Women Warriors and National Heroes Ii Women Warriors and National Heroes
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Women Warriors and National Heroes ii Women Warriors and National Heroes Global Histories Edited by Boyd Cothran, Joan Judge, and Adrian Shubert BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC Bloomsbury Publishing Plc 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK 1385 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA BLOOMSBURY, BLOOMSBURY ACADEMIC and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc First published in Great Britain 2020 Copyright © Boyd Cothran, Joan Judge, Adrian Shubert and contributors, 2020 Boyd Cothran, Joan Judge, and Adrian Shubert have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Editors of this work. Cover design: Tjaša Krivec Cover image: The Rani of Jhansi on horseback kills an Englishman with her sword, 1179 (© Art Collection 2/Alamy Stock Photo) This work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial No Derivatives Licence. 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To Emiko Cothran, my sister and the bravest of women warriors, and to every woman who has had to fight for a place in this world. vi Contents List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction Boyd Cothran, Joan Judge, and Adrian Shubert 1 Part 1 Process 1 India’s Rebel Queen: Rani Lakshmi Bai and the 1857 Uprising Harleen Singh 23 2 Historians and Nehanda of Zimbabwe in History and Memory Ruramisai Charumbira 39 3 Women Warriors or Mothers of the Fatherland: Hero Cults and Gender in Basque Nationalism Nerea Aresti 55 Part 2 Violence 4 Murderous Daughters as “Exemplary Women”: Filial Piety, Revenge, and Heroism in Early Modern and Modern Japan Marcia Yonemoto 75 5 Women Warriors and the Mobilization of Colonial Memory in the Nineteenth-Century United States Gina M. Martino 93 6 From the Nation to Emancipation: Greek Women Warriors from the Revolution (1820s) to the Civil War (1940s) Sakis Gekas 113 Part 3 Gender Fluidity 7 Madeleine de Verchères (1678–1747): Woman Warrior of French Canada Colin M. Coates 131 8 Jeanne d’Arc, Arab Hero: Warrior Women, Gender Confusion, and Feminine Political Authority in the Arab-Ottoman Fin de Siècle Marilyn Booth 149 9 Gender and Transgender in the Mexican Revolution: The Shifting Memory of Amelio Robles Gabriela Cano 179 viii Content Part 4 Survivors 10 “Amazons” in the Pantheon? Women Warriors, Nationalism, and Hero Cults in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Chile and Peru Gabriel Cid 199 11 Commemorating China’s Wartime Spies: Red Agents Guan Lu and Jiang Zhuyun, and the Problem of Female Fidelity Louise Edwards 217 12 Vietnam’s Martial Women: The Costs of Transgressing Boundaries Karen Gottschang Turner 233 Index 252 Figures 1.1 Popular Congress Party Election Posters depicting Sonia Gandhi as the Rani of Jhansi 33 3.1 Polixene Trabudua and Haydée Aguirre, both EAB leaders, leaving Larrinaga Prison, Bilbao, 1933 62 3.2 Cover of Manuel de la Sota’s Libe: Melodrama histórico (1903, Bilbao: E. Verdes Achirica, 1934) 63 4.1 Utagawa Hiroshige, “Shiroishi banashi (The Tale of Shiroishi),” from Chūkō adauchi zue (Illustrations of Loyalty and Vengeance), 1844–45. Photograph © 2019 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, William Sturgis Bigelow Collection 79 4.2 Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, “The Courtesan Miyagino and Her Younger Sister Shinobu,” from Kōkoku nijūshikō, 1881. Photograph © 2019 Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, William Sturgis Bigelow Collection 80 5.1 “New England Kitchen Scene” in Joel Dorman Steele, A Brief History of the United States (New York: A. S. Barnes & Company, 1885), 94 94 5.2 “Weetamoo Swimming the Matapoisett” by C.S. Reinhart and S.A. Schoff in William Cullen Bryant and Sydney Howard Gay, A Popular History of the United States, vol. 2 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1883), 405 95 6.1 Georgios Miniatis. Souliotisses. Second half of the nineteenth century, Public Gallery, Corfu 116 6.2 Spiros Meletzis, “Determined for everything,” featuring Eleni Panagiotidou and an unknown soldier from the collection With the Partisans in the Mountains, Agrafa: 1944, 242 121 7.1 Gerald Sinclair Hayward, “Madeleine de Verchères,” Library and Archives Canada, Acc. No. 1989-497-1, C-083513 137 7.2 Statue of Madeleine de Verchères, Verchères, QC, about 1925. Archives de la Ville de Montréal, BM42-G0464 139 7.3 Still photograph from scene of motion picture Madeleine de Verchères, Library and Archives Canada, PA-028626 142 8.1 Frontispiece to al-Hilal 4: 4 (October 15, 1895). Private collection of M. Booth 158 x Figures 8.2 