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Home , Battle of Buxar, Rani of Jhansi, Subsidiary alliance

2 From Traders to Rulers

After ’s death in 1707, the Mughal But, other European Empire gradually declined. New regional powers Natives had already entered emerged and by the mid-18th century Mughal rule and the Royal Charter continued only in the regions around Delhi. had no power against them. At this time the English The Portuguese had already emerged as the chief contender for political supremacy reached India in 1498, in India. “The East India Company wanted only even before came IDFLOLWLHV WR FDUU\ RXW WUDGH SURÀWDEO\ EXW LWV DJHQWV here and much before the in India saw that it was impossible to have these East India Company was IDFLOLWLHVZLWKRXWDSULQFHIULHQGO\WRWKHPKHKDGWR granted a charter. They had established their settlements be given military protection to remain on the throne Queen Elizabeth-I and this could not be given without some control in Goa, Daman and Diu. The over him.” (Nirad Chaudhuri in, Clive of India ). How Portuguese were able to control the seas because of then did they come to be masters of a vast empire? their high navigational skills. But they were ousted In this chapter you will see how this came about. from their possessions because of competition from the Dutch and the British. The Dutch had established THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY their trading centres at Surat, Broach, Nagapatam In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted the East and Chinsura in Bengal. But they were more India Company the monopoly to trade with India interested in the Spice Islands. After an agreement through a charter. This meant that no other trading with the British, they gave up all claims on India group in England could compete with the East to concentrate on the Spice Islands. Soon the Company. With the help of this charter, the traders arrived on the scene. They established their Company could venture across the seas looking trade settlements at Pondicherry (now Puducherry), for new lands from where it could buy goods at a Mahe, Chandernagore and Karaikal. Dupleix, the cheap price and carry them back to Europe to sell Governor-general at Pondicherry, played a major at higher prices. role in the expansion of French power in India.

ƵƚĐŚƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ 13 During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in Ahmedabad, Agra, Masulipatnam, Dacca and there was a stiff competition for control over Balasore. In 1698, they acquired the zamindari of maritime trade. The rulers of these countries framed three villages – Sutanati, Kalikata and Govindpur. economic policies to protect their overseas trade The villages soon grew into a city which came interests against foreign competitions. This policy WR EH NQRZQ DV &DOFXWWD 7KH &RPSDQ\ IRUWLÀHG was called mercantilism . The English allowed goods settlements at Bombay, Madras and Calcutta. The to be imported into England only in English ships. objective behind this was safety, security and to This enabled the English to regulate the type of maintain a monopoly. For this, they used force goods entering England. against the Indian rulers and their foreign rivals. Mercantilism led to intense rivalry among Indian exports were increasing and, therefore, the countries. It resulted in wars on land and seas. Indian rulers encouraged the East India Company’s In the 17th century, England, Holland and France factories in India. were trade rivals in Europe. In India, they competed The Company now dreamt of establishing ZLWK WKH 3RUWXJXHVH 7KH (QJOLVK ÀQDOO\ HPHUJHG political power in India. This would enable it to victorious due to their supremacy at sea. compel the Mughals to allow it a free hand in trade, The reason for rivalry was that all the companies to force the Indians to sell its goods at cheap rates wanted to buy the same commodities. The cotton and and to keep the rival European traders out. Political silk produced in India had a big market in Europe. power would also make it possible to appropriate Similarly, spices such as pepper, cloves, cardamoms Indian revenues and to conquer the country with its and cinnamon too were in great demand. The only own resources. ZD\ WKH WUDGLQJ FRPSDQLHV FRXOG ÁRXULVK ZDV E\ In 1686, hostilities between the English and the reducing competition. This urge to secure markets Mughal emperor broke out after the former had OHG WR ÀHUFH EDWWOHV EHWZHHQ WKH WUDGLQJ FRPSDQLHV sacked Hugli and declared war on the Emperor. The Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, they sank under Aurangzeb was more than a each others ships, blockaded the sea routes and match for the petty forces of the East India Company. prevented the rival ships from moving with supplies. The war ended disastrously for them. They were Trade was now carried on with arms and trading deprived of their factories in Bengal. Their factories SRUWV ZHUH IRUWLÀHG 7KLV HIIRUW WR FDUU\ RQ WUDGH at Surat, Masulipatnam were seized and their fort at ZLWKDUPVJDYHULVHWRFRQÁLFWZLWKORFDOUXOHUV7KH Bombay besieged. FRPSDQLHV IRXQG LW YHU\ GLIÀFXOW WR VHSDUDWH WUDGH Having discovered that they were still not strong IURP ORFDO SROLWLFV /HW XV VHH KRZ WKLV ZDV ÀQDOO\ HQRXJK WR ÀJKW WKH 0XJKDO SRZHU WKH\ H[SUHVVHG resolved. their willingness to trade under the protection of the Indian rulers. The Mughal authorities readily English Trading Settlements in India pardoned the English folly as they recognised that 7KHÀUVW(QJOLVKIDFWRU\LQ%HQJDOZDVHVWDEOLVKHG IRUHLJQ WUDGH FDUULHG RQ E\ WKH &RPSDQ\ EHQHÀWHG at Hugli in 1651 with the permission from Sultan Indian artisans and merchants and thereby enriched Shuja, then the Subedar of Bengal. Soon after, English the state treasury. Aurangzeb permitted them factories sprang up at Kasimbazaar, and other to resume trade on payment of Rs. 150,000 as places in the province. These English settlements compensation. were called factories not because anything was In 1717, the Company secured from Emperor manufactured there but because the officials of a farman confirming the privileges the Company were called factors . These factories granted in 1691 and extending them to Gujarat and FRQVLVWHG RI RIÀFHV DQG ZDUHKRXVHV DQG LQGXOJHG the Deccan. This farman granted the company the in trade. These and other locations in India became freedom to export and import their goods in Bengal centres of international trade in spices, cotton, sugar, without paying duty or taxes. This also gave the raw silk, calico and indigo. right to issue passes or dastaks for movement of such In 1662, the Company got the island of Bombay JRRGV %XW GXULQJ WKH ÀUVW KDOI RI WKH WK FHQWXU\ from King Charles II. Soon they established factories Bengal was ruled by strong such as Murshid 14 Quli Khan and Alivardi Khan. They exercised strict Madras came a strong rival and military force control over the English traders and prevented under Admiral Watson and Colonel Clive. Clive them from misusing their privileges. Neither did reconquered Calcutta in 1757, and compelled the they allow them to strengthen fortifications at to concede all the demands of the English. Calcutta or to rule the city independently. Then the 7KH (QJOLVK KRZHYHU ZHUH QRW VDWLVÀHG 7KH\ KDG East India Company remained a mere zamindar of decided to place on the throne of Bengal. So the nawab. they presented the young nawab with an impossible set of demands. Both sides realised that war was BRITISH CONQUEST OF BENGAL LQHYLWDEOH 7KH WZR PHW IRU EDWWOH RQ WKH ÀHOG RI Bengal was the richest and the most fertile of Plassey on 23 June, 1757. In the battle that followed India’s provinces. Its industries and commerce only a small force of the nawab participated. Mir were well developed. The East India Company had -DIDU WRRN QR SDUW LQ WKH ÀJKWLQJ 7KH QDZDE ÁHG KLJKO\ SURÀWDEOH WUDGLQJ LQWHUHVWV LQ WKH SURYLQFH but was chased and put to death. Mir Jafar was The farman granted the Company the freedom to proclaimed the new nawab. He gave the British export and import their goods in Bengal without undisputed right to trade without taxes. He paid paying taxes. The Company’s servants were also a huge sum as war compensations. The East India permitted to trade but were not covered by this Company’s servants collected gift worth 30 million farman. They were required to pay the same taxes rupees from the nawab and the Bengal treasury. It as Indian merchants. This farman was a regular also received the zamindari of the 24 Parganas near VRXUFH RI FRQÁLFW EHWZHHQ WKH &RPSDQ\ DQG WKH Calcutta. nawabs of Bengal. Matters came to a head when the young and rash Siraj-ud-daulah became the nawab Did you know? in 1756. He demanded that the English trade on the Did you know how Plassey got its name? Plassey same basis as in the time of Murshid Quli Khan. The is the anglicised pronunciation of Palashi and the English refused to comply as they felt strong after place derived its name from the palash tree known their victory over the French in South India. Instead IRU LWV EHDXWLIXO UHG ÁRZHUV WKDW \LHOG JXODO WKH of agreeing to pay taxes on their goods, they levied powder used in the festival of Holi. There was a heavy duties on Indian goods entering Calcutta big forest of Palash tree close to the area where this which was under their control. All this angered the battle was fought in 1757. young nawab who suspected that the Company was hostile to him and was favouring his rivals for the The paved the way for the throne of Bengal. The breaking-point came when, English conquest of Bengal and eventually the whole without taking the nawab’s permission, the Company of India. It transformed a mere trading company to a began to fortify Calcutta in expectation of the coming political power and a major contender for the Indian struggle with the French stationed at Chandernagore. empire. The rich revenues of Bengal enabled them Siraj-ud-daulah ordered both the English and the to organise a strong army and meet the cost of the conquest of the rest of the country. The Company )UHQFK WR GHPROLVK WKHLU IRUWLÀFDWLRQV DQG WR GHVLVW no longer wanted to merely trade with India, it was IURPÀJKWLQJHDFKRWKHU:KLOHWKH)UHQFKFRPSDQ\ to use its control over the nawab of Bengal to drain obeyed his order, the English company refused to do the wealth of the province. so. It was determined to remain in Bengal against the Mir Jafar soon realised that it was impossible wishes of the nawab and to trade there on its own to meet the increasing demands of the Company terms. This was a direct challenge to the nawab’s and its officials. On their part they began to sovereignty. criticise the nawab for his incapacity to fulfil The Battle of Plassey (1757) their expectations. Acting with undue haste and inadequate So in October 1760, they forced him to abdicate preparation, Siraj-ud-daulah seized the English in favour of his son-in-law, . Mir Qasim factory at Kasimbazaar, marched on to Calcutta rewarded his b HQHÀFLDULHVE\JUDQWLQJWKH&RPSDQ\ and occupied Fort William on 20 June, 1756. From the zamindari of Burdwan, Midnapore and Chittagong

