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Spring 1962 The Rockefeller Institute Quarterly 1962, vol. 6, no. 1 The Rockefeller University

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Evolutionary and ~o'dernCulture

BY PROFESSOR TH. DOBZHANS

No QUESTION is more perplexing and yet most thoroughly studied faunae and florae. of non-scientists, because of ignorance, to more inescapable than "What is man?" It In the less well studied ones, mostly in see the beauty of science, and the inability was old and much debated when Darwin the tropics, probably not even one half of of scientists, even of those not devoid of founded evolutionary biology and sketched the existing species have been named. The an appreciation of beauty, to communi- the first scientific answers-man is a part total number of species on our planet can cate this appreciation. of and a product of evolutionary hardly be less than two million, and it may In biology, it is the theory of evolution development. I want to venture some ideas well be twice as great. ,, which imparts significance to the greatest concerning the place of evolutionary biol- Now, the naming of a species is only number of facts many of which may other- ogy in modem science and in modern cul- the beginning of its study. Ideally, we wise be trivial. The greatness of Darwin ture, and I shall begin by presenting my should know its structure, external and lies in that he restored the beauty to a conclusion before my arguments. Stated anatomic, gross and microscopic, and its great field of knowledge which was in most simply, it is that evolutionary biology physiology and embryologyf, and ecology, danger of losing its fascination owing to may span the much-discussed cleft be- and many other things. To some extent all piling up of accurate but disjointed data. tween the two cultures into which the in- these things are being studied, described, Nothing makes sense in biology, except tellectual life of our society has become and recorded in the scientific literature. in the light of evolution, sub specie euo- fragmented. Evolutionary biology may But it is evident that even two million spe- lutionis. If the species were created as help to heal this schism. cies cannot, and indeed need not, be de- they are now, instead of having evolved, Our bodies are "fearfully and wonder- scribed in equally minute details-in as then why should there be so many of fully made." But so are the bodies of all them, instead of, say, a dozen or so? The organisms, animals and plants, down even organic diversity becomes intelligible only to the simplest. The diversity of these Professor Dobzhansky's appointment to as a response of living matter to the di- "fearfully and wonderfully made" forms the faculty of The Rockefeller Institute versity of environments on our planet. The is staggeringly great. One has to be obtuse is announced in this issue. This article is multitudinous kinds of creatures, from the indeed not to be impressed by the sight based on an address before the Academy biggest to the smallest, from the most com- of a summer meadow teeming with life, of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia at its plex to the "sim~plest,"from the ordinary or of the microscopic world in a drop of Sesquicentennial Jubilee, 21 March 1962. and nondescript to the bizarre, all are pond water. I hesitate to mention in this creative responses of protoplasm to the connection the luxuriant tropical forests different opportunities of making a living, or coral reefs, since most people in our much detail as, say, the human body has satisfaction of what looks like an un- society have never seen them; they do not been described. Such a mass of observa- quenchable urge of resisting death and know what they are missing! tional data would no longer be fascinat- including more and more of the environ- The aesthetic appeal of organic diver- ing, it would be depressing. For science is ment into the biosphere. sity has led to the emergence of the science not a mere collection of facts, no matter Similarities between at first sight quite of biology. During the eighteenth and how carefully and securely recorded. It dissimilar organisms in structures, in bio- much of the nineteenth centuries biology is a rationally organized system of signif- chemical processes, and in developmental was chiefly natural . Systematics and icant facts. Significant,- that is, for our patterns do not come from a mere caprice comparative anatomy were the branches understanding of ourselves, of the world or a lack of inventiveness on the part of that attracted most workers. Natural his- in which we live, and of our place in that the Creator; they are vestiges of common tory is at present a designation which to world. descent and signs of mutual relatedness not a few modern biologists has a slightly It is here that the importance of scien- of all that lives. There still exist some disdainful sound. It is, allegedly, some- tific theory comes in. It organizes the dis- stubborn people who prefer to suppose thing half-way between academic science jointed and therefore meaningless facts that all these attestations of evolution are and artistic contemplation of nature's won- into a harmonious system. It gives facts mere sham and delusion. For my part, I ders. However that may be, natural science their meanings, and restores to them their agree with Teilhard de Chardin who created biology. Linnaeus undertook the beauty and their aesthetic appeal. A scien- wrote: "Is evolution a theory, a system, or formidable task of classifying the world tific theory can be beautiful, just as a a hypothesis? It is much more-it is a of life. In 1758 he knew about 4.235 spe- flowering meadow is beautiful, though in general postulate to which all theories, all cies of animals and 534.2 of plants, mostly a more subdued, more recondite, more hypotheses, all systems must hencefor- from northwestern Europe. Two centuries sophisticated, but also less evanescent ward bow and which they must satisfy in after Linnaeus the number of named spe- way. The schism between the two cul- order to be thinkable and true. Evolution cies of organisms was above one million. tures, made famous by ,C. E! Snow, is a is a light which illuminates all facts, a New species are still found, even in the result of, among other things, the inability (continued on page two) trajectory which all lines of thought must We do not extrapolate from Drosophila of different castes or classes or professional follow-this is what evolution is." to man, or vice versa. We know however groups within a society, often follow dif- Evolution is a light which illuminates that all forms of life, from microbes to ferent ways of life and behave differently. not only nature outside ourselves but also man, are products of the evolution of liv- Must these differences also be genetic? our own nature. It illuminates man, for ing matter. Were we to secure a thorough So must be, some people contend, the dif- man is a product of evolution. I said above understanding of the evolution of, say, the ferences in achievement, social position, that evolutionary biology may help to heal grasshoppers of Australia, this would in- and economic status. Attempts to change the schism between C. I! Snow's two cul- evitably improve our understanding of the the characteristics of human groups, or to tures. I think this is so because under- evolution of man. And the converse is of ameliorate their lot by social, economic, standing man is a prime concern of both course true also. Thus it comes about that or educational means are not only futile cultures. It is a prime concern of just about the royal road towards understanding but also "contrary to nature." any conceivable culture. You may, if you some aspects of man lies very often through wish, be uninterested in atoms and elec- research on organisms other than man. NATURE VS. NURTURE trons, in mountains and galaxies, in flow- The basic rule of strategy of scientific re- Now, people are genetically different; ers and bugs and beasts; you will find it search is admirably simple-every problem excepting identical twins, every human difficult to be unconcerned about human should be studied with materials which being is almost certainly genetically nature, or at least about your own nature. make this particular study easiest and unique. But the determine not fixed In his "," pub- most fruitful. It is not out' of eccentricity "qualities" but rather potentialities, po- lished-in 1859, Darwin resorted to a little alone that some scientists choose to work tentialities to be realized in the process of stratagem. He wrote about the evolution with what look like outlandish materials organic growth and development, which of animals and plants, wild and domesti- and problems. is a sequence of interactions between the cated, but he diffidently left man out of One can gain insights into human na- organism and its environment. What the consideration. The strategy fell flat; the ture through investigation of biological genes determine are the reactions or re- storm of applause and the storm of abuse nature. To say this is not to fall into the sponses of the organism to the environ- which greeted his book showed that the hoary fallacy that "man is nothing but an ment. The extent to which the path of de- bearing on man of what Darwin said animal." Man is an animal, but he is also velopment is fixed or is modifiable by about other creatures was duly perceived a great- deal else besides. Time and time environmental variations is itself geneti- by friends and by foes of his theory. So again biologists, and among them some cally determined. The degree of fixity or much so that "The Descent of Man," pub- outstanding ones, made themselves and 6f environmental plasticity is different for iz lished years later, where man was ex- their science ridiculous by handing- down different characters. For example, the de- plicitly declared a descendant from non- magisterial judgments concerning human velopment of man and other higher ani- human ancestors, caused