journal. This was known as to develop within the cavities of the retic- the principal structural element of the The Journal of Biophysical and Biochemi- ulum. These studies, together with others glomerular filter and that the epithelium cal Cytology, and the first issue appeared which dealt with the analysis of the dis- provides a further check on the filtrate by in January 1955. Since then, the JBBC tribution of proteolytic enzyme activity removing from it, through pinocytotic ac- has played an outstanding role in the in the microsomal and zymogen fractions, tivity, protein molecules that pass through furtherance of cell research. To accommo- under varying dietary conditions, con- the filter. date an increasing supply of deserving tributed important data on the possible manuscripts, it was made a monthly pub- sequence of events in protein synthesis. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS lication in 1961. In 1962, its title was The hypothesis was thereby established In experiments devoted to an analysis of changed to The . that the protein secretory product (en- the fine structural alterations induced in In the last decade the Cytology Labora- zymes) is produced by the rough-surfaced rat liver cells by the administration of tory has enlarged its research program, elements of the endoplasmic reticulum, a carcinogen (aminoazo dye), Porter and and has moved from the basement of is temporarily sequestered in the cavities his co-workers found that the predominant Theobald Smith Hall to the new South of the reticulum as intracisternal particles, change consisted of hypertrophy of the Laboratory. Keith Porter has joined the is packaged in the smooth-surfaced mem- smooth-surfaced elements of the endoplas- faculty of , and George branes of the Golgi region, and is finally mic reticulum associated with areas of Palade has become the director of the stored as zyrnogen granules in the apical glycogen storage. On the basis of this re- laboratory. Over the years the school of region of the cell from which it is dis- sponse and an apparent interruption of cytology at the Institute has established charged. Verification of this hypothesis glycogenesis brought about by the car- a reputation as one of the foremost cen- has been accomplished through experi- cinogen, the assumption was made that ters for training in electron microscopy, ments employing radioactively labeled the smooth membranes of the reticulum and as a result a large number of students amino acids to study in vivo the time may be involved in glycogen storage and and established investigators, from the course of amino acid incorporation into mobilization. Further investigation of the United States and from abroad, have the proteins of the various cell fractions. behavior of these elements, under varying gained experience in it. The participants conditions of nutrition, tended to support in the work of the laboratory have in- TRANSPORT MECHANISMS this concept. Later studies involving the cluded: T. F! Ashford, R. J. Barrnett, C. Continued improvements in techniques use of hormones (glucagon and epine- Bruni, L. Caro, J. B. Caulfield, S. Dales, made it possible to extend electron mi- phrine) to effect the release of glucose in H. G. Davies, A. D. Deitch, M. A. Epstein, croscopy to the study of structural changes rat livers contributed further evidence to L. Ernster, M. G. Farquhar, D. W. Faw- associated with physiological processes in suggest that the smooth-surfaced mem- cett, A. Glauert, G. C. Godman, L. J. cells. With the use of tracer molecules branes are involved in sequestering glu- Greene, C. Grkgoire, J. A. Jacquez, E L. (ferritin and colloidal gold),- which are cose from glycogen stores and transport- Kallman, R. C. King, J. E Kirsch, J. G. easily recognizable in the electron micro- ing it to the cell surface and extracellular Lafontaine, M. C. Ledbetter, D. J. L. Luck, scope, Palade and his co-workers, Steven space. J. Luft, R. D. Machado, R. Maggio, G. L. Wissig and Marilyn G. Farquhar, were Porter and his collaborators also car- Majno, I. Manton, H. Meyer, E Miller, able to study the mechanism of transport ried out a number of electron microscopic G. Millonig, G. Miroff, D. H. Moore, M. J. of the molecules across the wall of blood studies on the fine structure of plant cells, Moses, S. L. Palay, G. D. Pappas, L. D. capillaries of the myocardium and of the particularly of the root meristematic cells Peachey, G. W. Richter, S. Rosen, J. Roth- renal glomeruli. This work showed that of onion and bean plants. This work iden- schild, M. A. Rudzinska, R. Sager, I? G. tracer molecules enter the endothelium of tified in plants the equivalents of the vari- Satir, A. W. Sedar, F! Siekevitz, D. S. the muscle capillaries in small pockets and ous cell components described for animal Smith, R. J. Sotelo, W. Stoeckenius, R. S. vesicles formed by the invagination of the cells, as well as other components specific Stone, N. Takahashi, H. I! Thompson, I! cell membrane, and that they are carried for plant cells, and demonstrated the struc- Vanamee, J. Vial, M. L. Watson, S. L. in vesicles across the cell to the basement tural changes occurring in the nucleus and Wissig, J. J. Wolken, and E. Yamada. membrane and pericapillary spaces. From chromosomes during the various stages of [Electron micrographs courtesy K. R. Porter] Two NOBELLAUREATES became hon- Bohr's interests had not been confined orary Doctors of Science'of The Rocke- within institutes of theoretical physics, 1962 GRADUATES AND THEIR feller Institute at the Fifth Convocation however. Thus, in January 1939, he played PRESENT