15 WKH YLFWRU\ RI %X[DU PDGH WKHP D JUHDW SRZHU LQ QRUWKHUQ,QGLDDQGDFRQWHQGHUIRUVXSUHPDF\LQWKH ZKROHFRXQWU\ The Diwani Rights 7KH ULJKW WR FROOHFW Diwani  RU ODQG UHYHQXHV LQ WKH SURYLQFHV RI %HQJDO %LKDU DQG 2ULVVD ZHUH KDQGHG RYHU WR WKH %ULWLVK E\ WKH 0XJKDO HPSHURU 6KDK $ODP ,, ZKR ZDV VWLOO WKH WLWXODU KHDG RI WKH 0XJKDO (PSLUH 7KXV LWV KROG RYHU %HQJDO ZDV >ŽƌĚůŝǀĞŵĞĞƟŶŐDŝƌ:ĂĨĂƌ͕ĂŌĞƌƚŚĞ OHJDOLVHG DQG WKH UHYHQXHV RI WKLV ULFK SURYLQFH ďĂƩůĞŽĨWůĂƐƐĞLJ SODFHG DW LWV FRPPDQG ,Q UHWXUQ WKH &RPSDQ\ DJUHHG WR SD\ 5V  ODNKV DQQXDOO\ WR KLP DQG and by giving them handsome presents. Soon Mir VHFXUHGIURPKLPWKHGLZDQLRI.DUDDQG$OODKDEDG Qasim emerged as a threat to the Company. He was For six years, the Emperor resided in the fort of DQ DEOH HIÀFLHQW DQG VWURQJ UXOHU +H UHDOLVHG WKDW $OODKDEDGDVDYLUWXDOSULVRQHURIWKH&RPSDQ\ D IXOO WUHDVXU\ DQG DQ HIÀFLHQW DUP\ ZHUH HVVHQWLDO 7KH QDZDE RI 2XGK ZDV PDGH WR SD\ D ZDU WRPDLQWDLQKLVLQGHSHQGHQFH$OOWKLVZDVQRWOLNHG LQGHPQLW\ RI ÀYH PLOOLRQ UXSHHV WR WKH &RPSDQ\ E\WKH(QJOLVK0RVWRIDOOWKH\GLVOLNHGWKHQDZDE·V 7KH WZR VLJQHG DQ DOOLDQFH E\ ZKLFK WKH &RPSDQ\ DWWHPSWV WR FKHFN WKH PLVXVH RI WKH IDUPDQ RI  SURPLVHG WR VXSSRUW WKH QDZDE IURP DQ\ RXWVLGH E\WKH&RPSDQ\·VVHUYDQWVZKRGHPDQGHGWKDWWKHLU DWWDFNWKXVPDNLQJKLPWRWDOO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKHP JRRGVZKHWKHULPSRUWHGRUH[SRUWHGVKRXOGEHIUHH RI GXWLHV 7KLV RIIHQGHG WKH ,QGLDQ PHUFKDQWV DV Dual System of Administration (1765-1772) WKH\KDGWRSD\WD[HVIURPZKLFKWKHIRUHLJQHUVJRW $IWHU WKH YLFWRU\ RI WKH (QJOLVK LQ %X[DU FRPSOHWH H[HPSWLRQ 0LU 4DVLP WRRN WKH EROG VWHS was appointed the Governor and of abolishing taxes on internal trade for all. Now &RPPDQGHULQ&KLHI RI WKH (QJOLVK SRVVHVVLRQV WKH ,QGLDQ PHUFKDQWV ZHUH DOVR DEOH WR HQMR\ WKH LQ %HQJDO ,Q RUGHU WR VHWWOH WKH SUREOHP RI FRQFHVVLRQ ZKLFK RQO\ WKH (QJOLVK KDG HQMR\HG VR DGPLQLVWUDWLQJ %HQJDO KH IDU7KH(DVW,QGLD&RPSDQ\FRXOGQRWWROHUDWHWKLV LQWURGXFHGWKH'XDO6\VWHP Battle of (1764) $FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV V\VWHP $IWHU WKH %DWWOH RI 3ODVVH\ WKHUH ZDV D EDWWOH WKHUHDOSRZHURIMXULVGLFWLRQ between Mir Qasim and his allies— the nawab of lay with the Company 2XGK 6KXMDXGGDXODK DQG 6KDK $ODP ,, RQ WKH while the responsibility of RQH VLGH DQG WKH %ULWLVK RQ WKH RWKHU VLGH 7KH administration was of the allies, along with Mir Qasim were defeated by the QDZDERI%HQJDO &RPSDQ\ IRUFHV DW %X[DU ,W ZDV RQH RI WKH PRVW 7KH &RPSDQ\ FROOHFWHG GHFLVLYH EDWWOHV LQ ,QGLDQ KLVWRU\ ,W PDGH WKH (DVW WKH UHYHQXHV DV GLZDQL ,QGLD &RPSDQ\ WKH UHDO PDVWHUV RI %HQJDO %LKDU ,W FRQWUROOHG WKH QL]DPDW and Orissa. Mir Jafar was reinstated. On his death, WKURXJK 5H]D .KDQ WKHLU WKH\ SODFHG KLV VHFRQG VRQ 1L]DPXGGDXODK RQ DSSRLQWHH 7KLV V\VWHP Robert Clive the throne. He was made to sign a new treaty on SURYHG D IDLOXUH 1HLWKHU WKH  )HEXDU\  %\ WKLV WUHDW\ WKH QDZDE ZDV WR QDZDE QRU WKH &RPSDQ\ FDUHG IRU WKH SHRSOH GLVEDQGPRVWRIKLVDUP\DQGWRDGPLQLVWHU%HQJDO ,W OHG WR WKH EUHDNGRZQ RI WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH %X[DU FRQÀUPHG WKH GHFLVLRQV RI 3ODVVH\ 7KH QHZ PDFKLQHU\ /DZ DQG RUGHU EURNHGRZQ 7KHUH ZDV 1DZDE RI %HQJDO ZDV WKHLU VWRRJH WKH 1DZDE RI HFRQRPLF GLVRUGHU ZLWK WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI UHYHQXH 2XGK D VXERUGLQDWH DOO\ DQG WKH (PSHURU WKHLU DGGLQJ WR WKH PLVHU\ RI WKH SHRSOH $JULFXOWXUDO SHQVLRQHU 1HYHU DIWHU %X[DU GLG WKH 1DZDEV RI GHSUHVVLRQ DIIHFWHG WUDGH DQG FRPPHUFH ZLWK WKH %HQJDO RU 2XGK HYHU FKDOOHQJH WKH SRVLWLRQ RI WKH &RPSDQ\·VVHUYDQWVPRQRSROLVLQJWKHLQWHUQDOWUDGH &RPSDQ\ ,I WKH %DWWOH RI 3ODVVH\ KDG PDGH WKH RI %HQJDO WKXV DGGLQJ WR WKHLU SHUVRQDO ZHDOWK (QJOLVK D SRZHUIXO IDFWRU LQ WKH SROLWLFV RI %HQJDO 7KH FRWWDJH LQGXVWULHV RI %HQJDO VXIIHUHG DV WKH\ 16 were discouraged. The servants of the Company who amassed great wealth were called ‘nabobs’. increased the price of raw materials. The artisans, The term nabob was an anglicised version of the ZKR QRZ IRXQG WKHLU RFFXSDWLRQ XQSURÀWDEOH OHIW Indian word nawab. it. The Company’s servants amassed huge wealth. EXPANSION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE In three years £5.7 million was drained from Bengal. After the (1764), the Company In 1770, a terrible famine struck Bengal which wiped appointed Residents in Indian states. They were out one-third of the population. Although the famine political or commercial agents and their job was was due to lack of rains, its effects were heightened to serve the interests of the company. Through the by the policies of the Company. And the East India 5HVLGHQWVWKH&RPSDQ\RIÀFLDOVEHJDQLQWHUIHULQJLQ Company did nothing to provide relief to the people. the internal affairs of Indian states. In 1772, became the Governor The expansion of the British rule in India occurred of Bengal. He ended the system of dual government