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Summer 1958 The Rockefeller Institute Quarterly 1958, vol. 2, no. 2 The Rockefeller University

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BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS AND The life cycle of Neurospora was well understood many years ago, thanks to the studies of Dr. B. 0.Dodge at the New INHERITED METABOLIC DISEASE York Botanical Garden. It is a microorgan- ism that exists in two sexes so that cross- THE IDEA THAT not only gross traits of which cause them are in some cases rather breeding experiments are possible, and the species and individuals are genetically de- well understood. Wilson's disease, which cycle from infancy to maturity is only lo termined but that even detailed biochem- we shall describe later, is one of them. But days. The fungus also multiplies asexually, ical processes are gene-controlled owes on the whole, man is not a very suitable that is by simple division, so that billions much to the work of Dr. Edward L. Tatum, organism for any kind of genetic studies. of individuals with identical hereditary now at The Rockefeller Institute. In this His life cycle is long, his offspring are rela- traits can quickly be grown in the labora- article we will tell something about studies tively few, and experimental cross-breed- tory. Some other virtues of Neurospora, of metabolic disorders in bacteria and ing, so important in genetics, is out of the however, are especially important for bio- fungi, and we will also describe similar question. It is no wonder that geneticists chemical and genetic studies. First, it can work at the Institute with other organisms. have concentrated on other organisms, be grown on a very simple medium (even Dr. Sam Granick, for example, has found among them being mice, the fruit fly, and simpler than bread, where we often find the genetic techniques pioneered by Dr. corn. While these are useful organisms for it), which means that many links in elab- Tatum to provide a key to unravelling a genetic studies, the fungus Neurospora is orate biochemical chains can be studied, part of the biosynthesis of porphyrin, an preferable for biochemical studies for sev- starting from scratch, so to speak, and end- essential component in the synthesis of eral reasons. (continued on next page) those key molecules of plant and animal life, chlorophyll and hemoglobin. And Dr. A. G. Bearn, also at The Rockefeller Insti- tute, has been interested in a hereditary metabolic disorder in man known as Wil- son's disease. It may surprise many readers to be told that our present understanding of the way genes control biochemical processes in or- ganisms as dissimilar as yeast and men rests heavily on studies of the inheritance of nutritional deficiencies in the red bread mold, Neurospora crassa. But the studies of this simple organism, undertaken by Dr. Tatum at Stanford University nearly 20 years ago with Dr. George Beadle-now Professor and Chairman of the Division of Biology at the California Institute of Tech- nology-have vastly increased our knowl- edge of both biochemistry and genetics. A number of inherited metabolic dis- orders in man have been known for a long time, and the specific biochemical defects Spores of Neurospora sitophila, enlarged about 500 times. Photo courtesy Dr. B. 0.Dodge. ing with such complex materials as the large enough for biochemical study. The that only one nutritional item was not syn- vitamins. photograph on page one shows a much- thesized. This is interpreted to mean that To explain more of the other virtues of magnified view of several spore capsules, if a gene is damaged it is not able to pro- Neurospora we must recall some of the each with its eight spores. The organism vide the cell with a certain enzyme neces- mechanics of genetics and sexual repro- shown is Neurospora sitophikz, a close rela- sary to permit a given step in a chain of duction. In man and most higher organ- tive of crassa. biochemical reactions to proceed. Now isms there are two sets of genes present in If we now introduce the idea of muta- since an elaborate molecule such as a vita- all cells, one set of which was obtained tion into the story we shall have all the min is not fabricated in a single step, but from each parent. Each set appears to have genetic ideas necessary to complete our ac- in several successive steps, it is reasonable something to do with nearly all of our in- count. Return to the blue-eyed child of the to suppose that defects in any of several herited characteristics, but in some cases dark-eyed parents. It is clear that both of genes (each responsible for a given en- the gene from one set overshadows the its eye-color genes were "blue." Now sup- zyme and hence for a given step in a bio- effect of the corresponding gene in the pose that two such individuals marry. If synthesis) may give rise to the same nutri- other set. For example, suppose a gene for all goes according to our simplified presen- tional deficiency. It is as if in an assembly dark eyes is contributed to a child by the tation there should not be a dark-eyed gene line in a factory several stages of produc- father and one for blue eyes by the mother. anywhere to be found, and all the children tion could be interfered with, any one of The color of the child's eyes will not be of such a marriage should have blue eyes. which could stop the output of the final arrived at by compromise; they will be In fact, something can go wrong with the product. dark. The blue-eyed gene is present, but genes of one of the parents, and a heritable it does not express itself, i.e., it is said to dark-eye pigment may appear in one or AN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE be recessive. This causes surprises in the more of their children. Something like this Srb and Horowitz at Stanford Univer- families of dark-eyed parents. For if two often happens. It is called a mutation, sity, for example, found three different such dark-eyed individuals bearing reces- meaning a change in a genh. Unfortu- mutant strains of Neurospora, each of sive blue-eyed genes marry, the recessive nately, most of these gene changes could which required a supplement of the amino genes from each parent may both appear be better called damages, for mutations are acid, arginine. However, different stages in the same child. In this case there is no usually deleterious. This is because they in the assembly line for producing arginine "dark gene to cover them up, so to speak, are the result of apparently random changes were disrupted in each strain. One, for and a blue-eyed child is born to dark-eyed in the genes. Mutations are caused by example, could not live without arginine, parents. The double gene-set arrangement, such things as nuclear and cosmic radi- but another could apparently make its own therefore, complicates analysis. Neurospora ation, X-rays, and certain chemicals in our arginine provided citrulline were available obligingly dispenses with it. Its nuclei con- environment. instead. The third strain could get along tain only one set of genes, and whatever is Indeed Beadle and Tatum's experiments with either arginine or citrulline or even contained in the gene collection of an in- with Neurospora depended on the possibil. with ornithine. Srb and Horowitz con- dividual cell is expressed at once in that ity of producing mutations artificially with cluded that normal Neurospora must con- individual. X-rays. When they irradiated some mil- tain gene-controlled enzymes that trans- lions of normal spores of Neurospora, ca- form some simpler materials into ornithine, PACKAGED SPORES pable of synthesizing all their biological ornithine into citrulline, citrulline into ar- In addition to this convenience, Neuro- needs from very simple foods, some were ginine, and so on. If the citrulline-arginine spora is also easy to study genetically be- occasionally damaged in such a way that enzyme were missing because of a dam- cause of the simple, methodical way in they and their descendants needed dietary aged gene, arginine would have to be sup- which the offspring of sexual matings are supplements. Moreover, using techniques plied. But if only the enzyme were missing segregated. If spores of two sexes are that were simple in principle but arduous that produces ornithine out of its raw placed together on a suitable medium, the in practice, they could show that the de- materials, then a supply of ornithine nuclei from each (containing the genes) fective strains of Neurospora were true would be all that was required because the may fuse in sexual union. This results in mutants, i.e., that a gene had been al- other steps in the assembly line were in- a nucleus which contains two sets of genes, tered which caused a heritable defect. In tact. Citrulline or arginine would also en- one from each parent. But when the nu- this way mutant strains were produced, able the mutant to grow, but they would cleus divides the genes segregate again so each of which required an external supply leave the undamaged part of the assembly that half go to one nucleus and half to of one of the B vitamins: thiamine, for line idle. This metabolic sequence occurs the other, each nucleus now having only example, or riboflavin, pyridoxine, inosi- in the mamalian liver as well as in Neuro- the normal single set of genes. This pair tol, etc. Others have been produced which spora, but how much more readily it is divide twice more to produce eight cells needed certain amino acids, and so on. studied in the mold than in man! or spores which up to this point are neatly For several years Dr. Sam Granick at arranged in a definite order and packaged ONE GENE-ONE ENZYME The Rockefeller Institute has been using in a single microscopic spore capsule. By cross-breeding normal, unirradiated X-ray induced mutations in a rather sim- Thus, with skill, each of the products of spores with mutant strains it was possible ilar way to study metabolic disorders. a single mating can be separated from the to show conclusively that in almost every Granick was interested in certain inter- spore capsule and grown into a colony mutation only one gene was involved, and mediate steps in the synthesis of chloro- phyll, the green pigment in plants that tific Research and Development during makes it possible for them to store the World War 11. She is a past president of energy of the sun in the form of carbo- the Society of American Bacteriologists, a hydrates. This is a process in which we member of the American Association of animals have an acute interest, for we can- Immunologists, a member of the Harvey not carry it out ourselves. We must there- Society, and a Fellow of the New York fore ultimately depend on food from the Academy of Medicine. Her husband, Dr. plants to provide us with energy. Donald E. Lancefield, is Professor of Biol- Granick worked with the single-celled ogy at Queens College, and they have one green plant Chlorella vulgaris, which is daughter who is married. easily grown in solutions of inorganic salts. That our knowledge of hemolytic strep- A colony of Chlorella was irradiated to tococci has reached its present well-organ- produce a variety of mutant forms and ized state is due in large part to the work these were then sorted out and grown in of