POSITIONS held on the morning of June 5th last. They an important part in persuading United are Dr. Niels Bohr, the Danish theoretical States scientists that nuclear fission was DAVIDLESLIE EAKER, A.B. Hamilton College physicist (who died unexpectedly on practicable. He became chairman of the U. S. Public Health Service Postdoctoral Fel- November 18th), and Dr. A. I? Hill, the Danish Atomic Energy Commission, and low, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Uppsala, Sweden. British physiologist renowned for his clas- had been extremely active in the creation LEWISJOEL GREENE, B.A. Amherst College sical researches on the mechanism of mus- of international institutions such as the Assistant Biochemist, Biology Department, cle action. At the same ceremony ten European Centre for Nuclear Research Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New students of the Institute graduated as (CERN) at Geneva. York. Doctors of Philosophy. The degrees were In his presentation of Dr. A. \! Hill Pres- ARTHVRKARLIN, B.A. Swarthmore College conferred by the President, Dr. Detlev W ident Bronk used the description "founder Research Assistant, Col- Bronk. of the science of biophysics." Hill had be- lege of Physicians and Surgeons. In his presentation Dr. Bronk described gun his professional career as a mathema- TIMOTHYROBERT LOEB, B.A. Reed College Niels Bohr as the "founder of modern tician, Dr. Bronk said, and had always Assistant Professor, Facultad de Medicina, physics." His name will be known, Dr. kept his feet firmly grounded "in the sci- Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Bronk said, "as long as knowledge of na- ences which are fundamental to all else." DAVIDJ. L. LUCK,S.B. The University of ture is preserved. For it was he who laid As a result, in forty years at University Chicago, M.D. Harvard Medical School the foundations of the modern concepts College, London, he had taught students Research Associate, The Rockefeller Institute. of the structure of matter. He has been the not merely techniques but "the heartening LEONARDEUGENE MINDICH, B.S. Cornell architect and the builder, too, of concepts belief that there is a unity of all sciences." University that are noble in their scope and grandeur. For his research on the mechanism of Research Associate, Public Health Research His questing search for understanding has muscle actionDr.Hillwas awarded a Nobel Institute, New York. opened new vistas to the mind of man, Prize in 1922. He was Fullerton Research EDWARDREICH, B.Sc. McGill University, new pathways to be followed forever by Professor at University College, London, M.D. The the adventurous human spirit. This all (continued overleaf) School of Medicine Research Associate, Tlze Rockefeller Institute. men know." Bohr had been the Director of the In- ROBERTRUSH TRAUT, B.A. Haverford College NIELS BOHR A. V. HILL stitute for Theoretical Physics at Copen- Fellow, The Jane Cofin Childs Fund for Med- ical Research, Medical Research Council Unit hagen since 1920, and during that time for Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England. the institute had become a Mecca for the- JOSEPHWILLIAM VANABLE, JR., B.A. Brown oretical physicists. His first outstanding University personal triumph was the demonstration, Assistant Professor, Department of Biological in 1913, of how the nuclear model of Sciences, , Lafayette, In- atomic structure could be made intelli- diana. gible by means of a quantum theory. With DAVIDCLEAVELAND WHITE, A.B. Dartmouth the elaboration of that doctrine, Bohr be- College, M.D. School of came a profound analyst of the philosoph- Medicine ical basis of the laws of physics in a way Assistant Professor, Department of Biochem- istry, School of Medi- which inspired a great many of the later cine, Lexington. successes of theoretical physics. THEODORE H. BERLIN 1917-1962

THESUDDEN DEATH of Professor Theodore a school of physics and mathematics at the Berlin, on November i6th, came as a Institute. Brief though this period may shock to the Institute. Berlin, who was have been, Berlin's influence on the work forty-five, was one of the most recent re- of the Institute will be felt for many years cruits to the company of professors at The to come. Rockefeller Institute. He died in Balti- By birth Berlin was a New Yorker, and more, and the funeral was held at Towson, he was born in the city on May 8th, 1917. Maryland, on November 19th. President He began his professional career at the Detlev W. Bronk was among the large Institute of Technology, group of Berlin's colleagues and students where he obtained a B.S. degree in chemi- from the Institute present on this occa- cal engineering. Concern for the founda- sion. tions of his subject drew him into theo- Berlin was a distinguished theoretical retical science, however, and at the end physicist, and has been described by of the thirties Berlin began postgraduate fessor at , spent President Bronk as "one of the outstand- work at the . two years as a Guggenheim Fellow at the ing theoretical physicists of the United There, in turn, he obtained the degrees Institute for Advanced Study in Prince- States in the younger generation." By a of M.S. and Ph.D. With the coming of ton, and returned in 1955 to The Johns cruel coincidence, of which many who at- World War 11, and while still a graduate tended the funeral were painfully aware, student, Berlin found himself caught up Hopkins University where he was ap- pointed professor of physics. Berlin's death had come within hours of with the development of the proximity Berlin was a fellow of the American that of Dr. Niels Bohr