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Coupon CODE! AKEPRO Introduction
Reason for the Resentment Against the British Rule
Process of the Consolidation British of the British conquest of Rule India Causes of the First War of Independence
❖ British established their domination over India between 1757 to 1857.
❖ Ruling classes removed from their power.
❖ Peasantry was deprived of its la land rights.
❖ Artisans lost their livelihood.
❖ Priests and scholars found themselves without income in the absence of Indian rulers. ❖ Well paid higher posts were reserved for British soldiers.
❖ Indian soldiers with the company had a hard life due to their low income and also faced ill- treatment.
❖ Hence, by 1857 conditions were ripe for mass uprising.
❖ All these lead to the First war of Indian Independence. Political Causes
I. Policy of Expansion
1. By Outright Wars
2. By Subsidiary Alliance
3. By using the Doctrine of Lapse
4. On the pretext of Alleged Misrule 1. By Outright Wars
● Battle of Buxar (1764) - Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.
● Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767 to 1799) - Mysore State.
● Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-18) - North and South of the Narmada river (Peshwa’s domination).
● Second Anglo Sikh War (1823 - 1856) - Punjab.
● Further Expansion - Sindh, Assam, Arkana and Tenasserim and Pegu in Myanmar. 2. By Subsidiary Alliance
● Introduced by Lord Wellesley.
● An agreement between the British East India Company and the Princely States by virtue of which these states lost their sovereignty to the British. 3. By using the Doctrine of Lapse
❏ If any Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would ‘lapse’ that is it would come under the company’s Rule.
❏ 1856: The ruler of Jhansi died without an heir. So, Rani of Jhansi was pensioned and their adopted son, Anand Rao was not recognised as a lawful successor.
❏ Other States which annexed by applying this policy were Satara, Jaitpur, Sambalpur, Udaipur and Nagpur. 4. On the Pretext of Alleged Misrule
❏ 1856: Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh.
❏ Declared Awadh was being misruled and British rule was needed to ensure proper administration.
❏ But, people of Awadh had faced many hardships which made them join the Revolt of 1857. II. Disrespect shown to Bahadur Shah
1. Name of 3. His 5. Hence, his the Mughal successors wife, Zeenat King were not Mahal began removed allowed to plotting from the use imperial against the coins. titles. British.
2. His Successors 4. Hurt the were not feelings of permitted to the Muslims. use Red Fort. III. Treatment Given to Nana Saheb
5. Travelled from Delhi to 1. Adopted 3. Forced to Lucknow to son of Baji leave gain support, Rao II. Kanpur. but did not succeed.
2. British 4. Widely refused to resented in grant him the Maratha the pension. region. Socio-Religious Causes
1. Interference with Social Customs
3. 1. Opening Abolition of Western of Sati education (1829) to Girls.
2. Widow Remarriage Act (1856) 2. Apprehensions about Modern Innovation
❖ People were suspicious of the introduction of modern innovations such as railways and telegraphs.
❖ Orthodox Indians did not like sitting arrangements in the railway compartments (Both higher caste and lower caste were made to sit together).
❖ They believed that the British had made such arrangements to defy their caste and religion. 3. Corruption in Administration
● Police and petty officials were corrupt.
● Common man was looted, oppressed and tortured. 4. Oppression of the Poor
● The judicial system was complex.
● Flogging, torture and imprisonment of cultivators were common due to their inability to pay land revenue, arrears on rent and interest on debt. 5. Policy of Racial Discrimination
● Rude and arrogant towards Indians.
● They believe that they were superior to Indians.
● Followed the policy of contempt towards the Indians.
● Dubbed Muslims as cruel and unfaithful.
● Illtreated and insulted Indians. 6. Activities of Missionaries
● Denounced idol worship and dubbed local beliefs as ignorance.
● After 1813: Activities of Christian missionaries increased that feared Indians.
7. Law of Property
● The Religious Disabilities Act changed the Hindu Law Property.
● It enabled a convert from Hinduism to other religious faiths. 8. Fears Regarding Western Education Shifting of emphasis from oriental learning to western education was doubted.