Dr. Lancefield. The major portion of separate colonies. Instead of showing the the conceptual schemes, methodology, and green color characteristic of chlorophyll, detailed experimental analyses which form some of the mutants were pale green, some the basis for understanding the composi- lacked yellow pigments, others were yel- tion of this important group of microor- low or brown or orange, indicating that ganisms has come from her laboratory. She something had stopped or altered chloro- REBECCACRAIGHILL LANCEFIELD has demonstrated that the type-specific M phyll synthesis. Granick's analysis showed has been promoted to the rank of Member protein, which she discovered, is of pri- that in some cases the cause of the color and Professor at The Rockefeller Institute. mary importance in the virulence of Group change was that a colored material that Dr. Lancefield, who was born in Fort A streptococci, and that immunity is a normally would be converted by an en- Wadsworth, New York, received her Ph.D. type-specific phenomenon dependent on zyme to another form was being accumu- in immunology and bacteriology from Co- the development of antibody to this an- lated. Presumably a defective gene failed lumbia University in 1925. She has been tigen. Recently she has shown that type- to produce the enzyme necessary to con- associated with The Rockefeller Institute specific antibodies persist in man for as tinue the process. One mutant collected since that time. Dr. Lancefield served as a long as 30 years after streptococcal in- so much pigment that it actually was de- civilian scientist with the Office of Scien- fections of known type. posited as granules in the plant tissues and was easily analyzed. It was found to be a molecule known as protoporphyrin g- presumably a step in the synthesis of chlo- synthesis of the red blood cell pigment, sume the carbohydrates and return oxygen rophyll. Another mutant was able to get heme, and those leading to the green plant to the air. Fortunately for the animal past protoporphyrin but not all the way to pigment, chlorophyll, must be parallel up kingdom, plants produce far more carbo- chlorophyll. It accumulated a slightly to a point. That point is now shown by hydrates than they need to maintain them- modified protoporphyrin containing mag- Granick to be protoporphyrin g. Green selves, and it is from this surplus that ye nesium which could be isolated from the plants then manage to slip an atom of mag- derive our energy. Animals eat the plants mutant colony. nesium into the center of the porphyrin and burn their carbohydrates to produce Porphyrin is also involved in the forma- ring and with a few other changes produce carbon dioxide again. To do this, however, tion of heme, the pigmented part of hemo- chlorophyll; the growing red blood cells of animals must first remove oxygen from globin in red blood cells that enables us animals contrive to put iron in the same the air and, with the help of hemoglobin, to transport oxygen to our tissues. Dr. place to produce heme. transport it to their tissues. The carbon Granick, working with Dr. Helen Gilder The similarities between the resulting dioxide from the tissues is exhaled to the at the Institute ten years ago, shed consid- pigments and the molecule they are both atmosphere where it is ready to continue erable light on the biochemistry of this built from can be seen from our figure. the cycle through the plant world again. part of the picture. They based their work (See page 5.) There is a certain satisfac- Incidentally, when we burn wood or coal, on the porphyrin requirements of the tion in seeing the close structural relation or even oil, we are also using the solar en- bacillus, Haemophilus influenzae, some between these two pigments which have ergy plants store up with the help of chlo- strains of which require the pigment, such significant and closely related func- rophyll. heme, for growth. There are other iron tions. Their role in chlorophyll and the To return to the theme of our article, porphyrin proteins, the cytochromes,which heme pigment appears on a very large scale however, it must be pointed out that hered- are found in all cells of both plants and to be that of maintaining a balance in the itary metabolic disorders of porphyrin syn- animals, including bacteria. These pro- chemical constitution of the earth's atmos- thesis are found in man, as well as in teins make possible the burning of oxygen phere. Green plants, during the day, re- Chlorella. In acute porphyria severe ab- by the cell. move carbon dioxide from the air and, dominal pains are accompanied by mental Granick's work strengthened the basis with the help of chlorophyll and sunlight, symptoms which have often been confused for believing that the steps leading to the produce carbohydrates. At night they con- (continued on next page) with those of more common mental dis- strains were grown together in the same organisms to include a search for bio- turbances. This is an example of a mental culture one would expect to find nothing chemical factors affecting not only growth, disturbance which is really connected with particularly interesting if they minded metabolism, virus resistance, etc., but gross a biochemical disorder. Another heritable their business and multiplied only asexu- physical structure as well. Some mutant disease, congenital porphyrinuria, which ally. WhenTatum and Lederberg tried this, strains of Neurospora, for example, have often produces hypersensitivity to light, however, they found individuals in the visible morphological abnormalities. If the eruptions of the skin and disfigurements of combined cultures that combined traits gene-controlled enzymes and related bio- various sorts, also involves some reduction from both strains. In fact some were free chemical reactions that produce these dif- in the use of porphyrin. As a result this from the defects of either strain. This ferences could be found, a step would be pigmented molecule appears abnormally work was completed only shortly after taken in the direction of answering the in the urine, which in some cases is dark Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty had pub- question of how the genes in the nucleus red from birth, or as a brown color in the lished their epochal paper showing that of the microscopic germ cells can contrive bones, and even occasionally as a pink mere chemical extracts of one strain of to determine that monkeys have tails, for color in the teeth. cells could transfer heritable traits from example, and men have almost none. that strain to another. (See The Rocke- CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE feller Institute Quarterly, Spring 1958.) Dr. Granick's work, which he is now Tatum and Lederberg had to consider this Tatum and Granick have confined their carrying on in association with Dr. David possible explanation of what happened to studies of metabolic disorders to bacteria Mauzerall, bears on a side of genetics combine the traits of their E. coli. How- and fungi, but Wilson's disease, which Dr. which has received relatively little atten- ever, when they grew the two strains to- Alexander Bearn has been studying at the tion. The science of genetics has been pri- gether but prevented physical contact be- Hospital of the Institute almost since he marily concerned with the role of the nu- tween them by a porous barrier, no trans- came to Dr. Henry Kunkel's laboratory in clear genes in inheritance. There is evi- fer of characters took place. The combina- 1951 from England, has much in common dence, however, that bodies outside the tion of heritable characteristics of two with their work. Wilson's disease was first cell nucleus contain inheritable factors of strains, depending upon the possibility of described by Dr. S. A. K. Wilson of the their own, but this is still a largely un- physical contact among the individual bac- National Hospital in London in 1912. explored territory. Because porphyrins ap- teria of the strains, strongly suggested a Wilson characterized the disease as "a pear to be synthesized in connection with form of sexual reproduction, and further familial nervous disease associated with these extra-nuclear bodies in the cell, a genetic studies confirmed this conclusion. cirrhosis of the liver." By "familial" he knowledge of the steps in porphyrin syn- meant that it seemed that frequently more thesis may provide us with a biochemical SEX IN BACTERIA than one member of a family is affected handle for studying cytoplasmic inherit- Thus Tatum and Lederberg established with it, but he said flatly it is not heredi- ance, that is,inheritance factors other than that sexual reproduction occurs in at least tary. Evidently Wilson was put off by the the genes in the nucleus. one form of bacteria as well as in higher fact that the disease is so rare that little The techniques which Beadle and organisms, and subsequently sexuality has data on its occurrence were at hand. As is Tatum used to study the biochemical ge- been demonstrated in almost every bac- now known, Wilson's disease is heritable, netics of Neurospora have been applied terium studied. Bacteria had long been re- caused by a defect in a recessive gene not only to Granick's Chlorella but to many garded as anomalies in the world of living which is usually compensated for by a cor- simpler organisms as well. Tatum found organisms by the complete absence of any responding normal gene. Thus, the dis- mutants with nutritional deficiencies in mode of sexual reproduction. They were order actually appears only occasionally, Eschey'ichia coli, a harmless or perhaps now brought back into the biological fold. even in families known to carry the de- even useful inhabitant of the intestines of Moreover, there was a considerable prac- fective gene. men and animals. Subsequently, similar tical advantage to biochemical genetics in Marriages between cousins, in families heritable changes have been found in al- being able to cross-breed bacteria, for bio- where a recessive defective gene exists, most every species of bacteria investigated. chemical processes carried on by certain are especially likely to result in children Tatum wondered whether any evidence bacteria could now be studied genetically in which the recessive defect appears. The could be found in the inheritance mech- with more flexibility of experimental ma- defective gene may be passed (along with anisms of bacteria to suggest that they nipulation than would be possible if only a protecting normal gene) from a grand- multiply not only by simple division, asex- asexual breeding occurred in them. Leder- parent to parents, and in turn to their ually, but as a result of sexual fusion, as berg, by the way, never returned to medi- children, without any of them showing that well. He began work on E. coli at Yale cal school. Instead he took his Ph.D. at they bear the defective gene. But if two of University with Joshua Lederberg who Yale and is now Professor of Genetics at these children, cousins or more closely re- took a leave of absence from medical the University of Wisconsin. lated, marry, there is a good chance that school to work with him. Tatum, when he Since he came to The Rockefeller Insti- some of their children will receive the was at Stanford, had developed two mu- tute