Germany's Stance on the Idea of the Construction of a Federal European

Home , Joachim Gauck, Martin Schulz, Ursula von der Leyen

CONFRONTATION AND COOPERATION 1000 YEARS OF POLISH–GERMAN–RUSSIAN RELATIONS

V o l . I(V)/2019: 10–20

DOI: 10.2478/conc-2019-0002

Krzysztof Garczewski Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland

Germany’s stance on the idea of the construction of a federal European Union

Key words: European Parliament, election, European Union, Germany’s European policy

Introduction new integration model and European Union needs new reforms, new elites and political leaders. It also needs Beginning of the 21st century was a breakthrough mo- NATO and closer cooperation in the Euro-Atlantic sy- ment for the European Union. It’s been decades of stem. As the only security assurance for the West and unification for Europe. A few years ago the EU faced its high position in the multipolar international order is challenges and problems calling for the debate about a strong transatlantic community based on strong its future. During 2004–2013 number of the member NATO and effective EU, for Europe not to be a half states doubled causing issues with making key decisi- periphery or the periphery in a multipolar international ons1. Reforms to improve coherence and effectiveness order”2. EU leaders were more and more aware that wi- of the EU turned out to be ineffective. The financial cri- thout bold changes the organization may be pushed to sis lasting for several years has revealed many deficien- the margins of the world politics. cies in the operation of this organization and activated Thus, the key role played Germany due to its poli- supporters of a European federation. They engaged in tical and economic input in Europe. “European policy a public debate stressing that only creation of “the Uni- is terrifyingly complex, yet shockingly simple. One does ted States of Europe” would allow it to maintain the not need thousand words to describe it. Three words unity and the status of a strong player in the emerging will do – time for Germany” a famous British histori- new international order. Their opponents criticized an, Timothy Garton Ash, commented in 2014, on the transfer of national competences for the EU instituti- eve of the European Parliament elections3. Europe was ons. Józef M. Fiszer stated that: “Today, Europe needs correct to expect Germany to execute bold well-based

2 J.M. Fiszer, Wstęp, [in:] System euroatlantycki w wie- 1 At the beginning of the 21st century the EU consisted lobiegunowym ładzie międzynarodowym, J.M. Fiszer, P. Ol- of 15 member states. On May 1, 2004, the biggest, so far, szewski (ed.), Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN, Dom enlargement took place as 10 new states enter the organiza- Wydawniczy ELIPSA, Warszawa 2013, p. 37. tion, including Poland. In 2007 Romania and Bulgaria and 3 T.G. Ash, Czas na Niemcy w Europie, translated by in 2013 Croatia acceded the EU. S. Kowalski, „Gazeta Wyborcza”, 21.05.2014, no 116, p. 9. Krzysztof Garczewski: Germany’s stance on the idea of the construction... 11 pro-European vision allowing the whole Europe to face That would also allow Germany to execute its interests. the modern world challenges. For some of them Europe Other politicians were against integration. In their opi- turned out to be unprepared, as they were hard to pre- nion the EU should be just a loose union of autonomous dict, such as European migrant crisis of 2015 or Brexit states. Such opinions are presented e.g. by National De- process initiated in 2016. mocratic Party of Germany (NPD), the Republicans or This article aims to analyze the role of Germany in Alternative for Germany (AfD). The latter was created public discussion about the future of the EU as well as in 2013 and criticized federalization efforts and ideas. Germany’s stance on EU federalization before the refu- gee crisis or Brexit4. The author presented and analyzed opinions of German politicians and society on EU fe- Christian democrats and liberals deralism, election programs of German political parties on EU federation (formulated before 2014 European Parliament election) and researched data published by German media. Christian Democratic Union for Germany (CDU) as Thw federation is a union of the states that partial- a leading political party ensured that it supported the ly waive their sovereignty. There is a division of power idea of “a strong Germany in a strong Europe“ („Für between federal structures and self-governing states. ein starkes Deutschland in einem starken Europa”) and Matters of foreign policy or security of public finances that there is no Germany without EU („Ohne die Euro- should be under federal authority, while internal affairs päische Union ist Deutschland für uns Deutsche heute are mostly conducted by the component states. The nicht mehr vorstellbar”)8. Their support for integration states inside federation are politically autonomic. In process was strong but conditional: there must be bet- federal entities, unlike in unitary states, there is decen- ter effectiveness in decision making within EU („Ent- tralization and devolution of power5. Present and future scheidungsvorgänge verbessern”). Christian democrats form of government and structure of the EU has been believed that many choices could be made without EU a subject of many public debates6. Some changes were participation, as “not every task in Europe is a task for enforced by the Treaty of Lisbon7. Nevertheless, it is still Europe” („Nicht jede Aufgabe in Europa ist auch eine a constant companion of political activity in member Aufgabe für Europa”). In their opinion EU should con- states, Germany included. centrate on matters that could be overcome collectively German discourse on the future of the EU was two- on European level („gesamteuropäisch”). CDU wanted fold. Some politicians believed that it is necessary for EU to intervene only when it would be more effecti- EU institutions to be strengthened by increasing their ve than actions taken by states, regions or local autho- competences. German supporters of European federali- rities9. To strengthen democratic and closer to people zation stressed the need for strong and united Europe. union competences should be transferred back on national level („Rückführung von Zuständigkeiten auf die 4 The main part of this article was written in 2014. nationale Ebene”). Christian democrats did not want 5 A. Antoszewski, Federacja, [in:] Leksykon politologii, to expand European Commission’s influences, they A. Antoszewski, R. Herbut (ed.), ATLA 2, Wrocław 2000, would rather have its legislative initiative to concentrate p. 132–133. 