CrisisPrevention AFresh Lookat Resolving Conflicts, BuildingPeace” Federal Government “Preventing Crises, Ideas fortheGuidelinesof

1 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 2 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION www.gppi.net [email protected] Fax +49 30275 959 75-99 Telefon +49 30275 959 75-0 Reinhardtstr. 7, 10117Berlin PolicyGlobal Public Institute (GPPi) 22),Polis180 (p. Zusammenarbeit 6,10and16). (p. Photo GesellschaftfürInternationale sources: photothek.net 15),Deutsche (p. TAUDesign: corporate creation, www.tau-berlin.de Aurélie PhilippRotmann, Schulz,andFlorianWinkler. Mario Domisse, The PeaceLab2016 team atGPPi:Sarah Brockmeier, PhilippDienstbier, and translation support. Schulz). Julia Kellerbauer andChristoph Reinicke importanteditorial provided team atGPPi(Sarah Brockmeier, Aurélie PhilippRotmann, andMario Domisse, PeaceLab2016 are the soleresponsibility oftheeditorial contributionsinGerman, The contents ofthispublication,includingthetranslations ofdirect quotes from collaboration. Foreign TheGPPi Office. teamwouldlike forthe towarmlythankthem excellent Kabus themainfocalpointsforGPPiteam and David were Remmert atthe Foreign Duringthe Office. PeaceLab2016 process, Christian Jetzlsperger, Juliane ran theblog, thissummarywithfinancialsupportfrom the anddeveloped debate to Policy life.TheGlobalPublic Institute (GPPi) facilitated thedebate, and116authorsofblogcontributionsbrought thePeaceLab201639 hostsofevents Federal Crises,Resolving Conflicts,Building “Preventing Government Peace”. This publicationsummarizesthestakeholder debate ontheGuidelinesof IMPRINT Sigmar Gabriel,Federal forForeign Minister Affairs your supportforthesecomingsteps Comejoinus! departure. aswell.TheGuidelinesmarkanew it supportto ofourearlywarningsystems. transitional justiceortheimprovement We willneed many specificquestions–beittherightapproach to securitysector reform ortheruleoflaw, be thecontrary, On at crisisprevention. astartingpointto theGuidelinesprovide discuss further stopam proud ofwhatwehave thatwecannever butwedoknow taking“fresh looks” achieved, you to theadoptionofGuidelines. andconstructivedialoguebeyond continuetheopen I from PeaceLab2016.emerged discussion.Iwarmlyinvite agoodbasisforfurther provide They muchappreciateThis iswhy Ialsovery that thissummaryandanalysisofthearguments reflected intheGuidelines. were vigorously debated.difficult questions are Many proposals, ideas,andexperiences participants attheevents. My gratitude goesto allofyou!Iamdelighted themost thateven 100 articlesonthePeaceLab2016 blog, 1,800 hosted anddiscussedwithover 27events, PeaceLab2016 debate ontheGuidelinesthroughout thelastyear:You publishedmore than We firstandforemost, thisaccomplishment, owe to allthosewhocontributed to the “to promote BasicLaw. inthe German worldpeace,”enshrined fulfilthemission own machinery better our even to Guidelines defineprioritiesandstrengthen conflict resolution andpeacebuilding to thevaluesandinterests foreign policy. ofGerman The For aclearvisionthatlinksoureffortsincrisis prevention, thefirsttime,Guidelinesprovide andcivilianaction. political, preventive, to exercise international itsgrowing responsibility notonlymilitarily, butprimarilythrough peace andsecuritypolicy. isgoing astrong signalthatGermany wesend thisdocument, With and theFuture addinganequal,primarilycivilianpillarofGerman oftheBundeswehr”by Conflicts, Building the2016“White complement Peace.” They Security onGerman Paper Policy 14JuneOn 2017, theFederal Crises,Resolving Cabinetadopted Guidelines“Preventing thenew Foreword

3 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 4 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION * (as of5July2017) Reach &Participation includes multiple participations. More than includes multipleparticipations. govt. agencies govt. government/ of events of organizers participants* 116 AUTHORS ONTHEBLOG events parliament women women others men 1,500 individuals participated; about individualsparticipated; views of blog posts blog of views civil society civil academia blog posts 200 peoplejoinedmore thanoneevent. newsletters MORE THAN 1,800 PARTICIPANTS*MORE THAN IN27 EVENTS actors international civil society civil subscribers academia others govt. agencies agencies govt. government/ women women parliament men tweets general publicgeneral students followers www.peacelab2016.de at available remain will reports event and blog entries All disagreements. pinpoint that and of consensus, areas highlight that whole debate, for the representative are that arguments and topics to select tried GPPi at team editorial the everything, to cover trying than Rather tweets. and blog posts from events, public larger and roundtables expert small the from emerged that recommendations and opinions diverse of the impression an to provide aims publication This wrote. Prevention, Crisis for Civilian Board Advisory government’s German Grävingholt Jörn as process,” PeaceLab2016 the from only resulted which of diversity and scope sheer the before, not existed had that a“community emerged debate discussed repeatedly also parliament in subcommittee relevant The blog. on the articles 132 contributed 116 authors participants. 1,800 more than with workshops and conferences of 27 atotal put together that organizations dozen two more than attracted process the end, the blog. In PeaceLab2016 on the contributions 50 under just and events six five or about envisaged thus had (GPPi) Institute Public Policy Global the and Office Foreign the at of PeaceLab2016 2017. organizers The Report Development German of the drafting the with parallel held in it was Policy, and on Security Paper White 2016 the and policy foreign of German “Review2014” recent the followed PeaceLab2016 consultation: public of another wary been have well may Contributors expectations. all exceeded debate the in Participation peacebuilding? and management, conflict prevention, on crisis policy German How to improve question: this about all was debate PeaceLab2016 The citizens. individual with sector, and private the media, the students, organizations, implementing academia, society, of civil members with discussed parties political all from of parliament members as as well ministries defense and interior, development, the foreign, from 2017, officials March and 2016 of summer the Between Peace”. Building Conflicts, Resolving Crises, “Preventing Government Federal of the Guidelines the in be should on what debate the launched Frank-Walter Steinmeier Minister then-Foreign 2016, on 5July event an at remarks these With even betterandmoreefficient. openly aboutwhatwearealreadydoingwell,andhowcanbecome your experience,ideas,andsuggestions.We shouldtalk Ladies andgentlemen,weneedyou!We needyourcriticalquestions, The PeaceLab2016 Debate . The Guidelines are available at www.diplo.de/guidelines at available are Guidelines . The the guidelines. From the the From guidelines. the , co-chairman of the of the , co-chairman .

5 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 6 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION Peacebuilding Crisis Prevention* and Germany’s Rolein

*

To keep ofthisGerman debateis reminding readers ofthistranslation challenge–thatthebasicconceptat the heart would use“conflict The Germanpolicycommunityusestheterm “ but notquitethesame as European Union (EU) towards commonEUforeign andsecuritypolicy. a more coherent European Union (EU) their view, shouldnot onlymediate Berlin inspecificcrises butalsodrive reforms withinthe participants ofthePeaceLab2016 workshopson11November In 2016in Brusselsdemanded. managing conflict,particularlyin European contributionas astronger ofleveraging terms andinternationalGerman alike experts expected to Germany exercise in leadership growing support. effective more to provide context” cultural and political given the with engage to truly necessary be will Brantner Franziska for acouple said of weeks,” them or training instructions, technical them of “giving Instead peacefully. disputes to handle and violence, to curb time, over of power balance political the to change manage they able to if do so, are themselves stakeholders local Only conflict. violent able to resolve are alone or equipment construction of advice, amount force nor any military neither that insight to the –areference “political” more quintessentially as well as more strategic more coherent, on prevention, more focused strengthened to be needed peacebuilding and management, conflict prevention, crisis (civilian) in involvement German demands. similar made representatives society civil and politicians other of the way. Most strategic in a efforts international and to European contributions deploy German to government the enable would that guidelines the through established to be framework Niels Annen Kiesewetter Roderich background, this Against management. crisis to international to contribute for Germany expectations increased and new into translate trends Both changes. profound undergoing order is economic and political international the time, same the At crisis. of perpetual led to asense have States United the in Trump Donald of the election and referendum, Brexit the Ukraine, Eastern in conflict armed the East, Middle the in crises the Here, Germany. includes that and prevention, for conflict strategy coherent a have even did not but it conflict to prevent fail community international the did not only that clear made Europe to flight desperate Their Iraq. and Syria as such countries in violence the from no choice but to escape had of people millions years, recent In and Peacebuilding Germany’s RoleinCrisisPrevention* (Social Democratic Party, SPD) called for a political, institutional and financial financial and institutional for SPD) apolitical, called Party, Democratic (Social prevention.” Ofcourse,the Germanusagecomeswithmanyintricacies andconceptualdebatesofitsown. “conflict prevention” –thispublicationuses“crisis prevention.” culture of reflective learning of reflective on aculture Based awhole. as crisis prevention” (“Krisenprävention”) where mostEnglish speakingexperts (Christian Democratic Union, CDU) and and CDU) Union, Democratic (Christian , it must become become , it must (Green Party), “it “it (Green Party), almost

permanent crisismode. help pulltheworldbackfrom its be Germany’s bestinvestment to strategic politicalengagementwould Crises are unavoidable. Butmore Clingendael InstituteClingendael Erwin vanVeen, Social changeistoo unruly. and followingastrictschedule. procedures: technical,costeffective, if they were industrialmaintenance Don’t runsocial changeprograms as Advisory Board forCivilianCrisisPrevention Nachtwei,Winfried more muscleandclearguidance. civilian approaches withconsiderably It’s aboutproviding theprimacyof International CrisisGroup Comfort Ero,

7 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 8 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION improving are theway interfaces managed fields mustnotbecomeacentraldogma. burden makes Germanylookwelcomeas a partner to mediateinpeaceprocesses.a partner in theGlobalSouth,itslackofacolonial good positionto actasabridge-builder. From theperspective ofmanycountries camp, thefactthatithasnotembraced While Germanyisfirmlyinthewestern is fine,butintegratingdifferent policy all thewesternadventures putsitina Getting betteratcoordination and International CrisisGroup Hans-Joachim Giessmann, Jean-Marie Guéhenno, Berghof FoundationBerghof Bärbel Dieckmann, Bärbel Dieckmann, Welthungerhilfe

regular reporting requirements of the government to andthepublic. ofthegovernment parliament requirements regular reporting notionofhumansecurity, promoting peace,acomprehensive ministries to policy acoherent and ofcivilianapproaches, theambition to theprimacy subordinate achievements: allgovernment nocircumstances fallbehindthese theActionPlan,mustunder guidelines, whichare replacing to civilian tools strengthen andcivil societyprograms. thatthenew activistsdemanded Many Post-Conflict was Peace-Building” and a foreign policy pieceofitsaddedvalueforGerman key A key goal of the2004 Conflict Resolution and ActionPlan on“CivilianCrisisPrevention, ofsuchanintegration letalonetheopponents thisfarintheirdemands, went . Not advocates theGerman integration even ofastronger ofcivilianand militarycontributions isclearlyexpected Berlin this perspective, to greater accept risks–bothpoliticallyandmilitarily. LafontRapnouilcombat,” arguedManuel (European CouncilonForeign Relations, Paris). From military peace-buildingactivitiesto robust peacekeeping to asymmetricwarfare to direct reality. post-conflict “Even able presence, situationscallforaversatile to shiftfrom civilian- White Paper SecurityPolicy, onGerman ofestablishingfull-spectrummilitarycapabilitiesto willstillneedtoinstance, Germany workontranslating theambition,announcedin2016 aboutexpectationshaditslimits,however.The consensus From theFrench pointofview, for way past,anditsfirmcommitment dealingwithitsown thecountry hasbeen to multilateralism. –basedonitspoliticalandeconomicweight , the substantial credibility inEurope andbeyond specifically increase itseffortsontheAfricancontinent.Germany canbuildonits Indoingso, Forces shouldbewillingto Hamburg)agreed thatGermany regions and startprioritizingcertain oftheFederalIsabel Pfaff (Süddeutsche (University Krämer andMathias Zeitung) Armed on theother. eastern andSahelregions, neighborhoodontheonehand,andAfrica,particularlyMaghreb couldhelpreconcile Europe’sEurope, twocompetinggeographic Germany priorities–the positioned to Europe’s role inconflictprevention. strengthen Trusted inEastern andCentral Jean-Marie (International Guéhenno wasuniquely CrisisGroup) alsoarguedthatGermany Mass atrocity atrocity Mass outh in conflict prevention uman rights uman omen, peace and peace omen, respective blogposts. ofthe ofviews andthenumber ofparticipantsinevents numbers measured by audiences, speakers to contribute topics, yetother large thanothers. contributionsreached very On few Sometopicsblog’s taggingsystem reports). (includingevent inspired more authorsand thewide range of This figure represents inthe topics covered PeaceLab2016 debate usingthe Diversity ofTopics andResponses ivil society ivilmilitary cooperation ivilmilitary security nited ations nited European nion olicy coherence Early warning and Early early action early ision 10 50 100 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 5,000 7,000 9,000 ommunication ommunication Mediation tabiliation eace research eace reform sector ecurity Evaluation transitional justice transitional ule of law and evelopment cooperation eace operations eace participants in events participants and posts of blog iews speakers and ontributions by authors

9 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 10 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION Peace AVision forBuilding

integrated approach –inparallel withthatofBundeswehr. ofthemilitary, suchabuildupshouldcome attheexpense whether –inlinewiththe orrather in politicalanalysis,strategic andcivilianinstruments. leadership, Participants disagreed on require greaterprevention contributions.” German Thiswouldrequire massiveinvestments strategy,” stressed PhilippRotmann (Global Policy Public Institute). andcrisis “Bothdefense neighbors, notcarryonwithrhetorical withinthat fightsaboutthesizeofasingleinstrument to discussareal strategy our collective peaceandsecuritywithourEuropean forensuring islikely spending defense to tip thisimbalancetoward further themilitary. Instead, “weneed debate hand.Thecurrent ontheother andaidexpenditures abouthigher and foreign policy a70-30 2017budgetalready ontheonehand shows Germany’s spending defense ratio between effective focusonlonger-term prevention. violence and resources devoted to wouldalmostautomatically civilianinstruments translate into amore –civilianactorsother suited. better were In ofmanyparticipants,more attention theeyes fortaskswhich beemployed thatmilitaryforces wouldnolonger sowouldalsoensure Doing financial resources forcivilianandmilitaryinstruments imbalance between to becorrected.” Fischer’s inMartina (Bread fortheWorld)participants demanded, words, “fortheblatant authorsand workshop German explicitlyas“civilian”intheirtitle.Many their subjectmatter approaches andmeans,related to guidelinesshoulddefine ornotthenew that,whether military to” over A pivotalpartofthisdiscussionwasabouthow bestexpress “civilianprimacy APPROACHES, TOOLS, CIVILIAN PRIMACY:” FUNDS? CIVILIAN “CIVILIAN CIVILIAN directions. different very reaction, (short-term) securityand(long-term) peace.Participants’ proposals pointed own in long-standing tensions valuesandinterests, between and civilianandmilitarymeans,prevention workshops. high:participantshopedforthevisionto Expectations were recalibrate solve oreven intensely ofsuchavisionwere debatedElements inatleast18blogcontributionsandfive before, during,engagement andafter partofthePeacelab2016 criseswasacentral debate. “visionofpeace”thatwoulddefine The desire foranoverarching principlesforGerman key A VisionforBuildingPeace sustainable andglobalsecuritypolicy. preconditionnecessary to achieve a than justanormative posture. Itisa To establishafocusonpeaceismore Minister ofDefense Minister (CDU), Ursula Leyen vonder armed forces. development, civilian actors, andthe than ever before betweendiplomacy, require amore integratedapproach Increasingly complexcrisesandconflicts The Left Kathrin Vogler, Freie Universität Berlin Ursula Schröder, in foreign policy. against thedominance back ofthemilitary We needboldproposals onhowto push

11 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 12 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION for buildingpeacethatencapsulates allof courageous: Itshouldpresent aconcept It isnotenoughto reaffirm theprimacy actual leverage andultimatelyactions of politics;concrete ideasbacked by The Germangovernment shouldbe are neededforpoliticalsolutions. PeaceLab2016 2016 workshopon20October Germany’s internationalpolicies. Prevention mustbepossible, even whenSyriaisonfire. former German publicservant German former formerly Unitedformerly Nations Cay Gabbe, Elisa Lux, for Germany’s entire interaction entire principleforGermany’s with the promotion of peace becomeanoverriding BasicLaw.German should Is such assecuringjobs?Or thisjustonepoliticalgoalamong others, “Inspired thedetermination by to promote worldpeace,”says apartofthefirstsentence ofthe OFPEACE? POLICY COHERENCE:ARETHERE JUST FOURMINISTRIES INCHARGE crises. thatavailablecould ensure resources notusedupforthenever-ending were needsofacute with thoseaboutresponding to ongoingcrises. Similarly, adistinctbudgetlineforprevention havesuch aforum,discussionsaboutearlywarningwouldnolonger to compete formeetingtime establishing aseparate inter-ministerial coordination bodyforearlywarningand action.In would have fordecision-making, consequences budgeting, andstaffing. Oneproposal suggested instead focusingonreacting to ofmerely crisesand threats. Givingpriorityto prevention Most participantswanted to andlong-term thegovernment prioritizepreventive approaches, approach. have already already erupted. impliesashort-term focuson“crisisprevention” Theconceptual financial,humanandpolitical resources are dedicatedgovernment’s to managingcrisesthat isdefinitely prevention While apoliticalpriority, in reality thegreater partoftheGerman OFPREVENTION:THE PRIMACY CREATING SEPARATE STRUCTURES ANDFUNDS to recognize opportunitiesandadapttheirworkto changingcircumstances. enable actorspolitical analysisandcommunication.Sucheffortswould Berlin inthefieldand technocratic manner programs inaless participantsalsostressed theimportanceofimplementing other Many inthisregard. ofothers echoed anumber politicalgoaltothe overall buildpeace,”arguedUrsula (Freie Schröder who Universität Berlin) instead asshort- beseen ormid-term programs inaspecificphaseofconflict,subordinated to political institutionsortraining must specificsecurityforces are notpoliticalgoalsassuch.They needto they inthemselves, inapoliticalstrategy.become ends beembedded “Stabilizingfragile mustnot ofcrisismanagement ofpolitics”:theinstruments butthe“primacy “civilian primacy” Ultimately, argued KlausNaumann (HamburgInstitute forSocialResearch), thekey wasnot OFPOLITICS:THE PRIMACY FIRST THESTRATEGY, THENTHETOOLS , as well as strengthening the role of embassies ontheground andboosting therole ofembassies , aswellstrengthening security forces did not commit mass atrocities themselves. Another important source of leverage security forces didnotcommit massatrocities themselves. importantsource ofleverage Another needed to train more securityforces andto create monitoring systems to make sure thattrained orvictor’s acts of revenge areas forcivilians,andpreventing justice.For thispurpose, Germany however, coulddraw towards particularattention humanitarianlaw, defending establishingsafe Gregor Hofmann (Peace Research Institute Frankfurt), amongothers. Afocusonmassatrocities, thancompete rather wrote shouldcomplement withconflictprevention, Atrocity prevention limited are gravest. resources theconsequences onthoseconflictswhere atop argued,makingatrocity prevention they for attention, prioritywasnecessaryto focus guidelines. inthenew Inatrocity prevention lightofthemanypossibleconflictriskscompeting andinternational to ofGerman askedA number experts government prioritizemass the German such asexportpromotion, are inevitable. staff resources are finite, politicalgoals, humanrights promotionandother andconflictsbetween forestablishingpriorities.human rightsdoesnotallow Atthesametime,political,financialand foreign policy, inGerman primacy ofindivisibleanduniversal argued, sincetheconcept they ofmanyPeaceLab2016perspective participants. Human rightsprotection musthave absolute Protecting from the crises,andbuildingpeaceshouldbeinseparable humanrights,preventing PROTECTING RIGHTS, HUMAN PREVENTING ATROCITIES MASS Assessment. sector,the development suchasthe“do-no-harm”principleorPeace andConflict Impact goal ofpromoting peace.Suchatest in methodsknown develop couldbuildonandfurther ministerial “peacebuildingtest” forcompatibilitywiththeconstitutional to eachpolicy review conflicts. violent influence Christoph Bongard (Forum CivilPeace suggested Service) aninter- policiesdirectly andindirectly greaterdemanded government criticalreflection abouthow Grävingholt Jörn siloes,too.policymaking workshop on8September 2016withregard to 2030focusedonovercoming theAgenda Müller, Gerd Leyen capacityasministerSigmar Gabriel(writinginitsprevious foreconomicaffairs),Ursula vonder andinterior defense, thatthosefourministers –anunderstanding foreign affairs,development, ministries,notjustthoseof sowouldmake taskforallgovernment Doing itacross-cutting interest own objective ofpromoting peace,basedonbothGermany’s anditsmoral responsibility. the world?Most PeaceLab2016 aclearchoiceto participantsdemanded establishanoverarching (Advisory wasoneofmanywho Board forCivilianCrisisPrevention) already expressed inthedebate., andThomasdeMaizière ThePeaceLab2016 www.peacelab2016.de/ … of preventing atrocities–recommendations German crisispreventionshouldfocus on PeaceLab2016‏‏ Stanford University Tod, Lindberg act to prevent atrocities. interest andmoralresponsibility to that itisacore collective security The Germangovernment shouldaffirm SPD Ute Finckh-Krämer, wars andcivilwars. help prevent conflictsfrom turninginto restrictive policycanthus armsexport Disarmament, armscontrol anda workshop in Berlin: #PeaceLab2016 workshopinBerlin: @PeaceLab2016 10 3 13 Nov2016

13 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 14 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION transformation ofviolentconflictsmust Peace isusuallyachieved atthelocal level. Therefore, theprevention and of humanrightsanddiscrimination Overcoming systematicviolations conflict over themediumterm. efforts are thusproneefforts to cause this administrative approach. brought to life. We must stop will always bepolitical.Such German InstituteGerman forHuman Rights also begrounded locally. Social changehasto be Franziska Brantner, Civil Peace Service Beate Rudolf, Jürgen Deile, Jürgen Deile, Green PartyGreen

frames every intervention: interventions onlyculturallyframes sensitive every couldwinlocalacceptance. transitions, helpingonly in creatingdemocratic spaces fordialogueandaction.Localculture argued. Instead localactors donorsshouldenable ofexportingblueprints, to leadtheirown ornotourexpectationsare viableorneedtoLocal conditionsdecidewhether beadapted, many saidElisabethStrohscheidt (MISEREOR). humansecurityforeveryone,” “comprehensive to andEuropean interests secure German and values. Thegoal shouldbeto guarantee however, arguedthatwithoutambitiousgoalsoftransforming societiesitwouldbeimpossible contributions, 2016,stabilizationtakes Other democratization. over precedence December (Foreignsuch asIraq, Ederer arguedMarkus atthePeaceLab2016 Office) workshopon14 isnoway hand,withoutwhichthere transformation ontheother outofconflict. In countries context to ontheonehand,whichwasseen sensitivity limitthepaceofsocialchange,and subjectofdiscussionwasthetensionAnother twoequallynecessaryprinciples: between TRANSFORMATIONSOCIAL ANDCONTEXT SENSITIVITY toessential make progress atall. setbacks.with frequent Thus,institutionallearning management. Participants thathumanrightspromotion process isnaturally alengthy underlined important to talkto allpartiesinvolvedandto context-sensitive employ ofconflict instruments contentious. canbevery and reparations For thisreason, someparticipantsargued,itwas and protecting humanrights. For instance,issuesofindividualcriminalresponsibility PeaceLab2016 crises preventing andtradeoffs between dilemmas alsodiscusseddangerous always somecircumstances itmay thebest choice–under forthem. increase thedanger further to basishow publicpressureweigh onacase-by-case isnot bestsupporthumanrightsdefenders: inregular exchangeand engage withactivists. However, shouldcarefully government theGerman diplomatsshouldcloselymonitorargued thatGerman thehumanrightssituationonground activistswhoare facing increasing pressure. They anddemocracy of humanrightsdefenders shouldtakein whichGermany action,PeaceLab2016 participantssuggested, wastheprotection course,theprotectionOf massatrocities. area preventing One ofhumanrightsgoesfarbeyond Pauline Brosch (Global Policy Public Institute). ofinternationalwas thesystematic criminallaw enforcement duringandafter conflicts,argued , tactical innovation and flexibility were andflexibilitywere , tacticalinnovation © photothek.net 15 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 16 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION Building Peace &Instrumentsof Approaches

Building Peace &Instrumentsof Approaches

Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development stilllacked ofwhat ashared concept andDevelopment for EconomicCooperation Ministry Minister Müller Gerd However, alsoemphasized. as Development theForeign andthe Office stabilization isthusanintermediategovernment, onthepathtowards goal sustainablepeace, Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier thelivingconditions oftheaffectedquickly andflexiblyimprove population, arguedtheformer crisis diplomacy, is anincreasing needforshort-term, there to civilianstabilization instruments atconflict resolution. Beyond attempts non-violent political channelsfordialoguethatre-enable security.” fails,thekey prevention isto When andto quicklycurbtheviolence setupnew conflict, according to Müller. “We approach needacomprehensive forhuman to development to– whichisthemaininstrument tacklethestructural, politicalandsocialcausesofviolent initiatives,” wrote Müller Gerd (CSU), theMinister andDevelopment forEconomicCooperation “Addressing thestructural causesofcrisesandconflictsmustbethemainfocusour (Peace Research Institute Frankfurt) putit. thanhealing,” isbetter agreed that“preventing they asNicoleDeitelhoff andChristopherDaase contributors wascost-efficient, questionedthisassumptionthateffectiveprevention nonetheless diplomacy, onpreventive funds spent some orcrisismanagement.” While crisisprevention and migrants,” arguedRüdiger König (Foreign “are disproportionately Office), thanthe larger opportunity costsofpost-war ofrefugees reconstruction andthesocialcostsofmassmovements andstabilization,sustainablepeacebuildinginthelongrun.“Theenormous management theshort-term ofconflictandviolence, structural prevention ofacute prevention crises,conflict The PeaceLab2016 debate range ofbuildingpeace:thelonger-term, theentire covered CONTEXTUAL DIFFERENCES ANDTRADEOFFS discussiononinstruments.the entire always adequately thepotential consider cutacross andtheneedsofyoungpeoplewomen NATO mostlycameupinaPeaceLab2016 workshopon13October 2016inBrussels missionsconducted peaceoperations, posts dealtwithUnited theEU, by Nations (UN) OSCEor security sector assistance andreform, transitional justice,andtheruleoflaw. manyblog While more effective?The PeaceLab2016 participantsandauthorsfocusedspecificallyonmediation, needto approachesWhich andinstruments to beimproved make to ourattempts buildpeace Building Peace Approaches &Instrumentsof , amongothers. From oftheGerman theperspective

. Thepleato European External ActionService European External Helga Schmid, administer acountry's road system. the civiliancapacityto maintainand peacebuilding purposeifwebuild up along-term but itwillonlyserve and meaningfulstabilisationactivity; Reconstructing aroad may beanurgent PeaceLab2016 2016 workshopon19October peace inthelongrun. settlement, whichfosterssustainable a sufficientlyinclusive political and creates theconditionsfor prevents orendsescalationsofviolence apoliticalprocess that support The strategicgoalofstabilizationisto Polis180 andVeraSonja Schiffers Lamprecht, and nopeacebeachieved. left out,noconflictscanbesolved Where halfofthepopulationis

17 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 18 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION that draw onhistoricalrelations&networks Bilateral diplomacywillalwaysbeableto @bressansar @PeaceLab2016 Gerrit Kurtz‏ culture. Mypost@PeaceLab2016 training, resources&openorganisational Conflict preventionrequiresmorestaff, country? @PeaceLab2016@GerritKurtz @eu_eeas insteadof28xeffort forevery Interesting suggestions!Whataboutthe Gerrit Kurtz‏ Sarah Bressan‏ analyzing whatdrives decision-makers @eu_eeas doesn'thave relationships withpoliticalleadersin 1 1 and atbuildingtrustlasting Germany needsto getbetterat @GerritKurtz @GerritKurtz‏ European CouncilonForeign Relations @bressansar 1 8 fragile states. 1 11 2 , Richard Gowan 21 Nov2016 21 Nov2016 8 Sep2016

influence alone as a condition for success and allow them them methodological knowledge aloneas aconditionforsuccessandallow influence to leverage mediation methodologyintrainings. Thiswouldhelpto themediators’ beyond move political and civilsocietyorganizationscouldalsoincrease therole of quotas. government TheGerman instituting gender participation intrack forinstanceby 1peaceprocesses shouldbeensured, establish aseparate moduleformediationinthetraining ofdiplomats capacity thatalready should,forexample, exists. top On government ofthis,thefederal foranexcellentargued, provided startingpointtogether withthesignificantinstitutional mediation supportneededto brand” which,participants beexpandedaspartofthe“German capacitiesforconflictmediationand thatGerman wasabroad consensus Second, there diplomats.” Germany willneed ofits tosignificantlyincrease thenumber withincreased efficiency Even theneedfortalksonSyria,”example,“nobodyisin region toemphasize dothetalking. (GlobalSarah Brockmeier Policy Public Institute). “Although ceaseto politiciansnever German to youturn,theministrylackspersonnel argued “Everywhere backupitscommitments,” in away foreffectiveadaptationto thatallows short-term changesoftheconflictdynamics. isalackofdiplomatswhocouldexertimbalance: there programming politicalcontrol over years, hugeincreases inprogram fundsadministered theForeign by Office have created an diplomacy,preventive politicalstrategies, develop Butinrecent andleadtheirimplementation. First, itis primarilytheForeign thatisexpected Office engagein toanalyzeconflictrisks, twomajorgapsinGermany.participants identified that. Politicalengagement. on political In this regard, depend solutions,firstandforemost, solutions” may participatinginthePeaceLab2016 –everyone debate appeared to agree with Neither militarynortechnocratic “political peace,onlythoseproverbial meanscandeliver POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT: STRENGTHENING DIPLOMACY ANDMEDIATION sustainable peace. term, however, decisivefor amajorityofcontributionsarguedthatsocialtransformation were transition.ambitions wouldberequired, thangrand In plansfordemocratic rather thelong- conflicting goalsandtradeoffs are beingmanaged. Intheshort-term, modestyand realistic inmanyworkshopsandcontributions,ishow The crucialquestion,asitbecameapparent term,longer development-oriented forconsolidating peace. instruments necessary to short-term, thetransitions between improve and reactive stabilizationinstruments stabilization means,someparticipantshighlighted. wouldbe Suchacommonunderstanding women’s theground, women’s . On and militaryadvisorygroups. leaving thestrategic direction ofassistanceandreform programs to partners itsimplementing need to insidethesecurity sector bewillingto questionsofpower withsensitive and stop engage ofopportunityforreform. Forsuch windows thisto work,however, would foreign policy German inplace.Patient,the conditionsforchangewere long-term workontheground couldhelpopen All too when often, hadfailedtoengagement arguedparticipants, Germany political senior offer effectively. influence alonecouldnever and equipment politicalandhighlycombustibledynamics thatadvisors,trainers struggles. eminently Thesewere who getsto force forwhatpurpose–touches deploy directly upon theheartofpoliticalpower programming wasyetto reflect theinsightthatpoliticsofsecurityinfragile contexts – tool insupportofclearpoliticalobjectives contexteconomy analysisoftherelevant andpossibleimpactpathways, and implemented asa best andcounterproductive atworst,someauthorsargued,unlessbasedonasolidpolitical Most contributions,however, didnotstop train andequipprograms ineffectiveat there: were trade-offs insecurityassistanceandimposestrictconditionsonarms exports andtraining. Enhance” initiative,arguedsomeparticipants. Suchastrategy wouldneedto address the openly securityassistancestrategy needsacomprehensive Germany repression. to guideits“Enable and weapons,couldfallinto for even beusedasinstruments thewrong handsandcouldthen programs asanecessarytool thepossiblerisks,too: forstabilizationemphasized equipment, infavor Left)andothers. thoseparticipantsthatwere Even oftrain andequip Liebich (The mustprohibit theexportofweaponsto Stefan government The federal conflictzones,demanded forces. “EnableandEnhance”initiative,whichaimsto government’s train andequipsecurity German dedicated workshopswere blog postsandseveral to securitysector reform (SSR) aswellthe security, than(only)thatoftherulingelites. i.e.,thesecurityofpopulationrather Adozen uncontestedAnother was forprioritizingsupportto demand state human inproviding partners SECURITY: FROMTECHNICALASSISTANCE TO POLITICAL REFORM mediators, participantssuggested. as well.Finally, statesmen andelder ofparliament couldbeusedmore often members to actas . Participants underlined that German government . Participants government thatGerman underlined board prevention. Need@BMWi_Bundon that underminesprogressiveconflict Arms exportsarearecurringfactor @PhilippRotmann @GermanyDiplo Gerrit Kurtz‏ Friedrich Foundation Ebert Müller-Hennig, and Marius Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Eckhard, Steffen long-term training or advisory program.long-term trainingoradvisory increatingpowerful change thanany isoftenfarmoreor astatesecretary personal conversation withaminister be backed upwithpoliticalcapital. A More importantly, SSRprocesses must #PeaceLab2016 @GermanyDiplo onstage. responsible securityforces.With both asfuelingviolence&toequip Philipp Rotmann 1 1 @GerritKurtz ‏‏ Piipomn‏ 11 Dec2016 @PhilippRotmann‏ 1 3 discussed armsexports, 3 11 Dec2016

19 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 20 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION standards of“good enoughgovernance” rule oflawininstitutionalaswell It will often be necessary toIt willoftenbenecessary determine the emergence oftherulelaw. Old Sustained impunityisanobstacleto that ensure anadequatelevel ofthe and newelitesmustnotbeabove GIGA Institute Studies ofLatinAmerican Collaborative (SFB) Research Center 700 normative terms. Sabine Kurtenbach, the laweither. Matthias Kötter,Matthias

arrest warrant –couldhave asignificantdeterrent effect. according to CodeofCrimesagainstInternational theGerman Law andusingtheEuropean action againstinstigators andperpetrators initiatingcriminalprosecutions –forinstance,by public prosecutor. ofthefederal criticized thelackofresources attheOffice Takingdetermined territory,the credible prosecution ofwarcriminalsonGerman according to participantswho could helpavert potential itcameto when crises. also hadroom forimprovement Germany Targetedprevention. states sanctionsregimes by andcoherent andmultilateral organizations topicAnother inthe discussionfocusedontherole ofinternational criminallaw incrisis trust inthelongterm. Suchastrategy areas. would alsohighlightthelinksto policy other and forassistinginthesecomplexpoliticalprocesses andforsustainingpartnerships framework priority.and dealingwiththepastanew Aninter-ministerial strategy forthefieldcouldbe shouldmakeparticipants suggested, government supportto theGerman transitional justice focusonsupportinglocalapproaches.model of“dealingwiththepast”andrather To doso, ofcredibility.past anditshighlevel However, shouldnottryto Germany exportoneparticular process oflearningfrom the buildingonitsown do more inthisarea, participantsdemanded, for comingto terms in thecontext withpastviolence should oftransitional justice.Germany itcomestoCultural adaptationisequallyimportant,participantsargued,when external support more effectiveandsustainablethantheformaljusticesystem. generally arbitration were of therulelaw. importantto Atthesametime,itwasconsidered note thattraditional ways of thenatural evolution undermined theirobjectivesbutrather didusuallynotachieve enforcement participantswhocautionedthatpoliticalinterventions inlegislativeprocessesseveral andlaw BöckenfördeMarkus (Center wasoneof UniversityofDuisburg-Essen) forGlobalCooperation, thanimported rather indigenously normsare developed successful when from theWest? isthatpromoting theruleoflaw,from practical experience inparticularhumanrights,isonly Heiko (SPD) Maas arguedinthedebate. Butwhatdoesthatmean,ifthekey lessonlearned international ontheruleoflaw, enjoys recognition foritsexpertise Germany Justice Minister PROSECUTIONS A FRESH LOOK AT THERULEOFLAW: INVESTINGINTRANSITIONAL JUSTICE ANDTARGETED by NGOs. by for theprotection unarmedcivilianpeacekeeping ofcivilians. strengthening Shealso demanded agreed andmadethecaseforbolstering exclusivelyDefence) civilianpoliticalmissions,including foreign policy. “militarization”ofGerman a further (Federation ChristineSchweitzer forSocial contributors Left)wasoneofseveral worriedabout whowere In contrast, Stefan Liebich(The coordinatedincreased andbetter . allbe civilian,militaryandpolicecontributionsshouldtherefore Congo), forexample.German Republicofthe peacekeeping missionintheDemocratic (UN mandates, Maier arguedDaniel effective earlywarningandtheprotection ofcivilians,peacekeeping missionsneeded robust wroteare overcome,” To Ekkehard Nations ofGermany). Association (United Griep ensure missions isto workmore effectively. thedisciplinaryboundaries when emerge can synergies New planning,in operations logistics,andtheanalytical,self-critical ofpeacekeeping evaluation inUNpeacekeepingpolice components arole. “To model missionsprovided worktogether Forwas controversial. somecontributors, theintegrated ofcivilian,militaryand deployment key militarycapabilitiessuchasreconnaissance drones andhelicopters. Thisparticularpoint participants,toIt wasalsoimportant,arguedseveral peacekeeping provide missionswith nooneelseiswillingorabletowhere United go,”ElisaLux(formerly Nations) pointed out. and notwithdraw are neededmost: they stafffrom UNmissionswhen “After all,peacekeepers go may shouldbemore realistic aboutwhatrisksitspersonnel This alsomeansthatGermany face more training andlanguagecourses ). In shouldoffer addition,Germany to suchofficers.(Länder level andthestates from boththefederal poolofpoliceofficers establish acommondeployment specialists orfororganizedcrime.Participants needsto urgently agreed thatGermany Peace suchasforensic and(civilian)experts particularlyneed policeofficers operations contributionscouldgeneratewhich German clearaddedvalue. international organizations,someparticipantsargued,specifically in to thosepeaceoperations escalatepolitical crisesbefore they into armed conflict. more staff shouldprovide Germany to more withtheUnitedengage Nations More should than20blogpostsandparticipantsofthree workshops agreed: Germany UNITED NATIONS PEACE OPERATIONS: MORECONTRIBUTIONS WITH GREATER ADDEDVALUE . UN conflict prevention efforts were crucial efforts . UNconflictprevention toaddress If Richard Gowan‏‏‏ @PeaceLab2016: #Africa fillcrisisresponsegap, @UNPeacekeeping, #EUcanhelp peacelab2016.de political andfinancialpressurescouldspellthe... major changestohowitmanagescrises. The UnitedNations(UN)maybeonthevergeof Moving fromPeacekeepingtoPreventionat... #Trump budgetcutsmeandeclineof @RichardGowan1 5 3

11 May2017 A mixof

21 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 22 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION Building Peace for Partnerships Structures &

Building Peace for Partnerships Structures &

zones anddelegate more recommended. authorityto experts several them, more andbetter-prepared deploy shouldtherefore togovernment personnel potential crisis familiar withlocalpoliticalactors andableto getinvolvedinpoliticalprocesses. TheGerman playedDiplomats acrucialrole inearlyaction,according to manycontributors. are They digital prediction platform. to avoid groupthink. For moderated, couldbuildaneutrally government thispurpose,thefederal particular, to bringinexternal from civilsocietyandinternational expertise couldhelp partners could make to iteasier keep pivotalevents. In multiplealternative andidentify inview scenarios onaregular basis,forexampleinthecontextscenarios inter-ministerial ofan body good qualitativepoliticalanalysis thedebateBeyond about data,contributors on agreed thattimelyactionprimarilydepended is indeedroom to ofquantitativeaswellqualitativemodels. increase theaccuracy He arguedthatthere their presumed lackofpoliticalwillformissedopportunitiesprevention. Jens (Genocide Stappenbeck notto warnedexperts Alert) simplyblamedecision-makers and years? buildingonmethodologicaladvancesmadeinrecent development, further merit they predication models,forexample,failto accountforthecomplexityofpathsto escalation,ordo data-based Do questionsremained. Alotofopen proposals fortheirimprovement. developed theexistingmechanismsofearlywarningandaction October 2016criticallyreviewed authorsontheblogalongwithparticipantsofaPeaceLab2016Several workshopon26 EARLY WARNING ANDEARLY ACTION amongthekey andlearningwere culture ofevaluation recommendations. ofareal multi-yearfundingmechanisms,andtheestablishment ministries, thecreation oflarger and regional organizations –forinstancewiththeEuropean Union,partnerships civilsocietyactors, partners, implementing itsstructures, procedures, enhancing and atbuildingpeaceby couldgetbetter government The PeaceLab2016 debate generated theGerman ideasandproposals onhow numerous Building Peace for Structures &Partnerships . Joint strategy coordination amongkey andbetter development . One proposal wasto. One anddiscusspossibleconflict develop

. Doing so . Doing rewards inconvenient warnings. a quickandunbureaucratic manner, and anddecision-makers, reactsexperts in that allowsformore exchange between Germany needsanearlywarningsystem & King’sCollegeLondon PolicyGlobal Public Institute Kurtz,Gerrit and earlyaction. to bridgethegapbetweenearlywarning diplomats incrisis-affected countries The federal government needsmore King’s CollegeLondon Christoph Meyer,

23 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 24 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION civil society as an independent partner civil societyasanindependentpartner risks alsoprovide guidance necessary The federal government shouldtreat for implementersincrisisareas. Joint analysesofcontextsand Deutsche Gesellschaft für internationale Gesellschaftfürinternationale Deutsche on anequalfooting. Elisabeth Strohscheidt, Zusammenarbeit Tanja Gönner, MISEREOR

2016 these questions were attheforefront.2016 thesequestions were Germany, Within theAdvisory Board forCivilian AtthePeaceLab2016 andbeyond. and peacebuilding–bothinGermany workshopon5October conflictmanagement authorsfocusedon therole ofcivilsociety incrisisprevention, Numerous WORKING WITH NON-STATE ACTORS to principleofpromoting peace. allareasministry andtherefore ofpolicy theoverarching bodywouldnotonlysubordinate new such anentirely single thefourcore ministriesbutevery ministries. Theproposal to create National Peace anoverarching further: even Councilwent –withmore staffandgreater competences securitypolicy coordinating German vis-à-visthe thechancellor,– thecabinetcommittee, chaired by armsexportsand inchargeofapproving Federalnational securityadvisorwithcabinetrank, headingastrengthened SecurityCouncil budget. ARDjournalistChristianThielssuggested analternative to thismodel:anon-partisan theForeign by theparticipatingministries,clearleadership by provided andashared Office, One suggestedmore effectiveorganizationalstructure. apoliticalmandate modelenvisaged linkingitto forinstanceby ofstate thelevel Crisis Prevention,” creating anew, secretaries orby contributions supported theexisting“Inter-ministerial strengthening Steering Group forCivilian inter-ministerialDeveloping strategies requires well-establishedstructures andprocesses. Many forflexibleadaptationonshortnotice. allow longer-term objectives,itmighthelpto introduce multi-yearstrategy inaway cycles thatwould be jointlyevaluated andadapted onaregular basis. To effectivelypursuebothshort-term and joint politicalstrategies whichwouldneed definingcommonobjectivesandinstruments, to thisbasis,ministriescoulddevelop might bejointsituationanalysesandimpactassessments. On with possiblestartingpointformoreregard effectivecooperation One to aparticularcountry themilitary, between cooperation improve andaidworkers. police,civilianexperts, contributions. Extensive inter-ministerial trainings andjointexercises proposed to were help NachtweiWinfried (Advisory putit,similarlyto Board forCivilianCrisisPrevention) manyother counter thejointaspiration to crises,”as to prevent effectivelyundercutting thisrequirement, mandates.respect fordifferent Thevanityofindividualministriesandorganizationsoften runs effectively work together shared objectives towards requires cleargoals,balancedcapacities,and andtheinterior. defense theministriesofforeign affairs,development, mainly between “To guidelinestofor thenew setupmore effectiveexchange anddecision-makingstructures, ofthemostimportantexpectationsonpartmanyPeaceLab2016One contributors was COORDINATING MINISTRIES, DEVELOPING STRATEGIES, PROJECTS PLANNING academic findings andcriticismispresentedacademic inauser-friendly way. istrueas well: The reverse advicecanworkonlyif andpractitioners. policy academics Evidence-based well asbetween exchangeexpectations andtheaddedvalue ofstronger circles as –bothwithinacademic However, the interest manyofthesecontributionsrevealed to more criticallydebate mutual andforeign policy. politicalscience between actively participated workshop,instarkcontrast to inalmostevery theoften-invoked silence contributed researchers anduniversity Think tankexperts aboutonethird oftheblogpostsand ANDPOLICYMAKING ACADEMIA EXCHANGE BETWEEN would require statutory changesthrough the budgetcommittee inparliament To forthenextgovernment.” Thisisamatter donotsolvetheproblem. they solvetheproblem to commitmulti-yearfunding, particularlyfrom the Foreign “may Office, remedy, beasmall but Almut Wieland-Karimi (Center for International Peace forexample. Existingways Operations), a more long-term andflexiblemanner. “Political thecalendar,” changesdonotfollow wrote inamore oftime,aswellto reliable way periods NGOs, longer designprojects in andover wastoA strong andwidelyshared demand ways findnew to fundcivilsociety politicalleverage. withconsiderable only bedonorsbutalsoactivepartners important peacebuilders. In additionto classiccivilsocietygroups, private companiescouldnot toand money andselect localcivilsocietypartners. Religious review communitiescanalsobe civilsocietyorganizationshadto andGerman putupthenecessarytime government The federal their motivesandinterests,” Müller explainedMiriam (HamburgInstitute forSocialResearch). trustworthy, appeared soatfirst. ifthey even interlocutor,every For itisnecessary to consider valuesornot.share Germany’s Butonehadto tread carefully: “Not actor every turnsoutto be stressed, itwasimportantto beready to talkto anyonewhoiswillingto they talk–whether take into theirneeds,interests consideration andpotentials. In principle,someparticipants generate aboutlocalsociety, knowledge facilitate andbetter learningfrom localpartners, canhelpactively abroad. Closecontactswithcivilsocietypartners civil societypartners Participants to argued thatitwasequallyimportantforthegovernment workcloselywith studiesorissuestatementscommission itsown onbroad strategic questions For forthegovernment. partner instance,aswassuggested duringthedebate, theboard could mandate, equippedwithabudgetandstronger were however, theboard couldbecomeakey more thananaccessory,”“little (Amnesty Devaux complainedCatherine International). Ifit iscurrently from civilsocietyandacademia, representatives whichconvenes Crisis Prevention, . , including smaller , includingsmaller . Peace Research Institute Frankfurt Daase, andChristopher Nicole Deitelhoff itwillonlybeignored.Otherwise a way thatisusefulforpolicymakers. and thenpresents thatknowledgein be relevant ifitgeneratesknowledge their research isrelevant. Anditwillonly be athorninthesideofpolicymakers if Peace andconflictresearchers canonly PolicyGlobal Public Institute Katrin Kinzelbach, continuous digitalsurveillance. the contextofrestrictive lawsand ensure effective in financialsupport Project implementationrulesmust SPD Bärbel Kofler, rights duediligenceobligations. oftheirhuman condoned. Thisispart human rightsviolationsare nottacitly Companies have to make sure that

25 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 26 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION project’s goals,even asthesegoalsmay In lightofthemixed results, weneedto strategy, andtrackprogress toward the successful, andunderwhatconditions ask ourselves more clearlyunderwhat We needmonitoring &evaluation that learning andfeedback loopsto guide conditions specificstrategiescanbe create continuous,evidence-based Review’ conference afixture inthe implementation, informshiftsof Why notmake anannual‘Peace German Foundation German forPeace Research University ofSanDiego Freie Universität Berlin Berlin calendar? Ulrich Schneckener, Ursula Schröder, they cannot. Andrew Blum, Andrew evolve.

learning process for society. of theirresponsibility to themembers not relieve weighpoliticaldecisionsandto facilitate the action(orinaction) are taken would thebestevaluations in parliament.government Thus,even However, decisions onGerman arguedthatthefundamental ofparliament members several ministries their findingsdiscussedjointlybetween for strategicsystematically evaluations were wouldbesatisfiedif plannedand , others evaluation institution more indatacollectionandanalysis. individualvoicesproposed While anindependent impact. wouldneedto andinvest higher partners Donors workmore closelywithimplementing opportunities fortimelyintermediate effectiveadaptationandultimately enable they assessments, cycle. Bycreating oftenevaluations accompanyingtheprogram lesseffective than“formative” question widelyshared myths. manycontributors As are argued,forexample,ex-postevaluations In itisimportantnotonlyto designing evaluations, highstandards ofqualitybutalsoto ensure transparent (and bestpractices), andto to andimpactofvariousinstruments subjecttheimplementation But ittakes more thanthat:areal culture oflearningwouldmeanto honestlytake stock oflessons training pre-deployment andcomprehensive management begin withprofessional knowledge tofor Germany practice andcreate itsevaluation improve aculture oflearning. To dosowould (ConciliationCohen Resources) illustrated from thePeaceLab2016 demand theconsensus debate can askwhatitreally takes to ourselves.” beeffectivepeacebuilders With thesewords, Jonathan need to lookin the mirror,we ouractionsaffectsituations:then reflect onwhoweare andhow diplomats,andmediators,sentatives, bringto buildingpeace.We conflictdynamics. influence We “We asinternational qualitiesthatweasoutsiders, mustbecognizantofthepersonal - NGOrepre A CULTURE OFEVALUATION ANDLEARNING establishedatuniversities. professorships forsecuritypolicy ornew could bestrengthened tutions. To “peacearchitecture,” expandtheGerman Foundation theGerman forPeace Research disciplinesandresearch insti- academic supplybutalsotheexistingcapacityofrelevant present farexceeded insightsby fornew agreed thatthedemand andpractitioners notonlythe Academics sides, wrote Christoph Weller ofAugsburg). (University This may formatsthatmightmake result indifferent thisexchange more productive forboth heard, arguedLarsBrozus (German Institute forInternational andSecurityAffairs),forexample. would have insightsstandachanceofbeing to inconvenient adapttheirroutines suchthateven if politicians,partiesandofficials reallywanted more targeted advice,they evidence-based and . . evaluation . . the discussionto to isnoend life.There taking“fresh looks”atcrisisprevention. inearly2018,wouldbeagoodplacetoBoard onCivilianCrisisPrevention bringthenextstageof to Foundationconference, theGerman beorganizedby forPeace Research andtheAdvisory to recommendations therightplaces. policy “Peace andprovide Thenew policymakers, Review” ty, alike agencies andimplementing willneedto academia, connected, getbetter speakmore with To keep thedebate from civilsocie- andexperts aliveandaslivelyithasbecome,practitioners peace andsecuritystrategy. tag couldsignificantlyelevate the by holdingaregular debatetopic, forexample onGermany’s munity. choicesmore. TheBundes- cancontribute policy explainingitsown Thegovernment by needs agreater thanPeaceLab2016, audience largelyconfined which remained com- to theexpert diplomacy, between design ofinstruments Suchastrategy anddefense? development, debate for itsinternational isthelogicbehinddistributionoffundsand What commitments? needs to have astrategic debate willingto aboutpeaceandsecurity:How muchisGermany pay manyPeaceLab2016As however, participantsunderlined, Germany thiswillnotbeenough. these questionsmay be addressed. digital technologies? The Guidelineshave effortsinwhichatleastsomeof announcedfollow-up tothe government reach shared risksandopportunitiesarisefrom objectives?What thenew help andcivilsocietybetter whichare foul?How canacademics mises are smartandacceptable, dealwith tradeoffs?Which compro - How exactlyshouldthegovernment unanswered: remained conflicts, andpromoteDespite peace. workshopsandarticles,somequestions thenumerous on thebestapproach andthebesttools to crises, resolve and more effectivelyprevent better –didnotalways practitioners The manyparticipants–politicians,activists,academics, agree from thePeaceLab2016 debate not. were included,others were Crises,Resolving Conflicts,Building Guidelines“Preventing new ofthedemands Peace.” Many 14JuneOn 2017, after almostayearof“PeaceLab2016,” adopted government the theGerman AheadonCrisis Prevention Conclusion: Looking

Global Public PolicyGlobal Public Institute Sarah Brockmeier, development policy. a core elementofforeign, securityand longer betreated asanaccessory, butas Strategic communicationshouldno MISEREOR Elisabeth Strohscheidt, challenges. have foundgoodanswersto these So far, neitherpoliticians noracademics

27 A A FRESH FRESH LOOK LOOK AT AT CRISIS CRISIS PREVENTION PREVENTION 28 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION PeaceLab2016 Contributions to the by Winfried Nachtwei Winfried (Advisoryby Board forCivilianCrisis Prevention) Krisenhäufung ohneEnde:Schneller besserwerden! gemeinschaft) CorinnaHauswedell(Forschungsstätteby ­ Studien Evangelischen der Mittel klarertrennen Die Konfliktbearbeitung mussmilitärischeundzivile PhilippRotmannby (Global Policy Public Institute) Krisenprävention weiter denken (Federation ChristineSchweitzer by forSocialDefence) Peacekeeping stärker nutzen! Vorrang fürgewaltfreie Intervention: Daszivile Jean-Marieby (International CrisisGroup) Guéhenno the South Trusted intheEast,Germanyshouldleadmore Fischer Martina (Bread for theWorld)by zivilen Ansätzestärken Mit mehrMittelnfürPrävention denPrimatder Kathrinby Vogler, Left) MP(The für Militärischesvereinnahmen! Zivile, gewaltfreieKonfliktbearbeitung stärken statt Party, MP(Social NielsAnnen, by Democratic SPD) Krisenprävention weiterentwickeln Präventiver, strategischer, substantieller: MP(Christian Union, RoderichKiesewetter, CDU) by Democratic Für einerealistischezivileKrisenprävention Interessengeleitet, strategisch undpriorisiert: Franziskaby MP(Green Brantner, Party) Wir braucheneinenNationalenFriedensrat Langfristiger, politischerundkohärenter: Frank-Walterby (Federal Steinmeier forForeign Minister Affairs) weiter denken Zivil, frühzeitigundlangfristig:Krisenprävention

Blog by Manuel Lafont Rapnouil Manuel (ECFRParis)by Paris to Berlin:Just DoIt! Bundeswehr) KlausNaumann ChiefofDefence, by (former alle Optionenprüfen Deutsche Selbstlähmungbeenden:Aktiv handelnund CorneliaBrinkmann(Stepsby forPeace) Lernprozesse verstehen Aus Erfahrung lernen:Transformationsprozesse als ofSanDiego) Blum(University Andrew by Three Key Investments Creating Fit Operations) AlmutWieland-Karimiby (Center forInternational Peace Friedenseinsätze undproaktiveFriedenspolitik Deutsches Tandem fürKrisenprävention: Multilaterale Hans-Joachimby Foundation) Giessmann(Berghof ansätze erfolgversprechenderKrisenprävention Prioritäten, Voraussetzungen undGestaltungs­ SimonAdams(Globalby fortheResponsibility Centre toProtect) Germany shouldprioritizemassatrocityprevention Ulrichby Frey (PlatformforPeacefulManagement) Conflict gebot desGrundgesetzeskonkretisieren Leitbild „Gemeinsame Sicherheit“:DasFriedens­ (MONUSCO) Maier Daniel by Vereinten Nationen Mehr deutschesPersonal fürFriedenseinsätze der (SFB700) Daxner Michael by reformen schaffen Lehren ausAfghanistan:RaumfürGesellschafts­ BodovonBorries(VENRO) by Durchhalten übergreifender WillezumHandeln,Lernen,und Zutaten eineserfolgreichenAnsatzes:Ressort­ -for -Purpose Peacebuilding Evaluation:

by Christoph Meyer (King’sCollegeLondon) ChristophMeyer by sation bessere Kommunikation undEntscheidungsorgani­ Kein BlickindieKristallkugel:EarlyActiondurch ChristophBongard (Forumby CivilPeace Service) braucht einenKonflikt Wegweiser Agenda2030:DieBundesregierung (European Richard CouncilonForeign Gowan by Relations) Relationship adviceforcrisismanagers Wolframby Rohde-Liebenau (Ökumenisches Netz Bayern) Militäreinsätze bringenkeinen Frieden ElisabethStrohscheidt (MISEREOR)by und Menschenrechte Eine ChancefürmehrzivileMittel, Politikkohärenz Kurtz Gerrit (King’s CollegeLondon) by das richtigePersonal Diplomaten an dieFront! Krisenprävention braucht (Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation) Müller-Hennig Marius Eckhard Munich)and Steffen (LMU by aussuchen zusammen­ Mein Freund derWarlord: Wer mitMilitärs and SonjaSchiffers by LamprechtVera (Polis180) Eine feministischeAußenpolitik fürDeutschland! FUBerlin) (Sonderforschungsbereich 700der Daxner Michael by aussehen sollte Wie einebesseredeutscheAfghanistanpolitik Peter Marina by (Sudan undSüdsudanForum) von humanitärerHilfeundFriedensarbeit Ausweg oderSackgasse?DiewachsendeVerzahnung (Center Andreas Wittkowsky by forInternational Peace) Operations Keine AngstvorEvaluierungen! arbeitet, sollte sichseineFreunde gut - TÜV! TÜV! by Martina Fischer Martina (Bread fortheWorld)by finanzierung auf Kosten vonEntwicklung „Ertüchtigung“ kritischüberprüfen: Keine Militär­ ActionService) HelgaSchmid(European External by Maria flict Prevention,Stabilizationand Peacebuilding Crises: Germany’sCentralRoleinEuropeanCon­ Towards AnIntegrated Approachto Conflicts and ) Nations ofGermany (United Association Ekkehard Griep by Vereinten Nationen lernenkann Der vernetzte Ansatz: Was Deutschlandvonden Institute Frankfurt) Daase (Peace andChristopher Research NicoleDeitelhoff by Friedens- undKonfliktforschung Zivile Krisenprävention verbessern:DerBeitragder Jonathanby (Conciliation Cohen Resources) Mirror A New AgendaforPeace: StartwithaLookinthe ChristophAbels(Polis180)by Investitionen indieJugend lohnen Eine verloreneGeneration?Warum sich Operations) AlmutWieland-Karimiby (Center forInternational Peace besseres deutschesKrisenengagement “It’s theprevention,stupid!”Bausteine fürein ChristianThiels(ARD)by ganzheitliche Sicherheitspolitik? Zeremonien­ Ein NationalerSicherheitsberater –nur Armed Forces, DCAF) Control of ThammyEvans(Genevaby fortheDemocratic Centre 10 TipsforIncreasingPolitical EngagementforSSR Development) (Federal Müller Gerd by and forEconomicCooperation Minister Bewältigung vonKrisen Entwicklung istderSchlüsselzurVermeidung und (Federal ThomasdeMaizière by oftheInterior) Minister des Innern(BMI) Krisenprävention ausSichtdesBundesministeriums ComfortEro (International CrisisGroup)by ment withcrisispreventioninAfrica Tough butessential:Germany’spoliticalengage­ meister oderSchlüsselfigurfüreine by Edelgard Party, Bulmahn,MP(Socialby Democratic SPD) Verzweifelt gesucht:DeutschePolizei Gregor Hofmannby (Peace Research Institute Frankfurt) Priorität sein! Die Prävention vonMassenverbrechenmuss Hamburg) oftheFederal (University Krämer Mathias by ArmedForces wagen! Geographische Schwerpunktsetzung –einenAnfang (Center AnnikaHansen by forInternational Peace Operations) für dieStärkunginternationaler Polizeieinsätze “Business asusual”wirdnichtreichen –EinPlädoyer Tanjaby (GIZ) Gönner rungen, Lernerfahrungen,Perspektiven Projektumsetzung inKrisengebieten: Herausforde­ Affairs) LarsBrozus (Germanby Institute forInternational andSecurity Optionen undetwasEvidenz Mehr WissenschaftfürbesserePolitik? Hürden, theCivilPeaceby Consortium Service Krisen“ fürdenFrieden Reaktionauf „Aktion –statt KlausNaumannby (HamburgInstitute forSocialResearch) Ordnung zerfälltundKrisensichhäufen? Der „PrimatdesPolitischen“: Was tun,wenn Uteby Finckh-Krämer, Party, MP(Social Democratic SPD) Rüstungskontrolle Ein ThemafürdieLeitlinien:Abrüstungund Left) StefanLiebich,MP(The by tion undKonfliktbearbeitung Deutschlands neueVerantwortung: Konfliktpräven­ BeateRudolfby (German Institute forHuman Rights) bekämpfen kann Wie Menschenrechtsarbeit Konfliktursachen Neef Matthias (Germanby CommissionforUNESCO) mehr Beachtungschenken! Der kulturellenDimensionderFriedensförderung Ursula (Freieby Schröder Universität Berlin) Krisenprävention vondenZielenherdenken Tourinho Marcos by (Fundação GetulioVargas) Crisis PreventionTool A Double-EdgedSword:Targeted Sanctions asa gehen, alte Hürdenüberwinden Zivil-militärisches Krisenengagement:Neue Wege AnneRennschmid (Germanby Institute forHuman Rights) Frauen fördern integrieren –ZugangzuMenschenrechten für Geschlechterperspektive durchgehendinLeitlinien by Peterby (ifa) Mares Friedensförderung! Form followsfunction–auchinder internationalen (Centre Böckenförde Markus by Research) forGlobal Cooperation Rechtsstaatszusammen­ Was wirvonunslernensollten: (Center forPeace Mediation) LarsKirchhoff, Anne by Dobeneck Isabel Kraus, and Julia von mediation Von Elefanten undPapiertigern inderFriedens­ Sarah (Global Brockmeier by Policy Public Institute) schon verloren! Unsichtbares Nischenthema? Wer nichtstreitet hat Spohr(Friedrich-Naumann-Foundation)Maximilian Isabel (Business &Humanby Ebert Rights Resource and Centre) und Friedensförderung integrieren Privatwirtschaft systematisch inKrisenprävention Frei, Thorsten by MP(Christian Union, CDU) Democratic kenkern unsererAußenpolitik Krisenprävention undKonfliktbearbeitung alsMar Europäisch undabgestimmt:Zivile Andreas Steinmetz(Germanby ArmedForces Association) Und wirsprechendochdieselbeSprache! Andreas Nick,MP(Christianby Union, CDU) Democratic Parlamentarier Krisenprävention: UnsereVerantwortung als undFrieden)Kriegsdienstverweigerung and Wolfgang für Burggraf (EvangelischeArbeitsgemeinschaft Frieden) fürden (Aktionsgemeinschaft Dienst JanGildemeister by Reaktion: Gegendenvernetzten Ansatz (German Ulrichby Schneckener Foundation forPeace Research) gestalten schen Friedensforschung undPolitik produktiver Geduldige Zimmermannsarbeit:DenDialogzwi­ (Federal Ursula Leyen by vonder ofDefence) Minister arbeit neudenken ­

29 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 30 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION by Otmar Steinbicker (Darmstädter Signal) (Darmstädter Steinbicker Otmar by Konfliktprävention Höchste PrioritätfürFriedenssicherung durch publicservant) German CayGabbe(former by managements internationale Politik –kein InstrumentdesKrisen­ Friedensförderung: EinKonzept fürdiedeutsche andXanthe SusanneGrabenhorst Hall(IPPNW) by Atomwaffenverbot Zentral fürdieKrisenprävention: Einweltweites (Amnesty International) Devaux Catherine by Menschenrechte schützenundFrieden fördern Haltung zeigen:MitlangfristigerPolitikkohärenz (ISPK) Schroeder PhilippReder(GIZ), (Foreignby Schneider Sven and Office) Robin eigenständig undkomplementär Stabilisierung inakuten Krisen:Strategisch, Isabelby Pfaff (SZ) Jugend Ein neuerFixpunktfürdieKrisenprävention: Afrikas ThomasRößer (DVVInternational) by Konfliktbearbeitung ausder Praxis Lokal ansetzen:Beispielefürerfolgreichezivile Jörnby Grävingholt (Advisory Board forCivilianCrisisPrevention) den Leitliniengewinnenkann Reflexion undSelbstbindung: Was Deutschlandmit Center) SocialScience Berlin Kötter Matthias (WZB by Krisenprävention imdeutschenInteresse Die Förderung vonRechtsstaatlichkeit: Nachhaltige Frank-Walterby (Federal Steinmeier forForeign Minister Affairs) PeaceLab-Prozesses Mut zumehrPrävention: Eine Zwischenbilanzdes SigmarGabriel(Federalby forEconomicAffairsandEnergy) Minister politik zurKrisenprävention beitragenkann Globalisierung gerechter gestalten: Was Wirtschafts­ Katrinby Kinzelbach(Global Policy Public Institute) Without Democracy, No HumanRightsandNo Peace Katjaby (OECD) Anger reform No peacewithouteducation andeducation (HamburgInstitute forSocialResearch) M.Müller Miriam by auch sowirken, wiesiesollen! Nur mitKontext undAkteuren: DamitInstrumente by Ingo Henneberg (University ofFreiburg) Ingo (University by Henneberg tionen alsPartner fürdieFriedenssicherung Augen aufbeiderPartnerwahl! Regionalorganisa­ Valeskaby Esch(Aspen Institute) Transformation Konditionalität alsMittelzurnachhaltigen by Philipp Rotmannby (Global Policy Public Institute) Prozent mehrIdeen? Die Welt zuGastimdeutschenWahlkampf: Zwei Youssefby (International Peace Mahmoud Institute) Service ofPeace? Will 2017BeaWatershed Year forPreventionatthe SabineKurtenbach (GIGAby Institute Studies) ofLatinAmerican Salvador Wie einFrieden verspieltwird:DasBeispiel El ofAugsburg) ChristophWellerby (University politikberatung Krisenprävention bedarfreflexiver Formen der Außen­ Church (Evangelical-Lutheran ofHanover) LutzKrügener by Antwort aufMarcelBohnert MillionenfürzivileKonfliktlösung:Milliarden statt Todby Institution) (Hoover Lindberg Leadership To Preventanother Syria,theWorld Needs German (KAS) Patrick Céline-Agathe Dehez, by Keller Caro, Dustin andJanaPuglierin ment dringendgebraucht Stürmische Zeiten amEastRiver:DeutschesEngage­ (German Bohnert Marcel by ArmedForces) Bundeswehr: FüreinbesseresMiteinander Ressortzusammenarbeit ausSichteinesOffiziersder SebastianNiekeandJanFuhrmannby (BSH) Notwendigkeit, genauhinzuschauen Krisenprävention undRüstungslieferungen:Von der Jensby (Genocide Stappenbeck Alert) digitalen Vorhersageplattform Frühwarnung weiter denken: Errichtungeiner theUnitedby Nations ofGermany Association zur Verfügung stellen“ „Den Vereinten Nationenwesentlich mehrRessourcen Rüdiger Königby (Foreign Office) prävention undFriedensförderung stärken Von derNotfallbehandlung zurVorsorge: Krisen­ by Sarah (Global Brockmeier by Policy Public Institute) Ohne Diplomaten keine diplomatischen Lösungen Paulineby Brosch (Global Policy Public Institute) Gericht stellen kann Wie DeutschlandsyrischeKriegsverbrechervor by SigmarGabriel(Federalby forForeign Minister Affairs) Kompass Aus dem„PeaceLab“ indiePraxis:DieLeitlinienals (Global GarimaMohan by Policy Public Institute) Europe andIndia Managing Conflict,Building Peace: Opportunities for Vereinte ElisaLux(ehem. by Nationen) South Sudan Mission Impossible?LessonsfromUNPeacekeeping in for Peaceful andCivil Management, Consortium Conflict Peace Service Bread Forum fortheWorld,by MISEREOR, Platform Menschenrechte, förderung! Deutschlands Verantwortung inderWelt? Friedens ­ (Global Benner Thorsten Policyby Public Institute) Das EndewestlicherArroganz (Welthungerhilfe) BärbelDieckmann by wäre schädlich Ein „Verzahnungsdogma“ inderKrisenprävention Heiko (Federalby Maas ofJustice Protection) andConsumer Minister Krisenprävention undKonfliktnachsorge Internationale rechtlicheZusammenarbeitfürzivile BärbelKofler, by MP Democratic (Social Party, SPD) Rolle vonUnternehmen Krisenprävention undMenschenrechtsschutz –zur (European Richard CouncilonForeign Gowan by Relations) Opportunities forEurope Moving fromPeacekeeping to PreventionattheUN: ErwinvanVeenby (Clingendael Institute) Stimulate Change Development asanEcosystem: HowAidProgramsCan Weingardt Markus by (Global EthicFoundation) nutzen! Friedensförderung: DieExpertisereligiöserAkteure (Center Hauenstein Melanie forInternational Peaceby Operations) Forderungen knüpfen Deutsches EngagementinMali:Hilfeanpolitische Events ofPeaceLab2016 Overview

OCTOBER SEPTEMBER JULY , Berlin, 6 October 2016 Polis180 6October , Berlin, Youth inConflict 2016 (DAG),Association 5October Berlin, United (DGVN) Atlantic Nations ofGermany &German Association Erwartungen –Möglichkeiten –Ziele Deutschland indenVereinten Nationen: 2016 5October &CivilPeace (VENRO) in Germany Consortium,Berlin, Service andHumanitarian AidNGOs ofDevelopment rechte, Association Platform forPeaceful Management, Conflict ­ Menschen Forum Gewaltkonflikten undfür Friedensförderung Zivilgesellschaft alsAkteur zurPrävention von 2016 27 September Working (FriEnt), Group onPeace Berlin, andDevelopment processes? international actors supporttransitionaljustice Pathways to justandsustainablepeace:How can Collaborative (SFB) Research 2016 Center 14September 700,Berlin, Security andJustice Sector Reforms of Improve theEffectivenessandLegitimacy The ‘Technocracy Trap’ ofState-Building –Howto 2016 8September Berlin, (BMZ), Federal andDevelopment forEconomicCooperation Ministry Friedensförderung Agenda 2030,zivilesKrisenengagementund 2016 6September Berlin, Civilian CrisisPrevention, &AdvisoryBoard for inGermany Academies The Prostestant Leitbild Friedensgestaltung indenneuenLeitlinien 8 July 2016 Platform forPeacebuilding andStatebuilding(CSPPS), Berlin, Working (Fri Group onPeaceEnt) &CivilSociety andDevelopment Implementing theSDGsinFragile Countries ForeignBerlin, 5 July2016 Office, tion weiter denken Auftaktveranstaltung PeaceLab2016: Krisenpräven­

NOVEMBER OCTOBER Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation 2016 (EUoffice),Brussels,11November expectations forGermany? The FutureofEUcrisismanagement: What 2016 8November Berlin, for CivilianCrisisPrevention, FoundationGerman forPeace Research (DSF)&AdvisoryBoard Friedens- undKonfliktforschung imDialog 2016 27 October forSecurityStudies(BSH),Heidelberg, Association Academic das zusammen? Krisenprävention undRüstungslieferungen–Passt 2016 26 October Intelligence, Berlin, Foreign Public Global Office, Institute Policy (GPPi)& Foresight South Sudan Opportunities onEarlyWarning inBurundiand Early Warning –EarlyActionWorkshop onMissed Foreign 2016 October Berlin, 25 & Crisis Group, Office International Learnt andWay Forward fortheUnited Nations Early Warning –EarlyActionDialogueonLessons 2016 20October Berlin, Museum, dation &USHolocaust Memorial PolicyGlobal Public Institute (GPPi), Foun Stanley Alert, Genocide - Opportunities forTransatlantic Cooperation Preventing Crises,Atrocities:Lessons& 2016 lin, 19October forInternational Peace (ZIF),Ber Center Operations Likelihood ofPositive Impact Stabilization InstrumentsRevisited: Increasingthe 2016 College, Brus-sels,13October Institute forSecurityPolicy atKielUniversity(ISPK)&Vesalius Germany of International Organizations&Implicationsfor Stabilisation of(Post 2016 ty Policy (BAKS), 12October Berlin, Federal (BMVg) &Federal ofDefence Ministry forSecuri - Academy managements Perspektiven deszivil-militärischenKrisen­ -)Conflict Zones: Perspectives

DECEMBER NOVEMBER Konrad-Adenauer-Foundation 2016 (KAS), 14 December Berlin, Stabilisierung Irak nachISIS–LehrenfürKrisenengagement und 2016 &UNWomen, 13December (BMZ) Berlin, Federal andDevelopment forEconomicCooperation Ministry Peace inFragile Contexts intheMENA Region Enhancing Women’s LeadershipforSustainable 2016 Hamburg Institute forSocialResearch, Hamburg,5December Leitlinien Konfliktprävention / Friedensförderung (GPPi), 2016 29November Ber-lin, Körber Foundation, Foreign Public &Global Office Institute Policy How Germanycanpreventthenextrefugeecrisis PolicyGlobal Public Institute (GPPi), 2016 Bonn,26November Krisenprävention Youth, Peace &Security:Junge Menschen inder Federation 2016 Industries 22November ofGerman (BDI),Berlin, Friedensförderung Fachgespräch LeitlinienKrisenengagementund 2016 vember 22No forInternationalPeace (ZIF),Berlin, - Center Operations Mediation­support Eckpunkte deutscherFriedensmediation und 2016 17November Berlin, Help –Hilfe zurSelbsthilfe&KfW Group,Welthungerhilfe (WHH), (GIZ), GesellschaftfürInternationale Zusammenarbeit Deutsche gebieten umgesetzt? politische undsozialeZielsetzungeninKrisen­ Zwischen AnspruchundWirklichkeit: wiewerden 2016 (IFSH), Hamburg,16November Peace Re-search andSecurityPolicy attheUniversity ofHamburg InstituteGerman ofGlobalandArea Studies(GIGA) &Institute for schaften Machtteilung inNachkriegs-undNachkrisengesell­

31 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION 32 A FRESH LOOK AT CRISIS PREVENTION With financialsupportof With