of Copenhagen, fuse. His academic work concerned the Physical Society, and served for a time the grandest survivor from the Homeric electronic structure of molecules, and the as associate editor of the Journal of Chem- age of theoretical physics half a century interest thus fostered in theoretical chem- ical Physics. He performed the same serv- ago. istry remained alive even when Berlin Berlin's connection with The Rockefel- turned his main attention to the problems ice for the Physical Review, and more re- cently was editor of the ler Institute dates from February 1961, of theoretical physics proper. Physical Review In matters like these Berlin's ca- when he was appointed professor. He then From Michigan Berlin went to The Letters. joined with Professor Johns Hopkins University in 1946, and pacity to get things done was acknowl- edged to be an asset to the profession as (also a physicist) and Professor was promoted to Assistant Professor in a whole. (a mathematician) in the development of 1947. He then became an Associate Pro- Berlin's association with Professor George Uhlenbeck was especially close, and dated back to the time when Berlin had been one of Uhlenbeck's research c o N v o c A T I o N - 1 9 6 2 continued from page five students at the University of Michigan. At the time of Berlin's death the two men from 1926 until his retirement in 1951. was also the Secretary of the Royal Society were collaborating to write a book on The most dramatic, though not perhaps of London. During the war he served for statistical physics. the most important, part of Dr. Hill's a time as Member of Parliament for Cam- During his stay at The Rockefeller In- work outside laboratories arose out of his bridge University. stitute Berlin had quickly won for him- membership in the British Air Defence Re- Dr. Bronk went on to speak of the self a reputation as a warm and generous search Committee in the late thirties. This friendship and the essential humility of person. Students and other newcomers to body, also known as the Tizard Commit- both the honorary graduates of the Insti- the Institute recall with gratitude his tee, was that on which a clash between tute, and commended their example to the helpfulness. Also memorable is the vigor Sir Henry Tizard and Lord Chenvell (then ten new Doctors of Philosophy. "They with which he carried out his work at the E A. Lindemann, and Churchill's protCg6) have what we often-too often-forget Institute. led to the latter's temporary exile from when we think of the vicarious power we Berlin's home is at Scarsdale, New public service. This breach was brought have from science." York, and he is survived by his wife, Mrs. to a head by the resignation from the com- The Reverend Henry I! Van Dusen, Patricia May Cleary Berlin, and his fami- mittee of four of Dr. A. V. Hill and EMS. President of the Union Theological Semi- ly of four children, all of them boys. Their Blackett, its two independent members. nary, delivered the Invocation and the names are Geoffrey N., Dennis A,, Michael During the decade from 1935 Dr. Hill Benediction at the Convocation. K., and Alexander L. Permanent Committee of James H. Schwartz (Chairman), W. Carey Parker and Alexander Kessler.

Christmas Lectures AN EPOCH In : history of the National more persuasive counselor of government." The Rockefeller Institute Christmas Academy of Sciences-National Research At a farewell reception, the officers and Lectures for high school students will be Council ended in June of this year. In staff of the National Academy of Sciences- given this year by Professor Mark Kac, the January, President Bronk had written to National Research Council presented Dr. mathematician who joined the faculty a each of the 65~members of the Academy Bronk with this memento: "Leader of vi- year ago. The lectures are open only to that he would not, in April, serve a third sion, boldness, insight-seeker of the right students nominated by their teachers at four-year term as President because he felt and good-pursuer of excellence-servant school, and will be held daily from De- the growing importance and demands of of science and human welfare-wise coun- cember 26th through zgth, under the title the Academy would encroach too much on selor in matters great and small-In Ap- "Chance apd Regularity." Professor Kac his responsibilities to The Rockefeller In- preciation Of-your faith in the supremacy says it is his intention to show how mathe- stitute, to which he wished to devote his of God and the high destiny,of man-your matical considerations ubiquitously assist full energies. Despite hundreds of letters sense of the true, the beautiful, the just- in the understanding of the real world, but of regret and protest against his decision, your courage when the issue is drawn- his reputation as a lecturer and as a con- he declined to abandon his resolve. He your power to lift the eyes of men to the versationalist is a promise that the coming agreed, however, to serve as Chairman of hills-your expectation of much from us lectures will be enthralling" as well as in- the Academy Centennial in 1963 and to all, but more from yourself." On the last structive. complete the building program he had evening of his Presidency, June 3oth, sev- An earlier series of Christmas ~ectures1 begun. eral hundred members of the Academy has now appeared in print, with the publi- and those associated with its manifold ac- cation in October of "The Unseen World" Academy President tivities gathered at the Academy Study by Professor Rent5 Dubos. This is the third Center in Woods Hole to honor him at a volume to have been