a year and a half ago, Dr. Tatum, defective gene from each parent, giving tant strains of E. coli, each of which bore together with Dr. Laura Garnjobst, and rise to expression of the disorder. not one but several nutritional defects, dif- Dr. S. R. Gross, has undertaken to extend In spite of Wilson's clear description of ferent in each strain. Now if these two his studies of Neurospora and other micro- the disease in 1912, understanding of its cause remained obscure until a happy in certain other metabolic defects. Dr. THESTRUCTURAL chemical formulas accident in 1940. A group of investigators Bearn therefore examined the serum cop- of the pigments, chlorophyll and heme, at Oxford University who were studying per levels in the blood of several patients show at once their close similarity. Protoporphyrin, a pink molecule, is the another nervous disorder, multiple sclero- with Wilson's disease and found to his common precursor of them both. sis, undertook to study its effect on the surprise that it was lower than normal, not Chlorophyll, in the cells of green plants, metabolism of copper. They found no higher. Indeed the combination of high and heme, in the red blood cells of animals, assist in the reciprocal.move- effect. But one of the controls in the ex- copper excretion in the urine and low ment of carbon dioxide and oxygen from 7- periment studied for comparison, a patient serum copper in the blood is more char- the atmosphere into organic life and with Wilson's disease, excreted relatively acteristic of the disease than the appear- to the atmosphere again. Some forms of life employ other large amounts of copper in his urine. It ance of either abnormality alone. pigments for the same purpose, always a -> would have been natural to suppose that Dr. Bearn and Dr. Kunkel have since complex protein containing a metal " shed considerable light on the biochemis- atom. Certain worms have a green blood this was the reflection of a high copper containing iron (chlorocruorin) and content in the blood which "spilled over" try of the disease. It had been shown else- the blood of most insects contains a blue into the urine through the kidneys, as (continued on next page) copper pigment (hemocyanin). [51 where that the nervous disorders and several months on a diet as free as possible be lower than normal. It appears that sta- cirrhosis of the liver are the result of from copper with some improvement, but tistically there may be such a difference, deposits of copper in brain and liver hardly worth the astringency of the treat- and in cases of really low levels in normal tissues, and other organs may also be ment. One of the diets consisted largely appearing individuals the diagnosis can be affected. This seemed hard to explain if of egg yolks. He has also attempted to re- made with confidence. But individual dif- the blood of patients with Wilson's disease, move the copper deposited in the affected ferences are great; moreover, compensat- which one would suppose carried the tissues, and some of the means tried have ing factors may produce a normal amount copper to the affected tissues, is actually uniformly increased the excretion of cop- of ceruloplasmin even with one damaged deficient in copper. Bearn and Kunkel per. But though this is biochemically satis- gene. Thus, detection of the recessive gene found that the blood of affected individ- fying, clinical improvements have been on the basis of differences in ceruloplas- uals contains little or no ceruloplasmin, unpredictable. Perhaps one day it will be min level alone would be unreliable. a protein that contains copper, so named possible to discover the specific enzyme or Dr. Bearn hopes, however, that it may because it is blue when purified. This missing component in the biochemical be possible to devise some biochemical protein binds the copper in our blood scheme leading to the formation of ceru- stress involving copper metabolism which tightly to itself. If it is absent the copper loplasmin and provide this, just as Tatum produces a clearly abnormal and easily in the blood is carried instead by albumin, provided the necessary growth factors to detectable response in those with one de- which does not hold it firmly. The loosely his defective bacteria. This is the basis for fective gene of Wilson's disease. Conceiv- bound copper is quickly and easily de- the well-known treatment of diabetes, ably, when more of the biochemistry of posited in certain tissues, where it causes where a metabolic fault, which is in some copper metabolism is understood, a micro- damage. Normal blood contains more cases, at least, of genetic origin, is com- organism may be found in which copper copper than that of diseased patients, but pensated for by injections of insulin, a is used in the same way as in man. With most of it is safely held in ceruloplasmin. hormone normally produced by the pan- biochemical studies of induced mutations Diseased patients have less total copper creas. A more fundamental way of dealing such as those Tatum and Granick have in their blood, but it is only precariously with the disease would be to avert the com- studied, the missing metabolism link in held by the albumin. bination of two defective genes in the same Wilson's disease may some day be discov- The absence of ceruloplasmin in pa- individual. To do this some way is needed ered. Perhaps no better example of the tients with Wilson's disease is presumed to determine whether an apparently nor- unity within diversity of organic life could to be a metabolic disorder caused by the mal individual carries one defective gene. have been found than the inter-relation of absence of a certain enzyme at some point A plausible hypethesis is that the ceru- these studies of bread mold, pond scum, in the biochemical chain leading to the loplasmin levels in such individuals may and a rare nervous disease of man. synthesis of ceruloplasmin, and the miss- ing enzyme is presumably the result of a defective gene. Evidently a single normal gene is sufficient to assure an adequate HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS School, the Science Club of Scarsdale High supply of ceruloplasmin, for the parents of School, and the Centenary College for patients with Wilson's disease (each of VISIT THE INSTITUTE Women in Hackettstown, New Jersey. whom must bear one normal and one Dr. Douglas Whitaker and Dr. Ernest defective gene) have never been found to DURINGTHE YEAR since the last annual Smillie arranged a program of special in- show any of its symptoms. Incidentally, visit of high school and college students terest to the students and their teachers. though for a long time there was strong interested in science the entire nation's This began with a luncheon in Abby suspicion that Wilson's disease was caused attention has been focused on this criti- Aldrich Rockefeller Hall, attended by Drs. by a recessive genetic defect, the families cally important period in training the Braun, Moses and Weiss, whose labora- of earlier cases had never been studied future's scientists. But the Institute's at- tories were later visited. George Collins, systematically with this question in mind, tention to this problem is long-standing, Director of the Animal House, showed and the presumption was not clearly and the visits of young people have already some of the problems in dealing with ex- demonstrated. Dr. Bearn's search for cases become a tradition. The visit this year, on perimental animals, and Audrey Evans of Wilson's disease and his studies of the May 22, coincided with a visit by a group showed the Media Room and some of the entire families of patients have provided of 85 science teachers from elementary biological techniques involving the use of convincing evidence, however, that it be- and high schools in New York and its special media. haves genetically as would be expected. It environs, arranged in cooperation with Dr. Stonier of Dr. Braun's laboratory was found, for example, that nearly two- Mr. Earl Ubell, Science Editor of The presented a lecture and demonstration on thirds of the marriages that resulted in the New York Herald Tribune. plant pathology, Dr. Moses of Dr. Porter's cases of Wilson's disease studied by Bearn About thirty students together with laboratory demonstrated the electron mi- were between second cousins or closer their science teachers visited the Institute croscope, discussing examples of its use, relatives. from the Abraham Lincoln High School in and Dr. Weiss presented his work on cell Dr. Bearn has considered possible means Brooklyn, the Walton High School in the architecture, showing his time-lapse mov- of treating Wilson's disease with some Bronx, the New York High School of Com- ing pictures of cell locomotion and tissue success. Some patients have lived for merce, the Biology Club of Nyack High growth. Institutions. Among those so represented ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE CHAPTER were the Alpha Chapter of Cornell Uni- versity, the first Sigma Xi Chapter to be OF THE SIGMA XI INAUGURATED established, and, in order of seniority, Yale University, the University of Pennsylvania, THEROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE Chap- tific research as a means of gaining new Columbia University, Rutgers University, knowledge necessary for the solution of new Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, Amherst ter of the Society of the Sigma Xi received problems. It is essential to the survival of our its charter at an Installation Ceremony culture and our nation. Scientific research is College, Stevens Institute of Technology, necessary to the continuance of human life and Brooklyn College. Sigma Xi Clubs at in Caspary-. Auditorium on May~ 13,- 1958.