during the Governor-Generalship of Lord Wellesley. and brought Bengal under the direct control of the Lord Wellesley thought that the time was ripe to Company. bring as many Indian states as possible under British Company Officials Termed ‘Nabobs’ control. To achieve his political aims, Wellesley relied The Company’s servants had the whole of on the system of ‘Subsidiary Alliances’. Under the Bengal to themselves. The oppression of the people system, the ruler of the allying increased greatly. In the words of Clive: “Such a Indian state was compelled to accept the permanent scene of anarchy, confusion, bribery, corruption and stationing of a British force within his territory and extortion was never seen or heard of in any country to pay a subsidy for its maintenance. All this was EXW%HQJDOQRUVXFKDQGVRPDQ\IRUWXQHVDFTXLUHG done for his protection but in fact it was a form in so unjust and rapacious a manner. The three which forced the Indian rulers to pay tribute to provinces of Bengal, and Orissa have been the Company. Sometimes the ruler ceded part of under the absolute management of the Company’s his territory, instead of paying an annual subsidy. servants, ever since Mir Jafar’s restoration to the The ‘Subsidiary Treaty’ provided that the Indian ruler would agree to the posting at his court of a VXEDKVKLS DQG WKH\ KDYH ERWK FLYLO DQG PLOLWDU\ British Resident, and that he would not employ exacted and levied contributions from every man of any European in his service without the approval power and consequence, from the nawab down to of the British. He would not negotiate with any the lowest zamindar.” other Indian ruler without consulting the Governor- The Company’s authorities stopped sending General. In return, the British would undertake money from England to purchase Indian goods. to defend the ruler from his enemies. They also Instead, they purchased these goods from the promised non-interference in the internal affairs revenues extracted from Bengal and sold them of the allied state but this was a promise they abroad. These were known as the Company’s seldom kept. LQYHVWPHQW DQG IRUPHG D SDUW RI LWV SURÀWV $ERYH In reality, by signing a Subsidiary Alliance, an all, the British government wanted its share of the Indian state virtually signed away its independence. rich prize. Thus in 1767, it ordered the Company to In fact, the Indian ruler lost his sovereignty in pay it £ 400,000 per year. external matters and became increasingly subservient +RZHYHUQRWDOORIÀFLDOVVXFFHHGHGLQPDNLQJ to the British Resident who interfered in the day-to- money like Clive. Clive had come to India in 1743 day administration of the state. at the age of 18. When he left India in 1767, his Lord Wellesley signed the subsidiary treaties fortune was £ 401,102. When Clive was appointed with the Nizam of in 1798 and 1800. In the Governor of Bengal in 1764, he was asked to lieu of cash payment for the subsidiary forces, the remove corruption but he himself was impeached Nizam ceded part of his territories to the Company. by British parliament in 1772. Though he was The Nawab of Oudh was also forced to sign a acquitted, he committed suicide in 1774. Many subsidiary treaty in 1801. In return the nawab was (QJOLVKRIÀFLDOVGLHGDQHDUO\GHDWKGXHWRGLVHDVH made to surrender to the British nearly half of his and war. They had come to India to earn and kingdom consisting of and the territories return to England to lead a comfortable life. Those lying between the Ganga and the . 17 (Tiger of Mysore) The Tiger of Mysore Tipu Sultan was the ruler of the kingdom of It is said the Tipu Sultan was once hunting in the Mysore. He is better known as the ‘Tiger of Mysore.’ forest with a French friend. He came face to face Tipu ascended the throne after his father, Haider with a tiger. His gun did not work and his dagger Ali’s death in 1782. Tipu Sultan was a courageous fell on the ground. As the tiger jumped on him, and powerful leader, whose constant valiant efforts he initially fought unarmed, then reached for the against the British resulted in his name being etched dagger, picked it up, and killed the tiger with it. in the annals of Indian history. Mysore controlled the trade of the Malabar coast That earned him the title ‘Tiger of Mysore’. where the company bought spices for trade. In The point is to analyse how any man, however, 1785, Tipu Sultan banned the export of sandalwood courageous, could actually physically kill an and spices through the ports of his kingdom and animal like the tiger which is among the strongest disallowed local traders from doing business with and the most savage of all land mammals. the Company. He also made friendly overtures to the French in India, and sought their cooperation in modernisation of his army. All this made the Company furious.