Jeanne D'Arc, from the statue by Princess Marie of Orléans in the gallery at Versailles, from Mark Twain, Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons 159 9.1 Colonel Robles School, Xochipala, Guerrero in 2012. Photo credit: Gabriela Cano 180 9.2 Community Museum Coronela Amelia Robles in 2012. Photo credit: Gabriela Cano 181 10.1 Irene Morales, c. 1881 (National History Museum) 207 10.2 Leonor Ordoñez Monument, Huancaní, Perú 212 11.1 A glamorous Guan Lu as a celebrity author. Photo credit: Unknown 219 11.2 Jiang Zhuyun, her husband, and their son. Photo credit: Unknown 227 12.1 Young People on the Trail, date unknown. Courtesy of Colonel Le Trung Tam 235 12.2 Veterans of Company 814, Hanoi, 1996. Courtesy of Karen Turner 242 Acknowledgments We offer our thanks to the many people who made this book possible. Our colleague Marcel Martel was the first and greatest champion of this project. We thank him for his support, both financial and logistical, in organizing the Women Warriors and National Heroes conference at York University in September 2018 as part of the Annual Avie Bennett Historica Canada Conference from which this book was born. As is always the case with international conferences, it took an entire village or university to pull this one off. For their support and co-sponsorship, we thank the following units at York University: the Department of History, the Department of Humanities, the Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation, Founders College, the Faculty of Liberal Arts & Professional Studies, the Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies, the York Centre for Asian Research, and the Centre for Research on Latin America and the Caribbean. We owe a particular debt of gratitude to several individuals in the History Department: Thabit Abdullah, the Chair, and the department’s highly competent and supportive staff, including Lisa Hoffmann, Patricia Di Benigno, Anita Szucsko, and Jeannine Flint. Thank you to Bàrbara Molas, who ably swooped in at the last second to prepare the index. And we also extend thanks to Spain Arts and Culture and the Cultural Office of the Embassy of Spain in Canada for their support. This book has benefited greatly from the wisdom, generosity, and patience of our editors and the production staff at Bloomsbury Academic. We would like to thank especially Maddie Holder for enthusiastically supporting this project from the beginning, and Dan Hutchins who has cheerfully and effectively shepherded the manuscript through the design and production process. Finally, perhaps our greatest debt is to the contributors to this book. They have all put an immense amount of time and labor into writing and rewriting their own fine essays, and have collectively, generously, and creatively thought globally about the woman warriors’ problematics in ways that have shaped the volume. xii Introduction Boyd Cothran, Joan Judge, and Adrian Shubert In February 2018, the government of Saudi Arabia announced that women between the ages of twenty-five and thirty-five would now be permitted to join the armed forces, although they would continue to be barred from combat roles. It was the latest, and most surprising, addition to a still-small group of countries whose armed forces are open to women. Eight months later, the UK made all parts of its armed forces, including frontline infantry and the Royal Marines, available to women.1 Twenty years earlier, in 1988, Norway and Israel had become the first countries in the world “to completely abolish gender barriers in the armed forces.”2 This recent, and belated, acceptance by the modern nation-state of women’s war-making potential reflects the reality that at almost all times and in almost all places fighting wars, and being recognized for doing so, has officially been men’s business.3 In spite of this, stories of women taking up arms and receiving national recognition for having done so are a global phenomenon—and an enduring one. Not only do the ongoing emergence of new political movements and the creation of new polities generate the creation of new heroes, but changing political and social currents within existing states promote the rediscovery, re-appropriation, and redefinition of old ones. The twelve cases discussed in this volume represent only the tip of the iceberg. The very long list of others, touching almost all parts of the world, would include, to name a few: Njinga (Angola), Juana de Azurduy (Bolivia), Mulan (China), Cut Nyak Dhien (Indonesia), Queen Nanny (Jamaica), Mekatilili wa Menza (Kenya), Emilia Plater (Poland), Agustina de Aragón (Spain), Gabriela Silang (Philippines), Molly Pitcher (United States), and Manuela Saenz (Venezuela).