-~ ~~~~k M. itself in our ever more complex civilization. the University of Delaware and the ~~~~~lli~~officer was car- In this University, devoted mostly to the penter, President-elect of the Society of sciences of life, we are acutelv aware of the Georgetown University School of Medi- the Sigma Xi and Chairman of the Depart- need to solve urgent, problems posed by man's cine as well as the Triple Cities Club at creation of a new environment for man and merit Biologica~ Sciences at Ha&ard Endicott, New York, also presented their if by the extension of his power. Such achieve- University. Dr. Carpenter presented the ments of phvsical scientists and engineers greetings. Charter of the new Chapter to Dr. Norman make it iork desirable than ever that we The Officers of the new Chapter are stall, who had been elected president bring them and biologists and physicians now at work planning a program of activi- R. closer together. of the Institute Chapter earlier in the day. certainlV the work of countless scientists ties for the next academic year, news of Dr. Walther F. Goebel was elected Vice- who are technicians, as well as the work of which will appear in future issues. scientists who are scholars, is needed for the President; Dr. James S. Murphy, Secre- solution of countless problems that are prac- tary; and Dr. Herbert Jaffe, Treasurer. tical and urgent. In his charge to the new Chapter, Dr. But having said all this, I would go on to plead for the continuance of research as a FIFTY YEARS AGO AT THE Carpenter observed that in many ways the great intellectual adventure on the frontiers Institute Chapter is unique as the Insti- of knowledge. I would plead for some insti- ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE tute's graduate education program is tutions which give modest emphasis on sci- unique. He urged the officers and ninety- entific careers which are scholarly careers. I would hope that freedom for the achievement Surgical Operations in a Vacuum six charter members to look to no other of excellence will be recognized as a neces- Chapter as their guide but to bring their sary foundation for the great development of B EFORE about 1906 surgical operations highest imagination and devotion to the scientific enterprise in this nation. And so Sigma Xi, which seventy-two years on the human lungs were practically out challenging task of giving life to the new ago was created to stimulate research, now of the question because once the chest was organism for which they would have re- has a great opportunity to keep alive the opened the lungs collapsed, no longer be- sponsibility. spirit and the ancient high ideals of science. In accepting the Charter of this new ing kept distended by the negative pres- In accepting the Charter on behalf of chapter I pledge devotion of The Rockefeller sure that normally exists in the thoracic The Rockefeller Institute from Dr. Stoll, Institute to the furtherance of science as a cavity. In June 1908 the celebrated Ger- great odyssey of the human spirit. President Bronk, a member of the Council man surgeon Ernst F. Sauerbruch demon- of the Society, made the following remarks: Among the distinguished guests who strated at The Rockefeller Institute, on a I would add few words to those of Profes- attended the ceremonies were : Dr. Wallace dog, an elaborate apparatus which he had sor Carpenter regarding the significant role R. Brode, Science Advisor to the Depart- brought from Marburg, consisting of a of the Society of the Sigma Xi in our Institu- ment of State, Dr. Elmer Hutchisson, Di- cabinet large enough to permit two sur- tion of higher learning. Seventy-two years ago, when our Society rector of the American Institute of Physics, geons to work inside it on a patient whose was created, it was needed to encourage re- and Dr. George H. Boyd, Dean of the head was outside, his neck being sur- search because there was so little in this coun- Graduate School and Director of Research rounded by a gasket, while his body was try. Today there is need for Sigma Xi because there is so much research. at the University of Georgia, who is Presi- inside under partial vacuum, sufficient to In the earlier times research was done by dent of the Society of the Sigma Xi. Dr. distend the lungs. scholars at great personal sacrifice, with little Boyd presented formal notice to the Insti- According to The New York Times, June encouragement and with less assistance, if they were driven by their curiosity. Usually tute Chapter that its petition for establish- 22, a spokesman for the Institute stated research was the avocation of those who ment had been accepted, and he informed that it would install a similar but much earned their living by teaching, preaching, or us that the Institute's Chapter is the 132nd larger cabinet. The next year, however, other service. Now many do research as a livelihood; research is often a profession and, to be established in the seventy-two year Samuel J. Meltzer, head of the physiologi- all too often, a trade rather than a calling. history of the Society. In another respect, cal laboratory of the Institute, and his Many of those who now prepare for careers also, history was made on this occasion, colleague and son-in-law, John Auer, an- of research find it necessary to continue in- vestigation without the stimulus of curiosity; for it was the first time that members of nounced the invention of an incomparably they have no other training for the earning the faculty appeared in Caspary Audi- simpler method, that of intratracheal in- of a living. As I think of these considerations torium in academic costume. sufllation, by which the lungs are distended during budget days in Washington, I often wonder how we shall use the added millions After a reception and banquet in Welch by positive pressure of air introduced we request for the furtherance of our na- Hall the ninety-six charter members of the through a tracheal tube. tional welfare and the employment of still Institute Chapter and their guests received This permanently ended experiments more investigators without eroding the spirit of science. greetings and congratulations from rep- with negative pressure chambers in tho- I realize full well the necessity for scien- resentatives of Sigma Xi Chapters at other racic surgery. PRESIDENT BRONK AND Michelson, Thomas Hunt Morgan, Frank ASSOCIATION FOR THE Jewett and A. N. Richards. ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE From abroad have come reports that HISTORY OF MEDICINE President Bronk has been elected a For- THREEELECTIONS announced during eign Member of the Royal Swedish Acad- THEROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE and the past few months focus attention upon emy of Science and of the Academy of the New York Academy of Medicine were the remarkable record of President Bronk Sciences of the USSR. Both elections were co-hosts to the American Association for in Academies of Science throughout the stated to be in recognition of his outstand- the History of Medicine at its thirty-first world. ing discoveries in neurophysiology, to annual meeting May 22,23 and 24,1958. At the 95th annual meeting of the Na- which the Soviet Academy added "and in Opening and closing sessions of the meet- tional Academy of Sciences of the United the fields of biophysics and aviation medi- ing were held at the New York Academy States Dr. Bronk was elected President for cine." During the past ten years three of Medicine, and the morning and after- his third consecutive four-year term. This other Academies have conferred such hon- noon scientific sessions on the second day is the first time in the history of the Acad- ors on Dr. Bronk: The Royal Society of were held at The Rockefeller Institute. emy that a member has been thus hon- London, the French Academy of Sciences After presentation of contributed papers ored. His first presidency followed five and the Royal Danish Academy of Sci- during the morning session, a buffet lunch- years as Foreign Secretary. Among Dr. ences and Letters. Benjamin Franklin was eon was given in Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Bronk's distinguished predecessors in the the first American to be a foreign member Hall. The afternoon session in Caspary presidential chair were : Alexander Dallas of a European Academy and he, too, was Auditorium was devoted to a symposium Bache, Joseph Henry, Alexander Agassiz, a member of five; few since then have at- on the History of the Drug House. Ira Remsen, William Henry Welch, A. A. tained that distinction. Dr. George W. Corner, Historian of The Rockefeller Institute,presidedat the morn- ing session in Caspary Auditorium. Five SEMINARS IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY papers making up the program ranged from an account of the 16th-17th Century TO HELP THE GRADUATE FELLOWS tion of mixtures were covered by Dr. I. poet-physician, Thomas Campion, to a re- at The Rockefeller Institute acquire a Fankuchen of the Brooklyn Polytechnic port on the National Institutes of Health soundbackgroundin physicalchemistry Dr. Institute. Peter Debye, now Emeritus Pro- Research Grantsprogram.President Bronk, Shedlovsky, Member and Professor, organ- fessor at Cornell, discussed the structure in welcoming the loo members and guests ized a seminar program of unusual interest and theory of the electrical double layer, of the Association to the Institute, briefly during the academic year just past. Ap- a subject of fundamental importance in outlined his concept of tfie relation be- proximately three months at the beginning electrochemistry with promising implica- tween science and aesthetics that has been of the year were devoted to providing a tions for bioelectrics. Three of the Gradu- manifested in the development of the beau- solid core of chemical thermodynamics ate Fellows themselves, Allen Edmundson, tiful new facilities at the Institute. Dr. under Dr. Norman Sutin, Associate Chem- Lewis Greene, and David Eaker presented Bronk's remarks so inspired one of the ist at the Brookhaven National Laboratory seminars on crystal structure, ion exchange members of the Association, Dr. Chauncey and an Affiliate at the Institute. Dr. Sutin resins, and protein titration curves. D. Leake, well-known pharmacologist and presented problems during weekly lectures On a more relaxed note the seminar medical historian of the Ohio State Uni- which were later discussed in detail at adjourned for the year with an informal versity, that he composed a sonnet in blank work sessions of several hours' duration. dinner and social evening in Abby Aldrich verse for the occasion which we print here, Following Dr. Sutin's introductory work, Rockefeller Hall. In the Fall the series will with his kind permission, for the first time : seminars were presented on specific topics be resumed with seminais on transport To Doctor Detlev Bronk and his associ- in physical chemistry of particular interest phenomena, electrochemistry, reaction ates in response to his moving welcome to the to research in biology. The determination kinetics and radioactivity. American Association for the History of Medi- . of molecular weights with the aid of the cine at The Rockefeller Institute. ultracentrifuge was discussed by Dr. INSTITUTE ACADEMICIANS Within the dignity of gardened grounds, Longsworth, and Dr. Rothen discussed the Where brilliant probing of the mysteries physical chemistry of surface films and its THE ELECTION of Professor Walther Of living comes to understanding wise, bearing on the structure and permeability Goebel to membership in the National And practical, you've made a haven for of biological membranes. Dr. Walter Kauz- Academy of Sciences brings to thirty the The intellect, a refuge in our rough Tumultuous world, for wisdom and for peace. mann of Princeton University considered number of Institute faculty who hold this Here unite a faith in goodness with the denaturation of proteins in the light of distinguished honor. Of these, eight have The beauty of the lithe asymmetry recent ideas on this subject, and Dr. been elected or have come to the Institute Of nature and the rocky search for truth. Arthur Tobolsky, also of Princeton, dis- within the past five years. In addition to Here there is a miracle that you cussed the mechanical behavior and struc- the thirty, there are ten of our visiting Have wrought in making steel and concrete serve ture of polymers. X-ray analysis of crystal professors and eight trustees who are The fragile mind; here you give the clue structure and the use of X-ray spectroscopy Academicians. This is a remarkable record To link our science to humanity, in determining the elementary composi- for a faculty numbering only 147. Our sense of goodness, beauty, to the true. Symposium on the Education of the Gastroenterologic Internist, World Congress of Gastroenterology, Washington.