no greater com- problems, judgments based on their bio- mals is so buffered that, unless death motion than did "The Origin of Species." logical discoveries. Now, the discoveries intervenes, two and only two eyes are were often real but the judgments pathet- formed, one on each side. Cyclopic (one- MAN IN NATURE ically wrong, because they overlooked the eyed) monsters are known, but they are Most of his life Darwin was a patient, singularity, including the biological singu- very rare. The color of your skin is fixed at times even plodding, student of ani- larity, of human nature. A consequence is less rigidly-it becomes pale if you live mals, plants, and geological strata. Yet he that many students of man, from anthro- indoors, and darkens after a good- vaca- made the greatest discovery science has pologists and psychologists to sociologists, tion on a sunny beach. Human behavior yet made about man-that man is a part of philosophers, and men of letters dismiss is most plastic. nature and a product of biological evolu- biology as'wholly irrelevant to understand- Behavior in some animals may be set tion. Here is something which many rep- ing man. within rather narrow limits by heredity, resentatives of not only the literary but Here, for example, is a line of argument but in others it may respond easily to the also of the scientific culture do not under- as plausible as it is misleading. Breeds of circumstances of upbringing, training, and stand clearly. Suppose that somebody domestic animals are often different in be- learning; In many domestic breeds behav- spends his life working like myself on havior, and the differences are genetically ior is adjusted, by the selection practiced Drosophila flies, or on birds, or bacteria. determined. The behavioral differences by the breeders, to the use which man Can he "extrapolate" his findings to man? are usually related to the different,uses to makes of a given- kind of animal. A draft Suppose, for example, that one finds out which a given breed is put by man and horse with a temperament of a race horse something about the genetic damage pro- for which it is maintained. Draft horses do would have to be shot, and a race horse duced by X-rays and atomic radiations in not win races, and race horses are not with a temperament of a draft horse would flies. Does this tell us anything about ge- used to move heavy loads. Pekingese dogs win no races. What is the situation in the netic radiation damage to man? It has are worthless as hunting companions and human species? The evolutionary emer- been wisely remarked that man is not an boxers inconvenient as lap dogs. Now, hu- gence of man is the best example of what overgrown Drosophila, and not even an man races are different breeds of the G. G. Simpson has called quantum evolu- overgrown mouse. Or maybe "extrapola- human species. The physical differences tion, i.e., of "discovery" of entirely new tion" used in this connection is a very mis- between them are largely genetic. Repre- ways of becoming adapted to the environ- leading word? sentatives of different races, and indeed ment, and of rapid transformations to ex- ploit the opportunities opened by such constitutional weaknesses. Rather over: parents producing more children than the "discovery." Man adapts to his environ- confident estimates have been published more intelligent ones.This is natural selec- ment by means of an instrument which is of just how many so-called "genetic tion. Natural selection is selection for re- his exclusive possession-his culture. One deaths" will be caused by the fallout from productive efficiency; no end of misunder- of the definitions of culture is "what peo- test explosions of atomic weapons in the standing has been caused by using the ple do as a result of having been so near and far future. word "natural" as implying goodness or taught." (Here the word "culture" is ob- The problem of the genetic radiation value or virtue. viously being used in a sense different damage is however only a part, and at that The question is not whether natural from C. I! Snow's "Two Cultures".) Cul- a minor part, of a vastly greater problem selection is operating, but whether it is ture has made man an unprecedented bio- of management of human evolution. I can piloting mankind in a desirable direction. logical success. Adaptation by culture is undertake here to indicate only the gener- But is it not presumptuous of anyone to vastly more effective, as well as vastly al outlines of this greater problem. The claim that he knows which direction is the more rapid, than genetic adaptation. Birds adaptedness of a living species to its envi- best and noblest and wisest? There are have conquered the air by becoming fly- ronment, the ability of the species to con- some choices which will be concurred in ing machines; man has achieved a mastery serve or to expand its hold on its means of by nearly everybody. It is surely desirable of the air by building flying machines. existence, is always labile. It tends to be to reduce and to eliminate many crippling, Cultures are transmitted from genera- lowered by the pressure of genetic muta- disfiguring, painful, and incapacitating di- tion to generation not through genes but tion and by shifts in the environment, and seases. But a host of doubts immediately through teaching and learning. Only bare to be pulled upwards by selection-natural arise. rudiments of cultural transmission exist selection in wild forms and artificial selec- among animals; the biological uniqueness tion in domesticated form's. The unsteady of man lies in that our species has a genet- equilibrium can be tipped in either direc- Some genes are adaptively ambivalent. ic constitution which enables mankind to tion, towards a better hold on the environ- For example, at least two different genes develop, maintain, and transmit culture. ment and expansion of the species, or which in double dose (in homozygous Culture is supra-genetic, or super-organic, towards decline and extinction. The vital condition) cause fatal anemias, in a single but it has an organic genetic foundation. issue is whether mankind can rely on dose (in heterozygous condition) confer This genetic basis makes man able to learn "normal" biological forces for mainte- a relative resistance to certain tropical and to adjust his behavior in the light of nance and improvement of its genetic pat- malarial fevers. Were such genes good or experience. In Waddington's words, man rimony, or whether man will have to take bad in populations which lived in malarial is, especially in his childhood, an "author- it upon himself to control and direct his countries, before techniques for control- ity acceptor." -determined fixity of own evolution as he will see fit in the light ling malaria were invented? Other genes behavior, if it ever existed, must have be- of his knowledge, wisdom, and ethics. may .be desirable in combinations with come relaxed at the very start of the proc- Here is, indeed, a grave challenge, pos- some but not with other genes. Epilepsy ess of hominization in man's evolution. sibly the greatest that confronts man. is a grave affliction; but Dostoevsky, and What I want to stress is that to deal with possibly also Mohammed, Pascal, and van MANAGING EVOLUTION this challenge successfully mankind will Gogh, were epileptics. Who can tell Analogies between man and breeds of have to summon all the resources of his whether the achievements of these men domestic animals are deceptive. They are two cultures, or rather will need a syn- were or were not conditioned by their in- deceptive because they mistake a peculiar thesis of the two cultures. Half-truths or firmities? Is it not probable that many a biological situation for a universal law. one-sided truths will here be almost as youth is stimulated to strive for excellence This particular lead has turned out to be dangerous as ignorance. Take, for exam- in intellectual pursuits by his inability to wrong. It is not overoptimistic however to , ple, the assertion that natural selection no excel on sport fields and in lover's lanes? hope that we have learned something by longer operates in modern mankind, and Granted that we would not want to dis- following this lead. Man's super-organic that it has to be restored to avoid genetic seminate genes for bodily weakness, is it , culture rests on a genetic foundation. And decadence. Now in the first place, natural necessary for everybody to be an athlete? here mankind faces a challenge, to re- selection does not guarantee even survival The attainments of medicine induce spond to which successfully our present of the species, not to speak of progress or some people to underrate the importance understanding of evolution is woefully improvement. Paleontological museums of the genetic endowment. The symptoms inadequate and must be improved. In re- are full of fossilized remains of organisms, of some genetic defects and diseases can cent years this threat has been discussed the evolution of which was governed, or be relieved by proper treatments. For ex- in the scientific as well as in the general misgoverned, by natural selection. And ample, therapy is effective with press in connection with the genetic dam- secondly, natural selection does operate in some forms of diabetes. Is it not reason- age inflicted on human populations by man.-Many hereditary diseases are still in- able to hope that remedies will be found high energy radiations. Radiation expo- curable; the hustle and bustle of modern also for conditions which at present we are sures induce genetic changes, mutations, life causes breakdowns of many persons powerless to treat? H. J. Muller has ar- and most mutations are more or less dele- who would live probably reasonably hap- gued eloquently against exclusive reliance terious to their carriers, the damage rang- pily in conditions of bucolic simplicity; on environmental remedies. Such reme- ing from incurably lethal diseases to mild and one hears a lot about less intelligent (continued on page nine) PROFESSOR DUBOS ON ART AND THE ANATOMY OF MADNESS