6 Compare: T.G. Grosse, Hybrydowy ustrój Unii Europej- on “truly necessary” political tasks („Die neue Europä- skiej. Dwie logiki zmian w projekcie traktatu konstytucyjnego, ische Kommission muss sich bei ihren Gesetzgebungs- „Analizy natolińskie”, no. 3(26) 2008. vorschlägen auf die wirklich notwendigen politischen 7 More on this subject see: Traktat z Lizbony. Główne re- Aufgaben konzentrieren”). They also approved for the formy ustrojowe Unii Europejskiej, J. Barcz (ed.), Urząd Ko- direct election of the election of the president of the mitetu Integracji Europejskiej, Warszawa 2008. On funkc- tioning of the European Parliament after the Treaty of European Commission in “the long run” („langfristig”). Lisbon see e.g.: Parlament Europejski po Traktacie z Lizbony. CDU also wanted that any decisions on transfer of sta- Doświadczenia i nowe wyzwania, J.M. Fiszer (ed.), Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN, Warszawa 2011. On the devel- opement of the European integration from the World War 8 „Gemeinsam erfolgreich in Europa“. Europapolitischer II to the Treaty of Nice see e.g.: J. Górska-Szymczak, „More Beschluss des 26. Parteitags der CDU Deutschlands, Berlin, perfect Union” versus „ever closer Union”. Rozwój unii mię- „Tagesschau.de”, 05.04.2014, p. 3, http://www.tagesschau. dzypaństwowych w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Unii Europejskiej de/europawahl/parteien_und_programme/parteien-europa- w pierwszych pięćdziesięcioleciach ich istnienia, Jagiellońskie wahl100.html, [05.05.2014]. Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Toruń 2018, p. 57–96. 9 Ibidem, p. 7. 12 Confrontation and cooperation. 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian relations tes’ powers to EU institutions be left to determine by und Sicherheitspolitik“)15. They reject idea of “more the member states10. Europe”(„mehr Europa”) presented by “the federalists” Christian democrats also widely deliberated on pos- – “we need better Europe, not more of it” („Wir brau- sible communitarisation of debts, expressing opposition chen ein besseres Europa statt immer mehr Europa”). to the idea. At the beginning they were strongly against In CSU opinion all of “important decisions” about Eu- it. In 2014 in the election program for the European rope should be approved by Germans in a referendum Parliament CDU presented softer, yet still negative, („Wir wollen Volksabstimmungen in Deutschland über stance. “Common responsibility requires united fiscal wichtige europäische Entscheidungen”). Members of and financial policy that we are still far away from” this party also would like to diminish the role of the EU („Gemeinsame Haftung setzt gemeinsame Haushalts- Commission by empowering the Council or European und Finanzpolitik voraus. Davon sind wir noch weit Parliament, especially on the initiative level („Wir wol- entfernt”) – one could read in the document11. This len ein Ende des Initiativmonopols der EU-Kommissi- view was attacked by Eurosceptics such as AfD12. CDU on”). Thus, interests of certain regions or states could be also opted for the further strengthening of the elements taken into an account in a larger extend. of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). CSU believed that EU should reduce its compe- Additionally, they wanted to increase the role of, inter tences back to “primary functions” („Die Kompetenzen alia, the High Representative of the Union for Foreign der EU müssen auf ihre ursprüngliche Funktion zu- Affairs and security Policy13. rückgeführt werden”). Hence, their program in 2014 The Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) was suggested creating “a Competence Tribunal” on a Eu- against the idea of building a federal EU. The program ropean level to keep EU within its scope („Wir wollen formulated in 2014 before election to European Parlia- einen Kompetenzgerichtshof einrichten, damit die EU ment, the party, on one hand, emphasized the impor- ihre Kompetenzen nicht überschreitet”). The members tance of economic cooperation on the Old Continent, of such body would be recruited from national consti- but on the other, they believed that the EU should not tutional tribunals. Their task would include upholding have too much influence on the functioning of indi- the “abiding by” the principle of subsidiarity by certain vidual countries and regions. CSU activists said: „We European bodies. CSU was of opinion that EU should need better Europe. Europe that does not hinder with enforce necessary action only when national provisi- all areas of our lives. Europe not interfering with eve- ons turn out to be ineffective or insufficient. They also ry daily aspect of our lives. Less centralist and less bu- opposed common taxes idea („Europa braucht keine reaucratic Europe.” („(…) wir brauchen ein besseres eigenen Steuern”)16. CSU seemed to be the closest to Europa. Ein Europa, das sich nicht in alle Bereiche un- the idea of “the Europe of the homelands”, therefore seres Alltags einmischt. Ein Europa, das weniger zen- they voiced the need of Europe “respecting states and tralistisch und weniger bürokratisch ist”)14. In EU they regions” and opted for transferring competences to the want mostly „efficient Common Foreign and Security regions by reducing it on the EU level. One can read in Policy“ („Europa braucht eine leistungsfähige Außen- their program: “We want as much Europe as necessary and as much Bavaria as possible” („Wir wollen so viel 10 Ibidem, p. 8. Europa wie nötig und so viel Bayern wie möglich”). As 11 Ibidem, p. 16. a result they were against creating “central” European 12 After publishing this document AfD accused Chri- state. As “Europe can not violate the core statehood of stian democrats that they no longer reject the idea of com- its members” („Europa darf den Kern der Staatlichkeit munitarisation of debts should the EU create common fi- seiner Mitgliedstaaten nicht antasten”) national states scal policy. AfD believed that CDU agreed to create “the United States of Europe” in future. S.f.: CDU macht Weg should not delegate the powers on fiscal, tax, educatio- frei für Vereinigte Staaten von Europa, „AfD-Bayern.de“, nal, social and economic policy. CSU was of opinion 07.04.2014, http://www.afdbayern.de/cdu-macht-weg-frei- that during the next tenure of European Parliament fuer-vereinigte-staaten-von-europa/ [05.05.2014]. EU institutions should not gain any new competences 13 „Gemeinsam erfolgreich in Europa“…, p. 74. reserved for particular Member States („In der kom- 14 Das Programm der CSU zur Europawahl 2014. Ent- wurf zur Vorlage an den Parteivorstand in Kloster Andechs am menden Legislaturperiode soll es grundsätzlich keine 25. und 26. April 2014, „Tagesschau.de”, p. 3, http://www. tagesschau.de/europawahl/parteien_und_programme/par- 15 Ibidem, p. 5. teien-europawahl100.html [15.05.2014]. 