FACULTY ACTIVITIES MERRILL W. CHASE Lectures, "Immunology" and "Recent Studies in Antibody For- mation and Transfer", Fourteenth Annual Postgraduate Course in Allergy, the American College of Allergists.

GEORGE W. CORNER Academic Honors Commencement Address, Woman's Medical College, Phila- delphia. DETLEV W. BRONK Address, "American Contributions to Knowledge of the Repro- s c .D., Kenyon College ductive Cycle, 1900-i958", Dedication of the Research LL.D., Lafayette College Pavilion, Lying-in Hospital, Chicago. LL.D., Miami University Address, "The Physiology of Reproduction, Retrospect and Prospect", on receipt of the Passano Award, Annual Meet- GEORGE W. CORNER ing, American Medical Association. DR. MED. SC. (Hon.), Woman's Medical College of Phila- delphia LYMAN C. CRAIG s c.D., University of Chicago Chairman and participant, Symposium on Recent Develop- ARPAD I. CSAPO 'ments in Separation Methods, American Society of Bio- Honorary Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bahia, logical chemists. Brazil Chairman, Gordon Research Conference on Separation and Purification. RICHARD E. SHOPE sc.~.,University of Chicago ARPAD I. CSAPO

D. WAYNE WOOLLEY Participant, 17th Growth Symposium, Society for the Study of LL.D., University of Alberta Development and Growth, Mount Holyoke College. Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Cell Structure and Metabolism: the Muscle Cell, Kimball Union Academy. Academic Appointm.ents Lecture, Department of Obstetrics, University of Rio de Janeiro. Lecture, Department of Obstetrics and Physiology, University GABRIEL C. GODMAN of Sao Paulo. Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, College of Lecture, Department of Obstetrics and Biophysics, University Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University of Montevideo. Lecture, Endocrinological Society, Buenos Aires.