AN INTEREST in social psychiatry as an stamp of approval of contemporary phy- expression of the effect of the total envi- sicians was a representation originally ronment on the health of the individual done by I! Brueghel the Elder, of the has led Professor Reni: Dubos, who con- dancing manias, common in Europe in the siders himself an amateur in this realm, to fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth cen- discover the important place pictorial rep- turies. Below is an engraving by Hondius resentation of abnormal behavior has had from Brueghel's original painting. The in this phase of the history of art and sci- nineteenth - century French psychiatrist, ence. In Caspary Auditorium, recently, he Charcot, regarded this engraving as show- showed the faculty and students some of ing behavior strikingly similar to grande the slides from his growing collection on h ystgrie. this subject. A few of them are reproduced Both Charcot and the anatomist, Sir on these pages. Charles Bell, in addition td being eminent The Scottish anatomist, Sir Charles Bell, Artists for centuries have depicted in- scientists were accomplished draughts- was also a skillful artist and gave courses in anatomy in London in 1804 for a~tists. sanity in terms very much determined by men. Bell illustrated his scientific works The drawing above is from his "Anatomy the prevailing view of medical men and with his own exquisite drawings, and when of Expression in Painting," published, with the lay public. A striking example at lower he came to London in 1804 he began a his illustrations, in 1806. left is an etching by the seventeenth-cen- series of lectures on anatomy for artists. tury Dutch painter, Weydmans, of an op- The drawing at the top of this page which be represented, it is with a moral aim, to eration for removing "stones" from the shows Bell's view of the physiognomy of show the consequence of vice and the in- head of an unbalanced patient. Charlatans the madman is from his Essays on the dulgence of passion." by sleight-of-hand saw to it that tangible Anatomy of Expression in Painting, pub- A profound change in this view of the results from this painful and fruitless oper- lished in 1806. Dubos drew attention to insane occurred during the late eighteenth ation were visible afterwards. We see here the attitude toward insanity implicit in and early nineteenth century, led by the the antiquity of the still-current vernac- Bell's drawing. Assumed to be possessed school of Philippe Pinel, a contemporary ular description of the insane as having by some demon, the victim was held in of the painter, Louis David. Not unmind- "rocks in the head." The operation must chains apart from human society. The ex- ful of the parallel with the French Revolu- have been common, for it figures in works pression given his face was that of abstract tion, Pine1 released his patients from their by many artists, including Bosch, Vincke- madness, rather than that of a particular chains and cells, writing: "In lunatic hospi- boons, and Allard. person suffering from some behavioral de- tals as in despotic governments, it is no Among early paintings to receive the fect. Bell wrote sternly: "If madness is to doubt possible to maintain by unlimited