16 Ibidem, p. 6–7. Krzysztof Garczewski: Germany’s stance on the idea of the construction... 13 neuen Kompetenzübertragungen nach Brüssel geben”). Left-wing and the idea of federal EU Even more so, according to CSU, it is EU that should transfer some powers back to the states („Europa soll German left supported amplifying of the EU integrati- Kompetenzen an die Mitgliedstaaten zurückgeben”). on, yet voiced conditions. The Bavarian party demanded increasing the role of Social Democratic Party of Germans (SPD) believed national parliaments while making important decisi- in continuous reinforcing of EU institutions, but not ons with EU, and empowering them with more con- in interfering on national or regional level by EU. As trol tools within EU („Wir wollen mehr Kontrollrechte one could read in their program: „We want European für die nationalen Parlamente”). CSU also wanted to policy to only sort out those issues that cannot be gover- strengthen the European Committee of the Regions17. ned better on local, regional, and national level“. Social Politicians of this party rejected the idea of common democrats saw the need of strong Europe with firm in- eurobonds and communitarisation of the debts („Wir stitutions on transnational level23. European Parliament lehnen Eurobonds und Schuldenvergemeinschaftung in SPD’s program was a strong institution closely co- kompromisslos ab”). Due to large financial input of operating with national parliaments. „Europe of parlia- Germany CSU demanded it should have a right of veto ments” should lead to balance out the decisions made in the Governing Council of the European Central in intergovernmental cooperation („Gegengewicht zur Bank („Wir wollen, dass Deutschland ein Vetorecht im Regierungszusammenarbeit”), as the latter is weakening EZB-Rat bekommt”)18. European institutions. Politicians of this party also opt Free Democratic Party (FDP) had opposite vision of for transforming European Commission into “the real the EU. This liberal party supported idea of federal EU: government of the EU” („zu einer wahren EU-Regie- “More democracy, strong parliaments, small structures. rung”), that would be accountable to European Par- Strong European Parliament, strong but smaller Com- liament24. SPD wanted also closer cooperation in „Eu- mission and transparent decisions. That’s what Europe ropean economic policy”, including reinforcement of needs”19. FDP believed that in future EU would have the economic and monetary union and CFSP25. Their a common constitution and be „a federal union state” vision was “Europe of diversity, not centralism” („Ein („föderaler Bundesstaat”), thus, they presented „step by Europa der Vielfalt – nicht des Zentralismus”). SPD step” solution to achieve that20. Politicians of this orga- also wanted the communes and regions to have bigger nization wanted to strengthen the role of the European influence over decisions made in EU26. Commission as “a warden” of the treaties („als Hüterin Similar ideas were presented by Die Linke, voicing der Verträge”)21. As other pro-European parties they be- idea of “strong communes and regions in EU” („Für lieved in enhancing CFSP22. starke Kommunen und Regionen in der Europäischen Union”)27. 17 Ibidem, p. 8–9. Strongly pro-European stance was presented by Al- 18 Ibidem, p. 12–13. lians 90/The Green. His party had been very supportive 19 Programm der Freien Demokratischen Partei für die of an idea of a powerful EU for years. Their program Wahl zum VIII. Europäischen Parlament 2014. in 2014 included calls for federation of the EU. They Das braucht unser Europa! Beschluss des Europaparteita- ges der FDP, Bonn, 19. Januar 2014, „Tagesschau.de”, p. 4, stated: „More Europe needs more democracy” („Mehr 28 http://www.tagesschau.de/europawahl/parteien_und_pro- Europa braucht mehr Demokratie”) and „Our long- gramme/parteien-europawahl100.html [05.05.2014]. 20 Ibidem. During the ongoing discussion about so cal- 23 Europa eine neue Richtung geben. Wahlprogramm für led Constitution or Europe it is worth noticing develope- die Europawahl am 25. Mai 2014, SPD, „Tagesschau.de”, ment of Polish political thought in the last century – see p. 3, http://www.tagesschau.de/europawahl/parteien_und_ e.g.: G. Górski, Polonia Restituta. Ustrój Państwa Polskiego w programme/parteien-europawahl100.html, [05.05.2014]. XX wieku, Toruń 2007, p. 7 ff, http://kj.edu.pl/publikacje-kj 24 Ibidem, p. 5. -tsw/ [10.12.2018]. 25 Ibidem, p. 10–12. 21 Programm der Freien Demokratischen Partei für die 26 Ibidem, p. 4. Wahl zum VIII. Europäischen Parlament 2014. 27 Europa geht anders. Sozial, friedlich, demokratisch. Pro- Das braucht unser Europa! Beschluss des Europaparteita- gramm der Partei DIE LINKE zur Europawahl 2014, „Die ges der FDP, Bonn, 19. Januar 2014, „Tagesschau.de”, p. 7, Linke“, http://www.die-linke.de/wahlen/europawahlen-2014/ http://www.tagesschau.de/europawahl/parteien_und_pro- europawahlprogramm/langfassung/ [ 10.05.2014]. gramme/parteien-europawahl100.html [05.05.2014]. 28 Europa: mitentscheiden, erneuern, zusammenhalten, Eu- 22 Ibidem, p. 24. ropawahlprogramm 2014 von Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, „Ta- 14 Confrontation and cooperation. 