Pandits and Maulvis saw this as a attempt to discourage traditional learning. Thy believed that western education started to convert their children to christianity. 9. Taxing Religious Places
3. Such lands were 1. It hurt the religious exempted from taxation sentiments of the Indians. by previous Indian Rulers.
2. The families which depended on this places did not like this. Economic Causes
1. Exploitation of Economic Resources
● Agriculture in India was made an economic colony to serve the interests of industrial needs of England.
● Raw materials such as raw silk and raw cotton were forced to export at cheaper rates.
● Indians were made to accept duty free readymade goods.
● Indian handmade goods were unable to compete with the cheaper, machine-made British products.
● This ruined Indian industries. 2. Drain of Wealth
❏ The transfer of wealth from India to England. ❏ Drain includes the salaries, incomes and savings of Englishmen, military goods, office establishments, interest on debts, etc.
Economic Decline of Peasantry
● Discontent with the land revenue policies.
● Borne heavy burden of taxes for all the British expenses in India. 3. Decay of Cottage Industries and Handicrafts
2. By mid of 1. Heavy duties 19th century, on Indian silk export of and cotton cotton and silk textiles in goods from Britain. India ceased.
3. This brought misery to the artisans. 4. Growing Unemployment
5. Inhuman Treatment of Indigo Cultivators
6. Poverty and Famines 7. Decline of Landed Aristocracy
❖ Inam Commission 18520: Estates were cofisticated on the ground of lack of title- deeds.
❖ This brought landed aristocracy to poverty. Military Causes
1. Poorly paid
5. Showed disregard for the 2. ill-fed & badly sentiments of the house sepoys. 1. Conditions of the Sepoys
3. Forbade the 4. For Example: sepoys from Beards or Turbans wearing caste or sectarian marks. 2. General Service Enlistment Act
● According to this Act Indian soldiers could be sent overseas on the duty.
● According to traditional belief, It was taboo for a Brahmin to cross the seas.
● This led to the feeling of resentment among the Brahmin soldiers. 3. Larger Proportion of Indians in the British Army
4. Bleak Prospects of Promotions 5. Deprivation of Allowances
❖ Extension of British dominion in India adversely affected the service conditions of the sepoys.
❖ They were required to serve areas away from their homeland without extra payment and additional Bhatta (foreign allowance).
❖ The Post Office Act of 1854 withdrew the privilege of free postage. 6. Faulty Distribution of Troops
❖ Delhi and Allahabad had no British armies and were wholly held by the Indian soldiers.
❖ England was engaged in several wars outside India.
❖ Indian sepoys were confident that the British were depended on them for the safety of their empire.
❖ All this made them go for strikes at the suitable time. 7. Poor Performanc e of British Troops
British faced failure in the First Afghan War, Punjab Wars and in the Crimean War.
Santhal tribesmen of Bengal and Bihar also temporarily defeated the British.
This made the Sepoys believe that British army could be easily defeated with their combined efforts. 8. Lower Salaries
❏ Wages for Indian sepoys were inadequate to maintain their families.
❏ British soldiers received 8 times better than the Indian soldiers. Chronology of Events
Feb 26, Unrest among the soldiers at 1857 Berhampur, Bengal.
Mar 29, Resentment by Mangal Pandey at 1857 Barrackpore.
May 9, Resentment by 85 sepoys at Meerut 1857
May 10, Sepoys at Meerut broke out openly 1857 against the British.
May 11- Outbreaks in Delhi, Ferozepur. Bombay, 30, 1857 Bareilly, Aligarh etc. Mughal Emperor proclaimed as the Emperor of India.
June Uprising at Gwalior, Bharatpur, 1857 Jhansi, Allahabad, Faizabad.
Aug 1857 Uprising at Indore, Mhow, Saugar, Jhelum, etc. Sep 1857 Recapture of Delhi by the English.
Nov 1857 Defeat of the British at Kanpur.
Dec 1857 Victory of the British at Kanpur, escape of Tantia tope.
Mar, 1858 Recapture of Lucknow by the British.
April 1858 Victory of the British at Jhansi.
June 17, Death of Rani Jhansi. 1858
July- Dec Re-establishment of British Authority 1858 in India.
Apr 1859 Tantia Tope captures and Hanged to death. Reach out to me at : [email protected]