LEFT:an etching by the seuen- teenth- century Dutch painter, Weydmans, of an operation to remove "stones" from the head of a disturbed individual (from the Philadelphia Museum of Fine Arts). RIGHT: an engraving by Hondius in 1642 after 1? Brueghel the Elder of the danc- ing manias. The'odore Ge'ricault, friend of Dr. Georget on the staff of the hospital, kidnapper" (JamesPhilip Gray collection of the Springfield Museum La Salpe^triBre,painted a series of ten portraits in 1822-1823,each of Fine Arts in Massachusetts), RIGHT: "The madwoman" (Muse'e de illustrating a different pathological type. Above are three from the Lyon). Two others are in the Louvre and a private collection; the re- series. LEFT:"The madman" (Muse'e de Gand), CENTER: "The insane maining five were sold to a physician and have been lost. confinement and barbarous treatment the cault's portraits, as Dr. Dubos pointed out, shortly before his suicide, he painted the appearance of order and loyalty . . . A de- "an attempt to show in the face of the pa- watercolor portrait shown below. gree of liberty (in a hospital) contributes tients 'receptacles of feelings, not mirrors In closing, Dr. Dubos returned to GQri- in most instances to diminish the violence of response'." cault's sensitive por6aits of insane people, of the symptoms and in some to relieve the Of a still later generation in the same saying: "I find it difficult to escape the complaint altogether." tradition was Paul Gachet, well-known conclusion that all analytical scientists- This humane view of the insane soon French physician, who is remembered as whatever their field of specialization-may led to quite different pictorial representa- the friend and protector of the early Im- have something to learn from the holistic tions. Georget, a French psychiatrist of pressionist painters. He 'brought a friend, apprehension of the artist. It seems to me the generation after Pinel, interested the the artist Armand Gautier, to his hospital, that the artistic perception corresponds to painter GBricault in doing a series of ob- La Salp$tri&re,where he produced several a kind of understanding which, although jective individual representations of the in- much-discussed paintings. Gachet, him- too complex for scientific analytical defini- sane. Three of the portraits done in 1822- self, made fine pen sketches of his patients, nition at the present time, nevertheless 23 by GBricault, the founder of the natu- three of which are shown below. Vincent can provide valuable scientific material be- ralistic-romantic school of painting, are van Gogh was under Gachet's care after cause it expresses in a very true form, the reproduced here. One perceives in GQri- he returned from Arles, and in 1890, human awareness of the natural world."

RIGHT:an etching by Vincent van Gogh of Dr. Paul Gachet, physician who attended him in his madness. Gachet, who was also an artist and patron of the impressionists, drew the sketches shown here of his insane patients. All courtesy of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum. Division Manager of Socony Mobil Oil postwar company along new lines, empha- The Trustees Company in 1941, but this was interrupted sizing the search for crude oil reserves. in 1943 by the war, when he served for a Mr. Nickerson's thorough grasp of sales year as Director of the Placement Bureau and marketing in detail and from every A. L. NICKERSON of the War Manpower Commission. level made him the obvious choice on the Mr. Nickerson returned as Assistant Board of Directors to guide the company's A DEEP SENSE OF responsibility to the General Manager of the Eastern Market- strong marketing division as it adapted its community and a recognition of the role ing Division and was about to become traditional functions to the new order. of competition in strengthening individ- manager of this 15-state division when the The task was successfully accomplished, uals and organizations have guided Albert company asked him to fill another urgent and in 1951 Mr. Nickerson returned to in- Lindsay Nickerson's career from service need growing out of the war, which at ternational operations, becoming respon- station attendant to his present position as the same time showed him a broader view sible for foreign marketing and refining. Chairman of the Board of Directors and of the business. The company's British It was at this time that he was elected a Chief Executive Officer of the Socony Vice President of the Company. In 1955 Mobil Oil Company, Inc. he became President, and in 1958 he was Mr. Nickerson's manner speaks of the elected Chairman of the Executive Com- integrity his New England background and mittee and Chief Executive Officer. In early responsibilities gave him. Tall, soft- 1961, twenty-eight years after he went to spoken, he was born in Dedham, Massa- work in one of the company's service sta- chusetts, in 191 1, great-grandson of a Bos- tions, Mr. Nickerson became Chairman of ton sea captain who left the sea to make the Board of Socony Mobil Oil Company, his fortune in the Santa Fe railroad. After Inc., and he continues today as Chairman graduating from Harvard and a final trip of the Executive Committee and Chief to California with the Harvard crew, he Executive Officer of the'Company. went to work lubricating cars in a Socony Mr. Nickerson is a member of the Na- service station in nearby Brookline. tional Petroleum Council, a quasi-govern- Looking back on those first days in busi- mental body known to few laymen. This ness, Mr. Nickerson realizes now that the organization, composed of representatives dreary routine, the cold winter days lubri- of the petroleum industry, advises the De- cating cars in outdoor pits, disentangling partment of the Interior and the Depart- chains, and arguing with customers taught ment of State on matters pertaining to gov- him something about the ways of the world ernment policies affecting the petroleum and the value of a dollar that he could economy of the country. At the time of the have learned in no other way. At the time affiliate, Vacuum Oil Company, Ltd., was Suez crisis, for example, the Council's For- it seemed grim, but he soon began the as- being re-established in 1945 after having eign Petroleum Supply Committee was ac- cent which has taken him to the top of one been pooled during the war and managed tivated to consider measures to alleviate of the largest oil companies in the world. jointly with all other British oil companies. anticipated shortages in the United States. Within three years he had become station Mr. Nickerson was chosen to help restore He is also Director of the American Petro- manager and attracted the company's at- independent management and at the same leum Institute, a private trade association, tention by his sales ability. Mr. Nickerson time to help introduce American ideas re- and he is a member of the 25-year club of had suppdsed selling to be far from his in- garding management and distribution into the Petroleum Industry. terests or ability but when it occurred to the British operations. At 34 he was made Mr. Nickerson's strong sense of public him that sales could be regarded as serv- a Director, and a year later, in 1946, he responsibility has led him to give of his ice, the idealism was aroused that has became Chairman of the Board of the time and energies to numerous organiza- been a key to his success. As a result he Vacuum Oil Company, Ltd. tions more or less remote from the Socony was made a general salesman in 1936 un- Mr. Nickerson had expected to spend Mobil Oil Company. During the past der a management training program start- several years with the company abroad, decade or so, Mr. Nickerson has served ed that year. With his career begun, he but his value to the senior management in various ways, in- married Elizabeth Perkins, daughter of a drew him back to the United States unex- cluding the Alumni Association, the Har- banker, in that year. pectedly soon. In November 1946 he re- vard Foundation and, for the past three In four years he won his first manage- turned to be elected to the Board of Direc- years, membership on the Board of Over- ment post with the company, becoming tors of Socony Mobil Oil Company in seers of Harvard College. He is a member district sales manager at Brockton, Massa- New York with primary responsibility for of the Trustee Committee for Economic chusetts, in 1940. He must have commu- domestic marketing. Behind this simple Development and a member of the Coun- nicated to his organization his own sound phrase lay a heavy responsibility. Socony cil on Foreign Relations. He is a Director view of sales as service,for his district soon Mobil Oil had lost heavily overseas dur- of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York showed by far the greatest gain of any in ing the war in both refineries and markets. and was a Director of the National For- New England. He became New England It was necessary virtually to rebuild the eign Trade Council from 1952 to 1956. He has also three times served three-year Bequests which is working with President up a small summer home there which gives terms as a Director of the American Man- Bronk on plans for the financing of the the whole family much pleasure. They agement Association. Institute during the next decade. have four children. The oldest, Christine, Mr. Nickerson has also found time to The Nickersons have been fond of the is a computer programmer with the IBM serve as a Trustee of International House out-of-doors since the early days of their Company, Albert, a senior at Harvard, is of and of the American marriage when they liked to go down to planning to join the Peace Corps, and Museum of Natural History. He became a Cape Cod on weekends and sleep out Elizabeth and Victoria are students in the Trustee of The Rockefeller Institute in under the stars. After spending a number Rye Country Day School in the West- 1958. He is Chairman of a newly created of vacations sailing in Maine they acquired chester community where the Nickersons Trustees' Committee on Gifts, Grants and an island a few years ago. They have put have their home.