Lectures, Conferences and Symposia HOWARD G. DAVIES Lecture, "On Microscope Interferometry and the Specific Re- fraction Increment of a Crystalline Protein", the Histo- GEORGE ACS Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Proteins and Nu- chemical Society. cleic Acids. Lecture, "The Nucleic Acid and Protein Content of Nuclei in Mouse Tissue". Devartment of Zoolopv. Columbia Univer- , A -, 7 A. G. BEARN sity. Participant, Symposium on Liver Diseases, Annual Meeting, participant, ~~~~~~i~~ on ~~croscopy,chicago. American College of Physicians. RENE J. DUBOS CARL BERKLEY Lecture, u~l~~~~~~~~capsules in ~~~~~~i~~~~~i~~l~~~~~~i~~-Addresses, "The Host in Tuberculosis" and "Tuberculosis in tions", Professional Group on Medical Electronics-Insti- Literature and Art", Canadian Tuberculosis Association, tute of Radio Engineers, Milwaukee Chapter. Quebec. Lecture, ,~~~~l~~~~~~~~of ultraviolet ~~l~~-~~~~~l~~i~~~~l~~i-Blackader Oration, "The Evolution of Infectious Diseases in the sion Microscopy", Royal Microscopical Society, London. Course of History"; and "The Production of Immunity to Lecture, "Medical Data Processing", International Conference Tuberculosis by Fractions Derived from Killed Tubercle on Medical Electronics, Paris. Bacilli", Annual Meeting, Canadian Medical Association. Address, "Medical Progress and Social Goals", Convention of ARMIN C. BRAUN National Congress of Parents and Teachers, Omaha. Lecture, "The Nature of Autonomous Growth in Neoplastic Address, "The Host in Tu~rculosis,,,Dutch Association of Plant Cells", Department of Botany, Yale University. Lung Physicians, the Netherlands. Lecture, "A Physiological Basis for the Autonomous Growth of participant, UNICEF Meeting on Standardization, Crown-Gall Tumor Cells", Division of Biological Sciences, participant, ~~~~~~~l~d~~~~~~ council M~~~~~~~of the N~- Northwestern University. tional Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. DETLEV W. BRONK Lecture, "Tulipomania and the Concept of Disease", New York Commencement Address, California Institute of Technology. Academy of Sciences. Address, Seventh Annual Meeting, Building Research Institute. Address, "Nutrition, Emotion, and Infection", on receipt of the Opening Address, Conference on Bio-Astronautics, Washington. Howard Taylor Ricketts Award, University of Chicago. [91 CHARLES W. JOHNSON Lecture, "The Relation of Antibody to the Onset of Dermal FACULTY ACTIVITIES Hypersensitivity to Chemical Allergens", Society of Amer- ican Bacteriologists, Chicago. (continued from page nine) TE PIAO KING Participant, Symposium on Recent Developments in Separation Methods, American Society of Biological Chemists. HENRY G. KUNKEL LARS ERNSTER Lecture, "Abnormal Gamma-Globulins", New York Academy of Lecture, "Diaphorase Activities in Liver Cytoplasmic Fractions", Sciences. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Lecture, "Recent Studies on Oxidative ~hos~hdr~lation",Public FRITZ A. LIPMANN Health Research Institute of the City of New York. Chairman, Protein Synthesis Session, Gordon Research Con- ference on Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Lecture, "Some Recent Aspects of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation", Department of Bacteriology, Harvard DAVID P. C. LLOYD Medical School, Boston. James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain: Lecture, "Some Recent Studies on Mitochondrial Energy Trans- "The Discrete and the Diffuse in Nervous Action", The fer", Department of Biology, Brown University. American Museum of Natural History. Lecture, "Diaphorase and Its Relation to Cytoplasmic Struc- KARL MARAMOROSCH tures", Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein Medi- Lkcture, "Arthropod-borne Plant Viruses and their Multiplica- cal College, Yeshiva University. tion in Plants and in Animals", Rutgers University. Lecture, "Recent Studies on Oxidative Phosphorylation", De- Address, "Plant Viruses and Medical Research", Annual Meet- partment of Physiological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins ing, Westchester Science Teachers Association. Medical School. Lecture, "Viruses, Vectors, Vegetables", Scarsdale Sigma Xi Lecture, "Flavin Phosphate, an Intermediate in Oxidative Phos- Spring Meeting. phorylation", Johnson Research Foundation, University of A. GEDEON MATOLTSY Pennsylvania. Lecture, "The Chemical Composition of the Horny Layer of the Lecture, "Flavins and Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphoryla- Skin of Normal Persons and Patients with Psoriasis", Durh- tion", Department of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism, ing Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania. National Heart Institute. Lecture, "Keratinization of Embryonic Skin", Nineteenth Participant, Symposium on Subcellular Particles and their Annual Meeting, the Society for Investigative Dermatology. Functions, Annual Meeting, Society of General Physiology. ALFRED E. MIRSKY WALTHER F. GOEBEL Participant, Symposium on the Physiological Relationship Be- Participant, Seminar on Colicine-K, Department of Zoology, tween Nucleus and Cytoplasm, International Society of Cell Columbia University. Biology, Brussels. DAN H. MOORE FRANCIS 0. HOLMES Participant, Symposium on the Factors Influencing Exchange Lecture, "Inheritance of Resistance to Diseases Caused by Vi- of Substances across the Capillary Wall, American Associa- ruses in Plants", Rutgers University. tion of Anatomists. FRANK L. HORSFALL, JR. MONTROSE J. MOSES Medical Advisory Committee Meeting, National Foundation for Lecture, "Aflagellate Spermiogenesis in the Crayfish", American Infantile Paralysis. Association of Anatomists. Participant, Panel on Viral Infections of the Respiratory Tract, Participant, Conference on Preparation of Specimens for Cell American Academy of Pediatrics. Measurements, National Cancer Institute. Lecture, "Can Viruses be Managed?", Annual Meeting, Ameri- Lecture, "Cytochemistry, Electron Microscopy and the Organ- can Philosophical Society. ization of Chromosomes", Department of Biophysics, Yale Participant, Panel on Viral Diseases, Annual Session, American University. College of Physicians. Lecture, "The Fine Structure and Cytochemistry of Chromo- Lecture series, "Introductory Medicine", Cornell University somes", School of Medicine, Duke University. Medical College. Lecture, "A Cytochemical and Electron Microscopical Study of the or mat ion of Tailless Sperm in crayfish'< ~e~artment ROLLIN D. HOTCHKISS of Zoology, Columbia University. Participant, Conference on Genetic Approaches to Somatic Cell Chairman, Gordon Research Conference on Cell Structure and Variation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Metabolism. Participant, Biology Seminar, Substrate Analysis of Sulfona- mide Resistance in Pneumococcus, Massachusetts Institute Guest Lecturer, Summer Course in Electron Microscopy, Cor- nell University. of Technology and Harvard University. Participant, Symposium on Exchange of Genetic Material: MAN-CHIANG NIU Analysis of the Complex Sulfonamide Resistance Locus of Participant, Symposium on Mor~hogenesis,Annual Meeting, Pneumococcus, Cold Spring Harbor. Tissue Culture Association. Participant, 3rd Canadian Cancer Research Conference : Func- GEORGE E. PA LADE tions and Limitations of the Deoxyribonucleic Acids in the Lecture, "Functional Association of Mitochondria and Lipide Organization of Biosyntheses. Inclusions", American Association of Anatomists. Participant, Symposium on Subcellular Particles and their Lecture, "Chemical Augmentation of Influenza Virus Multi- Function, Annual Meeting, Society of General Physiology. plication", Max Planck Institute for Virus Research, Tii- Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Cell Structure and bingen, Germany.

~eiabolism. WILLIAM TRAGER Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Nucleic Acid and Session Chairman, Conference on Axenic Culture of Inverte- Proteins. brate Metazoa: A Goal, New York Academy of Sciences. HARRY D. PECK Participant, Meeting of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine Lecture, "The Incorporation of Valine-1-C14 into Peptides by a Study Section of the National Institutes of Health, San Cell-Free Extract of Pseudomonas Hydrophila", Society of Francisco. American Bacteriologists, Chicago. PAUL A. WEISS S. WILLIAM PELLETIER Lecture, "Problems of Structure Formation", University of Commencement Address, The Gateway School, Hackensack, Brussels. New Jersey. Participant, Seminar on Differentiation, Cell Surface and GERTRUDE E. PERLMANN Cancer, Chester Beatty Research Institute, London. Lecture, "Studies on Pepsin", National Heart Institute. Lecture, "Experiments on Microstructure", Cambridge Uni- versity. KEITH R. PORTER Litchfield Lecture in Medicine, Oxford University. Lecture, "Cell Fine Structure and Pathology", Armed Forces In- Participant, Symposium on Space Biology, National Research stitute of Pathology. ' Council. Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Cell Structure and Lecture, "Current Developments in Biology", Committee on Metabolism: The Muscle Cell. Biology and Medicine, University of Chicago Press. Lecture, Cornell University Summer Course in Electron Micros- Lectures, "Trends in Biology", Summer Institute for High COPY. School Science Teachers, Alabama College. Lecture, "The Liver Cell", Institut Divi Thomae, West Palm Lecture, "Surface Specificity and Surface Interactions of Cells", Beach, Florida. University of Giessen. MURRAY RABINOWITZ Message of U. S. Science, Symposium on Man at the Threshold Lecture, "The Reversibility of Phosphate Transfer Between of the Atomic Age, Brussels World's Fair. Phosvitin and ATE"', Federation of American Societies for Lecture, "Cells and Ground Substance in Tissue Organization", Experimental Biology. University of Milan. MARIA A. RUDZINSKA Lecture, "Cell Locomotion", Ciba, A. G., Basel. Lecture, "Feeding by Malaria Parasites", the New York Society SAMUEL B. WEISS of Tropical Medicine. Lecture, "Reaction of Tryptophan with Tryptophan-Activating HOWARD A. SCHNEIDER Enzyme Bound Acceptor", Federation of American Societies Address, "Metaphysical Elements in the History of Nutrition", for Experimental Biology. Cornell Medical History Society, Cornell Medical School. Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Proteins and Nu- Address, "Physiological and Ecological Aspects of Public cleic Acids. Health", 18th Eastern States Health Education Conference, STEVEN L. WISSIG New York Academy of Medicine. Lecture, "An Electron Microscope Study of the Permeability of Lecture, "Experimental Epidemiology", Fort Detrick, Mary- Capillaries in Muscle", American Association of Anatomists. land. HANS GEORG ZACHAU Participant, Neurology Seminar, State University of New York, Participant, Gordon Research Conference on Proteins and Nu- College of Medicine, Brooklyn. cleic Acids. RICHARD E. SHOPE VLADIMIR K. ZWORYKIN Lecture, "Incidental Observations Made on A Medical Mis- Lecture, "Ultraviolet Color-translating Microscope", Interna- sion to Russia", Annual Meeting, American Philosophical tional Conference on Medical Electronics, Paris. Society.