issued by the Rocke- Accordingly, on June goth, there came dinner dance. feller Institute Press, and is remarkable to an end Dr. Bronk's twelve years as Pres- not merely for its contents but also be- ident. These followed his four years as Rockefeller Forum cause it is an unusually handsome book. Chairman of the National Research Coun- Though the text closely follows the lec- cil and five years as Foreign Secretary. The Calendar of Events will be still tures which Professor Dubos delivered to During that time the Academy multiplied further lengthened, but in a manner which high school students in 1959, he and Mr. its services to science, the federal govern- has been widely welcomed, by the deci- Biemiller at the Press have worked hard ment, universities and industry, and re- sion of a group of graduate students to to produce a volume which is something of vealed the potentialities of the Academy form an organization known as the Forum. a model of how science should be pre- to an entirely new degree. Under Dr. Their intkntion is to bring to the Institute sented to the general public. ; Bronk's leadership the Academy aided lecturers on subjects not at present repre- greatly in the creation of such federal sented in the teaching program or by the Ca.@ary Music .>#I agencies as the National Science Founda- Rockefeller Institute Lectures. One of the .? tion and the President's Science Advisory organizers of the first meeting (held on The reputation of the Caspary Audito- Committee, together with institutes such November 13th) explained that it was rium as a musical center was further en- as the American Institute of Biological hoped to avoid scientific or philosophical hanced during the last academic year, Sciences and the American Geological In- subjects. "There is already plenty of talk when no fewer than seventeen concerts stitute. at the Institute about weapons and fall-out were held at the Institute. Sixteen of these At its annual meeting in April, and fol- and things like that," he said, "but not made up the two series of subscription lowing the election of Dr. , nearly enough about the arts and contem- concerts organized by Professor Theodore Professor of Physics in the University of porary politics, such as UN affairs." Shedlovsky. In addition the Amor Musi- Illinois, as Dr. Bronk's successor, the The intention is that there should be a cae concert, which has become something Academy adopted with a standing ovation meeting at 8:00 p.m. on the second Tues- of an annual event at the Institute, was the following resolution: day of each month, and the first lecture on given on Wednesday, January 17th, by "The members here present wish to re- "The Neglect of Intellect" was delivered Claudia Lyon, recorder; Reba Paeff Mir- cord their deep appreciation of President by Professor Richard Hofstadter of Co- sky, harpsichord; Janos Scholz, viola da

, Bronk's achievements during his term of lumbia University to an audience of more gamba; and Walter Trampler, viola d'a- office. Because of his vision, energy and than sixty people. At the same meeting the more. ' :votion, the National Academy of Sci- Temporary Program Committee of Bany Among the subscription concerts the vis- ,,Ices has become a more effective spokes- Bloom, Joan Kent, Daniel Rifkin and it of the Juilliard String Quartet on January kyscientific commu"ty and a Lawrence Sturman was replaced by a (continued overleaf) 7-* 8' +

my.- .' MUSI c continued from page seven 24th was especially memorable, if only THOMAS RIVERS 1888-1962 because a few days previously it had been announced that this distinguished group of musicians was to be Quartet in Resi- dence at the Library of Congress. The au- DR. THOMASRIVERS, who had been od that he threw his ability and his pres- dience at The Rockefeller Institute may intimately associated with The Rockefeller tige behind the National Foundation for correctly have identified in the Quartet's Institute for more than forty years, died Infantile Paralysis (now the National performance of Mozart, Bartbk and Schu- on May 12. He was 73, and only a few Foundation-March of Dimes). As chair- bert a trace of exhilaration occasioned by months before his death had been de- man of the Virus Research Committee that honor. The American String Quartet, scribed as "the recognized- leader of the from the start of the foundation's work, which performed at the Institute in De- golden period of American ." Dr. Rivers played a most influential part cember 1961, will return during the com- Chance rather than deliberate design in the guidance of its research program. ing season, as will the New York Chamber seems to have been chiefly responsible for Rivers became Director of the Rocke- Soloists. This will not, unfortunately, be guiding Rivers along the first few steps of true of the Boccherini Quintet and the his distinguished career. For one thing, at Zimbler Sinfonietta, both of which took Emory College he began by studying the part in the 1961-62 season. The former humanities. Then, as a medical student at will, however, return in 1963-64. The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, he was thought to be suffering International Prize , from Aran-Duchenne progressive central muscular atrophy. Mercifully, events did One of the first United Nations Prizes not follow their usually disastrous course, for cancer research was awarded to Dr. and within two years Rivers was able to Peyton Rous, Member Emeritus of The return to Johns Hopkins where he was Rockefeller Institute, on October loth this graduated in 1915. year. Altogether seven awards of $io,ooo It is not, of