DOBZHANSKY AND Professor in the University of Louvain. His scientific interests have centered first around the physiology and biochemistry DEDUVE PRoFESSoRS oftheliverandthemechanismofactionof insulin and glucagon. In recent years, he Appointment of two distinguished scien- has served as President of the American and his group have specialized in the use tists as Professors in The Rockefeller Insti- Society of Geneticists, the American Soci- of centrifugal fractionation techniques tute has been announced, beginning with ety of Naturalists, and the Society for the and in the study of subcellular particles. the coming academic year. Study of Evolution, and he is President- Professor deDuve was elected this year elect of the American Society of Zoolo- gists. His contributions to genetics have been recognized by scientific societies throughout the world. He is a foreign member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Brazilian Academy of Sci- ences, the Leopoldine-Carolingian Ger- man Academy of Natural Sciences, and the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland among many others. The National Academy of Sciences has twice honored Dr. Dobzhansky, award- ing him the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal in 194.1 and the Kimber Genetics Award in 1958, and he was given the Darwin award of the Leopoldine German Acad- emy in 1959. Numerous universities have THEODOSIUSDOBZHANSKY, until now Da conferred their honorary degrees on him, corresponding member of the Royal Acad- Costa Professor of Zoology in Columbia including SFio Paulo, Wooster, Miinster, emy of Medicine of Belgium, and has University, was born in Russia and com- Montreal, Chicago, and Sydney. received several scientific awards in his pleted his studies in the University of Kiev. country. He is also a member of various He was a Fellow of the International Edu- CHRISTIANDEDUVE, formerly Professor chemical and biochemical societies in Bel- cation Board of the Rockefeller Founda- and Director of the Laboratory of Phys- gium, France, Great Britain, and the tion, studying in this country, and in 1929 iological Chemistry, University of Louvain United States. Among his activities on be- he was appointed Assistant Professor of (Belgium), received the degree of Doc- half of science, Professor deDuve has Genetics in the California Institute of tor of Medicine, Surgery and Obstetrics served on the board and committees of nu- Technology. He was professor there from from the University of Louvain in 1941. merous organizations, including the Na- 1936 to 1940 when he was called to Co- In 1946, after postdoctoral research at tional Funds for Scientific Research, the lumbia University as Professor of Zoology, Louvain he received the degree of Master Funds of Scientific Medical Research and to become Da Costa Professor in 1960. of Science in Chemistry. Thereafter he did the National Council of Scientific Policy in Dr. Dobzhansky is a member of the research at the Nobel Institute in Stock- Belgium. He is a member of the Advisory National Academy of Sciences, the Amer- holm with Professor Hugo Theorell and at Board of the Ciba Foundation and of the ican Philosophical Society, and the Amer- Washington University in St. Louis with Editorial Committee of the Journal of The- ican Academy of Arts and Sciences. He Professor Carl Cori. In 1951 he became oretical Biology. hundred and forty leading educators and government officials concerned with ed- MISCELLANY ucation discussed the place of graduate in universities and its role in the furtherance of industry, in community W.H. Auden Guest paintings she would have loved should life and in the national interest. at Evening of Poetry Reading be purchased from gifts by her son and On March 28-30, Dr. Bronk convened hung in buildings honoring her memory. a meeting of representatives of all Re- A small group of students and faculty The trend away from purely abstract ex- search Councils in North and South Amer- met with W. H. Auden on the evening of pressionism toward representation, which ica and of American countries contem- January 30th to hear him read from his has been noted in contemporary American plating the creation of Research Councils. works and to discuss the art of writing. An painting recently, is reflected in the Insti- Common problems were considered and outstanding figure in the generation fol- tute's new acquisitions. A large painting plans were formulated for annual meet- lowing Pound's and Eliot's "revolution," by Elmer Bischoff, "Landscape with Pink ings in order to foster the scientific de- Mr. Auden is, of course, of great interest Clouds, April, 1.961,'' in the foyer of Cas- velopment of the Western Hemisphere. to all persons concerned with English let- pary Hall calls to mind CCzanne. The con- ters. Auden, in return, finds the Institute ference room in Caspary Hall is now orna- of particular interest, for he has concluded mented with a strongly r'epresentational Palestinian Archaeology that in contemporary cultures scientists painting by Paul Delvaux, "Le Veilleur, Subject of Sigma Xi Lecture have taken the place of the classical hero 1961," somewhat in the style of Henri by Albright as the only class of modern society which Rousseau. The abstract expressionists are embarks on real adventures. He believes represented among the new paintings by The application of Palestinian archae- that a significant task for modem poets is E. Briggs, whose study in yellow, green, ology to the dating of historical kvents was to help the scientist realize himself more and white is hung in the Club Room, and the subject of an addgess by Professor fully in this role. Now a New Yorker, Kenzo Okada, whose "Wave" can be seen William E Albright of The Johns Hopkins Auden, who was born in England, came to in the lounge of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller University before the Society of the Sigma the United States in 1939 and became an Hall. A small circular composition by Fritz Xi at the Institute on February 13, 1962. American citizen in 1945. During the live- Glarner called "Relational Painting, Tondo Dr. Albright, who was among the first to ly discussion, which lasted well into the 22, 1951," has been hung in the Dining recognize the antiquity of the Dead Sea night, Mr. Auden recalled his own educa- Room. Scrolls on the basis of paleographic consid- tion in science which was begun at home erations, was Spence Professor of Scientif- by his father, a physician first schooled in Brink on President's Committee ic Languages at The Hopkins where he is the Greek and Latin classics. During his for National Medal of Science now Professor Emeritus. The lecture, formal education at Oxford, Auden studied which was the second public Sigma Xi biology under Julian Huxley and has vig- President Kennedy recently appointed Lecture during the academic year, was orously continued his interest, for not only Professor Frank Brink, Jr., to a twelve-man preceded by a dinner in Welch Hall for have scientific ideas and scientists been President's Committee formed to consider members of The Rockefeller Institute among his favorite poetic subjects but he recommendations for the award of the Na- Chapter and their guests. is currently preparing an essay on simi- tional Medal of Science. The medal was larities of method in science and art. established in 1959 by the Eighty-Sixth University of Leiden Honors Kac Congress "to provide recognition for indi- Additions to Institute's viduals who make outstanding contribu- The University of Leiden has honored tions in the physical, biological, mathe- Professor by appointing him Collection of Contemporary matical, and sciences." The 1963 Lorentz Visiting Professor in Theo- American Paintings President has appointed the committee to retical Physics. The Lorentz Professorship receive and select among recommenda- was established in 1951 in memory of the New paintings have been added to tions from the National Academy of Sci- distinguished Dutch theoretical physicist, the collection of works by contemporary ences and other nationally representative H. A. Lorentz, who shared the American painters hung in Abby Aldrich scientific and engineering organizations in physics in 1902 with Pieter Zeeman. Its Rockefeller Hall and Caspary Hall. Acqui- for recipients of the award. aim is to bring distinguished scientists sition of these paintings has been made from other parts of the world to the Insti- possible by the generous gifts of David Graduate Education tute of Theoretical Physics at Leiden for Rockefeller. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller was and Hemisphere Science a period of a few months. a founder of the Museum of Modern Art, Professor Uhlenbeck was the first to and that there exists an internationally rec- President Bronk delivered the Sum- hold the professorship; other distinguished ognized school of American painting is due mation Address at a National Symposium scientists from the United States ap- in large measure to her encouragement and on Graduate Education held in Dallas pointed in later years were Eugene Wigner support. It is especially appropriate that during the third week in March. One of , John Van Vleck of Harvard, and John Kirkwood of Yale. of the Society in February, and Dr. and three Herzstein Lectures. The first two Dr. Kac is the first mathematician to be Mrs. Rous will go to London to attend cer- were on "Man Versus Environment," the thus honored. emonies for conferring the medal in July. third was titled "Adaptation for Survival and Growth." Royal Society of Medicine Dubos is 1962 Herzstein Lecturer Dr. Dubos's lectures, presented in the Honors Peyton Rous in London Medical Sciences Auditorium in San Fran- The and the cisco, California, were introduced by the Dr. Peyton Rous, much-honored mem- School of Medicine Provost of Stanford University, the Presi- ber emeritus of the faculty of The Rocke- have honored Professor Ren6 J. Dubos by dent of the San Francisco Medical Society, feller Institute, will receive the Gold Med- appointing him 1962 Herzstein Lecturer. and Dr. Halsted R. Holman, executive of al of the Royal Society of Medicine in Dr. Dubos's interest in man's adjustment the Department of Medicine at Stanford, London. Selection of Dr. Rous to receive to his environment, discussed elsewhere in who was an associate of Professor Henry the award was announced by the Council this issue, determined the topics of his Kunkel at the Institute until 1960.