PHILIP SIEKEVITZ Lecture, "Cytochemical Studies on Protein Synthesis in the Society Elections Pancreas", National Heart Institute. A. G. BEARN NORMAN R. STOLL Participant, Conference on Axenic Culture of Invertebrate Harvey Society. Metazoa: A Goal, New York Academy of Sciences. Member, American Society for Clinical Investigation. DETLEV W. BRONK ALFRED STRACHER Lecture, "Separation and Characterization of Proteins and Poly- Elected President of the National Academy of Sciences. peptides by Partial Dialysis", State University of New York, Elected Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences of the College of Medicine, Brooklyn. U.S.S.R. VINCENT P. DOLE IGOR TAMM Vice President, American Society for Clinical Investigation. Participant, - Svmposium. - of the Societv for General Microbiology, on the Strategy of Chemotherapy, Royal Insti- GABRIEL C. GODMAN tution, London. Council, the Histochemical Society. PAUL A. WEIS'S Member, Executive Committee, International Society for Cell FACULTY ACTIVITIES Biology, Likge, Belgium. Member, Committee on the Lashley Award in Neurobiology, (continued from page eleven) American Philosophical Society.

DOUGLAS M. WHITAKER Member, Committee on Social Sciences, Board of the National Science Foundation. WALTHER F. GOEBEL Member, Board of Trustees, Science Service; nominated by Member, National Academy of Sciences. The American Association for the Advancement of Science. ROLLIN D. HOTCHKISS Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences. KARL MARAMOROSCH Secretary-Treasurer, Scarsdale Society of the Sigma Xi.

VICTOR H. WITTEN Member, American Dermatological Association. INSTITUTE MENTION

Other Appointments and Distinctions

DETLEV W. BRONK Trustee, Bucknell University. New Appointments to the Faculty Citation, Lord & Taylor Award Luncheon for America's Un- official Ambassadors. DR. ELSIMAR COUTINHO, who was in the Department of Honor Award Citation, The Johns Hopkins Alumni Association. Physiology at the University of Bahia, has been appointed Honorary Member, National Association of Science Writers. Guest Investigator in Dr. Csapo's Laboratory, beginning Member, National Science Planning Board Advisory to World June 15,1958. Science, Pan-Pacific Exposition. DR. ARTHUR M. CRESTFIELD, who has been a Research Member, Health Research Advisory Council, Department of Biochemist at the University of California School of Medi- Health, City of New York. cine, has been appointed Research Associate in the Labora- Honorary Civilian Consultant to the Surgeon-General, U. S. tory of Drs. Moore and Stein. Navy. DR. JOHN W. FARQUHAR, formerly a member of the Uni- Member, Medical Advisory Council of MEDI c 0, New York. versity of California School of Medicine, has been appointed Member, Sponsors Council, 2 50th Anniversary of Trinity Research Associate and Assistant Physician to the Hospital, School, New York. and will be associated with Dr. Ahrens. GEORGE W. CORNER Passano Award for 1958, American Medical Association. DR. JOHN H. FRENSTER, who has been in the College of Council, American Association for the History of Medicine. Medicine of the University of Illinois, has been appointed Member, Committee on Meetings, American Philosophical Guest Investigator to work in association with Dr. Alfred E. Society. Mirsky, beginning July 1, 195 8. Member, Committee for Selection of Fellows, John Simon Gug- DR. HERMAN H. FUDENBERG, who was a Resident Physi- genheim Foundation. cian at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, has been RENE J. DUBOS appointed Research Associate and Assistant Physician to Recipient, 1958 Howard Taylor Ricketts Award, University of the Hospital, to work in Dr. Henry Kunkel's Laboratory. Chicago. DR. AUDREY GLAUERT, of the Microbiology Department at Member, Committee on Polar Research, National Academy of Strangeways Laboratory in Cambridge, England, has been Sciences. appointed Guest Investigator and Fellow beginning May 1,

FRANK L. HORSEALL, JR. 195 8, to work in the Laboratory of Cytology. Member, Lasker Awards Committee, American Public Health DR. MASAYOSI GOTO, Professor of Physiology at the Uni- Association. versity of Kagoshima, Japan, was appointed Guest Investi- HENRY G. KUNKEL gator on June 15, 1958, and will work in association with Member, Panel on the Future Status of Germ-free Animal Re- Dr. Csapo. search, New York Academy of Sciences. DR. SYLVIA F. JACKSON, formerly with the Lovett Memo- FRITZ A. LIPMANN rial Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, has been Chairman, Nominating Committee, American Society of Bio- appointed Assistant Professor, to work in association with , logical chemists, Inc. Dr. Paul Weiss. I I THOMAS MILTON RIVERS MR. MOSES LIEBERMAN, who has been at New York Uni- Enrolled in the Polio Hall of Fame, 20th Anniversary of the versity-Bellevue College of Medicine, has been appointed a Founding of the National Foundation for Infantile Pa- Guest Investigator, effective June 12, 1958, to work with I ralysis. Dr. Norton Zinder. DR. SVEN LINDS TEDT,formerly in the Department of Physio- DR. CLAYTON RICH, formerly Research Associate and As- logical Chemistry at the University of Lund, Sweden, has sistant Physician to the Hospital, working in Dr. Archibald's . been appointed Guest Investigator in Dr. Ahrens' Labora- Laboratory, has been appointed an Assistant Professor. tory, beginning May 6, 1958. DR. A. CECIL TAYLOR, who has been an Assistant Professor DR. HEINZ MEINERTZ,formerly at Sundby Hospital in in Dr. Paul Weiss' Laboratory, has been appointed Associate Copenhagen, has been appointed Research Associate and Professor. Assistant Physician to the Hospital, and will be associated DR. VICTOR J. WILSON,formerly a Research Associate in with Dr. Dole and his colleagues. Dr. David Lloyd's Laboratory, has been appointed Assistant MR. EDWARD J. MURPHY,formerly in the Department of Professor. Solid State Physics in the Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, has been appointed Guest Investigator, effec- tive July 1, 1958, to work with Drs. Brink and Shedlovsky. Newly Appointed Graduate Fellows DR. ELLIOTT ROBBINS, who has been in the Biophysics