dŝƉƵ͛ƐdŽLJdŝŐĞƌ Tipu possessed a big mechanical toy tiger which is shown mauling a European soldier. When it was put on, the tiger roared and the soldier shrieked.

valour, Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam on 4th May, 1799. Thus, only in the last Tipu Sultan battle – the Battle of Serignapatam – did the company Tipu and his father, Haider Ali, proved successful win a victory against Tipu. in defeating the British in the First Anglo-Mysore Nearly half of Tipu’s dominions were divided War (1767-69) and in the Second Anglo-Mysore War between the British and their ally, the Nizam. The (1780-84), thus negotiating the treaty of Mangalore reduced was restored to the with them. While the British became aware of Tipu’s descendants of the original rajas, the Wodeyars, from growing strength, they made alliances with the neighbouring Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas, leading to the Third Anglo-Mysore war (1790-92). The French, however, deserted Tipu and the combined forces proved immense for Tipu. He was defeated in this war at his capital of Seringapatam, thus forcing him to sign a treaty in 1792 that witnessed half of KLV NLQJGRP EHLQJ FRQÀVFDWHG DORQJ ZLWK D KXJH war indemnity. After the British broke allegiance with the nawab, they once again sought to attack Mysore, leading to the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799. Tipu was prepared this time with his successful military tactic of rocket artillery in war and a better army to thwart his adversaries. Fighting with all his >ŽƌĚŽƌŶǁĂůůŝƐƌĞĐĞŝǀŝŶŐdŝƉƵ^ƵůƚĂŶ͛ƐƐŽŶƐĂƐŚŽƐƚĂŐĞƐ 18 whom Haider Ali had seized power. A special treaty When Sindhia and fought the British, of Subsidiary Alliance was imposed on the new raja stood on the sidelines and Gaekwad gave help to by which the Governor-General was authorised to the British. When Holkar took up arms, Bhonsle and take over the administration of the state in case of Sindhia nursed their wounds. necessity. Mysore was made a complete dependency In the south, the British armies defeated the of the Company. combined armies of Sindhia and Bhonsle at Assaye in In 1801, Lord Wellesley forced a new treaty upon September 1803 and at Argaon in November. In the the puppet nawab of Carnatic, compelling him to north, Lord Lake routed Sindhia’s army at Laswari cede his kingdom to the Company in return for a and occupied Aligarh, Delhi and Agra. The pension. allies had to sue for peace. Both Sindhia and Bhonsle became subsidiary allies of the Company. They Fact File ceded part of their territories to the British, admitted z Haidar Ali ruled from 1761-1782. British residents to their courts and promised not to z Tipu Sultan ruled from 1782-1799. employ any Europeans without British approval. The z The First Anglo-Mysore war 1767-1769. British gained control over Orissa and the territories between the Ganga and the Yamuna. The z The Second Anglo-Mysore 1780-1784. was a disgruntled puppet in their hands. died during the war.

z The Third Anglo-Mysore war 1790-1792. Fact File

z The Fourth Anglo-Mysore war 1799 The Anglo-Maratha Wars Tipu was killed during this battle. First War (1782) – no clear victor, treaty of Salbai signed. The Marathas Second War (1803-1805) fought at different fronts. The Marathas were the only major power left Gains for the British. Acquired territories north of outside the sphere of British control. Lord Wellesley the Yamuna river, Agra, Delhi and Orissa. now turned his attention towards them and began Third War (1817-1819) crushed Maratha power. interfering in their internal affairs. Peshwa pensioned off, sent to Bithur. The company The consisted of a confederacy gained absolute control over areas south of the RIÀYHELJFKLHIV 6DUGDUV QDPHO\WKH3HVKZDVWKH Vindhyas. Gaekwads, the Sindhias, the and the . The Peshwa was military and administrative head of Wellesley now turned his attention towards the confederacy based in Pune. But all of them were engaged in a bitter fratricidal strife, unaware of the Holkar. But Yashwant Rao Holkar proved more real danger lying ahead. than a match for the British. Holkar’s ally, the Raja Wellesley had offered a subsidiary alliance RI %KDUDWSXU LQÁLFWHG KHDY\ ORVVHV RQ /DNH ZKR to the Peshwa and Sindhia. But the farsighted unsuccessfully attempted to storm his fort. On the Nana Phadnavis had refused to fall into the trap. other hand, Sindhia began to think of joining hands However, on 25th October 1802, Holkar defeated with Holkar. Moreover, the East India Company the combined armies of the discovered that the policy of expansion through Peshwa and Sindhia. Peshwa war was proving costly and was reducing their Baji Rao II rushed into the SURÀWV 7KH GLUHFWRUV RI WKH &RPSDQ\ IHOW WKDW WLPH arms of the English and in 1802 signed the subsidiary had come to check further expansion, to put an end treaty of Bassein. to expenditure and to consolidate Britain’s gains in The victory had been a India. little too easy. Even in this Wellesley was recalled from India and the moment of their peril, the Company made peace with Holkar in January 1806, Marathas would not unite by the treaty of Raighat, giving back to Holkar the against their common enemy. Baji Rao II greater part of his territories.