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY continuedfrom page three "When one considers how much the world owes to single individuals of the dies, no matter how effective in restoring unwise to take it for granted that tech- order of capability of an Einstein, Pasteur, the health of the treated persons, do not niques for directed change of human Descartes, Leonardo, or Lincoln, it be- prevent the transmission, and consequent- genes are just around the corner, or for comes evident how vastly society would ly the spread, of undesirable genes in pop- that matter that they are bound to be be enriched if they were to be mani- ulations. As Muller wrote in 1950 (Ameri- discovered. folded." I heartily agree with Muller that can Journal of Human Genetics, Volume In the meanwhile, the genetic trends in mankind is greatly indebted to these men 2, pp. 111-176): the situation will accord- the human species may be detrimental, of genius. But I cannot get rid of gnawing ingly be reached when "the amount of and this may call for remedies. doubts, not indicative, I hope, of disre- genetically caused impairment suffered by spect to these men. There is reason to in- the average individual, even though he GENE BANKS PROPOSED fer, though no indisputable proof, that the

has all the techniques of civilization work- According to Muller; the danger is genetic- endowments of such men differ ing to mitigate it, must by that time have grave and present and justifies resort to from those of a majority of persons. The grown to be as great in the presence of drastic measures. Muller has sketched a growth and fulfillment of a genius is how- these techniques as it had been in paleo- tripartite program of "guidance of human ever an immensely complex and subtle lithic times without them. But instead of evolution" by means of a) "presently avail- problem; it is misleading to imply that people's time and energy being mainly able genetic techniques" b) "technical there is anything like one-to-one corre- spent in the struggle with external ene- advances in the offing" c) "more distant spondence between genotype and genius. mies of a primitive kind such as famine, prospects." Muller recommends artificial What would Einstein's genotype have pro- climatic difficulties and wild beasts, they insemination of women by semen from duced if its carrier happened to be born would be devoted chiefly to the effort to selected donors, and conservation of se- in a ghetto, or in a slum, or in a tribe in the