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian relations term goal is a political union and a stable fiscal union” Alternative for Germany (AfD) is a strong critic („Unser langfristiges Ziel bleibt neben einer politischen of EU’s federal model. Euro-sceptics wanted, just like Union eine stabile Fiskalunion”)29. They reject crea- CSU, re-use of the subsidiary rule („Rückkehr zur ting separate institutions for Europe-zone states, hence Subsidiarität”). In a program formulated in 2014 AfD their opinion on parliament („Ein Parallel-Eurozonen- wanted EU to “retreat from the policy of centralism” parlament”) and budget for the members of such zone („Abkehr von dieser Politik des Zentralismus”) and to („Eurozonen-Haushalt”) was negative30. The eco party give competences back to national states whenever “it is wanted substantial reinforcement of the European Par- possible”. They wanted to create “Subsidiarity Tribunal” liament31. („Subsidiaritäts-Gerichtshof”) for citizens and bodies to lodge a complaint in case of the rule violation. Mem- ber of the tribunal were supposed to be judges of the Right-wing and the idea of federal EU highest court instances in the member states: “Tribunal was to counterbalance Court of justice of the European Ultra-right parties were against strengthening of the Union” („Der Subsidiaritäts-Gerichtshof ist ein Gegen- EU structures. For the Republicans there is no Euro- gewicht des zu Integration und Zentralismus neigenden pe, no democracy, no social solidarity without national Europäischen Gerichtshofs (EuGH) und muss von ihm states. “The future is not ‘the United States of Europe‘, unabhängig sein”)34. it is a union of sovereign national states creating free commerce zone and contracting only upon free trade, foreign policy and security” („Die Zukunft liegt nicht German society towards the vision in ‘Vereinigten Staaten von Europa’, sondern in einem of a federal EU Bund souveräner Nationalstaaten, die eine Freihandels- zone bilden und sich lediglich in Fragen des Außenhan- German society seemed not to be unanimous when it dels und der Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik untereinan- comes to vision of the future for the EU. In 2012’s pole der abstimmen”) – politicians of this party believe that conducted by a prestigious „Infratest dimap” for „Welt the best solution would be a „Europe of homelands” am Sonntag”35 43% voters supported the idea of “the („Europa der Vaterländer”)32. United States of Europe” (“Vereinigte Staaten von Eu- Similar opinion one can find in NPD’s program. ropa”) and 51% were of negative opinion on the idea A party wanting to transform EU into “a union of sove- of a federal UE. There were controversies on plans of reign, responsible for themselves, states” („Bund souve- limiting competences for the member states in finan- räner, eigenverantwortlicher Staaten”). Had EU rebuild cial policy of the EU, that was visible e.g. in a proposal as “cooperative union of the states” („zu einem koopera- of electing a common finance minister, what would re- tiven Staatenbund”) Germany should leave it33. quire alteration of German law. As a result majority of the voters (52%) were against amendment of German Constitution leading to empowering European institutions within financial policy and allowing them to save gesschau.de”, p. 11, http://www.tagesschau.de/europawahl/ the Eurozone, and 43% of Germans were against such 36 parteien_und_programme/parteien-europawahl100.html solution . An interesting thing is that the most opposi- [10.05.2014]. te stance on federation of the EU presented the electo- 29 Ibidem, p. 51. rate of the Pirate Party Germany (67%). On the other 30 Ibidem, p. 58. 31 Ibidem, p. 73–74. 32 Europa richtig machen – mit uns! Wahlprogramm der Re- 34 Mut zu Deutschland. Für ein Europa der Vielfalt. Pro- publikaner zur Europawahl 2014, 07.04.2014, „Tagesschau. gramm der Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) für die Wahl zum de”, p. 3, http://www.tagesschau.de/europawahl/parteien_ Europäischen Parlament am 25. Mai 2014 (Beschluss des Bun- und_programme/parteien-europawahl100.html [10.05.2014]. desparteitags vom 22. März 2014), „Tagesschau.de”, p. 8–9, 33 Europa wählt rechts. Das Europaprogramm der NPD. http://www.tagesschau.de/europawahl/parteien_und_pro- Verabschiedet vom NPD-Parteipräsidium am 10. Januar gramme/parteien-europawahl100.html, [10.05.2014]. 2014 in Dresden, NPD-Parteivorstand, Berlin 2014, „Ta- 35 Vereinigte Staaten von Europa?, „Infratest dimap“, https:// gesschau.de”, p. 11, http://www.tagesschau.de/europawahl/ www.infratest-dimap.de/umfragen-analysen/bundesweit/um- parteien_und_programme/parteien-europawahl100.html, fragen/aktuell/vereinigte-staaten-von-europa/ [17.05.2014]. [10.05.2014]. 36 Ibidem. Krzysztof Garczewski: Germany’s stance on the idea of the construction... 15 hand, the most supportive of the idea of federation were finitely yes’. AfD’s candidates were completely against the Allians 90 / The Green voters (55%). There were si- federalization of the EU (0 points), CSU’s were sceptic milar numbers of supporters and opponents of the idea (18 points), while Free Voters’ (46 points) and CDU’s of creating “the United States of Europe” among those (52 points) were almost equally divided. The biggest who voted for CDU/CSU, SPD and the Left37. supporters of strong European integration and creation Results of the survey carried out by the weekly news- of “the United States of Europe” were representatives of paper “Stern” in 2012 were even less optimistic for the the Pirates (86 points), Allies 90/ Greens (82 points), federation supporters38. According to a survey conduc- FDP (77 points) and SPD (76 points). The most pro- ted by the German institute for public opinion research European candidates supported also other forms of the „Forsa” 74% of Germans were against transforming the integration such as the “European Republic” or the “EU EU into a federation, whilst 22% were for it. Nearly composed of regions, not national states” („eine EU, die two-thirds of the subjects (63%) did not like a proposal nicht mehr nach Nationalstaaten gegliedert ist, sondern of electing “the President of the EU” („EU-Präsident”) nach Regionen”)41. Eurosceptics were less inclined to presented by Wolfgang Schäuble, although one-third agree for Turkey to access the EU then supporters of the approved the idea (33%). And 36% of the respondents hefty European integration. Turkish access to the EU would agree to transfer the right to decide on the Ger- supported: the Greens (75 