19 Expansion under Lord Hastings The Conquest of Punjab The Second Anglo-Maratha war had shattered The death of Ranjit Singh in June the power of the Maratha chiefs. But they made a 1839 was followed by political instability in the desperate attempt to regain their independence in Punjab. This led the British to look across the Sutlej 1817. The Peshwa attacked the British Residency at even though they had signed a treaty of perpetual Poona in November 1817. Appa Sahib attacked the friendship with Ranjit Singh in 1809. residency at Nagpur and Madhav Rao Holkar made preparations for the war. The Governor-General, Lord Hastings, compelled Sindhia to accept British suzerainty and defeated the armies of the Peshwa, Bhonsle and Holkar. The Peshwa was dethroned and pensioned off to Bithur near Kanpur. Holkar and Bhonsle accepted Subsidiary Alliance. The Rajputana states had been dominated by Sindhia and Holkar for several decades. After the downfall of the Marathas, they lacked the energy to reassert their independence and accepted British supremacy. Thus by 1818, the entire Indian subcontinent except Punjab and Sindh had been brought under ZĂŶũŝƚ^ŝŶŐŚ British control. Part of it was ruled directly by the The First Anglo-Sikh War broke out when, British and the rest by Indian rulers over whom the under some provocation, the Sikh army crossed British exercised paramount power. These states had the Sutlej. The British defeated the Sikhs, occupied no armed forces of their own. They paid heavily Lahore and signed a treaty. The treaty recognised for the British forces stationed in their territories to Dalip Singh, a son of Ranjit Singh, as king and his control them. mother Rani Jindan as Regent. Besides paying a huge Under Lord Hastings (1813 – 23) a new policy war indemnity, the Sikhs had to cede many of their of ‘Paramountcy’ was begun. The company claimed territories including Kashmir. that its authority was paramount or supreme in India. The British soon accused Rani Jindan of anti- 7KHFRPSDQ\ZDVKHQFHIRUWKMXVWLÀHGLQDQQH[LQJRU British activities and sent her into exile. The entire threatening to conquer any Indian kingdom. This Sikh state rose in revolt under Mulraj, the governor policy became the guiding principle of British rule of Multan. in the following period. The Second Anglo-Sikh War broke out when The Conquest of Sindh Governor-General Lord Dalhousie declared war on The conquest of Sindh occurred because of the the Sikhs. The Sikhs were defeated and Punjab was growing Anglo-Russian rivalry in Europe and Asia. annexed by the British in 1849. Dalip Singh was The British feared that Russia might attack India pensioned off and sent to England. through Afghanistan or Persia. To counter Russia, Doctrine of Lapse LW WKRXJKW WR LQFUHDVH LWV LQÁXHQFH LQ $IJKDQLVWDQ Lord Dalhousie came and Persia. It also felt that this policy could be to India as the Governor- successfully pursued only if Sindh was brought General in 1848. He was under British control. determined to extend direct The roads of Sindh were opened for the British British rule over as large an trade by a treaty in 1832 and the chiefs of Sindh area as possible. The chief called Amirs were made to sign a subsidiary treaty instrument through which in 1839. Lord Dalhousie implemented In spite of assurances that its territorial integrity his policy of annexation would be respected, Sindh was annexed in 1843 by was the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’. Sir Charles Napier. Under this doctrine, when >ŽƌĚĂůŚŽƵƐŝĞ 20 the ruler of a protected state died without a natural The PRVW LPSRUWDQW ÀJXUH LQ DQ ,QGLDQ GLVWULFW heir, his state was not to pass on to an adopted was the Collector. His main job was to collect heir as sanctioned by the age-old tradition of revenue and taxes and maintain law and order in his the country. Instead, it was to be annexed to district. To help him in maintaining law and order, British India, unless the adoption had been clearly KH WRRN KHOS RI MXGJHV SROLFH RIÀFHUV DQG 'DURJDV approved by the British authorities. Many states +LV RIÀFH ³ WKH FROOHFWRUDWH EHFDPH WKH FHQWUH RI were annexed through this doctrine – (1848), power and patronage that replaced previous holders Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853) and of authority. (1854). Lord Dalhousie was keen on annexing the The Company Army kingdom of Oudh. But the task presented certain The British army fulfilled four important difficulties. The Nawab of Oudh had many functions : heirs and could not be covered by the Doctrine 1. It was the instrument through which the of Lapse. Finally, Lord Dalhousie hit upon the Indian powers were conquered. idea of ‘obliged by duty to protect the people of 2. It defended the British empire from foreign .’ Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was accused of rivals. having ‘misgoverned’ his state and of refusing 3. It safeguarded British supremacy from the to introduce reforms. His state was, therefore, threat of internal revolt. annexed in 1856. Enraged by the humiliating way 4. It was the chief instrument for extending in which the Nawab was deposed, the people of Awadh joined the great revolt in 1857. and defending the British empire in Asia and Africa. NEW ADMINISTRATION The bulk of the Company’s army consisted of :DUUHQ +DVWLQJV FDPH WR RIÀFH DW D WLPH ZKHQ Indian soldiers. In 1857, the strength of army in the Company had acquired power not only in India was 311,400 of whom 265,900 were Indians. Bengal but also in Bombay and Madras. During In 1856, only three Indians in the army received a 1773-1785 he was the Governor-General of Bengal. salary of Rs 300/- per month. The highest Indian $VWKHÀUVW*RYHUQRU*HQHUDOKHLQWURGXFHGVHYHUDO RIÀFHU ZDV D Subedar . A large number of Indian administrative reforms. troops were employed as British troops were far too During this period, British territories were divided expensive. Moreover, the population of Britain was into three administrative units called Presidencies. far too small to provide the large soldiery needed There were three presidencies – Bombay, Bengal and for the conquest of India. As a counter measure the Madras. Each Presidency was ruled by a Governor. DUP\ZDVRIÀFHUHGHQWLUHO\E\%ULWLVKRIÀFLDOVDQGD The supreme head of the administration was the certain number of British troops were maintained to Governor–General. keep the Indian soldiers under control. From 1772 a new judicial system was established. The army helped the Company to protect its Each district had two courts – a civil court (Diwani trade, defend the empire, to extend its territory and Adalat) and a criminal court (Faujdari Adalat). European district collectors presided over civil to put down internal rebellions. The army consisted courts. They were assisted by Maulvis and Hindu RI %ULWLVK RIÀFHUV DQG ,QGLDQ VHSR\V 7KH ,QGLDQ pandits who interpreted Indian laws. The criminal remained loyal to the master who paid him courts were still under a qazi and a mufti but under well. The army was well-equipped and trained. That overall supervision of collectors. is why such a small number of British soldiers could To bring about uniformity eleven pandits were conquer and hold on to India for so long. asked to compile a digest of Hindu laws in 1775. N.B. In the 1820s, warfare technology changed. The Halhed translated this digest into English. By 1778 a reason was that the British empire was busy in code of Muslim laws was also compiled. Under the ÀJKWLQJ LQ %XUPD $IJKDQLVWDQ DQG (J\SW ZKHUH Regulating Act of 1773, a new Supreme Court was soldiers were armed with muskets and matchlocks. set up. A court of appeal called the Sadar Nizamat The soldiers had to keep pace with the changing Adalat, was also established at Calcutta. military requirement. 21 /ŶĚŝĂŝŶϭϳϵϳ /ŶĚŝĂŝŶϭϴϱϳ džƉĂŶƐŝŽŶŽĨƌŝƟƐŚƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůƉŽǁĞƌŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ

In the nineteenth century, the British began The East India Company became a virtual ruler to develop a uniform military code. The soldiers of India. The arrival of the new steam engine in the were subjected to European style training, drill and early nineteenth century encouraged this process. discipline which created problems since caste and Now, steam ships reduced the journey time thus community feelings were ignored in building a force enabling Britishers and their families to come to a of professional soldiers. far-off country like India. Points to Remember z ŌĞƌƵƌĂŶŐnjĞď͛ƐĚĞĂƚŚ͕ƚŚĞDƵŐŚĂůĞŵƉŝƌĞŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJĚĞĐůŝŶĞĚ͘ z ƚƚŚŝƐƟŵĞ͕ƚŚĞŶŐůŝƐŚĂƐƚ/ŶĚŝĂŽŵƉĂŶLJĞŵĞƌŐĞĚĂƐƚŚĞĐŚŝĞĨĐŽŶƚĞŶĚĞƌĨŽƌƉŽůŝƟĐĂůƐƵƉƌĞŵĂĐLJŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂ͘ z dŚĞĮƌƐƚŶŐůŝƐŚĨĂĐƚŽƌLJŝŶĞŶŐĂůǁĂƐĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĂƚ,ƵŐůŝŝŶϭϲϱϭ͘^ŽŽŶĂŌĞƌ͕ŶŐůŝƐŚĨĂĐƚŽƌŝĞƐƐƉƌĂŶŐƵƉĂƚ<ĂƐŝŵďĂnjĂĂƌ͕ WĂƚŶĂĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌƉůĂĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ͘ z /Ŷϭϲϴϲ͕ŚŽƐƟůŝƟĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŶŐůŝƐŚĂŶĚƚŚĞDƵŐŚĂůĞŵƉĞƌŽƌďƌŽŬĞŽƵƚ͘ z /Ŷϭϳϭϳ͕ƚŚĞŽŵƉĂŶLJƐĞĐƵƌĞĚĨƌŽŵŵƉĞƌŽƌ&ĂƌƌƵŬŚƐŝLJĂƌĂĨĂƌŵĂŶĐŽŶĮƌŵŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŝǀŝůĞŐĞƐŐƌĂŶƚĞĚŝŶϭϲϵϭ͘ z dŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƚŽĐŽůůĞĐƚĚŝǁĂŶŝŝŶƚŚĞƌĞŐŝŽŶŽĨĞŶŐĂů͕ŝŚĂƌĂŶĚKƌŝƐƐĂǁĞƌĞŚĂŶĚĞĚŽǀĞƌƚŽƚŚĞƌŝƟƐŚďLJƚŚĞDƵŐŚĂů ĞŵƉĞƌŽƌ͕^ŚĂŚůĂŵ//͘ z dŚĞĞdžƉĂŶƐŝŽŶŽĨƌŝƟƐŚƌƵůĞŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞ'ŽǀĞƌŶŽƌͲ'ĞŶĞƌĂůƐŚŝƉŽĨ>ŽƌĚtĞůůĞƐůĞLJ͘ z dŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŚŝƐƉŽůŝƟĐĂůĂŝŵƐ͕tĞůůĞƐůĞLJƌĞůŝĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵŽĨ^ƵďƐŝĚŝĂƌLJůůŝĂŶĐĞ͘ z >ŽƌĚĂůŚŽƵƐŝĞĐĂŵĞƚŽ/ŶĚŝĂĂƐ'ŽǀĞƌŶŽƌͲ'ĞŶĞƌĂůŝŶϭϴϰϴ͘,ŝƐƉŽůŝĐLJŽĨĂŶŶĞdžĂƟŽŶǁĂƐŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞ͚ŽĐƚƌŝŶĞ ŽĨ>ĂƉƐĞ͛͘ z LJϭϴϱϳ͕ƚŚĞŽŵƉĂŶLJĐĂŵĞƚŽĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞĚŝƌĞĐƚĐŽŶƚƌŽůŽǀĞƌĂďŽƵƚϲϯƉĞƌĐĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͘ Glossary DASTAKS : WĂƐƐĞƐ͘ WZ/s ͗ dŽƚĂŬĞƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐĂǁĂLJĨƌŽŵƐŽŵĞŽŶĞ͘ &ZdZ//> ͗ KŶĞƚŚĂƚŵƵƌĚĞƌƐŽƌŬŝůůƐŚŝƐŽƌŚĞƌŽǁŶďƌŽƚŚĞƌ͘ 22 ,K^d/>/d/^ ͗ ŽŶŇŝĐƚ͕ŽƉƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͘ /EdZ/'h ͗ ƐĞĐƌĞƚƐĐŚĞŵĞ͘ DKEKWK>/^ ͗ As ƐƵŵĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƉŽƐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶŽĨ͘

