Journal of Clinical and Translational Science
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Journal of Clinical and Translational Science EDUCATION SPECIAL COMMUNICATION The Rockefeller University Clinical Scholars (KL2) program 2006–2016 Sarah J. Schlesinger1, Michelle Romanick1, Jonathan N. Tobin1,2, Donna Brassil1, Rhonda G. Kost1, Rita Devine1, Barbara O’Sullivan1, Roger D. Vaughan1,3, Yupu Liang1, Joel Correa da Rosa1, Maija Williams1, James G. Krueger1 and Barry S. Coller1* 1 Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA 2 Clinical Directors Network, Inc., New York, NY, USA 3 Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Journal of Clinical and Translational Science (2017), 1, pp. 285–291 doi:10.1017/cts.2017.308 Introduction and Methods. The Rockefeller Clinical Scholars (KL2) program began in 1976 and transitioned into a 3-year Master’s degree program in 2006 when Rockefeller joined the National Institute of Health Clinical and Translational Science Award program. The program consists of ∼ 15 trainees supported by the Clinical and Translational Science Award KL2 award and University funds. It is designed to provide an optimal environment for junior translational investigators to develop team science and leadership skills by designing and performing a human subjects protocol under the supervision of a distinguished senior investigator mentor and a team of content expert educators. This is complemented by a tutorial focused on important translational skills. Results. Since 2006, 40 Clinical Scholars have graduated from the programs and gone on to careers in academia (72%), government service (5%), industry (15%), and private medical practice (3%); 2 (5%) remain in training programs; 39/40 remain in translational research careers with 23 National Institute of Health awards totaling $23 million, foundation and philanthropic support of $20.3 million, and foreign government and foundation support of $6 million. They have made wide ranging scientific discoveries and have endeavored to translate those discoveries into improved human health. Conclusion. The Rockefeller Clinical Scholars (KL2) program provides one model for translational science training. Received 29 September 2017; Revised 11 October 2017; Accepted 15 November 2017 the Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences in Thailand, we ’ Key words: Translational research, Training, KL2, master’s degree. are limiting this report to the graduates of the Master s degree program from 2006 to 2016. Introduction Background The overarching goal of The Rockefeller Clinical Scholars (KL2) program is to prepare trainees to be successful translational science investigators The Rockefeller University has been committed to excellence in the who improve human health. The program began on an informal basis in conduct and teaching of biomedical research since its founding in 1901 1976, was reorganized into a formal program in 2001, and was modified as The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research. The founding vision into the current 3-year New York State-approved Master of Clinical was for the faculty to carry out basic research on human diseases, Investigation degree granting program in 2006 at the time of the first aided by a hospital on the campus devoted solely to research and Rockefeller Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) and the education. The hospital opened in 1910 with the radically new philo- creation of the Center for Clinical and Translational Science (CCTS). sophy of the founding director, Rufus Cole, of staffing the hospital with Although a number of outstanding scholars completed the program from fulltime, salaried “physician-scientists” performing clinical and transla- 2001 to 2006 and went on to successful academic and research positions tional science at the bedside and the research bench. This model was at The National Institutes of Health, major academic medical centers, and remarkably successful, and by the time of his retirement in 1937, Cole’s trainees included 112 full-time academic faculty members * Address for correspondence: B. S. Coller, M.D., Rockefeller University, 1230 York across the country, 3 deans, 22 members of the National Academy of Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA. Sciences, and 46 members of the prestigious Association of American (Email: [email protected]) Physicians. The Rockefeller University Hospital carries on this © The Association for Clinical and Translational Science 2018. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work. Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.8, on 30 Sep 2021 at 17:54:51, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2017.308 286 cambridge.org/jcts tradition today with virtually all patients in the Hospital participating in statistically, and have a compelling measurable endpoint related to the a research protocol led by full-time faculty and trainee translational health need so as to justify regulatory approval and/or clinical adoption investigators. Patients are not charged for either their medical or and implementation. Thus, the Clinical Scholars (KL2) program is hospital services. designed to provide an optimal environment for scholars to acquire each of these skills through both experiential and didactic components, coupled with the support of an extensive infrastructure of experts Methods who can guide the scholars through the development, approval, conduct, analysis, and dissemination of the results of their own pro- Program Size and Funding tocol. Team science is integral to the success of translational research and so it is emphasized throughout the program, most particularly the Based on our experience from 2001 to 2006, we found that individual requirement that all scholars serve as principal investigator (PI) of their attention to scholars, active participation by scholars in tutorials, peer own human subjects protocol. learning, and social cohesion were optimal when the program contained 15–20 scholars (online Supplementary Fig. S1). Program Organization The program has been supported by the KL2 portion of the CTSA and University funds, the latter coming both from a University endowment For the years 2006 to 2015 the CTSA PI Dr Barry Coller served as the fund and additional philanthropic support (online Supplementary Clinical Scholars (KL2) program director and Dr Sarah Schlesinger, Fig. S1). Scholars are each paid the same base amount from the pro- Associate Professor of Clinical Investigation at Rockefeller, served as gram, but mentors can provide modest supplements from their own codirector. In 2016, the director and codirector changed positions. funds to recognize extraordinary experience, expertise, or responsi- The director and codirector select a Chief Clinical Scholar (or scho- bilities—or success in obtaining external funding. To insure that the lars) each year who helps with organizational and administrative issues, scholars can devote essentially 100% of their effort to their research, assists with recruitment of new scholars, guides the scholars in their they are enjoined from performing clinical services for remuneration choice of tutorial topics, reviews the scientific quality of protocols as a (other than overnight and weekend clinical coverage in the Rockefeller member of the CCTS Advisory Committee for Clinical and Transla- University Hospital itself). At the same time, if their clinical research tional Science, and provides feedback to the program leadership. The project at Rockefeller is too limited to maintain their clinical skills, they chief scholars also play a vital role in leading the comprehensive are encouraged to perform limited clinical activities on a voluntary anonymous review of all aspects of the program by the scholars each basis at one of the nearby academic medical centers. year, along with developing and implementing important changes in the program to take advantage of new opportunities and to strengthen Program Philosophy elements that need improvement. The Clinical Scholars program administrator, Michelle Romanick, plays a vital role in insuring that the scholars meet the milestones along the timeline required for them to Translational research differs from basic investigation in that it seeks to complete the program in 3 years. use the scientific method to address a health need and so its goal is to improve human health. In contrast, basic science discovery research is designed to critically probe current scientific paradigms with the goal of Applicant Pool and Selection advancing scientific knowledge. Well-conceived and executed basic science projects always produce new knowledge because they either The Clinical Scholars (KL2) program is geared primarily for physicians, support or do not support the current scientific paradigms. In contrast, either M.D.s or M.D./Ph.D.s, who have completed or nearly the uncertainties surrounding the translation of a scientific discovery completed their clinical training, but it is also open to individuals with into a novel drug, diagnostic device, or disease prevention strategy, medically related graduate degrees.