Department at Yale University, has been appointed Guest PREDOCTORAL FELLOWS Investigator to work in Dr. Paul Weiss' Laboratory, begin- BARRY R. BLOOM,Amherst College. ning July I, 1958. RICHARD A. CELLARIUS, Reed College. MR. SIDNEY ROSEN,who has been doing electron micros- BRIAN A. CURTIS,University of Rochester. copy in the Neuropathology Department of the New York ERIC H. DAVIDS ON,University of Pennsylvania. State Psychiatric Institute, has been appointed a Guest In- JOHN W. B. HERSHEY,Haverford College. vestigator and Fellow, effective May 1, 1958, and will work with Dr. Dan Moore. JOHN J. HUTTON,Harvard University. JOAN KENT,Barnard College. DR. JOEL ROTHSCHILD, who recently received a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, RICHARD PURPLE, Hamilton College. Columbia University, has been appointed Guest Investi- CLIFFORD L. SLAYMAN,JR., Kenyon College. gator, to work with Dr. Palade, effective July 1, 1958. JOSEPH W. VANABLE, JR., Brown University. DR. ROBERT L. SCHOENFELD,Electronic Engineer at the RICHARD WOLFENDEN,Princeton University and Institute, has been appointed Assistant Professor. Oxford University. PETER WOLK,Massachusetts Institute of Technology. DR. J. ROBERTO SOTELO, formerly at the Instituto de In- vestigaci6n de Ciencias Biolbgicas, Montevideo, has been POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS appointed a Guest of the Institute beginning July 1, 1958, JOHN W. EN SINCK,McGill University. and will work with Dr. Keith Porter. DAVID J. L. LU c K, Harvard Medical School. DR. A. SREENIVASAN, formerly Professor in the Department EDWARD REICH,The Johns Hopkins University. of Chemical Technology at the University of Bombay, has THOMAS B. TOMASI,University of Vermont. been appointed a Guest Investigator beginning June 1, DAVID C. WHITE,Tufts University. 1958, and will work with Dr. Siekevitz. DR. DONALD B. ZILVERSMIT,who was Professor of Physi- ology at the University of Tennessee, has been appointed Faculty Terminations Guest Investigator effective June 1, 1958, to work with Dr. Ahrens in his Laboratory. DR. TSUNEHISA AMANO,a Guest Investigator in Dr. Goebel's Laboratory, left the Institute May 20, 1958, to Faculty Promotions return to Osaka University Medical School in Japan. DR. JUDITH S. BE LLIN,who has been a Research Associate DR. HALSTED R. HOLMAN, who has been a Research As- in Dr. Mirsky's Laboratory, left the Institute on June 30, sociate and Assistant Physician to the Hospital, working in 1958. Dr. Henry Kunkel's Laboratory, has been appointed an DR. JOHN D. BROOME,a Research Associate in Dr. Opie's Assistant Professor. Laboratory, left the Institute on May 16, 1958, to accept DR. REBECCA C. LANCEFIELD, who has been an Associate an appointment as Research Associate in Pathology at Cor- Professor in Dr. McCarty's Laboratory, has been made nell University Medical College. Member and Professor of the Institute. DR. PER E. S. E NGER, who has been a Research Associate in DR. ROBERT BRUCE MERRIFIELD, who has been an As- Dr. H. Keffer Hartline's Laboratory, left the Institute on sistant Professor in Dr. D. Wayne Woolley's Laboratory, July 1, 1958, to return to the University of Oslo where he has been appointed Associate Professor. is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Zoophysiology. DR. WILLIAM H. MILLER,Research Associate in Dr. H. DR. LARS ERNSTER, a Guest Investigator in Dr. Porter's Keffer Hartline's Laboratory, has been appointed an As- Laboratory, returned to the Wenner-Gren Institute, Uni- sistant Professor. versity of Stockholm, on July I, 1958. DR. GERTRUDE E. PERLMANN, formerly Assistant Profes- DR. EDWARD C. FRANKLIN, formerly a Research Associate sor, has been appointed Associate Professor. and Assistant Physician to the Hospital in Dr. Henry DR. FLOYD RATLIFF,who has been an Assistant Professor in Kunkel's Laboratory, left the Institute July 1, 1958; he will Dr. H. Keffer Hartline's Laboratory, has been appointed an be an Assistant Professor of Medicine at New York Uni- Associate Prohssor. versity Medical School. H. G. KHORANA,The British Columbia Research Council, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, May 6, 1958. INSTITUTE MENTION JORDI FOLCH-PI, Professor of Neurochemistry, Harvard (continued from page thirteen) Medical School, and Director of Scientific Research, Mc- Lean Hospital, Waverley, Massachusetts, May 14, 1958. LEWIS K. DAHL, Head, Division of Research Medicine, Brookhaven National Laboratory, May 16, 1958. DR. CHRISTOPHE H. W. HIRS, an Assistant Professor in the A. A. MILES, Director, The Lister Institute of Preventive Laboratory of Drs. Moore and Stein, has accepted an ap- Medicine, London, May 20, 1958. pointment as Assistant Biochemist at the Brookhaven Na- ROLF BLOMSTRAND, Assistant Professor in Clinical Chem- tional Laboratory, effective July 1, 1958; and he has been istry, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden, May 23, 1958. appointed Affiliate and Lecturer of The Rockefeller Insti- PIERRE FREDERI CQ,Department of Microbiology and Hy- tute as of this same date. giene, University of Licge, Belgium, May 26, 1958. DR. LUIS M. H. LARRAMENDI, who has been a Research ARTHUR K. S 6LOMON, Associate Professor of Biophysics, Associate in Dr. Lorente de N6's Laboratory, left the Insti- Director, Biophysical Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, tute on July 1, 1958; he has been appointed Associate Pro- fessor of Neuroanatomy at the University of Illinois in May 27, 1958. Chicago. DR. HIDENOBU MASHIMA,Guest Investigator in Dr. Corner's Laboratory, left April 30, 1958, to return to Japan Guest Seminar in Medicine where he is Professor of Physiology at Juntendo University. DR. ROY E. RITTS, formerly a Research Associate in Dr. KURT W. DEUSCHLE,Assistant Professor of Public Health Chase's Laboratory, has accepted an appointment as As- and Preventive Medicine, Cornell University Medical Col- sistant Professor of Medicine at Georgetown University lege, April 2, 1958. School of Medicine; he left the Institute June 30, 1958. DR. WILLIAM C. ROBBINS,Guest Investigator and Assist- ant Physician to the Hospital in Dr. Henry Kunkel's Labora- Xiw Grants and Contracts tory, left the Institute on June 30, 1958, to accept an ap- pointment in the Department of Medicine, Cornell Medi- From the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis in support cal College, and will be on the attending staff at New York of the following work: Hospital. Dr. Igor Tamm's investigation of biosynthetic processes in DR. MARTIN F. STURMAN,who has been a Guest Investi- virus multiplication and the development of inhibitors of gator and Assistant Physician to the Hospital, and who virus multiplication (2nd year of a 3-year grant, plus a sup- worked in Dr. Dole's Laboratory, left the Institute July 1, plement) $69,789 1958, to enter private practice in New York. Dr. Henry G. Kunkel's study of tissue protein and tissue nucleic acid constituents and their antibodies $43,157 Visiting Professors in Residence From the National Science Foundation for:

DR. ALEXANDER VON MURALT,Professor of Physiology, Mr. E. J. Murphy's work on electrical conduction in hydro- University of .Bern, April 2 1-25, 1958. gen-bonded substances $32,000 DR. LUDWIG EDELSTEIN,Professor of Humanistic Studies, A Symposium on elementary processes in nerve conduction The Johns Hopkins University, April 28-May 2, 1958. and muscle contraction $23,000 From the United States Public Health Service for the 1st of a Guest Speakers 5-year training program in anatomical sciences under Doctors Keith R. Porter and Dan H. Moore $32,076

ERN ST K LEN K, Professor of Physiological Chemistry, Uni- versity of Cologne, April 1, 1958. JOHN R. BAKER, Reader in Cytology, Oxford University, April 8, 1958. s. A. BERSON, Chief of Radioisotope Service, Veterans' Ad- THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE ministration Hospital, Bronx, April 11, 1958. E u G E N FRIT ZE,Professor of Internal Medicine, University of Gottingen, Germany, April 22, 1958. is published for the quarters ending in March, June, September A. NEUB ERGER, Professor of Chemical Pathology, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London, April 24, 1958. and December of each year. Inquiries, comments and sugges- F. C. STEWARD,Professor of Botany, Cornell University, April tions should be addressed to Mr. Charles I. Campbell, Editor, 25,1958. THE ROCKEFELLER INSTITUTE QUARTERLY LARS ERN STER,The Wenner-Gren Institute, University of Stockholm, Sweden, April 30, 1958. 66~~STREET AND YORK AVENUE NEW YORK 21