course, surprising that an were made to scientists from the United encounter with a supposedly fatal disease States, the United Kingdom, France and should profoundly influence a man's life, the Soviet Union. Dr. Rous was specifi- but with Rivers the consequences of his cally honored for his discovery of the enforced absence from medical school transmissible sarcoma now known by his turned out to be most fortunate for medi- name, and it is a wry comment on the cal science. Idealism drew him to the San pace of development in cancer biology Tomlis I-Iospitul in Panama, and, on the that this work should have been carried strength of his having been a medical stu- out more than half a century ago. This dent for two years, he was soon in charge feller Institute Hospital in 1937 and re- year's awards are the first to be made un- of a ward. This interlude, which lasted two tained that post until his retirement in der the terms of a resolution of the United years, seems to have converted an undis- 1955. During the last two years of his full- Nations Assembly in 1959, which ac- tinguished student into one who could time association with the Institute, he cepted a proposal of Byelorussia to recog- graduate at the top of his class in 1915. served as Interim Director of the Institute. nize "outstanding scientific research work Rivers came to The Rockefeller Institute After retirement he devoted himself in- in the causes and control of cancerous in 1922, when he joined the hospital staff creasingly to the affairs of the National diseases." as an associate. In the twenties his re- Foundation, and served in turn as medical search did more than that of any other director and vice-president for medical Sigma Xi American scientist to demonstrate con- affairs. vincingly that viruses are, indeed, distinc- During his long life Dr. Rivers was re- The final meeting of ..the Rockefeller tive agents of infectious diseases. peatedly honored for his contributions to Institute Chapter of the Society of the At the beginning of the thirties he took science and to society. He became a Fel- Sigma Xi for the academic year 1961-1962 into his laboratory a research program low of the National Academy of Sciences was held on April 26 and featured an ad- on psittacosis (parrot fever) which had in 1934 and was awarded an honorary de- dress by Professor Daniel I. Arnon. Dr. been under way. at the gree as Doctor of Science at the Rocke- Arnon is Professor of Cell Physiology and Board of Health Laboratory until four out feller Institute Convocation in 1961. For Biochemistry in the Experiment Station in of six workers there died of the disease. his service during World War I1 as the the at Berkeley. In the thirties Rivers was drawn increas- commanding officer of the U. S. Naval His chief research interest centers on pho- ingly into the formulation and the admin- Medical Research Unit No. 2 on the island tosynthesis and energy conversion phe- istration of public health policies in the of Guam, Dr. Rivers was appointed to the nomena. His topic for the Sigma Xi lecture United States, and it was during this peri- Legion of Merit. was "The Role of Light in Photosynthesis."

181 Sophie Fricke Hall Work has already begun on a new hall of residence at the southwest corner of the South Laboratory, and may be com- pleted in about a year. Eventually there will be 74 rooms for housing students on the campus, but until plans for building a faculty residence hall have matured, it is intended that two floors of the new building should accommodate members of the faculty. The new building will be named Sophie Fricke Hall in acknowl- edgment of the bequest of about $1,000,- ooo to be used in paying for the new resi- dence. Model of part of the campus, with the new building 4 next to the South Laboratory. When completed, the new building will further transform the southern end of the campus. In appearance it will match the spring meeting. The seventieth birthday Royal, Society , of Professor Northrop, who shared the present students' residence, and in par- Professor Fritz Lipmann has been elected in chemistry with Wendell ticular, its roof will rise to the same height. a Foreign Member of the Royal Society, Stanley and James B. Sumner in 1946, Because of the fall of the ground towards and so has become only the twenty-third was marked by publication this spring of York Avenue, however, it has been found living United States citizen to hold this a special supplement of the Journal of possible to fit five rather than four floors high honor. His election brings to five the General Physiology. Dr. Northrop was a into the new building. Extending south- number of members of The Rockefeller wards over the southern parking lot and student and close friend of . Institute faculty received into the Society. the greenhouse will stretch a concrete Dr. McMaster came to the Institute in The names of Bronk. Corner. Gasser. L~D-I apron that will serve as an open piazza. 1919 as an assistant to Peyton Rous when mann and Rous make a longer list of For- he was investigating the ph~siolog~of eign Members of the Royal Society than Professors Emeriti the liver and bile. Later, McMaster's own could be from the faculty of any research contributed significant new un- other university in the United States. In- Philip D. McMaster and John Howard derstanding of the functions of the lym- deed, there are many British universities Northrop were appointed Professors Em- phatic system and of the role of the lymph which cannot boast of as many Fellows of eriti by the Board of Trustees at their nodes in antibody formation. the Royal Society.