tIme to learn TASKS FOR SA ͘ DƵůƟƉůĞŚŽŝĐĞYƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ;DYƐͿ 1.  dŚĞĂƐƚ/ŶĚŝĂŽŵƉĂŶLJƐĞĐƵƌĞĚĂĨĂƌŵĂŶŝŶϭϳϭϳŐƌĂŶƟŶŐĚƵƚLJͲĨƌĞĞƚƌĂĚĞĨƌŽŵǁŚŝĐŚDƵŐŚĂůĞŵƉĞƌŽƌ͍ ;ĂͿ ƵƌĂŶŐnjĞď ;ďͿ &ĂƌƌƵŬŚƐŝLJĂƌ ;ĐͿ :ĂŚĂŶŐŝƌ ;ĚͿ ĂŚĂĚƵƌ^ŚĂŚ 2.  tŚĞŶǁĂƐƚŚĞĂƩůĞŽĨWůĂƐƐĞLJĨŽƵŐŚƚ͍ ;ĂͿϭϳϱϲ ;ďͿϭϳϱϳ ;ĐͿϭϳϱϴ ;ĚͿϭϳϱϵ 3.  tŚŽǁĂƐŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚĂƐƚŚĞEĂǁĂďŽĨĞŶŐĂůƐŽŽŶĂŌĞƌƚŚĞĂƩůĞŽĨWůĂƐƐĞLJ͍ ;ĂͿ Dŝƌ:ĂĨĂƌ ;ďͿ DŝƌYĂƐŝŵ ;ĐͿ DĂŶŝŬŚĂŶĚ ;ĚͿ :ĂŐĂƚ^ĞƚŚ 4.  tŚŽĨŽƵŐŚƚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚƚŚĞƌŝƟƐŚŝŶƚŚĞďĂƩůĞŽĨƵdžĂƌ;ϭϳϲϰͿ͍ ;ĂͿ Dŝƌ:ĂĨĂƌ͕^ŚƵũĂͲƵĚͲĚĂƵůĂŚ͕^ŚĂŚůĂŵ// ;ďͿ DŝƌYĂƐŝŵ͕^ŝƌĂũͲƵĚͲĚĂƵůĂŚ͕^ŚĂŚůĂŵ// ;ĐͿ DŝƌYĂƐŝŵ͕^ŚƵũĂͲƵĚͲĚĂƵůĂŚ͕^ŚĂŚůĂŵ// ;ĚͿ DŝƌYĂƐŝŵ͕^ŚƵũĂͲƵĚͲĚĂƵůĂŚ͕^ŚĂŚůĂŵ/ 5.  dŝƉƵ^ƵůƚĂŶǁĂƐĮŶĂůůLJĚĞĨĞĂƚĞĚĂŶĚŬŝůůĞĚďLJƚŚĞƌŝƟƐŚŝŶƚŚĞLJĞĂƌ ;ĂͿϭϳϵϴ ;ďͿϭϳϵϵ ;ĐͿϭϴϬϬ ;ĚͿϭϴϬϭ 6.  tŚŝĐŚǁĂƐƚŚĞĐŚŝĞĨŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǁŚŝĐŚ>ŽƌĚĂůŚŽƵƐŝĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĞĚŚŝƐƉŽůŝĐLJŽĨĂŶŶĞdžĂƟŽŶ͍ ;ĂͿ ŽĐƚƌŝŶĞŽĨ>ĂƉƐĞ ;ďͿ ŽĐƚƌŝŶĞŽĨDŝƐŐŽǀĞƌŶĂŶĐĞ;ĐͿ ^ƵďƐŝĚŝĂƌLJůůŝĂŶĐĞ ;ĚͿ EŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ 7.  dŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĮŐƵƌĞŝŶĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƌŝƟƐŚZĂũǁĂƐ ;ĂͿ ĂƌŽŐĂ ;ďͿ ŽůůĞĐƚŽƌ ;ĐͿ ^ƵďĞĚĂƌ ;ĚͿ YĂnjŝ ͘ DĂƚĐŚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ 1.  dŝƉƵ^ƵůƚĂŶ ;ĂͿ ŽĐƚƌŝŶĞŽĨ>ĂƉƐĞ 2.  >ŽƌĚtĞůůĞƐůĞLJ ;ďͿ :ƵŶĞϭϴϯϵ 3.  ĞĂƚŚŽĨZĂŶũŝƚ^ŝŶŐŚ ;ĐͿ /Ŷϭϳϱϲ 4.  ^ŝƌĂũͲƵĚͲĚĂƵůĂŚĐƌŽǁŶĞĚŬŝŶŐ ;ĚͿ ^ƵďƐŝĚŝĂƌLJ^LJƐƚĞŵ 5.  >ŽƌĚĂůŚŽƵƐŝĞ ;ĞͿ dŝŐĞƌŽĨDLJƐŽƌĞ ͘ ^ƚĂƚĞǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚƐĂƌĞdƌƵĞŽƌ&ĂůƐĞ͘ 1.  dŚĞƵƚĐŚŚĂĚĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚƚŚĞŝƌƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶ'ŽĂ͕ĂŵĂŶĂŶĚŝƵ͘ 2.  DĞƌĐĂŶƟůŝƐŵůĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞŶƐĞƌŝǀĂůƌLJĂŵŽŶŐĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͘ 3.  /Ŷϭϲϱϭ͕ƚŚĞŽŵƉĂŶLJŐŽƚƚŚĞŝƐůĂŶĚŽĨŽŵďĂLJĨƌŽŵ<ŝŶŐŚĂƌůĞƐ//͘ 4.  ĞŶŐĂůǁĂƐƚŚĞƌŝĐŚĞƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĨĞƌƟůĞŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂ͛ƐƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞƐ͘ 5.  dŚĞĂƩůĞŽĨƵdžĂƌŵĂĚĞƚŚĞĂƐƚ/ŶĚŝĂŽŵƉĂŶLJƚŚĞƌĞĂůŵĂƐƚĞƌŽĨĞŶŐĂů͕ŝŚĂƌĂŶĚKƌŝƐƐĂ͘ ͘ &ŝůůŝŶƚŚĞďůĂŶŬƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞǁŽƌĚƐŐŝǀĞŶďĞůŽǁ͗ DĞƌĐĂŶƟůŝƐŵ  ^ĞƌŝŶŐĂƉĂƚĂŵ  ŽůůĞĐƚŽƌĂƚĞ  ƵƚĐŚ  ŚĂƌƚĞƌ

1.  YƵĞĞŶůŝnjĂďĞƚŚ/ŐƌĂŶƚĞĚƚŚĞĂƐƚ/ŶĚŝĂŽŵƉĂŶLJƚŚĞŵŽŶŽƉŽůLJƚŽƚƌĂĚĞǁŝƚŚ/ŶĚŝĂƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂ ______͘ 2. The ______ǁĞƌĞŵŽƌĞŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ^ƉŝĐĞ/ƐůĂŶĚƐ͘ 3. ______ůĞĚƚŽŝŶƚĞŶƐĞƌŝǀĂůƌLJĂŵŽŶŐĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ͘ 23 4.  dŝƉƵ^ƵůƚĂŶĚŝĞĚŝŶ ______͕ĚĞĨĞŶĚŝŶŐŚŝƐĐĂƉŝƚĂůŽŶϰDĂLJ͕ϭϳϵϵ͘ 5.  dŚĞŽůůĞĐƚŽƌ͛ƐŽĸĐĞǁĂƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞ ______͘ ͘ ^ŚŽƌƚĂŶƐǁĞƌƚLJƉĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘ 1.  tŚĞŶǁĂƐƚŚĞĂƩůĞŽĨWůĂƐƐĞLJĨŽƵŐŚƚ͍tŚĂƚĞīĞĐƚĚŝĚŝƚŚĂǀĞŽŶƚŚĞĂƐƚ/ŶĚŝĂŽŵƉĂŶLJ͍ 2.  tŚĂƚǁĞƌĞƚŚĞƚĞƌŵƐŽĨtĞůůĞƐůĞLJ͛Ɛ^ƵďƐŝĚŝĂƌLJůůŝĂŶĐĞ͍ 3.  tŚLJǁĂƐƚŚĞĂƩůĞŽĨƵdžĂƌĨŽƵŐŚƚ͍tŚĂƚǁĂƐŝƚƐŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶĞŶŐĂů͍ 4.  tŚĂƚǁĂƐƚŚĞƵĂů^LJƐƚĞŵŽĨ'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚ͍tŚŽŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝƚ͍ 5.  ĞƐĐƌŝďĞƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚƐůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĂŶŶĞdžĂƟŽŶŽĨWƵŶũĂď͘ &͘ >ŽŶŐĂŶƐǁĞƌƚLJƉĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘ 1.  ĞƐĐƌŝďĞƚŚĞƌĞĂƐŽŶƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĚĞĨĞĂƚŽĨƚŚĞDĂƌĂƚŚĂƐďLJƚŚĞƌŝƟƐŚ͘ 2.  ĞƐĐƌŝďĞƚŚĞĨŽƵƌŶŐůŽͲDLJƐŽƌĞǁĂƌƐďƌŝĞŇLJ͘ 3.  ͚tĂƐ Dŝƌ :ĂĨĂƌ ũƵƐƟĮĞĚ ŝŶ ƐƵƉƉŽƌƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ƌŝƟƐŚ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ^ŝƌĂũͲƵĚͲĚĂƵůĂŚ͍͛ ĞƐĐƌŝďĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽŶŇŝĐƚƐ ŽĨ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŝŶ - ǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŝƌĐƵŵƐƚĂŶĐĞƐůĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞĂƩůĞŽĨWůĂƐƐĞLJ͘ ΀sĂůƵĞĂƐĞĚYƵĞƐƟŽŶ΁ 4.  džĂŵŝŶĞƚŚĞƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐŽĨ>ŽƌĚĂůŚŽƵƐŝĞĂŝŵĞĚĂƚĂŶŶĞdžĂƟŽŶŽĨ/ŶĚŝĂŶƐƚĂƚĞƐ͘,ŽǁĨĂƌŚŝƐĂŶŶĞdžĂƟŽŶŝƐƚƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ ǁĞƌĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞ'ƌĞĂƚhƉƌŝƐŝŶŐ͍ [,Kd^΁

Time to Do Tasks for FA '͘ ^ŽƵƌĐĞĂƐĞĚŶĂůLJƐŝƐ ͞ŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞǀŝĐƚŽƌLJĂƚWůĂƐƐĞLJŚĂĚƉůĂĐĞĚŵĞ͊ŐƌĞĂƚƉƌŝŶĐĞǁĂƐĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚŽŶŵLJƉůĞĂƐƵƌĞ͖ ĂŶŽƉƵůĞŶƚĐŝƚLJůĂLJĂƚŵLJŵĞƌĐLJ͖ŝƚƐƌŝĐŚĞƐƚďĂŶŬĞƌƐďŝĚĂŐĂŝŶƐƚĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌĨŽƌŵLJƐŵŝůĞƐ͖/ǁĂůŬĞĚƚŚƌŽƵŐŚǀĂƵůƚƐ ǁŚŝĐŚǁĞƌĞƚŚƌŽǁŶŽƉĞŶƚŽŵĞĂůŽŶĞ͕ƉŝůĞĚŽŶĞŝƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚǁŝƚŚŐŽůĚĂŶĚũĞǁĞůƐ͊Dƌ͘ŚĂŝƌŵĂŶ͕ĂƚƚŚŝƐŵŽŵĞŶƚ /ƐƚĂŶĚĂƐƚŽŶŝƐŚĞĚĂƚŵLJŵŽĚĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘͟

ztŚŽƐƉŽŬĞƚŚĞƐĞǁŽƌĚƐ͍

ztŚĂƚǁĂƐƚŚĞŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶ͍

z,ŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚƚŚĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚŝƐƌĞǀĞůĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨƉůƵŶĚĞƌŽĨĞŶŐĂůĂŌĞƌWůĂƐƐĞLJ͘ ,͘ ƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚ /ŵĂŐŝŶĞLJŽƵĂƌĞĂŶĞǁƐƉĂƉĞƌĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐŽŶƚŚĞĂƩůĞŽĨ^ĞƌŝŶŐĂƉĂƚĂŵĂŶĚƚŚĞĚĞĂƚŚŽĨdŝƉƵ^ƵůƚĂŶ͘ tƌŝƚĞĂŶĂƌƟĐůĞŽŶƚŚĞĞǀĞŶƚ͘ /͘ ĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŽůůĞĐƚƐƚŽƌŝĞƐ͕ƉŽĞŵƐ͕ĨŽůŬƚĂůĞƐĂŶĚƉŝĐƚƵƌĞƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐĂŶLJƚǁŽŽĨƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĮŐƵƌĞƐ͗ dŝƉƵ^ƵůƚĂŶ͕ZĂŶŝŽĨ:ŚĂŶƐŝ͕DĂŚĂƌĂũĂZĂŶũŝƚ^ŝŶŐŚ͕DĂŚĂĚũŝ^ŝŶĚŚŝĂ

Life Skills ĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ͕ƚĂŬĞƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJĨŽƌLJŽƵƌĂĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚďĞŚĂǀŝŽƵƌ͘ ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞƉĞƌƐŽŶŚĂƐƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƋƵĂůŝƟĞƐ͗

zŽŶĮĚĞŶĐĞ  z DŽƟǀĂƟŽŶ    z /ŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ   z WĞƌƐĞǀĞƌĂŶĐĞ

zĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶ  z ,ŝŐŚƐĞůĨͲĞƐƚĞĞŵ   z ZĞƐƉĞĐƚĨŽƌĞůĚĞƌƐ  z īĞĐƟŽŶĨŽƌLJŽƵŶŐƐƚĞƌƐ EŽǁĐŚĞĐŬ͕ŚŽǁƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞLJŽƵĂƌĞ͘

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