live carefully, to spare and to prop up men in deep-frozen condition, to be used highlands- of New Guinea? Do we know their own feeblenesses, to soothe their perhaps long after the donor's decease. An how many priceless genetic endowments inner disharmonies and, in general, to doc- improvement in the offing shall be a tech- are now being wasted in the world's pop- tor themselves as effectively as possible. nique to make the ovaries of superior ulation? For everyone would be an invalid, with women shed all the egg cells they contain, his own special familial twists." a majority of which go to waste at present, A PLEA FOR HUMILITY Yet another hope is that techniques may preserving these egg cells, combining And finally, would it really be good to be developed, perhaps analogous to the them with superior sperms, and letting live in a world where everybody is an transforming principles which are so effec- them develop in uteri of other women Einstein? Have we not arrived at a point tive with some microorganisms, for induc- good enough for this purpose but not good where genetics, biology, and science suf- tion of directed genetic changes in the enough to be chosen to pass on their own fice no longer? I do not mean for an in- human germ plasm. This might make ge- genes. Then it should be possible to in- stant that biology has nothing to say about netic defects remediable at their source, vent a technique to preserve the diploid man's fate. Man will not abdicate his by implantation of superior genes in place body cells of the most illustrious donors, birthright to judge what nature hath of defective ones. It would not do to reject to stimulate them to develop partheno- wrought, and to strive to improve on na- this bright hope altogether. History of genetically, and thus obtain virtually any ture's works. But the judgment must be science shows that discoveries once number of persons as similar in their based on both knowledge and wisdom; thought to be fantastic have sometimes genetic endowments to the donor and to we must avoid hubris which would be been achieved. But it would be even more each other as identical twins. man's undoing. GUIDO GUIDOTTI The . FACULTY ACTIVITIES ROLLIN D. HOTCHKISS Dyer Lectureship, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda. Distinguished Lecturer in Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, . Academic Appointments GEORGE J. JACKSON New York Society of Tropical Medicine, New York City. REN$DUBOS Herzstein Visiting Professor, University of California and Stan- HENRY E. KYBURG, JR. ford University Medical Schools. Graduate Club Lecture, .

RICHARD M. FRANKLIN DAN H. MOORE Visiting Assistant Professor, Department of , Univer- School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles. sity of California, Berkeley. GEORGE E. PALADE MARK KAC Harvey Lecture, New York City. Lorentz Visiting Professor, University of Leiden. HOWARD A. SCHNEIDER ALEXANDER MAURO W~lterReed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D. C. Lecturer in Neurology, Laboratory of Neurophysiology, IRWIN W. SHERMAN . New York Society of Tropical Medicine, New York City. WILLIAM TRAGER Visiting Professor, Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida Biology-Biochemistry Colloquium, Brandeis University. State University, Tallahassee. Society of the Sigma Xi, University of Massachusetts.

WILLIAM H. STEIN A wards Philips Lecturer, Haverford College.

PEYTONROUS EDWARD L. TATUM Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Medicine, London. First Inter-American Conference on Congenital Defects, Los Angeles. Addresses and Lectures PAUL WEISS Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm. EDWARD H. AHRENS, JR. Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Physiological Society, Stockholm. Galeus Honorary Medical Society, Physiological Institute, Sorbonne, Paris. Medical School. Bucknell University Challenge, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Yale University Lecture Series in Theoretical and Mathematical Biology. ALEXANDER G.BEARN university of California at Los Angeles. Genetics Study Unit, Yale University. American College of Physicians, Postgraduate Course in Hu- CURTIS A. WILLIAMS, JR. man Genetics, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Rudolf Virchow Medical Society in the City of New York. MAX A. WOODBURY DETLEV W. BRONK The Westinghouse Education Foundation, zist National Sci- Columbia Medical Center, New York. ence Talent Search Awards Dinner. VLADIMIR K. ZWORYKIN Meeting of the Philadelphia Chapter of the American Technion MERRILL W. CHASE Robert A. Cooke Memorial Lecture, American Academy of Society. Allergy, Denver.

REN~DUBOS Participation in Conferences and Symposia Society of the and Society of Psychiatry, Washington, D. C. EDWARD H. AHRENS, JR. Keynote Speaker, International JournBes Bretonneau, Tours, Chairman, Special Review Panel on Diet and Heart Disease, France. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda.

LUDWIG EDELSTEIN VINCENT ALLFREY Cornell Medical History Society, Cornell Medical College, Seminar on Synthetic Reactions in Cell Nuclei, Yale University. New York City. ARMIN C. BRAUN MAURICE FOX Gustav Stem Symposium on Perspectives in Virology, 3rd Con- American Chemical Society, Biochemistry Group, Pittsburgh. ference, New York. DETLEV W. BRONK NORTON D. ZINDER Symposium on Modern Graduate Education, Southwest Re- Gustav Stem Symposium on Perspectives in Virology, 3rd search Foundation, Dallas. Conference, New York. Symposium on Biological Replication, the Biophysical Society, VERNON B. BROOKS Washington, D. C. Conference on Brain and Behavior, American Institute of Bio- logical Sciences and Brain Research Institute of the Univer- Society Elections sity of California at Los Angeles.

DETLEV W. BRONK MERRILL W. CHASE Symposium on Conceptual Advances in Immunology and On- Honorary Member, The Royal Institution, London. cology, 16th Annual Symposium on Fundamental Cancer JAMES L. GERMAN, 111 Research, Houston. Fellow, American College of Physicians.

LYMAN C. CRAIG GEORGE E. PALADE Symposium Lecture, Colloid Division, American Chemical So- Council, Electron Microscope Society of America. ciety, Washington, D. C. NORMAN R. STOLL

MAURICE FOX Life Member, New York Society of Tropical Medicine, New Cytogenetics Seminar, Departments of Botany and Zoology, Tork City. Yale University. Affiliate, The Royal Society of Medicine, London.

PAUL WEISS RICHARD M. FRANKLIN Gustav Stern Symposium on Perspectives in Virology, 3rd Con- President, The Harvey Society. ference, New York. VICTOR WILSON Seminar, Department of Virology, University of California, Member, The Harvey Society. Berkeley.