ARRIVALS AND DEPARTURES

Faculty Appointments since 1 April 1962 RESEARCH ASSOCIATES H~OSHIASANUMA (Associate Professor Brooks) AFFILIATE Former Guest Investigator. JOHNMADDOX H. BEAUFAY(Professor Palade) Science Editor of The Manchester Guardian. Assistant Professor, Catholic University of Louvain, Belgium, on leave. ASSISTANT PROFESSORS ZOFIABOROWSKA (Professor Craig) JOHNH. FRENSTER(General Physiology) Assistant Professor, Institute. of Marine Medicine, Gdansk, Formerly with the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Poland, on leave. in Washington. LEE EHRMAN(Professor Dobzhansky) BERNICEGRAFSTEIN (Developmental Biology) Fellow, American Association of University Women, former Assistant Professor, McGill University, on leave. Research Fellow, Columbia University. GEORGEJ. JACKSON(Parasitology) LORENTZENGSTR~M (Professor Lipmann) Former Guest Investigator. Lecturer, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Uppsala, on leave. WILLIAMFERDINAND (Professor ) EDWARDREICH (Professor Tatum ) Former Research Assistant, Department of Chemistry, Uni- Graduate of the Institute, June 1962; Helen Hay Whitney versity of Oxford, England. Foundation Fellow. J. S. GORDON(Professor Archibald) DENISSHAW (Professor Stanford Moore) Former Lecturer in Chemical Pathology, University College, From the University of Cambridge, England, on leave from Ibadan, Nigeria. the C.I.S.R.O. (Australia) Wool Research Laboratories. NORMANB. GROVER(Professor Weiss) SELMASILAGI (Professor Tatum) Former Junior Assistant, Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Former U. S. Public Health Service Postdoctoral Fellow, Columbia University. SIDNEYHALPEREN (Associate Professor Tamm) Former Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Michigan School BORISSPASSKY (Professor Dobzhansky) of Public Health. Former Research Associate, Columbia University. LARSA. HANSON(Professor Kunkel) H. OLINSPIVEY (Professor Shedlovsky) Assistant Professor of Immunology, University of Gothen- From the State University of New York at Buffalo. burg, Sweden, on leave. YUTAKA TASHIRO(Professor Palade) RONALDD. HINSDILL(Professor Goebel ) Former Guest Investigator. From University of Wisconsin College of Agriculture. ALANE HOFMANN(Professor Ahrens) Faculty Promotions Former U. S. Public Health Service Postdoctoral Fellow, TO PROFESSOR University of Lund, Sweden. MIRIAMI. JACOB(Associate Professor Granick) Former Research Associate, Columbia University College of TO ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR Physicians and Surgeons. ZANVILA. COHN JOHNW. LAMPERTI(Professor Kac) LAURAGARNJOBST Former Visiting Assistant Professor, Dartmouth College. HANSJ. MULLER-EBERHARD RUSSELLW. SCHAEDLER THOMASA. LANGAN(Professor Lipmann) LEONARDB.SPECTOR Former Postdoctoral Fellow, Wenner-Gren Institute, Stock- VICTORJ. WILSON holm. DAVIDJ. L. LUCK(Professor Palade) TO ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Graduate of the Institute, June 1962. JAMESL. GERMANI11 BRUCER. VOELLER PHILIP D. LUNGER(Associate Professor Dan H. Moore) HENRYN. WOOD Former Guest Investigator. JOHNB. ZABRISKIE MICHAELJ. LYONS(Associate Professor Dan H. Moore) Former Guest Investigator. Guest Investigators arriving since 1 April 1962 E R. MAHADEVAN(Professor Tatum) JAMESC. ALLEN(Professor Kunkel) Former DeWitt Sterry Fellow, . Former Felow in Medicine in The Johns Hopkins University A. MOURAD(Professor Dobzhansky) School of Medicine. Former Fellow, Columbia University. GORDONT. ARCHER(Professor James G. Hirsch) TOKUMASANAKAMOTO (Professor Lipmann) U. S. Public Health Service Postdoctoral Fellow, former Former Research Associate, . Assistant Director, Blood Transfusion Service, Australian Red Cross Society. ULF NILSSON(Professor Kunkel) Former Guest Investigator, Department of Clinical Chemis- R. N. CAMPAGNE(Professor Mirsky) try, University of Malmo, Sweden. Fellow, Netherlands Organization for: Pure Research; Chief Scientific Officer, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of A. BEATEOESTREICHER (Associate Professor Perlmann) Groningen. From The State University, Utrecht, Holland. RANDOLPHM. CHASE,JR. (Professor McCarty) SHOSHIOTA (Professor Stanford Moore) Instructor, School of Medicine. Instructor, Yamaguchi Medical School, on leave. HARISHC. CHOPRA(Associate Professor Dan H. Moore) OLGAPAVLOVSKY (Professor Dobzhansky) Former Visiting Research Fellow of the Institute for Muscle Former Research Assistant, Department of Zoology, Colum- Disease in New York. bia University. JEANA. CORTNER(Associate Professor Bearn) JOHNH. PRUNIER(Associate Professor Bearn) Visiting Fellow in Pediatrics, Columbia-Presbyterian Medi- Formerly with the U. S. Army Medical Corps. cal Center. ETIENNEDE HARVEN(Professor Palade) JVkwly Appointed Graduate Fellows Associate, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research. ELAINEG. DIACUMAKOS(Professor Tatum) WYATTWHEATON ANDERSON, B.S., M.S. Associate, Sloan-Kettering Institute, and Research Associate, HELENHOLBROOK ARNOLD, A.B. Radcliffe College New York University. WILLIAMLEE BUCK,B.S. Case Institute of Technology STUARTD. ELLIOTT(Professor Lancefield) Assistant Director of Research, Department of Animal Pa- ALBERTHUDSON CASS, JR., A.B. Dartmouth College thology, University of Cambridge, England, on leave. ANTHONYCERAMI, JR., B.S. J@RGENGLIEMANN (Professor Dole) DEANLEE ENGELHARDT,B.A. Amherst College From the University of Copenhagen. RACHELRICHENDA GILLETT FRUCHTER, B.A. University of NORBERTHILSCHMANN (Professor Craig) Oxford Fellow, Fritz-Thyssen Stiftung; former Research Associate, Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, Munich. SCOTTMONTGOMERY GRUNDY, B.S. Texas Technological Col- lege, M.S., M.D. Baylor University College of Medicine ALBERTHIRSCHMAN (Associate Professor Dziewiatkowski) Assistant Professor, State University of New York Down- VINCENTCHARLES HASCALL, JR., B.S. California Institute of state Medical Center. Technology RE& E. HUMBEL(Professor Palade) BERTILHILLE, B.S. Helen Hay Whitney Foundation Fellow. DAVIDIAN HIRSH, B.A. Reed College STUARTM. KRASSNER(Associate Professor Trager) KATHRYNVOELKER HOLMES, A.B. Radcliffe College Former Research Fellow, The Johns Hopkins University- Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine. ALANMITCHELL KAPULER, B.S. Yale University PHILIPPEMATILE (Professor Palade) HARVEYFRANKLIN LODISH, A.B. Kenyon College Fellow, Swiss National Science Foundation; former Research JOHNJACOB MARCHALONIS, A.B. Lafayette College Assistant, Institut fiir Allgemeine Botanik, Zurich. GARLANDROSS MARSHALL, JR., B.S. California Institute of Tech- PAULG. QUIE (Professor James G. Hirsch) nology John and Mary R. Markle Scholar; Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Medical School, on leave. HARRYMEINARDI, M.D. Leiden University Medical School, Ph.D. Leiden University ROBERTI? RHEA(Professor Weiss) U. S. Public Health Service Postdoctoral Fellow; former FRANCESMESSIK, B.A. Lecturer and Instructor in Biology, Western Reserve Uni- DANIELB. RIFKIN,A.B. Princeton University versity. DAVIDDOMINGO SABATINI, M.D. University of Litoral School ROGERROBINEAUX (Professor Palade) of Medicine Fellow, Organisation Europkenne de Cooperation Econo- mique; Associate Director, Centre de Recherches d'Immuno- LARRYPHILIP SIMPSON, A.B. Princeton University Pathologie, Association Claude-Bernard, Paris. PATRICIACAROL SPENCER, B.A. Pomona College WASIMA. SIDDIQUI(Associate Professor Trager) ALANBURR STEINBACH, A.B. The Lecturer, Muslim University, Aligarh, India, on leave. DANIELWYLER STROOCK, A.B. Harvard College BELLASTRAUSS (Professoi James G. Hirsch) Investigator, Health Research Council, City of New York; JAMESTHOMAS TIDWELL, B.S. , A.M. Assistant Professor, New York University School of Medicine. Columbia University ENGM. TAN(Professor Kunkel) ROBLEYCOOK WILLIAMS, JR., B.A. Cornell University Arthritis and Rheumatism Foundation Fellow; former Senior Instructor, Western Reserve University School of Medicine. Departures from the Faculty since I April 1962 RAYMONDC. VALENTINE(Professor Hotchkiss) U.S. Public Health Service Postdoctoral Fellow; former Re- ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS search Assistant, University of Illinois. MAURICES. FOXleft in September to become Associate Pro- EDITHWIENER (Associate Professor Cohn) fessor in the Department of Biology at Massachusetts Insti- Research Assistant, Laboratory of Microbiological Chemis- tute of Technology. try, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School in Jeru- RICHARDM. KRAUSEleft in September to become Professor in salem, on leave. the Department of Preventive Medicine at Washington Uni- versity School of Medicine, St. Louis. I? PETERWOODFORD (Professor Ahrens) Lecturer, University of Leiden; Research Fellow, Dutch S. WILLIAMPELLETIER left in September to head the Depart- Medical Research Council. ment of Chemistry at the University of Georgia, Athens. ASSISTANT PROFESSORS SEIZOTSUDA left in July to return to Japan. EDWINL. BIERMANleft in September to become Assistant Pro- ELLIOTS. VESELLleft in June to become Resident in Medicine fessor of Medicine at the School at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston. of Medicine, Seattle. ULRICHNAF left in August to become Associate Professor (Re- Guest Investigators leaving search) in the 'Department of Biology, College. the Institute since 1 Afril1962

RESEARCH ASSOCIATES MIHOKOABE left in June to return to the National Institute of Health in Tokyo. RAJINDRAANEJA left in September to join the Department of Chemistry at the University of Georgia, Athens. FRANCOBCHAPEVILLE left in April to return to the Biology M. A. ATAMERleft in August and is at the Veterans Adminis- Department of the French Atomic Energy Commission. tration Hospital, Coral Gables, Florida. JOSEFFENDRICH left in October to return to the Israeli Institute NOELDE TERRAleft in August to join the Zoology Department for Biological ~esearch,Ness-Ziona. of the University of California at Los Angeles. ULRICHGERLACH returned in April to the University of Miin- ANNEGEISMAR left in May and worked for several months at ster, Germany. Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. JAMEST. HAMLINI11 left in June to become Assistant Profes- In September she returned to HBtel Dieu, Paris. sor of Medicine and Director of the Cardiovascular Research JOSIAHB. GOULD,JR., returned in September to American Uni- Laboratory at the Medical College of Georgia, Augusta. versity, Washington, where he is an Assistant Professor. MORTONHARBOE left in September to go to the Institute for FRANZJAISLE left in June to return to the University of Wiirz- Experimental Medical Research, Ullevaal Hospital, Oslo. burg, Germany. CHARLESH. H&, left in April to return to North Carolina State HENRYE. KYBURG,JR., left in June to become Associate Pro- College where he is Professor of Poultry Nutrition. fessor of Mathematics and Philosophy, University of Denver. JACQUESLIPETZ left in August to become Assistant Professor MAKOTOMATSUMOTO left in September to return to The Insti- (Research), Department of Biology, . tute for Infectious Diseases, Tokyo. MARTINLIPKIN left in June and is continuing work on Elec- FRITZMILLER left in October to return to his post as Associate Professor in the Department of Pathology, University of tronic Data Processing in Hematology at New York Univer- Munich, Germany. sity. JANEMORSE left in June to become an Instructor in the De- DANIELNATHANS left in August to become Assistant Professor partment of Medicine of Columbia University College of in the Department of Microbiology of The Johns Hopkins Physicians and Surgeons. University School of Medicine. JACOBNEEDLEMAN left in June to become Assistant Professor JAMESOFENGAND left in September to become Assistant Pro- of Philosophy at San Francisco State College. fessor in the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cal- M~cmmoOGATA left in June to return to Kyushu University, ifornia Medical Center in San Francisco. Japan, where he is a Lecturer in the School of Medicine. C. KIRK OSTERLANDleft in June to go to the E C. PARTHASARATHYleft in September to join the Department in Paris. of Chemistry of the University of Georgia in Athens. ALBERTL. SHEFFERleft in August to work at the Leahey Clinic JOHNPHILIP returned in June to Copenhagen, where he will in Boston. join the staff of Rigshospitelet. IRWIN1.Y. SHERMANleft in August to become Assistant Pro- ELIZABETHM. PRESSreturned in May to St. Mary's Hospital fessor in the Department of Zoology, University of California Medical School in London where she is a Lecturer. at Riverside. JOHNH. ROCKEYleft in June to become Assistant Professor of ROBERTP VANTUBERGEN left at the end of May because of Microbiology at the University of Pennsylvania School of ill health. Medicine. MAX A. W~OD~URYleft in' June and iscontinuing-work on ERWINRUDE left at the end of April to return to Germany. Electronic Data Processing in Hematology at New York University. DEREKG. SMYTHleft in August to return to England as a Re- search Associate at the National Institute for Medical Re- search in London. SOPHIE FRICKE FELLOWS ALANJ. SOLOleft in August to become an Assistant Professor GLYNJONES left in September to return to The Rowett Research in the Department of Medicinal Chemistry in the State Uni- Institute in Aberdeen, Scotland, where he is now Senior versity of New York at Buffalo. Scientific Officer. TOMT. STONIERleft in August to become an Associate Profes- PHILIPPESENGEL returned in August to his post as Sous-direc- sor (Research) in the Department of Biology of Manhattan teur de laboratoire, Laboratoire d'Embryologie exphimen- College. tale, CollBge de France, Paris.