points), SPD (60 points), the man government budget on the EU level. Possibility of Left (60 points), and the Pirates (60 points), FDP (38 electing a common European Finance Minister seemed points) and CDU (17 points). While CSU (5 points) to divide Germans, as 47% were supportive of the idea and AfD (2 points) were against such access. Majority and 48% were against it. Majority (73%) was against of the candidates also approved the idea of strengthe- common financial responsibility by issuing Euro-bonds ning European Parliament, with the lowest support bty in order to deal with Euro-zone crisis, and only 17% AfD (34 points)42. thought it was a good idea. Both being in the EU and introduction of the single European currency was seen positively by most German citizens (54%), nevertheless The federal EU in German political discourse 69% believed that any transfer of competences from the Member States into the EU should be approved by the Financial crisis in Euro-zone had influenced discussions referendum39. on EU’s future. As the economic situation deteriorated, In 2014 a liberal journal „Süddeutsche Zeitung” especially in southern part of Europe, the federation carried out an interesting test among 200 candidates, idea rose as a solution to overcome the crisis. It was the representing different German political parties, for the returning subject throughout Europe, including Ger- European Parliament40. They were answering questions many. about the future of the EU and Germany’s role in it. The ruling coalition supported European integrati- The candidates were answering by giving points from on. Angela Merkel, the Chancellor, often spoke about 0 to 100, where 0 was ‘absolutely no’ and 100 was ‘de- the need of creating political union in Europe. Before one of the EU summits, during summer of 2012, she 37 Won/dapd/ks, Deutsche sehen Vereinigte Staaten Eu- assured that certain actions should be taken to achie- ropas skeptisch, „Welt.de“, 30.06.2012, http://www.welt.de/ ve that. “We need not only the Monetary Union but politik/deutschland/article107611878/Deutsche-sehen-Ver- also the Fiscal Union, a common fiscal policy” („Wir einigte-Staaten-Europas-skeptisch.html [17.05.2014]. brauchen nicht nur eine Währungsunion, sondern wir 38 stern-Umfrage: Drei von vier Deutschen gegen Vereinigte brauchen eine sogenannte Fiskalunion, also mehr ge- Staaten von Europa – Auch EU-Präsident wird abgelehnt – Mehr- 43 heit sieht jedoch Vorteile von EU und Euro, „Presseportal.de“, meinsame Haushaltspolitik”) . A few months later in 04.07.2012, http://www.presseportal.de/pm/6329/2282899/ Brussels Angela Merkel urged to create “the United stern-umfrage-drei-von-vier-deutschen-gegen-vereinigte- States of Europe” and to strengthen European institu- staaten-von-europa-auch-eu-praesident-wird [17.05.2014]. 39 Ibidem. 41 Ibidem. 40 K. Haimerl, So sehen die Parteien die Zukunft der EU. Wahl- 42 Ibidem. Thesentest zur Europawahl, „Süddeutsche.de“, 06.05.2014, 43 See e.g.: Süddeutsche.de/dpa/AFP/sebi, Merkel will politi- http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/wahl-thesentest-zur- sche Union in Europa vorantreiben, „Südeutsche.de“, 07.06.2012, europawahl-so-sehen-die-parteien-die-zukunft-der-eu-1.194 http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/eu-gipfel-merkel-will-poli- 3323 [17.05.2014]. tische-union-in-europa-vorantreiben-1.1376097 [18.05.2014]. 16 Confrontation and cooperation. 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian relations tions. While speaking in the European Parliament she the right to decide about the maximum level of debt. hoped the European Commission to become European “If we want strong Europe, we must be ready to pass government („Ich bin dafür, dass die Kommission eines the right to decide into Brussels’ hands” – he explai- Tages so etwas wie eine europäische Regierung ist”)44. ned48. In his opinion the EU should pursue not only Germany leader also collaborated with France to em- a common fiscal and economic policy but also foreign power European institutions. In August 2011, together affairs and security policy, although he believed that the with French President Nicola Sarkozy, she announced member states still have to much competence in the the will to create an “economic government” („Wirt- latter area. Wolfgang Schäuble stated that the priority schaftsregierung”) for all Euro-zone states, that could is to transform the European Commission into “a real be run by Herman van Rompuy. The government was government”. The European Parliament in his vision is supposed to be composed of heads of states and prime a strong body, with “appropriate” number of represen- ministers, to be convened twice a year, and ad hoc if tatives from each Member State in the upper chamber, necessary45. as in the German Bundesrat or American Congress. In The notion of “more Europe” („mehr Europa”) gai- effect, all statues should be approved in the European ned popularity also among other German politicians. Parliament and in the second chamber49. In August 2011 similar postulations were formulated by Leading politicians of the CDU have had similar Ursula von der Leyen (CDU), a Minister of Labour in and unanimously pro-European vision of integration, German federal government at the time. She supported initiated by Helmut Kohl after unification of Germany. the idea of creating the “United States of Europe” build With time Angela Merkel was more and more often di- as Switzerland, the USA or Federal Republic of Ger- stancing herself from ideas of most fervent supporters of many46. In an interview in June 2012 for „Der Spiegel” European integration, avoiding direct answer on the fu- the Finance Minister at the time, Wolfgang Schäuble ture of the EU. Her main focus was on solving contem- (a Christian Democrat) also requested “more Europe” porary issues, such as crisis in the Euro-zone. In effect it by demanding more competences in important political empowered her position both in Germany and the EU. areas to be transferred to EU institutions by the Mem- The political scene in Germany seemed to be divided ber States. However, contrary to Ursula von der Leyen, between Angela Merkel and other politicians. For ex- he believed EU should create its own federal structu- ample in September 2013, shortly before the Bundestag re instead of basing it on solutions from the USA or election, the Chancellor criticized her Finance Minister Germany47. He believed Germany could agree to issue for wanting to interpose direct elections for the chair- common Euro-bonds under the condition that within man of the European Commission50. the Fiscal Union in “the best case scenario” there would FDP opted for federalism. German Minister of Fo- have been a position of an European Finance Minister reign Affairs at the time, Guido Westerwelle, thought with the right of a veto in national budgets and with that United States of Europe would be an answer to financial crisis in EU. He blamed low level of consolidati- 44 abendblatt.de/dapd, Merkel wirbt für „Vereinigte Staa- on of finances and insufficient coordination on the po- ten von Europa“, „Abendblatt.de“, 07.11.2012, http://www. litical level for basis of contemporary crisis51. In March abendblatt.de/politik/article110767639/Merkel-wirbt-fuer- Vereinigte-Staaten-von-Europa.html [18.05.2014]. 2012 he initiated the Reflection Group on the future of 45 amz/dapd/dpa/Reuters, Krise der Euro-Zone: Merkel the European Union, combined of the ministers of the und Sarkozy planen Wirtschaftsregierung für Europa, „Spie- foreign affairs from Germany, Poland, Austria, Belgium, gel Online“, 16.08.2011, http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/krise-der-euro-zone-merkel-und-sarkozy-planen-wirtschaftsregierung-fuer-europa-a-780625.html [18.05.2014]. 48 „Wer ein starkes Europa will, muss bereit sein, Ent- 46 Zeit Online, Reuters, Von der Leyen will Vereinigte scheidungen nach Brüssel abzugeben“. Ibidem. Staaten von Europa, „Zeit Online“, 27.08.2011, http://www. 49 Ibidem, p. 29–30. zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2011-08/leyen-politische-union- 50 More on different UE visions presented by the CDU europa [18.05.2014]. politicians see e.g.: M. Amann, P. Müller, R. Pfister, Ch. 47 Spiegel – Gespräch „Perfekte Lösungen brauchen lange“. Schult, Die Kehrtwende, „Der Spiegel”, no. 26/2013. Bundesfinanzminister Wolfgang Schäuble, 69, fordert als Ant- 51 gxs / Reuters, Westerwelle will „die Vereinigten Staaten wort auf die Euro-Krise mehr Europa und glaubt, dass es in von Europa noch erleben“, „Focus Online“, 21.08.2011, http:// Deutschland schon bald zu einer www.focus.de/politik/weitere-meldungen/fdp-westerwelle- Volksabstimmung über eine neue Verfassung kommen wird, will-die-vereinigten-staaten-von-europa-noch-erleben_ „Der Spiegel“, no. 26/2012, p. 29. aid_657425.html [19.05.2014]. Krzysztof Garczewski: Germany’s stance on the idea of the construction... 17

Denmark, Spain, Holland, Luxembourg, France, Italy, The need for creating European federation was also Portugal. In September 2012, in Warsaw, the Group mentioned in July 2012 by German Commisioner for prepared a final report in which they recommended in- Energy Günther Oettinger55. Similar visions were also tensifying European integration and strengthening Eco- presented by by Gerhard Schröder. In September 2011, nomic and Monetary Union considered “an absolute social-democratic ex Chancellor, deemed it necessary to priority”. The report also suggested that the EU should step up efforts to expand European structures, in order increase importance of external relations and introduce to create a common federation. He suggested creating more effective ways in deployment of the Common European Minister of Finances, controlled by European Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). “In a long-term Parliament56. One of the biggest supporters of the fede- perspective we should aim to increase the number of ration was also Joschka Fischer, ex minister of foreign decisions on CSDP taken by majority voting, to create, affairs. In 2011 he said: “Loose confederation of states whenever possible, joint representation in international connected by means of a monetary union is not enough. organizations and to conduct European security poli- We have had it in Maastricht and it failed. We have to cy. Some members of the Group deem it possible to go in the Eurogroup from a confederation to the real fe- create a common European army” – one could read in deration! We need more fiscal and political integration, the report52. The report included many proposals close economic and political, the socio-political”57. to the idea of a federal EU. One can read in the report Strong European integration is also the key point that: “We must consider the long-term management for Martin Schulz, SPD, chairman of the European structures of the EU. The effect of long-term work on Parliament between 2012 and 2017. In 2012 he was this issue should be an improved and effective system convinced that there was a need for “a political union”, of separation of powers in Europe, that will have full although in his opinion the EU should find a middle democratic legitimacy. In the opinion of some members way, between “the European state union” („europäischer of the Group it should include the following elements: Bundesstaat”) and “the loose union of states”(„lockerer the President of the Commission – elected in direct Staatenverbund”)58. He, therefore, avoided choosing elections, who would single-handedly determine the the side in the ongoing discussion, and believed there members of his ‘European government’, the European is “a third option” between federation and confedera- Parliament with the right of legislative initiative, and tion59. However, it seemed that he was closer to the fe- the Second Chamber of the Member States”53. After the publication of this document G. Westerwelle expressed amt.de/DE/Europa/Aktuell/120918-Zukunftsgruppe_War- hope that the realization of the various points would schau_node.html [20.05.2014]. 55 finally allow formation of “the political union”, what Sf. Gespräch mit G. Oettinger: „Es muss zu Vereinig- ten Staaten von Europa werden”, 02.07.2012, http://www. would complement EMU, while allowing conducting welt.de/politik/deutschland/article107617107/EU-muss-zu- an effective common foreign and economic policy Vereinigten-Staaten-von-Europa-werden.html [20.05.2014]. throughout the EU54. Oettinger is a CDU member, ha was a Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg in (2005–2010), Vice-President of the 52 Raport końcowy Grupy Refleksyjnej ds. Przyszłości Unii European Commission in charge of Energy (2010–2014), Europejskiej ministrów SZ Austrii, Belgii, Danii, Francji, Commissioner for Digital Economy and Society (2014– Hiszpanii, Holandii, Luksemburga, Niemiec, Polski, Portugalii 2016) and in 2017 became the Commissioner for Budget i Włoch, „Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych”, 17.09.2012, and Human Resources. p. 2, http://www.msz.gov.pl/resource/e0532dac-24b1-4587- 56 Streit über Euro-Rettung: Gerhard Schröder nimmt 8abb-af503f80e215:JCR [19.05.2014]. Merkel in Schutz, „Spiegel Online“, 03.09.2011, http://www. 53 Ibidem, p. 9. On the members see also: fab/AFP/dpa/ spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/streit-ueber-euro-rettung- Reuters, Europa in der Krise: EU-Außenminister wollen mehr gerhard-schroeder-nimmt-merkel-in-schutz-a-784217.html Macht für Brüssel, „Spiegel Online“, 18.09.2012, http:// [20.05.2014]. www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/eu-aussenminister-der-zu- 57 Spiegel – Gespräch. „Ein einziges Debakel“. Ex-Außen- kunftsgruppe-wollen-mehr-integration-in-europa-a-856614. minister Joschka Fischer, 63, über die Fehler seines Nachfolgers html [19.05.2014]. in der Libyen-Politik und das Schlingern der Kanzlerin in Eu- 54 „Am Ende des Weges, den wir jetzt einschlagen, muss ropa, „Der Spiegel“, no. 35/2011, p. 28. eines Tages eine Politische Union stehen. Sie würde unsere 58 M. Korfmann, Interview: Martin Schulz (SPD) fordert Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion vollenden. Zugleich wür- eine Regierung für Europa, „Der Westen“, 25.09.2012, www. de sie eine Gemeinsame Außen- und Wirtschaftspolitik im derwesten.de/politik/martin-schulz-spd-fordert-eine-regie- vollen Wortsinn verwirklichen“. S.f.: Für ein besseres Europa, rung-fuer-europa-id7133276.html [ 10.05.2014]. „Auswärtiges Amt“, 18.09.2012, http://www.auswaertiges- 59 The candidate of the European People’s Party, consi- 18 Confrontation and cooperation. 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian relations deration idea, taking under consideration his opinions Germany, despite criticism, was not trying to impose its on possibility of “the European government” as he sta- politics upon other countries: “I can assure every Euro- ted that European Commission already plays such role pean citizen that there are no German politicians wan- in “many areas” and the choice of the chairman of the ting to introduce the dictate (...) I am convinced that European Parliament by the European Parliament in more Europe in Germany does not mean German Eu- 2014 considered “a big step” towards creating such go- rope (...) more Europe demands courage, Europe does vernment60. „Personally, I will be the main candidate for not need people doubting and lingering, it needs people the European Social Democratic faction because I care decisive and active”64. about reforming Europe and do not intend to pursue But not all German politician supported the idea internal German policy. There will be no Mrs. Merkel of federalization, many of them were opposed, such as or Mr. Gabriel in this election. This election is about the Horst Seehofer, at the time the leader of the Christian future of the EU” – he said before 2014 elections61. In Social Union in Bavaria, who said: “CSU will not make May 2012, during his speech in Humboldt University, any United States of Europe. It is not possible without M. Schulz admitted that “the United States of Europe” consent of the society, and the society does not want were his “youthful dream” and “a main goal for Euro- any European superstate”65. He was supporting the idea pean integration”, although with time he realized “how of “the Europe of regions”. strong national identities are” and “Our national diver- Berndt Lucke, the leader of AfD at the time, was sity and specific experiences are out treasure”. He stated also against transforming the EU into a federal state. that “national states” and “national identities” will not During one of his speeches, in May 2014, he criticized sparse in a common Europe, and that Europe would be- supporters of integration, stressing that Europe consi- come “a hybrid” („Hybridwesen”) with local, national, sting of free and independent states is the best option66. and European conglomeration62. German President, Joachim Gauck, also joined debate on the future of the EU by referring to European Conclusions policy in his 2013 speech. In February 2013 he stated that: “We travel from Niemno to Atlantic Ocean, from German political debate before the crisis of 2015 pre- Finland to Sicily with no passport. In a large part of vailed supporters of the strong integration. Federalists Europe we can pay with the same currency, we buy reasoned that the development of Germany would Spanish shoes and Czech cars without paying customs. be possible only in firmly united Europe. However, More Europe is our daily basis, but we still lack com- representatives of the leading political parties of Ger- mon European identity”63. He was also explaining that many lacked undertaking consistent actions. German stance on the future of the EU was not clear, what was sting inter alia of CDU and CSU, was Jean-Claude Juncker, a Luxembourgish politician. W poszukiwaniu europejskiej tożsamości, „Deutsche Wel- 60 „Der Präsident der EU-Kommission wird ja schon le”, 22.02.2013, http://www.dw.de/joachim-gauck-w-poszu- nach der nächsten Europawahl im Jahr 2014 durch das Eu- kiwaniu-europejskiej-to%C5%BCsamo%C5%9Bci/a-166 ropaparlament gewählt werden. Das ist ein großer Schritt 22376. The whole expose can be accessed here:Rede zu Pers- hin zu einer europäischen Regierung“. S.f.: Ibidem. pektiven der europäischen Idee, Schloss Bellevue, „Bundesprae- 61 M. Schulz, Wybory do Parlamentu Europejskiego sident.de” 22.02.2013, http://www.bundespraesident.de/Sha- w 2014 roku – szansa na odkrycie nowej Europy, „Martin- redDocs/Reden/DE/Joachim-Gauck/Reden/2013/02/ Schulz.eu”, 31,03.2014, http://www.martin-schulz.eu/pl/ 130222-Europa.html [10.05.2014]. die-neue-welt-in-europa [20.05.2014]. The article was also 64 Ibidem. published in „Frankfurter Rundschau“. 65 „Mit der CSU wird es keine Vereinigten Staaten von 62 Rede des Präsidenten des Europäischen Parlaments Martin Europa geben. Ohne Zustimmung der Bevölkerung wäre Schulz an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Das demokra- das ohnehin nicht möglich. Und die Bevölkerung will kei- tische Europa 10 Punkte für einen demokratischen Neustart der nen europäischen Superstaat”. S.f.: J. Gaugele, C. Ch. Mal- EU, „Europäisches Parlament“, 24.05.2012, http://www.euro- zahn, Seehofer will über Kurs der EU abstimmen, „Die Welt“, parl.europa.eu/the-president/de/press/press_release_speeches/ 10.08.2012, http://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/artic- speeches/sp-2012/sp-2012-may/html/speech-by-the-presi- le108566306/Seehofer-will-ueber-Kurs-der-EU-abstimmen. dent-of-the-european-parliament-martin-schulz-at-the-hum- html [ 20.05.2014]. boldt-university-berlin--democratic-europe--10-point-plan- 66 Bernd Lucke begeistert in Brandenburg a.d. Havel, to-put-the-eu-on-a-new-democratic-footing [ 20.05.2014]. „AfD Pressemitteilung“, 15.05.2014, http://www.afd-bran- 63 dpa, dlf, s-o / Iwona D. Metzner, Joachim Gauck: denburg.de/?p=1191 [ 20.05.2014]. Krzysztof Garczewski: Germany’s stance on the idea of the construction... 19 even more visible after 2008, during the first years of the state” and most do not see it necessary to create “the the financial crisis that has engulfed the euro zone. United States of Europe”. Additionally, German society Both internal and external factors were the reasons for was not prepared for “a European Minister of Finances” Germany’s undicisive position. Their avoidance to take to come into existence, having full control over national a stand was widely criticized and commented in other budgets, what was clearly seen in the polls conducted in Member States. In 2011 in Berlin Radosław Sikorski recent years. demanded that Germany representatives take some action and handle the Euro-zone situation: “As a Poland’s foreign affairs minister, today on 28th November 2011, References what do I consider the biggest threat to prosperity and security of Europe? Not terrorism, not Taliban, defini- abendblatt.de/dapd, Merkel wirbt für „Vereinigte Staaten von Eu- ropa“, „Abendblatt.de“, 07.11.2012, http://www.abendblatt. tely not German tanks, not even Russian missiles that de/politik/article110767639/Merkel-wirbt-fuer-Vereinigte-Sta- were supposed to be placed at the EU borders as we aten-von-Europa.html [18.05.2014]. heard it from President Medvedev. The biggest threat Amann M., Müller P., Pfister R., Schult Ch., Die Kehrtwende, „Der for Poland’s security and prosperity is the crash of Euro- Spiegel”, no. 26/2013. amz/dapd/dpa/Reuters, Krise der Euro-Zone: Merkel und Sarkozy zone. And I demand from Germany to help the zone planen Wirtschaftsregierung für Europa, „Spiegel Online“, survive and thrive. You know it all to well that no other 16.08.2011, http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/krise-der- state is able to do that. Ad I am probably the first Polish euro-zone-merkel-und-sarkozy-planen-wirtschaftsregierung- fuer-europa-a-780625.html [18.05.2014]. minister of foreign affairs to say that I am less concerned Antoszewski A., Federacja, [in:] Leksykon politologii, Antoszewski with Germany’s power than idleness”67. A., Herbut R. (ed.), ATLA 2, Wrocław 2000, p. 132–133. On the other hand, in recent years, German politi- Ash T.G., Czas na Niemcy w Europie, translated by Kowalski S., „Gazeta Wyborcza”, 21.05.2014, no 116. cians and society has been increasingly more reluctant Bernd Lucke begeistert in Brandenburg a.d. Havel, „AfD Pressemit- in transferring competences to European institutions by teilung“, 15.05.2014, http://www.afd-brandenburg.de/?p=1191 the member states, and the citizens were more scepti- [20.05.2014]. CDU macht Weg frei für Vereinigte Staaten von Europa, „AfD- cal of it than political parties. Federal future of the EU Bayern.de“, 07.04.2014, http://www.afdbayern.de/cdu-macht- seems to be a far reach, as Germans were afraid that in a weg-frei-fuer-vereinigte-staaten-von-europa/ [05.05.2014]. new federal union the financial liability for other states’ Das Programm der CSU zur Europawahl 2014. Entwurf zur Vorlage an mistakes would be placed on the biggest and economi- den Parteivorstand in Kloster Andechs am 25. und 26. April 2014, „Tagesschau.de”, http://www.tagesschau.de/europawahl/parteien_ cally strongest state – Germany. Thus, there was a huge und_programme/parteien-europawahl100.html [15.05.2014]. opposition to the communitarisation of debts. And that dpa, dlf, s-o / Iwona D. Metzner, Joachim Gauck: W poszukiwa- was also why the biggest social support have the poli- niu europejskiej tożsamości, „Deutsche Welle”, 22.02.2013, http://www.dw.de/joachim-gauck-w-poszukiwaniu-europe- tical groups openly criticizing the idea of “the United jskiej-to%C5%BCsamo%C5%9Bci/a-16622376. States of Europe”, such as AfD. European policy also Europa eine neue Richtung geben. Wahlprogramm für die Europa- divided christian democrats, CDU and CSU, playing wahl am 25. Mai 2014, SPD, „Tagesschau.de”, http://www.tagesschau.de/europawahl/parteien_und_programme/parteien- central role in German federal government since 2005. europawahl100.html, [05.05.2014]. While CDU could be considered followers of closer Europa geht anders. Sozial, friedlich, demokratisch. Programm der integration, then CSU was definitely more aligned to Partei DIE LINKE zur Europawahl 2014, „Die Linke“, http:// www.die-linke.de/wahlen/europawahlen-2014/europawahl- Euro-sceptical AfD. In a contemporary German politi- programm/langfassung/ [10.05.2014]. cal debate about the future of the EU the need for clo- Europa richtig machen – mit uns! Wahlprogramm der Republikaner ser cooperation within that body was presented by the zur Europawahl 2014, 07.04.2014, „Tagesschau.de”, http:// majority, therefore Germans accept actions undertaken www.tagesschau.de/europawahl/parteien_und_programme/ parteien-europawahl100.html [10.05.2014]. to intensify integration, especially when it comes to fo- Europa wählt rechts. Das Europaprogramm der NPD. Verabschiedet reign policy, security and defence. They were, however, vom NPD-Parteipräsidium am 10. Januar 2014 in Dresden, very sceptical towards originating “European head of NPD-Parteivorstand, Berlin 2014, „Tagesschau.de”, http:// www.tagesschau.de/europawahl/parteien_und_programme/ parteien-europawahl100.html, [10.05.2014]. 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