FRITZ LIPMANN Other Elections and Appointments Symposium on RNA Coding, Indiana University, Bloomington. Symposium on Basic Problems in Neoplastic Diseases, College DETLEV W. BRONK of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University. Member, Panel of Advisors, Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between East and West in University of Hawaii A,LEXANDER MAURO Member, Advisory Committee, World Food Congress. Kendall Award Symposium, American Chemical Society, Wash- Member, National Committee of The Iran Foundation, Inc. ington, D. C. MERRILL W. CHASE DAN H. MOORE President, Metropolitan New York Branch, Animal Care Panel. Conference on Mammary Tumor Virus, University of Califor- nia, Berkeley. LYMAN C. CRAIG Member, Selection and Scheduling Committee, Gordon Re- FLOYD RATLIFF search Conferences. Symposium on Physiological Optics, Optical Society of Amer- ica, Washington, D. C. ROLLIN D. HOTCHKISS Advisory Committee, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. THEODORE SHEDLOVSKY Board of Associate Editors, Biochemisty. Kendall Award Symposium, American Chemical Society, Wash- ington, D. C. DANIEL E. KOSHLAND, JR. Editorial Board, Biochimica et Biophysics Acta. LOUIS E. SILTZBACH Academic Council, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Trudeau Society Meeting, West Point, New York. FRITZ LIPMANN NORMAN R. STOLL Member, Scientific Advisory Committee, Massachusetts Gen- Conference on Laboratory Diagnosis of Microbial Diseases, eral Hospital. New York Academy of Sciences. Chairman and Participant, Symposium on Relation between ROBERT L. SCHOENFELD Chemotherapeutic Drugs, Infecting Organisms and Hosts; Vice Chairman, Life Sciences Advisory Committee, Polytechnic Biological Council Co-ordinating Committee for Symposia Institute of Brooklyn. on Drug Action, London. PAUL WEISS Member, International Advisory Council, Naples Zoological PAUL WEISS Station, Rome and Naples. Symposium on Modem Graduate Education, Southwest Re- Member, Executive Committee, International Society for Cell search Foundation, Dallas. Biology, Paris. MAX A. WOODBURY Member, Planning Committee, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit. Scientific Session, Heart Association of Southeastern Pennsyl- Member, Executive Committee, Division of Biology and Agri- vania, Philadelphia. culture, National Research Council, Washington, D. C. FACULTY ACTIVITIES continued from page eleven MARILYN G. FARQUHAR,Research Associate, left at the end of January and has joined the Department of Pathology of the University of California School of Medicine in San Fran- cisco.

New Appointments to the Facu Ety DAVID KESSLER,Guest Investigator, left at the end of January to return to College of Medicine. GERHARD BASCHANG,Research Associate with Professor Lip- mann. On leave from Max-Planck-Institut, Heidelberg, where he is a Research Associate. Guest Speakers

ZVI BOHAK,Research Associate with Visiting Professor Ka- WILLIAM F. ALBRIGHT,The Johns Hopkins University. tchalski. Formerly Senior Scholar at The Hebrew University, H. A. BARKER, of California, Berkeley. Jerusalem. A. ALLEN BATES,New York University, University Valley. v. MALCOLM CLARK,Affiliate. University Lecturer in the Uni- ERNEST 1. versity of Cambridge and Director of Studies in Natural BECKER, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. science in Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. CARL GUSTAF BERNHARD,Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.

THOMAS W. CONWAY,Guest Investigator with Professor Lip- BARUCH S. BLUMBERG,National Institutes of Health, mann. National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellow; ~Bethesda. formerly Research Scientist in the Clayton Foundation Bio- SIR MACFARLANE BURNET,University of Melbourne, Aus- chemical Institute, University of Texas. tralia.

SID DEUTS CH,Affiliate in the Electronics Laboratory. Associ- WARREN L. BUTLER,U. S. Department of Agriculture, Belts- ate Professor in the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. ville. F. H. C. CRICK,Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, England. LAWRENCE E ISE NBE R G, Research Associate in the Electron- ics Laboratory. Formerly Electronic Engineer. FRANK DIXON,Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla. ROBERT B . GOLDRICK,Guest Investigator and Assistant Phy- sician with Professor Ahrens. Overseas Medical Research RICHARD w . DUTTON,Postgraduate Medical School, London. Fellow of the National Heart Foundation of Australia; for- MANFRED EIGEN, Max-Planck-Institut fiir Physikalische merly Fellow in Cardiology, Sydney Hospital. Chemie, Gottingen.

VICENTE HONRUBIA,Guest Investigator with Professor Lo- RALPH L . E NGLE , JR., Medical College. rente de Nb. United States Public Health Service Postdoctor- JOHN FAHEY,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda. al Fellow, formerly at the Medical F. J. FENNER,The Australian National University, Canberra. School as a Fellow in the Department of Surgery. DAVID E. HUGHES,University of Oxford. ROBERT L . KIRK,Guest Investigator with Associate Professor Bearn. On leave from the University of Western Australia E LVIN KABAT,Columbia University. where he is Reader in Human Genetics. FRED KARUSH,University of Pennsylvania.

PHILIP D. LUNGER,Guest Investigator with Associate Profes- KURT MISLOW,New York University. sor Dan Moore. From Indiana University. GEORGE R.NAGAMATSU, Flower and Hospitals, FRITZ MILLER,Research Associate with Professor Palade. On New York. leave from the University of Munich where he is an Associate J. LAWRENCE ONCLEY,Harvard Mkdical School. Professor in the Department of Pathology. LUIGI PROVASOLI,Haskins Laboratories, New York.

JAMES OFENGAND,Guest Investigator with Professor Lip- ALBERT B . s A B I N , Children's Hospital Research Foundation, mann. United States Public Health Service Postdoctoral Cincinnati. Fellow, formerly a Research Associate. JACK SCHULTZ,The Institute for Cancer Research, Philadel- PAUL ROSEN,Research Associate in the Electronics Laborato- phia. ry. Formerly Physicist. M. SE LIGMANN,University of Paris. CHARLES D. TOURTELLOTTE,Guest Investigator with Asso- J. L . SIRLIN,University of Edinburgh. ciate Professor Dziewiatkowski. Helen Hay Whitney Foun- LESLIE A. STAUBER,. dation Fellow, Instructor in Medicine in the Temple Univer- sity School of Medicine. T . TOMITA,Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo. A. w . TUCKER,Princeton University. DAVID A. J. TY RRE LL, Medical Research Council, Salisbury, Departures from the Faculty England.

JOHN W. FARQUHAR,Research Associate, left at the end of K . v o G LE R, Hoffman-LaRoche Laboratories, Basel, Switzer- January to join the faculty of the School of Medicine of Stan- land. ford University, where he is Assistant Professor of Medicine. MARTYNAS YCAS,Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse.