UDC: 572. 02(22) Title: Insula: internatiQnal journal of isl.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL _ F ISLAND AFFAIRS

December 1993 ISSN 1021 - 0814 Year2 No. 2

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Editorial International Parks: Transboundary . s. Pier Giovanni d'Ayala Coopération Between thé Islands of Corsica and Sardinia Alberto Merler News from and about Islands Biosphère Réserve and Development Options on thé Baltic Island ofHiiuma 43 Ecotourist Development in Banc D'Arguin Toomas Kokovkin National Park, Mauritania A. Crosby and M. Galan Insula's Guest Launching of thé Campaign "Let's Adopt An Atoll" at Ulithi Duccio Canestrini Rex Nettleford, Jamaican Artist and Political Thinker 49 Ustica's Natural Sea Réserve Lucio Messina Islanders at Work Dossier: Protected Areas Hic Rodus: Hic Saltus 51 Marco Tamorri and Susanna Fioretti Introduction 12 Jane Robertson Thé Olive Tree Grave in Mediterranean Islands: Thé Case ofLesvos 55 Thé World Héritage Convention: Protecting Theodosia Anthopoulou thé Outstanding Cultural and Natural Héritage of Islande 14 Within thé framework of thé Mediterranean Spécial Programme for Action Bernd von Droste and Mechtild Rôssler Culture and Traditional (MEDSPA),promoted by thé EuropeanCommunity - GénéralDirectorate for thé Knowledge Which Islands Merit World Héritage Status? 17 Environment- two significant projects hâve been implementedover thé last Jim Thorsell two years. Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, Minorca Biosphère Réserve: Towards a New Caledonia 62 Thé Presidencyof thé Régionof Sicily commissionedsubstantial réclamation Model of Conservation and Development 22 Renzo Piano work on thé coastal area thé Egadi Islands and, in particular, thé cleaning Joan Rita, Cipriano Marin, M. Vidai, of Antonio Rodriguez-Perea Onofre Rullan up and restoration of certain areas of natural beauty of thé Islandof Insula's Page 67 Marettimo, which had been drastically polluted by thé deliberate dumping of Lanzarote: Island of Volcanoes 28 hydrocarbons in thé sea. Cipriano Marin UNESCO and MAB's Page 68

At thé same time. effective coopération between thé Région of Puglia and thé Protected Areas and Sustainable Book Reviews 69 Comune Tremiti Islands has allowed completion thé reorganization Development in Small Islands 31 of thé for of N. Ish\varan Letters to thé Editer 71 of thé Systemof sotid waste collection, transport and treatment in thé arcipelago, a task which included thé intégral land réclamation of thé dumping Thé Baltic Sea, Islands and Call for Contributions 73 sites throughout thé whole territory. Protected Areas 34 Péter Dogsé Announceinents 74 s . l temational Journal of Island Affairs d'torîal

ISSN 1021 - 0814

December 1993 Year2 No. 2 hen visiting thé Galapagosarchipelago far off thé coast of Ecuador, Darwin felt astonished by thé Editorial Board incredible biological diversity ofits natural environ- ment. A microcosm closed upon itself, as he wrote in Editer: his logbook, leading him later towards his famous sent a new comparative advantage. Thé UNESCO Pier Giovanni d Ayala theory of thé origin of species. Man and thé Biosphère (MAB), biosphère réserves Co-editor: or thé World Héritage Convention are scientific and Lino Briguglio But islands, when cultivated, used and inhabited by légal instruments well suited for such purposes. mankind, do not remain closed ecosystems. Thé This issue describes both thé régulations of such Scientific advisory committee: human being, with his imagination and his endeav- Systems as well as thé case of thé Spanish islands of Prof. Salvino Busuttil, Malta our, swiftly transforms an island and environ- Lanzarote in thé Canaries and Minorca in thé Dr. Ronald G. Parris, USA, Caribbean its ment into a starting point or a step for further Balears, which hâve requested their whole surface, Prof. Nicolas BIargaris, Greece including thé surrounding sea be assigned thé sta- Prof. Patrick Nunn, Fiji adventures as well as for trading and discoveries tus of biosphère réserves. Thé Estonian islands of Prof. G. Prakash Reddy, India with other islands and continents. Thé history of thé Hiuumaa and Saarema are also biosphère réserves Prof. Hiroshi Kakazu, Japan Polynesian sailors is an example. Wealth perhaps, Prof. Orazio Rossi, Italy novelties, new plants and animais are brought back and collaborate with other European and African Dr. Henrique Pinto da Costa, from thèse sometimes far offjourneys transforming partners towards innovative actions of sustainable developinent. Sào Tome e Principe quickly thé original island's environment in a pecu- liar man-made landscape. An author recalls in this Published by INSULA, thé International issue thé centuries long environmental impact of thé In thé présent issue, we want to emphasise thé Scientific Council for Island Development, with Portuguese colonists on Sào Tome and Principe, advantages of environmental protection policies thé support of UNESCO in collaboration with nowadays a small independent archipelago off thé implemented together with information based on thé Foundation for International Studies, Malta. western coast of tropical Africa. Thé olive trees sustainable économie activities. Small independent grown for oil and olive fruit export in thé Greek island states could also benefit from thé examples Articles published in this journal do not cited in this issue. Other aspects treated in this issue necessarilyreflect thé opinionsofINSULA, or of island of Lesvos are described in another article. thé Foundation for International Studies, or of They are now confronted, after thousands ofyears are cultural identifies and monuments which are UNESCO. of constant care, with thé impact of a changing also precious assets that can be enhanced under thé world. UNESCO's World Héritage convention. Mediterra- Material appearing in this journal cannot be nean expériences in marine parks and réserves are published without thé prior permission of thé also considered. Editer. Sustainabledevelopment was perhapsnot really in thé minds ofislanders till récent years. Their view of more often towards thé Renzo Piano, thé Italian architect of international Insula, thé International Journal oflsland Af- thé world led them than réputé, describes issue Cultural fairs, is distributed free to INSUIA's individual maxiinisation oftheir comparative advantagesboth in this thé Kanak Centre dedicated Jean Marie Tjibaou he was and institutional members. For subscription and within an international naarket System or steinming to that charged to build by thé French government New information please write to: from their stratégie geographicallocation for world in INSULA wide powers, with scarce attention on thé environ- Caledonia. An innovative project bringing together modem architectural design Kanak c/o Division ofEcological Sciences mental effects of monocultures or military basis. with traditional l. Rue Miollis building, features and culture. 75732 Paris, CEDEX 15 International compétition suggeststhat nowadays, France préservation and protection of their natural and This issue therefore contains many interesting fea- Tel: 33 l 45 68 40 56, Fax:33 1 40 65 98 97 cultural endowments could possibly represent a new tures, and many more will appear in our future challenging option especially for those having some- issues. Thé next two dossiers will focus on "Tourism how spared their resources in thé récent décades of in Islands" and "Sustainable Development in Small Produced by Formatek Ltd., Malta. Greekamphora by thé painterAntimenes. British Mu- uncontrolled development. To corne on thé market Island States".As in thé past, readers are invited to seumB226. By kind permissionof thé British Muséum. as internationally protected islands would repre- contribute. News from and about Islands

ews from ai^d about slan s

cotourist evelopmentin anc 'Arguin 1 Tational ark, X auritania A. Crosby and M. Galan

he tourism development based on thé exist- project of BancD'Arguin National ing natural andhu- Park (PNBA) in Mauritania, en- man resources, trusted to thé CEFAT (Centre for while minimizing Professional Training in Tourism investment and en- NOUADHieOU and Environment) by thé FIBA is vironmental costs. thé main élément behind this ar- It also takes thé in- CAPBKNC ticle, where both personal opin- tegration of thé lo- (LE DES PEL NS ions and thé technical data elabo- cal inhabitants into ILE-mORITE 0 l rated by thé two authors of this considération, who ILEDE L-AR NT text are combined. can become au- thentic conserva- An impressivewhale skeleton can be seennear thé entrance,giving thé centrea surrealisticair Planning and designing tourism tionists and man- activity in natural protected agersofthePNBA measured in a différent way, prob- dio-communications room, dining flavour: three small glasses oftea spacesis not an easy task, espe- with thé help of lems are "no problem", one can room, kitchen, small laboratory, ranging from bitter to sweet, cially within a National Park. But appropriate train- imagine thé food, hygiène is toiletsandshowers. Themajority which hâve a remarkable ener- courses. ILESKK)«NE ifthis designmust be carried out mg CHAM ephemeral. Thé local hospitality of peoplewho visit this centre to getic efiect. From that moment * withinthe ecologicallyand socially is warm and inviting, although l carry out différent studies are onwards this particular tea com- fragile Banc D'Arguin National Thé National Park hâve not yet discovered thé priée Europeans. Thé centre runs on prised our main menu during our Park, thé task becomesa formida- extends aver a sur- ofits counter-effects. solar (10%) and aeolic energy stay. We also ate, from thé same, blé mission. face areaof 12,000 (90%). Under normal conditions, dish, boiled white rice with fish, km2,ofwhich 5,400 We arrived at Iwik, leaving be- thé water purifier which runs on which we shaped into little balls We are not only considering thé is marina and thé hind thé first Imraguen fishing solar energy, purifies 500 litres and cooked ourselves; this be- inhérent difficulty of technically rest désert. Itcon- town, thé Ile D'Arguin and Oued per day. An impressive whale came our prime form of nourish- designinga determined area, but sists of 15 islands, Chebka, an idéal spot for camp- skeleton can be seen near thé en- nient. NOUAMHHAR also studying, analysing and as- 7 isles and 3 large ing, and Cap Tegarat and Tafarit, trance, giving thé centre a surre- sessing concepts such as conser- capes with an av- where one can observe thé incred- alistic air primarily due to thé At seven o'clock in thé moming vation, sustainable development, erage depth of 5 ible contrast between sea and fact that it is completely sur- we waited at thé beach in Iwik for métrés, shaping économie and social profitability, Location map of Banc D'Arguin National Park désert (hère a runway for light rounded by sand. However, thé an Imraguen fishing launch that and respect for or intégration of thé coastline ofthis aircraft has been built), and after- Imraguen village of Iwik is only would give us thé opportunity to thé objectivesbehind having de- natural space. wards Ten Alloul by sea (a 250 métrés away. Thesettingsun marvel at thé islands' ornithologi- menand désert nomads. Thebirds thé clared this area a National Park. suddenly appears like a mirage, cal species.Thé Imraguen people dwell omitho- town made up of tin houses). Thé averageheight is 20 métrés that within this an illusion, between thé désert are thé only ones capable ofnavi- and thé climate is a mixture of logical sanctuary, where many Thé project, always realistic, is Iwik is thé site of a French coop- and thé sea. gating in thèse boats with their coastal climate and "cold désert , European migratory birds corne eration base, a pre-fabricated in- Latin sails, without running to nest, are thé PNBA's greatest Arturo Crosby is an international spe- producinga warm, continental stallation consisting oftwo rooms Greetings and introductions. We agroundin thèse shallow waters. cialist in environmental management climate. treasure. and eco-tourism. He is thé director of thé for thé investigators, another two leave our baggage in our rooms journal Natour. Manolo Galan is a for their assistants or guides, a and are offered tea in thé dining Thé beach was full of dead fish. On arriving, one has make a specialist in eco-tourism. Thé article is Thé local population is primarily to warehouse for thé equipment, ra- room, in thé Saharan style and Thé village consisted of houses reproduced îrovaNatour November 1992 composedof thé Imraguen fisher- number ofadjustments. Time is with thé kind permission of thé journal. News from and about Islands News from and about Islands

Fortunately, however, we were Thé morphology of ing - thé task of thé women. built of tin and driftwood. We able to see it in a small village in thé sea-cliffs and could feel and breathe thé poverty thé outskirts of thé Park on our their colours, thé Thé désert provided thé setting beforeoureyes. However, wewere way to Nouakchott, thé beach and thé fasci- for a new expérience - thé no- Mauritanian capital. was an nating border, re- separated by a gréât communica- mads. In Chebkra there are sev- It astonishing sight to behold: quire thé use of more tion gap. It is difficult to describe eral nomad encampments. our tour of thé islands, especially around twenty inen waded out up than one set of thèse boats; fla- shoulders nets. slides. in flimsy pink Khaimas, camels, goats and pleas- to their carrying mingos, pélicans and least fif- Thé fish made frantic efforts to at ant, friendly and hospitable peo- teen other ornithological species escape while thé dolphins drove It is relatively easy pie. For thèse solitary désert could be found. We also caught them towards thé nets. Thé to observe thé seals, dwellers a visit is worth a celebra- although one easily sight of dolphins and a marine tion consisting oftea, camel milk Imraguen peoplehelp thé dolphins was accompanied loses track of time. turtle. Ail this mixed with water and sugar, and thèse in turn help thé hu- by tea and fresh fish, preparedon mans in a unique team effort. Only thé setting sun roastedgoat, typical nomadgames reminds us that is thé Imraguen boats. and more tea. At thé end of thé it A visit to "Cap Blanc", a cape that time to return. day we visited thé meharists, borders Mauritania and Sa- Thé most photographieisland is PNBA wardens who patrol this thé OnecangoashoreinNiromi, hara, concluded our study of thé Nouadibou, thé Nair. protectedspace on camels. Natu- Tidra and Arel a favourite area although its importance lies country's second Riji. is rally, we could not leave thé area nesting place birds and Tidra, in being thé main habitat of thé largest city, is only for withoutgoingonacamelride. We largest size, can be consid- 'monk seal a speciesin danger of a few kilonietres thé in spent thé night in Nouamghar, ered as thé richest in général. extinction inany thé places away. This repre- thé last village to thé South of thé in of where it once lived. sents an idéal point PNBA. Hère there were no sepa- view of thé fact that we lacked In rate rooms. We ate and slept on of connection with Europe, a fair wind during our boat trip, four maîtresses in thé same room. thé Imraguen, to our astonish- throughtheCanaryIslands. Sil- ment, commanded thé wind by ver and gold artwork, beggars, Two important social eventstook whistling. That night was a spe- fîshing conipanies, Saharauis, place during our visit: thé cel- one, a moon aver our wandering salesinan, thé odd cial with full ebration of a traditional wedding heads, and tourist and thé site of thé PNBA thé howling ofhyenas and a dinner in honour of thé a gusty wind. This provided an ail coine together in this corner of général of thé French troops in thé planet. idéal atmosphère for chatting North Africa, to which we were discovering aboutnothing and thé officially invited. Thé majority of world. Thé mind reacts surpris- Thé Sabah Hôtel is a meeting thé guestswere divided between inglyin appropriate surroundings. point for businessinen, diplomats, two large khaimas had been that technicians,... which gives it a joined together, where Maurit- Next day we met thé shipowners distinct air. According to ajour- anian musicians - thé griot - nalist friend who has a good and mayor oflwik, who expressed enlivenedthé atmosphère.Tradi- their enthusiasm towards thé knowledge ofthe area, more than tional dances, to thé béat oftam- boats for one negotiation was carried out project of hiring their tams, a connectedto and guitar with thé Polisarios in this hôtel. touristic purposes, without leav- an amplifier, accompanied thé ing their fishing tradition aside. clappingand singingof thé guests. Although it is one of thé most Our next stopwas Rgueibat where Men imitated women in their iniportant fishing areas in thé a Dutchman has embarked on a world, it is very difRcult - almost dances, shots were fired from a boatbuildingproject, teachingthe impossible - to eat fish in any of very old gun and a "fan even natives how to build and repair its restaurants. recordedthé music played by thé their own boats. Thé people hère "griot". This expériencebrought are morefriendly. Thé Dutchman us doser to their culture, to which Supplies are also provided for a house a small tourist groups who enter Park has built and few Western citizens hâve had thé 'shipyard' near thé beach. On ei- throughitsNorthernside. Ifyou access. ther side there are huge contain- run out of money forget about ers where ail thé necessary build- crédit cards - they simply do not We were up at seveno'clock in thé materials are kept. exist hère. In our case thé Span- ing morning with thé hope of seeing ish Consul very kindly offered us somethingvery unusual - fishing also tasted a putarga, 'thé her help. We with dolphins. However, we did Mauritanian caviar', made ofdried not manageto seethis incredible fish. Thé larger part of thé fishing occurrence there. An encampment industry is concentrated on dry-

6 At Ulithi, thé campaign'I. et's adopt an atoll" has been launched News from and about Islands

aunching thé ampaign Jstica's Natural eserve ' . et's Adopt an Atoll" at Ulithi Lucio Messina

Duccio Canestrini stica is an island in thé middle for many years, came to an end. Turismo" - thé Tourist Board of of thé Tyrrhenian Sea and has an Ustica, previously a big prison for Palermo - promoted thé interna- area of eight square kilomètres. political and common convicts, tional launch of thé little "deb" ohn B. Rulmal, thé Deacon of but not at thé priée ofspoiling thé Proposais from Japanese busi- It is thirty-sbî miles offthe north ceasedto be an internment camp, island. In August 1959 thé thé island of Falalop and repre- environment nor thé friendly nessmen were put forward insist- coast of Palermo, with about one thanks to thé strong popular move- "Rassegna Internazionale délié sentative of thé Ulithians did not human relations. Thé environ- ently to buy building areas with thousand inhabitants. ment against intemment which Attività Subacquee" (Interna- believe his eyes. Last M.ay, he ment is enchanting, thé lagoon, huge touristic projects in mind. had arisen in fhe late 50s. At thé tional Convention ofUndenvater could finally meet thé European as blue as jade incredibly rich Thé answer to such offers is pres- Thé island was formed of lava same time tourism was taking Activities) was initiated. This "Long noses" which reached thé with marine life and fishes. Hu- ently "no". Thé Ulithians in fact rocks from an earthquake more atoll on a "crossed mosquito (an man relations are marked by soli- are working on a small scaleeco- than one million years ago. It has air-craft belonging to thé air com- darity, thé respectof tradition and touristic resort, which would be fertile land and splendid marine pany of thé protestant missionar- thé trust to thé words of elders. self-managed,attemptingto avoid caves with charniing panorainas ies). After a long journey from Problems abound. Thé local any massive "cementification of submergea in a clear and trans- Europe, they reached Ulithi to economyis practically shapedby their beaches. parent sea abounding with fish, listen to his and thé islanders crustaceans, seaweed, coral, ideas about thé sustainable de- sponges. It is a multicoloured velopmentof thé atoll, thé largest dream. of thé Western Carolines depend- ing on Yap, one of thé four small Ustica is also a big attraction for nations belonging to thé Feder- scuba divers who made it their ated States of Micronesia. "capital". Once it was thé glory of under-water fishing and submer- Out of thé 36 small islands encir- sion records. TodayUstica's ecol- clingthe largelagoon which hosted ogy is thé most important source thé VIIth U.S. Fleet during sec- of thé island's économie growth. ond world war, only four are pres- A successful formula, made up of ently inhabited: Passari, Mog- thé fusion ofnatural endowments, Mog, Abor and Falalop. This last artistic and scientific achieve- one is thé largest with a popula- ments andtouristic development, tion ofaround 1000. where tourism does not simply mean bathing - as in thé most Thé weekly plane from Yap lands at Falalop On island there a school famous Italian beaches - but edu- thé is high (Photo: Vittorio Giannella) which boardsyoungsters from ail cating people to respect and love Micronesian small islands. Hère thé sea and its treasures. Map of Ustica thé boys wear thé "thu", a striped, thé modest contributions from thé Whether or not, and for how long, coloured cotton garment fixed at Yap Governmentand by self sub- thé islanders will resist thé en- Most importantly, thé mayor and thé ankles. Thé girls, with naked sistence activities. Thé once best chanting attractions of thé North thé inhabitants of Ustica under- root in thé nearby Lipari islands, Convention is held once a year breasts, wear thé traditional short soil for tara cultivation was cov- dépendsalso on us. Let s there- stood thé gréât importance of a a newkind ofindustry that seemed and is unique in thé world. It is gava-lava skirt while going to eredby compactedcoral in 1944to fore adopt thé Ulithi atoll. Let's nature oriented development, to be economically worthwhile. known and recognised worldwide. school, with books under their allow heavy military enginesand help its people to décide their own which is based upon thé respect of Ustica a new spot, offering un- arms. aéroplanesto manoeuvre.Thèse future. thé environment. touched and charming sea-sides Its focal point is thé "Golden Tri- areasare practicallybarrennowa- and particularly rich submarine dent", thé important prize, inter- Covered with flower necklaces, we, days. Rain water is not abun- It is out of thèse considérations June 19th, 1961 can be consid- panoramas, was introduced to nationally known as thé marine thé "long noses" were brought be- dant. Fuel is extremely expen- that thé Ulithians, INSULA and ered thé starting date ofthis new thé international tourist market Oscar. It is conferred to thé most fore thé traditional chiefs called sive. On thé island, there is pres- thé Italian monthly magazine era of économie development. Thé in thé late 60s. distinguished people whose activi- together for our arrivai by John ently no déviée enabling refrig- Airone agreedto launch thé cam- "soggiorno obbligato" thé prison- ties are connected with thé ma- Rulmal. Thé wishes of our eration and stocking of fish paign "Let's adopt an atoll". John ers' confînenient which had been Local and foreign operators de- rine world in différent fields such Ulithian friends were made catches, an activity which could Rulmal is happy: we found his thé only possible form ofeconomy voted their energy and capital in as cinéma (Walt Disney), ecology plainly clear: to develop of course represent a good income for thé messagein a bottle and we share developing thé island for tourist (Jacques Custeau), archaeology islanders who could both sell thé it with ail of you wishing to par- purposes, and so hôtels and res- (Honor Frost), sports (Enzo Lucio Messina is thé director of catehes ticipate in thé campaign.We hâve began open. Maiorca) so . Famous people outside thé atoll and seri- thé National Marine Réserve of taurants to and ously better their diet currently many things to do in this regard, corne each year to thé little island Duccio Canestrini is reporter Ustica (Palermo). based on cans and our next step is to raise funds Thé "Ente Provinciale per for thé Italian magazine Airone rice and méat im- il to receive thé prize and honorary ported from abroad. for this meaningful "adoption.

8 su 9 Ustica's Natural Sea Réserve News from and about Islands citizenship of Ustica. This event shows plants and animais that guides who are always ready to Geneva University and ICRAM was thé bright idea of thé Mayor live at différent depths. It con- suggest new itineraries for un- (Central Institute for IVtarine Re- who wanted to establish a link tains a large variety of fishes, derwater diving. search). Scientific work is devel- between people of international shrimps, lobsters, sea- weeds, oped through différent research réputé in marine affairs and sponges, corals and so on. Thèse Young eco-guides know perfectly programmes approved by thé Re- Ustica. were brought up by thé young wellallthedensand thé différent serve Scientific Committee and guides of thé Réserve, from thé fishes living in thé Spalmatore financed by thé Réserve funds. In 1984 many of thé new citizens clear water in front of Aquarium area. Feeding thé fîshes is al- Current programmes deal with ofUstica introduced thé Interna- called thé Caletta beach. lowed even for scuba-tourists, un- biology, geology and chemistry. tional Academy of Underwater der thé guides' supervision. Thé outcome of thé scientific work Science and Techniques ofUstica Thé Aquarium is thé first section carried out thèse last years in- with thé aim of developing and ofthe Natural IVtuseum, a project Amongst thé big possibilities for éludes publications, vidéos, plas- promoting underwater activities that will be completed in a few entertainment on thé island, thé tic scientific files etc. through scientific research, con- inonths time. most original oneis thé Archaeo- ventions, lectures and publica- logical itinerary which is a collec- Thé "Réserve" is now able ta com- tions. Thèse types of activities Near Ustica Harbour, from where tion of testimonies of shipwrecks pare thé results ofits experiments gavebirth to thé idea of a natural anybody coming to thé little is- left by scholars in thé same place with siinilar ones by thé Medas réserve, launched during thé Thé Harbour ofUstica (Photo: L. Messina) land has to cross, there is thé oftheir discovery. From a depth Réserve of Costa Brava, Rassegnain 1981. Thé following Réception and Information Cen- of 8 to 18 métrés, plastic panels Catalogua, which is one of thé year, Ustica was included in thé trolledbeaches, or duringthe spe- Régulationsbook was published tre. This hosts an interesting pho- explain step by step thé never oldest, famous and most visited list of 20 natural réserves areas cial visits organised by réserve and it was thé beginning of thé tographic exhibition that includes ending story involving man and réserve in thé Mediterranean ba- included in law number 979, guidesto thé marvellousunder- Réserve activities. New projects beautiful pictures of Mediterra- thé sea. sm. known as "Sea Defence Law ap- water spots which are rich in were built and structures and of- nean seaweeds and fishes and also provedby thé Italian Parliament. friendly fish. fiées were restored. Thé officiai some dolphins and Thé Réserve also gen- In 1986,through thé Ministry of seat of thé Réserve is thé whale catches in erates employment. thé Navy as well as thé Ministry Zone "D" is thé Général Réserve: SpalmatoreTower, oneof thé two Ustica. This exhibi- Seven young people ofEnvironment, thé Natural Ma- fishing and taking anything from which were built in 1700 as a fort tion can be considered from Ustica are em- rine Réserve ofUstica were insti- thé sea are generally forbidden for thé little island to prevent pi- as thé second section ployed full time by thé rate robberies. Thé old tower has tuted. butphotographyisallowed.Fish- of thé Natural M.VL- Réserve, five ofwhom ing is allowedfor thé localfisher- beenpartially restored,and work seum, thanks to thé hâve part-time con- Thé Réserve covers 6,500 hectares men and for professionals with is still in progress. scientific value ofeach tracts. Seasonal con- of sea - thé area from thé coast to fishing-licences,provided by thé photo and to thé de- tracts hâve been made three miles away. It's divided into Réserve office. In thé Spalmatore tower one can tailed explanation ac- for thé four young peo- 3 différent zones: "A" of total pro- find - even though thé restoration companying each one pie working on thé tection, "B" and "G" with différent Zone "G" is thé Partial Réserve: work is unfinished -thé Reserve's of them. Aquario boat. levels of restrictions. underwater fishing is allowed main office,thé library, furnished Through thé coopera- hère. with plenty of books and litera- Ustica is and has been tive societies other "A" is thé totally protected zone: ture dealing with marine affaire, from thé late 50s, thé young people from In 1987 thé Ustica Town Council thé scientific laboratory of sailing, fishing, taking anything "divers' paradise" but Thé tower (Photo: L. Messina) Ustica are working for from thé seais strictly forbidden. took aver thé Réserve manage- Palermo University, thé latter as a result of thé thé Réserve in clean- Swimming is allowed in two con- ment in its hand. In 1990, thé temporarily housedin thé tower, Aquarium, even non-divers can In summer 1993, another exhibi- ing thé beaches and thé marine seat Punta till thé officiai of now enjoy thé beauties of thé un- tion of photos of tropical fishes in surface around thé island. Gavazzilighthouse will be ready. derwater world, through thé es- a long tube going from 5 to 15 tablishment of thé Aquarium. métrés deep was put up near thé Last but not least, thé Réserve is Thé Spalmatore Tower is also a archeological underwater park. a real magnet for tourists. Thé seat Acad- of thé International One can visit photographie exhi- This exhibition consisted of2 pho- littleisland canofFerawiderange emy of Underwater Science of bitions and also a live show with tos per naetre on 12 mètre panels offacilities such as hôtels, rooms Ustica. same surround- In thé thé spécial transparent boat. This and was organised by thé Swiss and houses for rent. There is a ings, on thé seashore,another res- 20 ton boat called Acquario be- Jean Claude Uldry. It is a photo- little village full of bungalows, toration job has been accom- longs to thé Ministry of thé Navy graphie coinparison of thé tropi- chalets, résidences, restaurants, plished. This was an old state and can carry twenty peuple for cal world with thé Mediterranean pizzerias, discos, and boutiques. propertywhich hasbeen unused thé ninety minute tour of thé is- around Ustica. There is also a travel agency and for years and thé "Réserve" ad- land coasts. various scuba diving clubs and ministration has turned it into a Scientific research is an impor- schools, bottle charge centres new Aquarium. This Aquarium For divers, exploring Ustica s un- tant aim of thé Réserve. New equipped with boats for rent and a has thirteen basins and is a per- derwater panoramic views is inuch projects are in progress,thé last modem Hyperbaric Multipliance fect copy of thé underwater Re- more interesting, and this can be of which is being carried out to- Room. serve's environment. Each basin Thé underwater Réserve at Ustica (Photo: L. Messina) done with thé help of thé Réserve gether with Palermo University,

10 s s . 11 Dossier: Protected Areas

t t as

ntroduction: iosphere tteserves, slands, Archipelagoes and Coastal Areas Jane Robertson

been receiving more and more in- he biosphère réserve concept mental ones. Today, some twenty terest from scientists and resource originated underUNESCO's Man years later, and in thé wake of UNCED, there has been a conver- managersworking in thé coastal and thé Biosphère (MAB) Pro- area and on small islands and gramme thé early 1970s as a gent évolutionof ideassuch that in archipelagoes. Indeed, as is means to try to reconcile nature thé principles of biosphère re- stressedby INSULA, it is thèse protectionand rural development. serves are even more relevant areas where perhaps there are Hence, beginning, thé than they were before. Whereas from thé thé most acute conflicts in inter- focus has been on thé human di- thé early biosphère réserves were est using resources. mension of conservation, under- mainly national parks to which of Thé "Palmeral" (palm-tree field) ofHana is thé most important woodedspot ofLanzarote. thé désignation was given with- A few centuries ago,thé number ofpalm trees exceeded10, 000 (Photo:G. Orlando). pinned by scientific researchaim- Thé conservation of coastal land ing at learning how to rationally out much changein thé way thé areas,especially countries use natural resources. Basically area was managed,thé biosphère in with réserves established thé 1990s dense human populations and therefore, thé biosphère réserve in increasing number thé new bio- der thé name "Archipel". Thé bio- long historiés, is compoundedby réserve, encompassing both land of concept has three main fonctions are often complex land areas in- sphère réserve proposais concern sphère réserve concept has also thé high économievalue of real and sea parts and their interface, (a) thé conservation ofrepresenta- volving a multitude of différent lies in thé possibility of integrat- islands and archipelagoes, some- been taken up by thé South Pa- administrative bodies, local NGOs estate along thé coast for urban tive examples of thé world s eco- times protecting areas which hith- cific Régional Environmental Pro- expansion, industry, energy, tour- ing thèse conservation, develop- Systems, (b) seeking ways to andprivate enterprises who hâve gramme (SPREP) forth- ism and associated road, rail and ment and research goals in a sin- erto hâve not been safeguarded, at thé sustainably manage natural re- found thé concept as a useful gle, publicly-supported manage- often with innovative coopérative coming meeting in Tonga. framework or 'umbrella' under air transport facilities. Thé sea- sources for thé benefit of thé local ment scheme. A first attempt to management mechanisms. Ex- which coopération to- ward side of thé coastal interface communities and (e) providing to work in explore thé application of thé prin- amples include thé Sian Kaan In conclusion, it would seem that wards sustainable is also coveted for fisheries, navi- international facilities for re- thé idéal of Réserve (Mexico), there is a gréât deal of potential gation, marine parks and tour- ciples of thé concept was made in Biosphère thé search and monitoring in an in- developmentand enhancementof 1989 San Francisco (USA) at a ism. Thé légal tenure and admin- in Iroise Biosphère Réserve (France) ahead of thé biosphère réserve ternationally coordinated pro- cultural identity. Central California Coastal istrative authorities responsible workshop bring together special- thé concept in coastal areas in spite of gramme. zonationSystem, A with for both sides of thé land-sea in- ists from thé marine and thé ter- Biosphère Réserve (USA). Pro- thé huge challenge ofreconciling a central protected core area, a In other words, biosphère réserves terface are very différent and nu- restrial realms, specialists in tra- posedbiosphère réserves and sites conservation in development in surroundingbufferzone and wider hâve evolved into places where most populated parts thé mérous, often with overlapping or ditional land and sea use, and already trying out thé biosphère thé of transition area, serves to meet différent and sometimes conflict- inconsistent mandates, or else coastal nature conservation. This réserve principles include thé is- biosphère. thèse multiple functions. ing interest groups can learn to workshop was a joint venture of lands and Minorca and Lanzarote live in harmony, taking lessons dépendenton unwritten cultural traditions. Islands and archipela- three UNESCO programmes - thé in Spain, thé South-West At that time, such a concept was from expériencefrom other sites Coastal Marine Programme Arhcipelago of Finland, and thé in thé international network. goes combine thèse difficulties innovative and very difficult to (COMAR), Intergovernmen- Bijagos Archipelago Guinea with a shortageof land area and thé in apply in practice, since environ- tal Océanographie Commission Bissau. Thanks to thé INSULA * See Priée A. and Humphrey S.L. (Eds), hencea physical limitation of re- (1993) Application of thé Biosphère Re- mental questionswere considered Originally, thé biosphèreréserve conférence "Islands 2000" held in sources such that thé term and thé MAB Programme, to- serve Concept to Coastal Marine Areas, very much apart from develop- conceptwas developedby terres- sustainability really does hâve gether with thé Marine Pro- Sicily on May 1992, teams work- Papers presented at thé UNESCO/IUCN trial ecologistsand very few bio- gramme of IUCN*. It would ap- ing in many of thèse sites are now San Francisco Workshop of 14-20 August sphèreréserves were established meaning for thé people who live 1989. A Marine Conservation and Devel- there. pear that this meeting served as a working on a joint project to ex- opment Report. IUCN, Gland. Jane Robertson is Progranune covering thé land-sea interface. catalyst for many countries as an change expérience and ideas, un- Specialiat, Division of Ecological However, since thé mid 1980s, Sciences, UNESCO, Paris. thé biosphèreréserve concept has Thé value of thé coastal biosphère

12 :.. s 13 Dossier: Protected Areas Dossier: Protected Areas

than ever threatened by se- Sélection of World Héritage Sites he World ;: eritage onvention: vere impacts of worldwide en- vironmental dégradation, pol- Site Criteria atural lution, mass tourism and con- rotecting thé utstanding ultural and (States Party) l II III IV V VI séquences of war. Thé future . eritage slands concen- of work has therefore to World Héritage Cultural Bernd von Droste and Mechtild Rôssler trate on new questions like Sites: Islands monitoring and management Anthony Island (Canada) of thé properties inscribed on Cultural and historié ensemble thé list as well on strengthen- héritage. Today aver 130 State Héritagesystem, in particular, thé of thé Solovetsky Islands Thé World Héritage ing thé links with other Con- Parties hâve joined thé Conven- World Héritage Fund for thé safe- (Russian Fédération) Convention ventions, such as Thé Hague tion and more than 400 sites are guarding of thé World Héritage M:ont St. Michel and its Bay Convention, CITES, Ramsar or included on thé World Héritage sites. (France) x Thé Convention conceming thé thé new Biodiversity Conven- World Island of Mozambique x Protection of thé World Cultural List. Over thé years thé tion. New methods and intel- Thirdly, thé State Parties to thé (Mozambique) and Natural Héritage (1972) es- Héritage Committeecan daim lectual and scientific ap- success in several interventions Convention commit themselves to Island of Garée (Sénégal) tablished an international System proaches hâve to be developed of collectiveprotection for cultural to reduce threats to World Herit- ensuring thé identification, pro- tection, conservation, presenta- to safeguard thé most precious and natural héritage ofoutstand- âge sites. Among thèse success héritage of humankind. ing universal value. Thé World stories are, for example, thé re- tion and transmission of World World Héritage Cultursd duction of tourism impact at thé Héritage propertiesto future gen- Sites On Islands Héritage Convention was innova- Moreover, thé links between tive at thé time as it is outlined in Galapagosislands. Thé Conven- erations. Paphos (Cyprus) nature and culture, in thé origi- Old Havana and its thé first paragraphs: "that nal spirit of thé text of thé thé cultural and thé natu- Fortifications (Cuba) Convention, hâve to be devel- Trinidad and thé Valley rai héritage are increas- oped further. This means tak- de los Ingenios (Cuba) ingly threatened with de- account ing into not only thé National History Park - struction not only by thé environment of cultural prop- traditional causes of de- Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers erties, but also thé cultural val- (Haiti) x cay, but also by changing ues and meanings of natural social and économie condi- Haï Saflieni Hypogeum (Malta) sites. x tiens which aggravate thé City ofValetta (Malta) ]V[egalithicTemples (Malta) situation with even more ïn 1992, thé World Héritage Pythagoreionand Heraion, Samos formidable phenomena of Centre together with thé com- damage or destruction . petence of expert groups devel- This is especially true for oped thé relationship between opment, a much needed concept therefore, to thé Island States thé fragile world ofisland nature and culture further, in for protection, including aspects around thé World tojoin thé World ecosystems, which are particular, with thé efforts to rec- of ecological sound tourism. Héritage Convention, iftheyhave threatened by natural phe- ognize "cultural landscapes" for not ratified this légal instrument nomena such as thé thé World Héritage List. In De- Three catégories were defined in so far. greenhouse-effect and glo- cember 1992 thé World Héritage thé revised cultural criteria of thé bal warming causing pos- Committee decided to include out- OperationalGuidelines of thé Con- Probleins of Island World sible sea-level rise on thé standing cultural landscapes of vention, namely "clearly defined Héritage Sites one hand, and socio- eco- universal value in thé World Her- landscapes,designed and created nomic problems caused by itage list. This is of spécial impor- intentionally by man", "organi- Both cultural and natural sites their isolation, mass tour- tanee for a number ofinsular land- cally evolved landscapes",(with are threatened by serious envi- ism or other internai or Mont St. Michel a World Héritage site. (Photo: UNESCO/L. Salov) scapes of thé World, such as thé thé two sub-categoriesfossil land- ronmental problems: thé famous external factors, on thé Pacifie islands. Their richness of scapesandcontinuinglandscapes) temples and sites of thé Mediter- other hand. and "associative cultural land- tion is thé most effective world- New Developments significant cultural éléments in a ranean culture on thé islands of setting of landscapes of spécial scapes"(see World Héritage News- Samos(Pythagoreion and Heraion 1975 Con- wide instrument in thé field of In thé World Héritage beauty makes a nomination un- letter, No. l, p. 15) related to pow- of Samos), Malta (Haï Saflieni vention came into force with thé héritage conservation. Thé suc- Thé new developmentsin thé im- der thé new cultural criteria pos- erful religious, artistic or cultural Hypogeum, City of Valletta and ratification of 20 States Parties cess is based, first of ail, on thé plementation of thé World Herit- sible. associations of thé natural ele- thé Megalithic Temples) or Cy- and a step step a System has intellectual, scientific and practi- âgeConvention related to thé pro- by ment. prus (Paphos on Cyprus) are en- cal coopérationamong nations to tection of outstanding cultural developedto protect thé world's Thé impacts of thé inclusion of dangered by pollution, possible protect which landscapesof universal value. inost universal and inost unique worldwidehéritage cultural landscapes on World Thé new broadened approach will is of such universal value that its thé sea-level rise or other phenom- Héritage List are far-reaching: thé certainly be of interest to island ena. Both thé natural and cul- conservation is a concern of ail Thé World Héritage Convention Bemd von Droste is director, and landscape concept could signify a societies around thé world. Thé tural sites are threatened by hu- people.Secondly, basedon has entered a new décade. Thé Mechtild Rossler is expert associât® it is devel- World Héritage Centre appeals more new approach ofintegrated man impacts, in particular tour at thé Worid Héritage Centre, UNESCO thé operativeuse of thé Worid properties on thé list are

15 14 Dossier: Protected Areas Thé World Héritage Convention Which slands erit World eritage Status? ism for thé natural (such as thé thé same time thé variety of spe- slave compound in thé struggle between powers of Jim Thorsell Galapagos Islands or thé Sey- cies and therefore threaten thé différent chelles) and cultural sites (for ex- biodiversity. This is shown, for Europe and thé New World. It is amplethé Mont St. Michel and its example,in a historicalstudy on now on thé World Héritage list for humanistic considérations and to Bay, thé Island of Mozambiqueor thé introduction of thé little red slands hâve been neglected by thé Island ofGorée). A few figures fire ant at Galapagosislands this remind future générationsofthis conservationists, especially thèse would illustrate thé excessive vis- century: only a few other ant spe- part of thé World's cultural his- working at international levels. its to thé sites: thé Gréât Barrier cies could coexist with thé little tory. This is unfortunate because is- Reef had about lands, especially tropical and sub- 2,574,000 visitors in tropical ones, hâve very rich en- 1989/90, thé Hawaii demie floras and faunas. They Volcanoes about also tend to be under threat, be- cause 1,200,000, Scandola ofa combination of thé small about 200, 000 and natural ranges of their species, Garajonay 225,000 thé gréât pressures on land for in 1992 (See von development and tourism, and thé Droste et al, 1992). déprédations of invasive plants Other occurrences and animais. are connected with mass tourism such As a result, islands contain high as thé planning of numbers ofthreatened species; in an airport and high- fact one in three of ail known ways on thé Canary threatened plants occur on is- Island of Gomera, lands. Thé World Héritage Con- Fraser Island National Park Australia (Photo: Jim Thorsell / IUCN) which would hâve vention can play a vital rôle in endangered thé reducing thé threat to thèse spe- Thé Convention, of course, is not (i) beoutstandingexamplesrep- World Héritage site des through ensuring key areas designedto apply to ail small is- resenting major stages of Garajonay. Thé con- where they still survive are pro- lands but only those that are thé earth's history, including thé struction of a dam tected. most "universally outstanding . record of life, significant connecting thé Mt. However, almost every small is- on-going geological processes St. Michel with thé So far, thé World Héritage Con- land is unique in some way. It in thé development of main land had criti- vention has not been much ap- may contain endémie species or landform, or significant challenges cal impacts on thé CoréeIsland in Sénégal- a WorldHéritage site (PhotoUNESCO/Ezio Fazzino) plied to thé of island be scenically attractive and it will geomorphicor physiographic water flow of thé conservation and only fourteen likely be of some importance to features; or Bay. Plans are in hand for build- red fire ant and other insects were islands hâve been inscribed on both science and conservation. (iï) beoutstandingexamplesrep- ing a bridge and to reduce thé effected too. On thé Lord Howe Monitoring: thé list. Moreover, apart from resenting significant on-going effects of year-round mass tour- Island group, included in thé a Future Challenge Australia and New Zealand, thé In an effort to provide a basis for ecologicalandbiological proc- ism to thé site. World Héritage List under natu- Convention has not yet found evaluating World Héritage nomi- esses in thé évolution and de- rai criteria (iïi) and (iv) in Decem- With thé world wide problems in broad acceptance by thé small is- nations ofislands, ÏUCNhas sup- velopmentofterrestrial, fresh One of thé main human impacts ber 1982, more than 15% of ail preserving thé most outstanding land nations of thé Pacifie or thé ported thé préparation of several water, coastal and marine eco- sites need for on islands is thé introduction of plantsspecies are endangered by of humankind, thé Caribbean. discussion papers on thé topic (see Systems and communities of new species by man, which en- extinction (Seagar, 1993). Thé continuous monitoring of thé sites for exampleSynge 1991, Dingwall, plants and animais; or dangers or render extinct endémie same is thé casefor thé Galapagos evolved. This requires a global Thé low profile ofWorld Héritage 1992). Theremainderofthisarti- (iii) contain superlative natural species characteristic for most is- islands, thé Seychelles,and thé approach (global monitoring sys- in island conservation should be clé draws on thèse two sources in phenomena or areas ofexcep- lands. Thé introduction of man Canary islands. tem) as well as thé development of redressed as thé Convention has attempting to establish somebase- tional natural beauty and aes- has often been (and still is)a"ca- a site-specific monitoring process a very spécial rôle to play. In Unes from which thé relative mer- thetic importance; or tastrophe" (Oison, 1992) in par- Thé isolation of islands has an to implement a functioning moni- many ways it could be a valid its of différent islands can be as- (iv) contain thé most important ticular in thé Pacifie Islands, impact on society and culture in toring system. successor to thé Islands for Sci- sessed. and significant natural habi- where most of thé native birds général.In somecases it leadto a ence Programme of IBP in thé tats for in-situ conservation became extinct following thé Eu- spécialuse of thé island, which is State of conservation reports are 1960s. In fact, thé Convention is Natural Criteria of biologicaldiversity, includ- ropean exploration and introduc- true for thé exampleof thé Island regularly given by thé advisory particularly appropriate for pro- ing those containing threat- tion of new species (rats, rabbits, of Gorée in Sénégal which was bodies of thé Convention, thé tecting small islands with unique Thé criteria for which natural sites ened speciesof outstanding pigs. goats etc.). Thé endémie inscribed on thé World Héritage World Conservation Union natural history. are evaluated for thé list hâve universal value from thé point plants and animais on islands are List in 1978. Thé history of Corée (IUCN) and thé International been set by thé World Héritage ofview of science or conserva- especially threatened by human is closely connected with thé Council for Monuments and Sites Jim Thorsell is senior advisor, Natu- Committee. Thèse hâve recently tion. activity and alien species are slave-trade. Until 1815, when thé (ICOMOS),and thé World Herit- rai Héritage, mCN (thé Worid Conser- been revised as follows and a site spread by world wide trade, ex- trade was abolished in thé French âgeCentre to thé World Héritage vation Union), Switzeriand must meet at least one of four: Each of thèse criterion, in turn, change and travel. They reduce at colonies, thé island was a huge Continued on page 48 ^»

17 16 Which Islands Merit World Héritage Status? Dossier: Protected Areas hâve certain conditions of integ- endémie landbirds, Henderson rock in existence" (Stac Lee), its ficient and its expansion is being Table 2 landscape and beauty also were considered. rity to be met (eg. adéquatesize, clearly met criteria (iv). Just as Indexofislands in decliningorder ofthreatenedisland endémie birds boundaries, and légal protection). important is thé fact that factors that supported its inscrip- Henderson is thé best remaining tion on thé list. Krakatau (Indonesia) Hawaiïan Is. 26 Fiji 3 Bioko l intact raised coral atoll thé Well known, due to its éruption in Existing Features of in SolomonIs. 14 Juan FemandezIs. 3 Bonin Is. l Garajonay (Spain) 1883, this island is one compo- World Héritage Islands world. Itis, infact, theepitomeof Mauritius 9 Madeira 3 CocosIs. l thé kind of small uninhabited is- Its main feature is that it is thé nent of thé larger Ujung Kulon SaoTom* & Principe 8 Micronesia 3 Crozet Is. l land that merits World Héritage last and best intact laurel forest National Park. It is of gréât sci- Against thèse criteria it is inter- Seychelles 8 Nicobar Is. 3 DesventuradosIs. l status. in thé Mediterranean/Atlantic re- entific interest becauseit provides esting to review how thé existing MarquesasIs. 7 Northem Marianas 3 Grenada l gion. Laurel forests are a very one of thé world's best examples 14 island sites measure up. In Chatham Is. 6 Taiwan 3 GuadalupeIs. l Gréât BarrierReef (Australia) remarkable type of moist forest of récent volcanic activity and brief: RevillagigedosIs. 6 AntipodesIs. 2 KerguelenIs. l longest ofcoral and contain thé highest propor- tropical végétation succession. Thé worid's stretch Cookls. 5 CampbellIs. 2 Kiribati l reef, aver 1500 species of tion of endémiespecies ofanyveg- Aldabra (Seychelles) with DominicanRepublic 5 CapeVerde Is. 2 LeewardIs. l etation type in thé Canaries. (34 Koinodo (Indonesia) With its numerous seabird colo- fish, 400 species of coral, 4000 5 CaymanIs. 2 Lord Howe Is. l are endémie to Gomera and 8 to Thé four islands in this group are GalapagosIs. nies, some endémie birds and its speciesofmollusc, 242 species of New Caledonia 5 Dominica 2 Mayotte l birds, and many threatened ma- thé Park itself). Thé Park also best known as thé main habitat marine turtle beaches, Aldabra SocietyIs. 5 HendersonIs. 2 Monserrat l rine mammals. Thé Gréât Bar- has two endémie birds. for thé Komodo dragon, thé world's scoreshighly on any measure of Sri Lanka 5 Jamaica 2 Naum l rier Reef is not only thé world's largest living lizard. Thé site has biological diversity. Perhapsmost Tristan da Cunha 5 Martinique 2 Norfolk Is. l most extensive coral reef (2,900 other natural values including a significant are its massive popu- Tuamotu Arch. 5 Okinawa 2 Prince Edward Is. l individual reefs) but it also con- Hawaii Volcanoes (U. S.A.) rich reef ecosystem and a relict lation of giant tortoise and thé CanaryIs. 4 Palau 2 St. Helena l 300 cays 250 continen- Part of thé main island of Hawaii, flora containing several endémie fact that it is one of thé very few tains and Guam 4 Réunion 2 SnaresIs. l tal islands. terms ofits variety this national park is thé scèneof ones. intact atolls in thé world. Thé 43 In Haiti 4 St. Vincent 2 Socotra l size, thé world's most active volcanic endémie plants provide support- of marine attractions and it Puerto Rico 4 Tubuai Is. 2 Swan Is. l activity. Thé park has aver 100 Tasmanian Wildemess ing rationale. Altogether, thèse is in a league ofits own. St. Lucia 4 Vanuatu 2 Tonga l endémieplants and ten endémie (Australia) arguments make Aldabra clearly Andaman Is. 3 AmsterdamIs. l Torishima l St. (U.K.) birds and thus contains an espe- Comprising 20% of thé island of worthy ofWorld Héritage Status. KUda Auckland Is. 3 AscensionIs. l Virgin Is. l With 25% of thé world population cially valuable combination of Tasmania, this site has a superb Christmas Is. 3 Bahamas l Western Samoa l wildlife and geological features. blend of ancien! forest, wild riv- Galapagos Islands (Ecuador) of gannets,thé largest British Comoros 3 Benauda l Thèse famous islands were ac- colony of fulmar and about half ers and coastline, glacial lakes, Vallée de Mai (Seychelles) karst features and an especially ceptedpartly becauseoftheir 229 Britain's population ofpuffin, St. Source:Appendo l, List ofthreatenedand extmct island endémie birds, m Johnson,T. H. and (18 endémie plants and their five en- Rilda scoreshighly in any rank- This small ha) site on Praslin good représentation of unusual Stattersfield,A. J., "A GlobalReview of IslandEndémie Birds, " Ibis 132-pp. 167-180,1990. demie birds. Thé Galapagos is ing ofislandsas seabirdcolonies. Island is thé site of thé extraordi- and endémie fauna. also one of thé best laboratories of Its cultural héritage is also sig- narypalm, thecocodemer. Italso évolution demonstrating remark- nificant. Described by Julian has thé endémie black parrot. Thé Fraser Island (Australia) superlative examples of coastal on sand and supports a rich coastal and marine life. able co-evolution between plants Huxley as "thé most majestic sea size of thé site, however, is insuf- This island is thé largest sand sand dépositionprocesses. Italso and animais. Other features in- island in thé world and displays has a unique rainforest growing (France) élude thé marine mammals in its Scandola waters, thé breeding grounds for Table l This park, which forms a small one marine turtle and thé island s Criteria For World Héritage Listing part of thé island of Corsica, has a very rugged and scenic coast- scenery and geological features. Island (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) Une.Its maquis végétation is typi- Lord Howe Island (Australia) cal of thé JVtediterranean région and its listing 1983 is consid- Again its 74 endémie plants pro- Aldabra + + in ered today to hâve been question- vide a major justification. But Galapagos + + + able. just as important, Lord Howe is Lord Howe + + + oneof thé very few oceanicislands Henderson + in thé world with a forest vegeta- Gréât Barrier Reef + + + tion of endémiespecies still largely St. Kilda + Criteria for Listing intact. It is a very spécial exam- Garajonay + pie of how many other islands Hawaii Volcanoes + When looking at thé criteria on which islands sites were inscribed would hâve been before man de- Vallée de Mai + (Table l) some interesting pat- stroyed their végétation. Thé is- Krakatau + terns émerge.Firstly, ail islands land group is also scenically spec- Komodo + + were deemed to meet criterion tacular and geologically impor- Tasmanian Wildemess + + + + tant. Fraser Island + + (iiï) for their superlative natural Scandola + + + features and scenic beauty. Eleven of thé fourteen others met Henderson Island (U. K.) Komodo National Park Indonesia (P/ioto; Jim Thorsell / IUCN) criterion (iv) for threatened spe With ten endémie plants and four Total 14 11

18 19 Which Islands Merit World Héritage Status? Dossier: Protected Areas des and nine met criterion (ii) for been published by thé marine environment? . what are thé management is- their importancein biologicalevo- lUCNandWCMCand lution. Only four were inscribed includerégional direc- sues being faced and what re- sources are available to address on thé basis of their geology or tories on protectedar- landforms. It should be noted, eas, coral reefs and them? however, that thé use of criteria centres of plant diver- in thé early years of thé Conven- sity. One régional as- tion was not always clear or re- sessment of thé con- Prospective World corded or examined in détail. Only servation importance Héritage Islands limited références can thus be of thé islands of thé drawn from this table. Neverthe- Pacifie has also been As thé above questions infer, thé less, it is apparent that thé three published (Dahl, évaluation ofany island for World criteria most applicable to World 1986). Thé Interna- Héritage status is a comprehen- Héritage islands deal with their tional Council for Bird siveandrigorousprocess. Itisthe biological values, threatened spe- Préservation (ICBP), policy of IUCN not to prejudge a des and scenic features. also in Cambridge, has nomination before a government a related global data- formally submits it in order to base on birds. retain our impartiality. Having Lord Howe Island Australia (Photo: Jim Thorsell /IUCN) Assessing said this, there hâve been a Nominations From thèse data number of suggestions made on nominations and thèse are listed conclusion, spécial sources it is now pos- which islands might be consid- In islands are in Table 3. places and they deserve spécial With ail islands unique in some sible to provide rea- ered for possible World Héritage attention. TheWorldHer- aspects, almost ail of them (as- sonable answers to Table 3 itage Convention, by con- suming they hâve a protective such questions as: ferring prestigious inter- mechanism in place) would meet . which islands are Potential Natural World Héritage Islands Steamcoast - Hawaii(Photo: Jim Thorselll IUCN) national status on thé most one of thé four World Héritage most important as natural criteria. What would be natural laboratories Island Country Natural Values outstanding ones, can pro- videthis. Expérience with useful, therefore, is a global data- for scientific re- thé first fourteen islands base which would allow a com- search? logical évolution and thé earth s South Moresby Canada Végétation,wildlife, scenery inscribed on thé list has parative assessmentto help de- . which islands hâve exception- evolutionary history? Round Mauritius Seabirds,endémie plants, reptiles been positive but there is termine thé relative conservation ally unique geologicaland sce- Easter Chile Sceneryand cultural nie features? Ail of thèse are questions that ample scope for extending iinportance of individual islands Spitsbergen Norway Marine life, geology . which islands are thé most im- directly relate to thé four World this number to more com- or island groups. Halong Viet Nam Speetacularscenery portant as habitatsfor wildlife Héritage criteria and thé data pro- pletely reflect and protect Ellesmere Canada Geologicalfeatures, wildlife thé world's island héritage. Fortunately, island databases ex- (sea birds, marine mammals, vide thé means on which to make Beringia U.S.A./ Russia Wildlife, evolutionary history ist in various forins at thé World turtles, endémieplants etc.)? comparisons. An example from . which islands are of spécial im- thé databaseusing thé indicés of Skaftafell Iceland Geology Conservation Monitoring Centre Références (WCMC) in Cambridge. Summa- portancein demonstrating bio- endémie island birds is given in 70 Islands Palau Marine life, scenery ries of thèse data holdings hâve Table 2. Other measures of bio- Rennell Solomon Island Végétation,landfonns, birds logical diversity (eg. endémie Juan Fernandez Chile Endémieplants Dahl, A., Reuieif of thé Pro- plants, land-snails and reptiles) South Georgia United Kingdom Marine life, birds tected Area System in Oceania. IUCN/UNEP, can also be "called-up" which can Barrier Reef Belize Coral reefs,marine life 1986. then assistin a comparativerank- ChagosArehipelago United Kingdom Coral reefs,birds Dingwall, P., Report of thé ingofislands. Maldives Maldives Coral reef Working Group on Ap- Ha'apai Group Tongo Tiirtles, reefs, cultural Suchempirical measuresprovide plication of thé World Bokaak Marshall Island Coral atoll, seabirds somequantitative guidelines but Héritage Convention to Flora, seabirds there are a number of more sub- Rapu French Polynesia Islands of thé Southern jective questionsthat alsoneed to Taveuni Fiji Biodiversity, reefs Océan. Internai report be asked: Fernande de Noronha Brazil Marine mammals to IUCN, 1992. . how "natural" is thé island and Emperor seamount Hawaii Seabirds,marine mammals Synge, H. "Which Islande how has it been affected by man? Trois Pitons Dominica Volcanic,endémie birds, végétation Merit World Héritage . doesthé island (or thé portion of Kermadec New Zealand Endemism,species, volcanic features Status?," in Critical Is- sues Protected Areas. thé island nominated) hâve ad- Yakushima Japan Végétation,scenic values for 18th IUCN Général As- equate légal protection? Bazaruto Mozambique Turtles, coral reefs, marine mammels . if maritime wildlife is a princi- sembly Proceedings. pal natural value, what provi- 1990. Notes:In somecases only portions ofislands apply. This list is suggestiveonly and is notan exclusive, one. SoayIsland in théSt. Kilda World Héritage Site U. K.(Photo: Jim Thorsell l IUCN) sions are made for protecting

20 s 21 Dossier: Protected Areas Dossier: Protected Areas

change aver thé last inorca iosphere eserve: fifteen years; from be- ing a relatively well -owards a odel of Conservation and evelopment balanced economy in thé sèventies, it has now become a tourist JoanRita, CiprianoMarin, Miquel Vidai, Antonio Rodriguez-Perea Onofre Rullân dominated one. How- ever, a highly signifi- n 1989 thé Institut IVtenorqui betweenparallels 40° 5'17" N and rainfall is about 20-25 %. cant level ofactivity is d'Estudis (IME) and thé Spanish 39°47' 55" N, and betweenmerid- still maintained in MAB Committee organized a ians 3° 52' 00" E and 4° 24' 00" E. Thé wind is a very important cli- both thé industrial workshop in Minorca entitled It is at thé northeast of thé Bal- matic factor. Every year there are sector (footwear and "Conservation and Development earicArchipelago,130 miles from about 30 days with north wind of custom-jewellery) and of Minorca". Some scientists and Barcelona, 218 miles from Mar- 10 m/s or more. This wind is dry thé agricultural sector experts discussed thé problems seille and 236 miles from Cagliari. and cold, and it cames a lot ofsea (with 12,000 dairycat- and solutions of thé environment, Thé surface area of thé island is sait spray, which leads to serious tle producing 48,600 landscapes, economy and Tm ofmilk a year, 95% sociology of thé island. of which is used in cheese production). A proposai ofthis meeting was to request from UNESCO thé déclaration Geology that Minorca is a biosphère réserve. It was considered Thé island is divided Distribution ofnatural areas protected by régional law a way to protect thé is- in two parts of differ- land's outstanding natu- ent géologie constitution. Thé ern part is a flat Tertiary (Miocène) Most of thé sea shore is rocky, but rai and historical héritage northern (named Tramuntana) is limestone platform (named beachesare quite fréquent, and without paralysing its cur- very heterogeneous, with "migjorn"); long and deep river there are also some dune Systems rent économie growth. Paleozoic (Devonian and Carbon- valleys ("barrancs") eut thé plat- associated with wetlands. iferous) and Mesozoic (Triassic form from thé middle part of thé Thé objective ofthe project and Jurassic) sub-stratums, non island to thé sea. Thèse "barrancs" A remarkable geological hetero- of thé biosphère réserve carbonated soils are very cominon. break up thé environmental ho- geneity has given rise to much should be attractive and Mediterranean Thé landscape is hilly. Thé south- mogeneity of this région. variety in thé environment and ainbitious enough for thé Sea landscape. Apart from local population, thé local mountain zones, most and autonomous adminis- Mediterranean ecosys- trations, and even for pri- teins are well repre- vate industry, especially sented onMinorca. They thé tourist industry, to are generally well pre- work together to achieve Locationmap ofMinorca in thé WesternMediterranean Basin served, including thé thé same goals. infra-littoral zones. 702 km2 (similar to Madeira or damageof thé végétation,even 15 Lanzarote). It is 48 km long and kna inland. Situation and 22 km wide. Thé coast stretehes Flora and Cliinate for 216 km. Thé highest point is Végétation 358m. Population and Minorca is in thé centre of thé Socio-economic Features Thé total number ofvas- Western Mediterranean Basin, Thé climate is typically Mediter- cular plant species is ranean, with a hot and dry sum- Thé populationof]V[inorcais about near 1000 (6-7 % of en- mer and a temperate and rainy 62,000 inhabitants; thé maximum demie species). There Joan Rita number oftourists reaches about are sixty three endémie Dep. de Biologia Ambiental winter. Thé annual température Universitat de les Illes Balears average is 16.5°C. In July and 80,000 (1.3 tourist/inhabit. taxa, eighteen of which Cipriano Marin August thé température average approx.). There are eight munici- are endémie of Minorca INSULA is 24°C and in January and Feb- palities, but two ofthem (Maôand Four ofthem are consid- Miquel Vidai Ciutadella) attract 80 % of thé ered endangered species Institut Menorqui d'Estudis ruary it is 11°C.Thé annual rain- Antonio Rodrfguez-Perea fall average ranges from 450 to population. by Spanish law Onofi-e Rullàn 650 mm, but most of thé precipi- Wind carries salty sea spray several kilomètres inland Dep. de Ciències de la Terra tation takes placefrom Octoberto Thé économie structure of Mi- damaging severely thé exposed végétation. Thé végétation is typi Universitat de les Illes Balears April. Thé annual variability of norca has undergone a marked

23 22 Minorca Biosphère Réserve Dossier: Protected Areas

lar. Ail thé island is covered by a With thé présent économie crisis, cally Mediterranean. Fauna network of stone walls; there are other problems hâve been added. Sclerophyllous forests of of thé ancient manimal fauna some thousand plots each its One of them is thé public works, Quercus ilex or Olea Ail with became extinct when man arrived own name. This structure of thé which are done without analysis europaea hâve been con- of thé environmental conse- sidered as two différent thé island. Ail thé présent day fields is very important for tradi- tional cattle management. Thé quences. Too often engineers for- climax of thé island, nev- mammalian, reptilian and am- ertheless Pinus hal- phibian fauna was introduced by rural buildings both for people get that they are on a small island and for animais, built in a tradi- and not on thé continent. On thé epensis woods are quite man, although it was a long time a other hand, changes in thé rural common. ago and thèse species are com- tional style, are very important pletely integrated in today's eco- part of thé landscape. landscape could be dramatic in Systems. Nevertheless an thé future becausethé rural popu- Thé Olea europaea com- there is endémie lizard (Podarcis lilfordiï), lation has become old and cattle munity is one of thé most which lives on thé islets is raising is in a crisis too. Farms striking characteristic of still but Historical Héritage hâve been abandoned. Nowadays thé island végétation. extinct on thé main island. 1, a very important réduction ofsome Minorca is one of thé To this day about 100 archaeo- western Mediterranean There are about 25 coinmon spe- logical sites, with a density ofap- bird populations, such as some species ofraptors and ducks, has territories in which Olea cies ofbirds ofprey, eight ofthem proximately 1.5 sites per square been detected. Thèse are indica- woods are best repre- nesting on thé island; in total there kilomètre, hâve been discovered. sented. This thermo- are about 700 couples (close to l Most of them belong to civiliza- tors ofsome problems of thé gen- tions that colonized thé island eral functioning thé island eco- Mediterranean type of couple/km2). This is a very high of from Bronze Age to thé Systems. ecosystem can be consid- density for thé Mediterranean eco- thé Paleochristian Era. Thé archaeo- ered as représentative of Systems, and it is a good indicator Thé island is in a critical stage. our biogeographical re- Beaches,dune Systemsand saltmarshesare well of a well preserved habitat. logical remains are so abundant Now is thé moment to change thé gion. Thé forests or preservedaround thé coast of IVIinorea that they form a général part of tendencies. Thé déclaration of a maquis of Olea hâve a Sea birds are also important. thé Minorca landscape. Présent 10, législation supports archaeo- biosphère réserve could be very very high species richness. Some species, including Pistacia Also deserving particular men- There are about 000 couples of this Calonectris diomedea (15 % thé useful for this purpose. thermophylous species are quite lentiscus, Phillyrea latifolia, tion is thé xeroacanthic vegeta- of logical wealth. common, including Ephedra Rhamnus alaternus. This commu- tion on thé rocky coasts where an Mediterranean population); other nity may be found around thé is- abundance of endémie flora species such as Phalacrocorax fragilis, Euphorbia dendroides, Structure of thé Réserve Asparagus albus and Asparagus land, but it is most commonin thé adapted to thé hostile conditions aristotelis also hâve important Conservation Aspects horridus. Nevertheless, sclero- south of thé island and near thé of thèse habitats is to be found. colonies, Larus audouinii (a gull Thé core of thé future Biosphère phyllous shrubs are thé dominant coast. Six speciesin différent families endémie of thé Mediterranean sea) Since thé beginning of 1991, ap- hâve a spiny and has a small population. proximately 40% of thé island's Réserve of IVtinorca will be thé pulvininate structure. surface has been protected by thé same territory which will be de- Ail ofthem are endémie Thé invertebrate fauna is rather Autonomous Govemment, andthe clared Natural Park by thé Re- of Minorca or thé Bal- interesting. We know about 1,000 drawing up of thé plans for nego- gional Government. It is in thé earic Islands (include species ofColeoptera, with 30 en- tiation and management of thèse northeast of thé island. It is a Astragalus balearicus, demie species. Other groups, such territories will be completed wetland and saltmarshes zone, Launaea cervicornis, as Aracnida or Gasteropoda, hâve shortly (BilVl/1991,January 30th, named S'Albufera des Grau, which Anthyllis hystrix). a similar level of endemism. " Llei d'Espais Naturals i de Régim has a lagoon with a surface of 70 Urbanistic de les Arees d'Especial ha. In this area more than nine Thévégétation of thé cal- Protecciô de les Illes Balears, thousand ducks of différent spe- careous rock fissures is Agricultural Landscape BOCAIB N. 31, 9/3/1991").Prob- des hâve been counted in optimal also rather rich in en- ably during this or next year a conditions. Thé shoreline close to demie species, such as One of thé most outstanding fea- Natural Park will be declared by thé Albufera will belong to thé Hippocrepis balearica tures of Minorca is its agricul- thé Autonomous Government. Park and to thé core of thé Re- and Helichysum am- tural landscape, where pastures serve too. This zone, approx. 10 biguum. on thé ground and in thé valleys Nevertheless, thé environment of km long, has a very high density between thé natural végétation is thé islands has suffered a quite of endémie plants, some of them There are some interest- characteristic. This landscape important damagebecause of thé considered in danger of extinc- ing examples ofcommu- structure means that a close eco- économie growth of thé 80s. Thé tion. nities of sait marshes, logical inter-relationship exists tourist resorts along thé seashore wetlands and dune sys- between both Systems. In order to were thé main problem, and it Two other areas hâve been pro- tems. préserve thé natural héritage of could still be a problem in thé posedas core zonesfor a second thé island, especially thé land- future. Some important ecosys- stage. One of them, named La Thé chief crop of thé is- scape, it is necessary to retain thé tems, such as some dune Systems Vall, is thé most uninhabited ter- current System of cattle-raising. and saltmarches, hâve been de- ritory of Minorca. It is in thé Rural architecture has a strong personality - is necessary to land is forage for cattle. it northwest of thé island. Quercus designprogrammes for thé préservationof this héritage Thé rural architecture is spectacu- stroyed for this reason.

24 SIL 25 Minorca Biosphère Réserve Dossier: Protected Areas

nel Islands thé Juan Fernândez of Natural Parks in order to pre- This type of planning has to be thé ilex and Pinus halepensis woods in three zones will include thé ecosystem functioning of thé is- Islands in Chile, thé Galapagos serve thé main ecosystems of thé guarantee of thé future as op- and maquis of Erica arborea and best représentative examples of land, dépend thé traditional use Islands in Ecuador, thé islands. At thé same time it is posed to uncontrolled touristic Erica scoparia are thé main veg- ail ecosystems ofMinorca. of thé land. etation. Cliffs of one hundred Yakushima Islands in Japan, necessary to create a management growth. Rhum and St. Kilda Islands in thé staff both for thé natural pro- meters are found along thé coast, Thé forest and farm land between UK, thé Molene Archipelago in tected zones and for archaeologi- and one of thé best dune Systems thèse three zones will be thé buffer Biosphère Réserve Goals France, Hiïuma Island in Esto- cal héritage. of thé island is in a little bay close area. Thé main interest of this nia, Zembra and Zembretta Is- Références by. Birds of prey such as Falco zoneis thé agricultural landscape UNESCO has already declared as lands in Tunisia and so on. For thé island's économie devel- peregrinus, Neophron per- and thé strong relationship be- biosphère réserves soine islands Certes, G., "L'Ocupaciô urban- nocterus, Pandion haliaetus, tween anthropic and natural eco- or parts ofislands. It is thé caseof opment it will be useful to use Nevertheless Minorca will be a both natural and historical herit- istica de la costa de Menorca," Hieratus pennatus are easily ob- Systems.At présentthé character thé Aleutians Islands and thé Vir- Desenvolupament Con- served. of Minorca's landscape, even thé gin Islande in thé USA, thé Chan- unique biosphère réserve, because âge. Minorca could becomea dif- in i it will cover an entire island which ferentiated touristic destination. servaciô de la Natura a Nevertheless, only possible Menorca. Ed. MAB & IME. Thé sea in front ofLa Vall has a well developed economy. it is if a very rigorous control guaran- Ciutadella, 1992. up to thé liinit of thé plat- also be interesting, tees thé conservation ofthis herit- Dub6n, M. L. and Vidai, T., La form, has thé best pre- It will for it becoine a model territory in poblaciô de Menorca: présent i served naarine ecosys- inight âge. tems around Minorca. which thé protection of nature and futur, " in Desenuolupament i economy be sup- Conservaciô de la Natura a This zone could be incor- intense économie activity are com- Thé rural has to patible. This is really one of thé ported. A correct management of Menorca. Ed. MAB & IME. porated to thé core of thé goals EC funds could help towards thé Ciutadella, 1992. réserve. most important original of biosphère réserves. It is possible survival ofthis sector. It is neces- Florit, S., Pons P. and Mari, S., define some more concrète ob- econo- marc pel desen- Thé third area which will to sary to interconnect thé Estudi mies of thé tourism and agricul- volupament agrari de l'illa de constitute thé reserve's jectives: ture. Menorca. Ed. Fundaciô Caixa core is in thé south of thé l. To préserve thé natural and historical héritage, and re- de Pensions & Conseil Insular island. Three canyons to de Menorca. Barcelona, 1990. ("barrancs") named cover thé environmental qual- Thé entire population ofMinorca UNESCO (Ed.) Seminari Algendar, Trebaluger ity where it has been lost; hasto participate in thé biosphère // internacional sobre Réserves de and Son Fideu, and thé 2. Tomanagethenaturalandhis- réserve management. Some pro- Biosfera mediterrànies, coast close to them will torical héritage for a correct grams, such us residue recycling la use people and energy saving, could be use- Diputaciô de Barcelona & belong to this area. Thé by thé without risk Comité espanol del MAB. Bar- "barrancs" are six or of dégradation; fui in this sensé.Non-governmen- 3. To manage re- organizations should hâve an celona, 1990. seven km. deep and fifty thé natural tal Lôpez, G., "L'Estructura de to one hundred meters sources, especially fresh water, active participation in thé Bio- l'econômica de Menorca, " in wide. They originate in which do not last indefinitely; sphère Réserve Bureau. thé niiddle of thé island 4. To carry out a developmental Enciclopèdia de Menorca, vol. Public works must hâve a very XXII. Ed. Obra Cultural Balear and run to thé sea and policy which does not damage environment; rigorous environmental evalua- de Menorca. Ciutadella, 1991. onto a beach. Thé rocky thé 5. social Rita, M. C., "Problemàtica actual walls are twenty to fifty To instil rational habits tion and alternative analyses. An insular scale has to be introduced meters tall. This habitat in order to préserve thé natural de la conservaciôdelsjaciments arqueolôgics a Menorca, " in is quite différent from thé resources; in thé design of thèse projects. Desenvolupament i Conser- calcareous platform on 6. To encourage ail thé différent uaciô de la Natura a Menorca. thé sides. administrative bodies (local, re- It is necessary to create a coordi- gional and state) to carry out nating bureau amongthé admin- Ed. MAB & IME. Ciutadella, istrative bodies where interna- 1992. Thé microclimate is more policies in accordance with thé Serra, T., "El Turisme a humid and colder. Some philosophy of sustainable de- tional organizations, such as EC and MAB, will hâve representa- Menorca, " in Enciclopèdia de endémie plants such us velopment. Menorca, vol. XXII. Ed. Obra Linaria fragilis, Mentha tives, as well as thé local NGOs Cultural Balear de Menorca. rodriguezii and Viola Thé action plan of thé biosphère (ecologist, touristic organizations, and so on). Ciutadella, 1991. odorata live exclusively réserve is closeto becoming a stra- Vidai, J. M. and Rita, J. Eds., in this ecosystem. Vari- tegic plan of development. Thé Finally, very important to Desenvolupament i Conser- ous speciesofbirds ofprey main proposai of this document it is are summarized below. hâve a territorial planning instru- vaciô de la Natura a Menorca. nest on rocky walls. thé Ed. MAB & IME. Ciutadella, Thèse include Falco ment with a global point ofview of thé island. 1992. peregrinus, Neophron It is necessary to create a network pernocterus, Tyto alba, Talayotic culture started in 1400B. C. and endedin thé and so on. Thé core of thé first centuries after Christ. Its nearest parallels can be biosphère réserve divided found in Corsica and Sardinia. (Photo C. Maûn)

26 s 27 Dossier: Protected Areas Dossier: Protected Areas

nomic problems of islands that anzarote: resulted in disproportionate, un- balanced tourist development sland of Volcanoes models inade its contribute to thé debate. Cipriano Marin Thé commitment for a stake on a cently deceased César Manrique, future designed on sustainable . he geology is thé main pro- tions. This developed a créative a ofcon- development émerges in tagonist of thé most eastern is- forceproduced by scarcity and in- persanwho had thé idea sularity, which has resulted in sidering nature and thé unique Lanzarote as an application by land of thé Canarian archipelago, thé Government of thé Canary thé designing of a model of agri- landscapeof thé island as a deli- situated just off thé coast of Af- Council to culture without water. Thé famous cate canvas on which man could Islands and thé Island rica. In developmental terms UNESCO, aimed at declaringthe Lanzarote is a world in formation, "enarenados",surfaces artificially harmoniously develop his crea- island a Biosphère Réserve. This covered by a layer of volcanic tivity. From thé beginning of thé a place where volcanic activity is action meant that this figure and gravel to retain thé scarce envi- sixties to 1992, César conceived still moulding thé final form of thé its functions are in keeping with island. Thé hundreds of existing ronmental humidity, or thé culti- more than twenty projects which constitute one of thé best exam- thé project on Lanzarote. volcanoes are évidence ofthis and vation on Aeolian sands, are two Natural "enarendas" consist of soils naturally covered by a a large part of thé surface of thé examplesof this magnificent en- pies of equilibrium between con- layer of small lava pebbleswhich absorbhumidity and saveit structed works environ- Given thé différent situations island is covered with volcanic gineering of survival which only and thé (Photo: A. Luengo). présent in thé island, thé declara- material from thé historié erup- an island could conceive. ment, a unique contribution which tion is considered a suitable frame- tions of thé end of thé 18th and givesus a profound senséofa new terventions is that through them, solve thé territorial problems pro- vision of thé architecture ofland- work to develop a wide range of beginning of thé 19th centuries. But thé most surprising élément it has been possible to demon- duced by expansion. It is an inno- of this culture is thé sensitivity scape.It deals with a set of pio- strate practically thé possibility vative plan that achievesthé es- expériences both in conservation and in increasing thé potential of However, spite its dry cli- with which man-made construc- neering interventions fundamen- of developing tourism initiatives tablishment of a territorial con- in of thé development function. mate and bare landscape, thé is- tion has been incorporated into tally aimed at tourist use, which that do not necessarily imply a sensus for rational use distribu- thé environment, creating one of thé artist described as "total art", détérioration of thé environment tion, minimizing imbalances land has an incredible diversity of It should be understood that environments. Thé uniqueness of thé mostunique andbeautiful col- confirming once and for ail his or a substantial loss of cultural among sectors and arranging ac- Lanzarote is not just tourism or thèse surroundings has been thé lections oflandscapesto be found particular way of understanding identity. tions on an environmental axis. static landscape but rather a liv- reason why both thé Spanish and in thé extensive island cultures of and appreciatingthe environment ing, économie world, experiment- thé Canarian Government hâve thé planet. You only hâve to look of thé island, something which Thanks both to that background ing with new technologies and created an extensive network of at thé cultivation on volcanic some hâve tried to define as "thé A Project for thé Future and thé slump of 1990, thé is- models ofdevelopment which are conservation areas with varying gravel at La Geria, thé fields of Lanzarote style". land'spopulation, institutions and particularly interesting in terms degrees of protection within this cactusfor thé production ofcochi- It is surprising that an island with économie agents hâve started of contributions to thé type ofprob- région. Among thèse, Timanfaya neal in Mala and Guatiza or thé Thé gréât advantageof thèse in- such an exceptional human and thinking seriously about encom- lem spécifie to thé islands. National Park, ajewel among thé délicate landscape geological héritage stands aside passing sustainability in their volcanic parks of thé world, should of thé sait flats of from typical négative effects of future development programmes. Janubio, authentic massive tourism, and still keeps Expériencestemmingfrom analy- An example of this is that in thé be highlighted along with Los island at thé inoinent thé most on its outstanding farming and fish- sis of thé big territorial and eco- Islotes and Riscos de Famara garden of sait . lUWf-l which take in part of thé northern theedgeoftheAt- ing tradition alive. What is really area and a group ofsmall islands; lantic. Itisstrange interesting is thé developnaent of this has thé spécial feature ofbe- to note that on a a cultured, human and ecologi- ing thé first land-sea park in dry island of little cally balanced tourism concept, Spain. more than 800 km2 established niore than twenty there is such a va- years ago, which makes it differ- Suchsuggestive nature gives thé riety of solutions entfrointhe "sun and sand" stand- impressionthat thé island wanted which take advan- ard developed by thé neighbour- to compete with thé original forms tage of thé limited ing islands. of thé volcano. Because, above ail, resources, and Lanzarotereprésente thé triuinph which blend into We do not mean that aggressive of thé iinagination and of thé sen- thé environment or badly planned action is absent, sitivity expressed in a spectacu- so well. . », as thé 80s expansionist phase af- lar simbiosis of man with thé en- fected thé greatest part ofconsoli- vironment, an unrestrained im- Ail this magnifi- dated tourist areas. As a matter of agination which has its maximum cent héritage has fact, at thé end of thé 80s, a wide expression in thé form in which been brought to- socio-economic debate started, thé land has been used and mod- gether in an inno- which culminated in thé approval elled to survive in treinendously vative way in thé of thé Island Management Plan Lanzarote possessesa wide Windmills in Tiagua (Photo:A. Luengo) adverse environmental condi- work of thé re- diversity of environments (1991), intending to control and

29 28 ^ s Lanzarote: Island of Volcanoes Dossier: Protected Areas advanced technology at world- tion of unique habitats. rotected Areas and Sustainable class level is being used in thé desalination of sea water, and Ail this Une ofdevelopment evelopment in Small slands moreover part of thé energy is aimed at subsistence neededfor this processcoines from founded on a solid technical Natarajan Ishwaran wind-power. and scientific base. To this and aver exploitation of thé reef end,both thé island and thé - he protection of nature and servation goals and objectivesof In thé agricultural sector,it should régional government hâve species in designated areas has protected areas. Management could hâve disastrous effects on be noted that besides maintain- demonstrated considérable been a practice among several tra- stratégies prohibiting resource thé biological diversity of small ingthe traditional crops, thé crea- effort in creating thé Atlan- ditions and cultures throughout use by local people, which were islands. tion ofa modem farming complex tic Centre known as Casa thé world. Thé current practice of characteristics of national parks has managed to utilise initiatives de los Volcanes. This protecting natural and biological and similar réserves until thé late Thé political, socio-economic and in thé private sector with regard multidisciplinary centre resources in legally designated ar- 1960s, are difficult to implement cultural relationships between a to thé market potential ofseveral countson thé support of thé eas originated in thé latter dec- in small and densely populated small island and its nearby is- lands différent products, including thé Canarian Universities and ades of thé last century and, since islands. Thus, managers will hâve lands and/or continental dénomination of origin of its several Spanish, European then, has been introduced in ail to resort to more conciliatory ap- influence development and pro- cheeses and wines. This has al- and Latin American re- parts of thé world. proaches, such as UNESCO's bio- tected area issues in thé island. lowed for thé recovery oflivestock search centres, among sphère réserve concept (Bâtisse, Even in thé case of an interna- to its former level. which thé Institute of New Todaythere are nearly 7,000 pro- 1986). tionallyrecognized protected area, Technologiesand Sustain- tected areas in thé world; Something similar is happening able Development should be some of them extend aver with thé flshing sector where sev- given spécialmention. millions of hectares in con- eral initiatives are currently be- tinental lands. Others in ing developed such as thé recon- Thus, for Lanzarote, thé small oceanic islands may version of thé production oftuna, déclaration of thé island as be quite small. Consider- thé création of artificial reefs or a Biosphère Réserve means ing only those protected not only récognition or a CésarManrique awell-known artist. A thé development of aquaculture, car accident took him away last year, areas which are larger compromise, begin- to which should be added thé emi- but thé but his work goeson through thé foun- than 1000ha, and off-shore nent déclaration of marine re- nings ofits own project for dation he created. (Photo: A. Luengo) oceanic islands of at least serves aiined at maintaining fish- thé future. 100 hectares, where thé ing resources and thé conserva- whole island is protected, there are 428 protected areas in thé bionae ofmixed island Systems;thé major- ity ofthem i.e. 261 are in thé Indo-Malayan, thé Oceanian and thé Neo- Tropical areas and hâve 81 and 72 protected areas, respectively. (IUCN, 1990). View from Bartholomé Island, Galapagos (Photo: J. W. Thorsell)

Thé application of'rules ofthumb', useful in setting up protected ar- Major issues such as thé Henderson Island, a eas (e.g. préférence for larger than World Héritage site in thé Pacifie smaller sites) is constrained by Owing to their isolation, islands under thé authority of thé Gov- thé size of small islands. Where evolve terrestrial species and eco- ernment of thé United Ringdom, thé islands are densely populated Systems which are unique and manageinent authorities were en- and/or hâve been sites for thé evo- easily threatened by disturbances couraged to include participation lution of spécifie interlinks be- introducedbyhumans. Endemisin ofpeople from thé nearby Pitcairn tween people and biological re- is high in islands. Coastalareas of Island (see Report of thé World sources, thé manager faces addi- islands also support diverse fauna Héritage Committee, 1989).Where tional difficulties in achieving con- and flora and thé substrata of peopleare résident within thé is- many sinall islands is constituted land itselfit will be impossible for Natarajan Ishwaran is Prograinme by coral reefs; e.g. thé Aldabra managers to ignore thé needs of Spedalist in Environmental Sciences, Atoll (Seychelles) and thé people. Thé "Monumento al CampesinoLaneroteno" - an abstract LTNESCORégional Office for Science Tubataha Reef Marine Park (Phil- sculpture by CésarManrique (Photo:G. Orlando) and Technology,Jakarta, Indonesia ippines). Species introductions Where population pressure and

30 31 Protected Areas and Sustainable Development in Small Islands Dossier: Protected Areas demand forresources are tracts of thé landscape are high, harmonizing thé covered by introduced spe- needs of biodiversity con- cies ofplants. Thé Galapagos servation and socio- National Park Service, to- économiedevelopment is gether with thé Charles Dar- a rather diftîcult task. In win Research Station in many cases, small is- Santa Cruz, and thé Charles lands hâve been homes Darwin Foundation in Quito, for ethnie groups, e.g. thé Ecuador, are developing Iraya Mangyans in thé stratégies to minimize nega- Puerto Galera Biosphère tive impacts of tourism on Réserve in thé Philip- thé Galapagos. Their efforts pines, which groups hâve to accommodate thé fact daim privileged access that thé government of Ec- to utilize certain types of uador views thé revenue gen- resources. erating capacity of tourisin in thé Galapagos as vital to A protected area man- national development. ager, particularlyin a de- veloping, small island Puring thé last five years nation, may hâve diffi- A seal on a beach in thé Galapagos (Photo: N. Ishwaran) thé policy of tourism devel- culties in communicating opment in thé Galapagos has thé spécial rights enjoyed by eth- Conservation of Galapagos posai and sewage treatment been reviewed and several Waste disposaion one of thé islands in thé Galapagos(Photo: N. Ishwaran) nie and tribal populations to other major concerns. studies hâve been made. A e. master plan for thé conser- sectors of thé island's population Thé Galapagos National Park, Entry of tourists into thé Incarne and other benefits offered servation interest will increas- Galapagosis regulated by thé vation of thé Galapagos has been whose access to, and utilization comprising a séries of islands in to thé staff of thé Galapagos Na- ingly co-operate in ensuring thé Galapagos has Park Service Headquarters in drawn up and thé management of, resources within protected ar- thé Archipelago, tional Park Service should be com- long-term future of Galapagos. beenrecognized by UNESCOas a thé island ofSanta Cruz. How- plan for thé Galapagos National eas might hâve to be strictly cur- petitive with those offered by thé tailed. World Héritage site and biosphère ever, 'pirate tourists' enter thé Park is being revised to comply tourist industry for guides. Thé Références réserve. Prier to Darwin's legen- archipelagofromseveralpoints with thé overall conservation ob- realization ofsuch a situation will exposed by dary voyageto thé Galapagos,thé in thé Pacifie Océan. Even those jectives forthe Galapagos. As part Given thé linaitations however, lead to an imbalance be- Bâtisse, M. Developing and Fo- islands were home only thé tourists enteringthe Galapagos of thèse initiatives thé Galapagos their size, industrial developinent to tween thé conditions of service of cusing thé Biosphère Réserve via Santa Cruz, at times, tend World Héritage site is to be ex- in small islands could often hâve giant tortoises, thé land and ma- thé staff of thé Galapagos Na- concept,Nature andResources, to cluster around some islands tended to include thé Galapagos widespread impacts, on terres- rine iguanasand a variety ofother tional Park and other protected XXIII, 1-11, 1986. endémie fauna and flora. Differ- where opportunities view- Marine Park, tourism related in- trial, fresh water and coastal eco- for areas of Ecuador. Hoeck, H., "Socio-Economic De- frastructure development to be Systems. Thé development of thé entislands of thé Galapagos often ing wildlife are greater. velopment in Galapagos: Con- sub-species d. Thé arrivai of large number of regulated and monitored and sur- tourism industry often has spe- contain différent of Récent initiatives between tour- séquences for a Unique Island plants and animais and henceare people, tourists and develop- vaillance capacity of thé cific implications for use and con- ist enterprises in Ecuador and Ecosystem", in Proceedings of important laboratories for thé ment of residential and indus- Galapagos National Park Service servation of biological resources conservation agencies hâve been thé International andlnterdis- small islands. study ofin-situ evolutionary proc- trial facilities (e.g. houses, to be strengthened. in encouraging. Atrainingworkshop ciplinary Symposium, Tropi- boats, cruises, and anchoring esses. protected areas specialists cal Ecosystems, W. Erdelen, facilities, hôtels, and restau- Financial and human resource for Tourism, as a global industry, from thé Latin American Région, N. Ishwaran, P. Muller (Eds.) Tourism has become a major in- rants) has led to a certain constraints for thé implementa- grew in importance since thé organized jointly by UNESCO's Saar-Brucken, p.l61-175, 1991 mid-1960s. Several small islands, dustry Galapagos,but has also amount of over-exploitation of tion of thé new conservation ini- in World Héritage Secrétariat and IUCN, United Nations Listo f Na- led to several problems there (see thé biological resources within tiatives for thé Galapagos are some of them independent na- thé Smithsonian Institute s In- tional Parks and ProtectedAr- manifold. They are exacerbated tiens, and others under thé rule of Hoeck, 1991). Thé following are thé Galapagos Marine Park. ternational Directorate for thé eas. Gland, Switzerland, 1990. some thé major conservation Large scale slaughtering of by thé économie benefits offered a nearby island or continent, hâve of MAB programme,attractedwide- Report of thé World Héritage becomemajortourist destinations. issues: sharks and some species of by tourist hôtels and enterprises spread support from tourist en- Committee, XIIIthand XIVth a. Population growth due to im- holothuroids of commercial that attract experienced staff from terprises and conservation agen- Session.UNESCO World Her- Ec- value, by outside groups enter- thé Galapagos National Park While tourism's potential to as- migration from mainland cies. Hopefully tourism and con- itage Centre, Paris, 1990. sist in thé conservation ofnatural uador and introduction of ex- ing thé Galapagos from thé Service to serve as tour-guides. and biological resources has to be otic fauna and flora. It is esti- western Pacifie, has also been widely acknowledged, managers mated that more than 200 spe- reported. need to guard against négative des ofwoody plants hâve been impacts oftourismbecomingmore introduced in thé Galapagos. Thèse problems will hâve long pronounced than thé benefits tour- b. Developmentoftourism infra- term implications for thé ecology ism brings to thé people and structure and service facilities of thé islands in thé Galapagos; economy of thé islands. has rendered solid waste dis- For example, in Santa Cruz, large

STL. 33 32 . s . Dossier: Protected Areas Dossier: Protected Areas

Table l ties hâve been able to develop he altic Sea, slands and alternative income opportunities Distribution and Numbers of Macroscopic Bottom Liv- besides traditional, often small- . rotected Areas Areas Sea ing Marine Animais in Différent of thé Baltic scale, activities, such as fishing, agriculture and farining, and Péter Dogsé Marine area Number ofbottom therefore rely on thé natural envi- living marine ammal species ronment for food, income and cul- tural identity. Thé tourist indus- In thé time span of a couple of de- Skagerrak 1500 Thé Baltic Sea sions, divided by thresholds, try is also based on thé quality of générationsit could therefore be scendingtodepths ofseveral hun- Kattegat 840 thé natural environment, thé possible to see how new archi- dred meters. Thé renewal ofwa- Baltic proper(thé areabetween Âland Thé Baltic Seais thé largest brack- beauty of thé archipelagoes, thé pelagoesémerge, fishing ground ter in thé Baltic is slow (25-30 thé Damsh islands), southern part 145 ish-water sea in thé world - but picturesque fishing villages and turns into coastal lakes and even- Baltic proper, south Gotland 80 one of thé world's snaallest seas years), due to weak and irregular thé ample opportunities for vari- tually becomesarable and forest inflow of saline water from thé Baltic proper, north part 70 covering no inore than 400,000 ous water sports, land. North Sea. Thé number of marine Thé Bothnian Sea 50 km2 - with a salinity ofgenerally less than 30% ofthat ofordinary speciesthat can survive thé Bal- Thé Bothnian Bay 5 sea water. It is surrounded by tic's low salinity levels are rela- Protected Areas Ecology Sea Source: Esping and Grônqvist, 1991. nine countries namely Sweden, of thé Baltic tively few, and thé most brackish areas of thé Baltic (e.g. thé Finland, Russia (Leningrad and oxygen rich fresh surface water a sick sea, showing négative ef- Since most of thé négative envi- Thé low water salinity in thé Bal- Bothnian Sea and thé Bothnian Kaliningrad régions) Estonia, fects on its fauna and flora, as ronmental impacts on thé Baltic tic Sea is a result of thé shallow from mixing with higher density Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ger- Bay) are very poor in species(see saline water at thé bottom). Dur- well as on thé islands communi- Sea are of a trans-boundary na- and quite narrow connectionswith Table l). Only a very limited many and Denmark, and consists ing thé last décades,large parts of ties and their incarne opportuni- ture, originating far beyond thé thé open sea areas to thé West number of speciesare also to be ofseveral large archipelagoes, an thé deeper areas - as much as ties (see Box l). control ofits island communities, around thé Sound (Oresund) and found in thé deeper parts where impressive number ofislands and 100,000 km2 - hâve, due to poor it may be argued that there is no Stora and Lilla Belt. It is a rather there is a concentration of stag- a very long coast Une. Thé total inflow of oxygen rich sea water Many island économies are par- or Uttle rôle for protected areas to shallow sea (average depth is 55 nant' oxygen poor, saline, water Swedish coastline, for example, is and pollution, been in such a criti- ticularly sensitive to environmen- fulfil there. This is not correct - m), with somebasins and depres- (vertical stratification prevents almost 70,000 km long, if ail its cal anaerobic condition that they tal stress, as few island communi- protected areas can, and do, fulfil islands, islets and skerries are could be classified as dead. included, of which thé Stock- in - Delirniialion holm archipelago alone there are of aiea Ireated Box l. Rod Daia Boak Sea. -- Botjndaries Environinental Dégradation in thé Baltic some 25, 000 (see Hàgerhàll bôtween countnes Environinental or adminisuaîive areas wilhin Aniansson, 1993). ths Rallie Région Dégradation Major threats B ;SS,dS"w . Inadequately or totally untreated municipal sewage,including in- Thé Baltic Seahas a complex mod- Although island communities dustrial waste water, is released into thé Baltic Sea from thé eastem, ern' history dating backto thé end southern and southwestern parts of thé catehment area. throughout thé Baltic Sea are of- . Thé Baltic Sea receives more than l million tonnes of nitrogen of thé last Ice Age, some 10,000 ;--& ten isolated from many goods and .^ (airbome and waterborne) and aver 50,000 tons of phosphorus per years ago, whenthe Scandinavian es services modem society can offer year (three times more than in thé 1950s). . ice cap started to melt, which pro- IÉ3 r\ its mainland inhabitants, they are . Annual depositof 1,300 tonnes of lead. voked a complex évolution offresh- not isolated from its various nega- * Annual input of 50,000 tonnes of oil. water and marine environments, . 70,000 tonnes of mustard gas and other chemical warfare agents tive impacts. Enormous amounts were dumpedin thé Skagerrak and thé southem Baltic during thé changing coastlines,islands and ofwaste and pollution hâve been, end of thé Second Worid War. SWEDEN ^- ...... -'"' archipelagoes. Thé Baltic Sea is ^ and are still being carried, to thé Exanaples of effects on huinans and on ecosystems still today subject to geological / x Baltic Sea. Thé shores ofits more . Livers of cod and burbot from thé Baltic proper contain such large »s processes,particularly along thé J w5 ! than 100,000 islands, islets and amounts ofPCBs (polychlorinatedbiphenyls) that they are consid- ^^s; Nff ered unfit to eat and are therefore not allowed to be sold (in Sweden Finnish coastline and thé archi- Tallinn ^ / Thé Leningrad skerries receive pollution through -^-J" ^ région ot Russlt at least). pelagos of thé Gulf of Bothnia, ESTONIA thé many large rivers in thé drain- ./-' . Eating large amountsofBaltic Seafish with high fat levels - such as where thé land rises 0.8-1. 0 cm '-^- âge area, which includes parts of herring and salmon résulta in a dioxin intake higher than that out of thé sea annually through considered acceptable for human beings thé long term. /- if<à i. 13 countries with a population of in Riga . Thé threshold level for mercury in fish of mg/kg is exceeded in thé land élévation and sédimentation : gai more than 70 million and which l . r>- --. inner Stockholm archipelago. carried by rivers. It is calculated /' covers an area almost fîve times Cope E ARK . Thé majority female seals are now stérile, probably causedby . ^ J 'y of thèse processes adds some ngtonol that ...û- larger than thé Baltic Sea. Ships PCBs,and sealpopulations are thereforeendangered. Seals are also 1,000 km2 of land per century to . K^l;ni^aj(. K and by air currents carry pollu- suffering from sévèreskin, kidaey, intestinal and skeletondisorders,

thé Finnish territory, with its i.Schwerin also caused PCBs. \ ,> tion too. Historié and présent pol- likely by ç ,..-'-^.. ^'- c-/ . Burbot (Lota Lota) has sufferedsévère reproductive disorders caused 80,000 islands, islets andskerries. ie state of lution loads, which thé island coin- Ehleswlfl-Holstein / \ ^,.. /./ ^J- by chromium in thé northem part of thé Bothnian Bay. ". "". "» Tl-au'rol '\ Mecklenburg. ' munities theinselves can do little Vorpommem . 70,000 km2of thé Baltic seabed is virtually deadbecause of lack of ot Germany about, hâve degraded thé marine oxygen, due to eutrophication. Péter Dogsé is Programme Spe- and coastal environments to such cialist in thé Man and thé Bio- sphèreProgramme, UNESCO Thé Baltic Sea a level that thé Baltic Sea is now Source: Nordic Council of Ministère (1993), Ehlin (1993).

34 s 35 Thé Baltic Sea, Islands and Protected Areas Dossier: Protected Areas

types of particular ecological réserves covering island territory dent in thé case of thé Baltic Sea an important function by pre- importance Baltic région, in thé Baltic: Rùgen Biosphère and calls for a much increased venting excessive unsus- ta thé such as coastalwetlands, dunes Réserve in Germany, and West level of international coopération tainable local resource use Estonian Archipelago Biosphère - beyond thé création of trans- on many islands and in their and archipelagos, should be Réserve in Estonia (see article by boundary protected areas. It is surrounding waters. Envi- identified and protected; 3. TheninestatesaroundtheBal- Kokovkin in this issues). A third therefore welcome that IUCN in- ronmentally sensitive, slow Seashould develop and adopt réserve, thé Archipelago Sea Bio- tends to launch thé Action Plan growing forests on small is- tic a on sphèreRéserve, is under develop- for Protected Areas in Europe with lands, which hâve corne un- legally binding protocol nature conservation to thé Hel- ment in Finland. There are also thé explicit aim ofintegrating pro- der increasing pressure froni sinki Convention; plans to create international, tected areas' policies with non- logging operators that trans- 4. Thé Western countries, inter- trans-boundary biosphère re- traditional parks policies. In thé port logging equipment and national banks and thé Global serves in thé Baltic Sea. first draft of thé Action Plan it is heavy inachinery by boats to Environment Facility (GEF) said, for example, that "Protected even very small islands in should provide économie as- areas will not survive if they are remote archipelagoes, can, sistance - bilatéral and multi- Protected Areas treated as 'islands', set aside from for example, be protected in - to countries society and regarded as places reserved areas. Protected latéral thé with Not Enough économies in transition to iden- apart from surrounding land" areas can also help direct However, believingthat protected (IUCN, 1993). This may be par- infrastructure investments tify, protect, manage and moni- tor those areas identified as areas alone are thé answer to thé ticularly true for protected areas and tourism flows, as well as Baltic's environmental problems which actually happen to be on thé world's largest cruising being of international impor- tance. could be a costly mistake. Fish islands in thé Baltic Sea. ships now sailing between stocks, seal populations or dead Finland and Sweden, away sea bottom not likely be re- from thé most vulnérable will Midnight sun on thé West-Finnish archipelago Local Participation stored by thé establishment of Other Légal and areas. (Photo: P. G. Ayala). protected areas alone, although Econoinic Instruinents Many islands thé Baltic Sea restricted accessto certain island There is actually quite a large that more than 90% of thé pro- Based on several studies on thé in hâve been subject to human influ- and marine areas will undoubt- Protection of thé coast is a key number of coastal, island and ar- tected areas fall into thé less strict functioning and coverageof thé ence during centuries and their edly be bénéficiai and even neces- environmental priority in thé Bal- chipelago protected areas in thé IUCN catégoriesIV (managedna- existing protectedareas, thé Hel- environments are therefore sary in some cases.Thé need to tic, and several countries in thé Baltic Sea, although, due to gener- ture reserve/wildlife sanctuary) sinki Commission (HELCOM), shaped by human présence. Many place protected areas in a wider région hâve therefore régulations ally low degree of protection, their and V (protected landscapes or which is thé body that implements island landscapes are now environmental, économie and po- in place for coastal zoning and effectiveness is often also low. At- seascapes).While less than 4% thé 1974 Convention on thé Pro- that are seen as having high protec- litical context is particularly evi- management which are applied tempts to translate national clas- belongto thé strictest catégories l tection of thé Marine Environ- value hâve evolved, and re- sification Systems (Hàgerhàll (scientific reserve/strict nature re- ment of thé Baltic Sea (Helsinki tion quire, human interaction. It is Aniansson, 1993) into thé IUCN serve) and II (National Park). Convention), adopted, in Febru- Box 2. Général Shore Protection Measures therefore évident that thé suc- catégories ofprotected areas, show ary 1993, a programme for nature cessful management of protected conservation which includes thé Denmark: Fencing, land development - except for farming - stationing establishment ofa Baltic Interna- areas will often dépend on thé of mobile homesand other forma oflandscapealtérations are prohibited active participation of local com- up to 100 m from thé beginning of shorelinevégétation. No altérations tional System of Terrestrial and are allowed in bogs,coastal (sait) meadows,or coastal(sait) marshesor Marine Protected Areas. A draft munities, not only by avoiding en- vironmental harmful activities, dunes. A 3 km wide belt around thé entire Danish coast is judged as list of 62 existing or planned ma- being of national interest as regards landscape,natural and recrea- but by actively pursuing tradi- rine and island protected areas tional values. tional forms land-use. Thé ap- m hâve been identifled for inclusion of Estonia: A 200 wide belt on thé coasts ofislands are excluded from plication thé biosphère réserve exploitation, including buildings. in thé network (IUCN, 1993).Thé of concept (see Priée et al 1993, and Gennany: Building in areasoutside physically planned areasis proposednetwork ofprotected ar- thé article by J. Robertson in this restricted under fédéral législation. No constructionsare generally cas is also endorsed in thé Action allowed ifit can be assumedthat they wUl causeharm to thé coastal or Plan for Profected Areas in Eu- issue) appear therefore to be par- thé marine environment. Lânder législation in Mecklenburg- ticularly relevant in thé contextof rope (drafted by thé World Con- Vorpommernprohibits construction 100-200m from thé water Une. thé Baltic Sea, as it explicitly rec- Various coastalbiotopes are subjectto général protection, such as rocky servation Union, IUCN), which and cliff shores, dunes and mud flats. outlines thé following four prior- ognizes thé need to incorporate thé human and socio-economic Finland: Coastal areas are not subject to any général législation or ity actionsto strengthen thé func- régulation. Right of building is more or less unlimited. In thé autono- dimensions into protected area tioning of protected areas in thé mous provinceofÀland, which has its own Nature ConservationAct, management. also an inter- Baltic Sea(IUCN, 1993): It is there are some restrictions on coastal development and on land owner- l. At its MIinisterial Meeting in esting concept when, as in thé ship by non-locals. Baltic, conservation requires in- Latvia: A 5 km général shore protection zone. March 1994, HELCOM should Lithuania: Several économie activities are restricted in a 3-7 km zone ternational coopération over coun- adopt thé most important 20- along thé coast. try borders. 25 of thé sites proposed for ma- Poland: No général restriction for coastaldevelopment. Sweden: No new buildings are allowed 100 m from thé shoreline, A typical landscapeof thé Baltic islands - Western Estonia rine protected areas; There are already two biosphère althoughin practicemany exemptions are being made. (Photo: T. Kokovkin). 2. Coastal biotopes and nature

36 37 Thé Baltic Sea, Islands and Protected Areas Dossier: Protected Areas also outside protected areas nternational arks: (seeBox 2). Measures to pro- tect spécifie biotopes, such ^ransboundary Coopération between thé as coastal wetlands and shores, can probably in some slands of Corsica and Sardinia cases be more efficient than Alberto Merler protected areas, provided that they are iniplemented correctly, as they cover sen- ardinia and Corsica are two marine boundaries in thé Strait of marine biotype, too. We cannât sitive biotopes in their en- tire distribution. adjoining lands, united by a com- Bonifacio, and thé 1989 Resolu- exclude thé possibility that such mon sea: thé Strait of Bonifacio. tion of thé European. Parliament an important natural area may some day enter transboundary Again, thèse measures will They constitute a System made of on thé "régional problemsof Cor- in sica and Sardinia", which, among coopération relationship thé not be enough to combat two big islands and each ofthem in has some smaller insular forma- environmental dégradation other things, recommend thé de- context of thé planned park of thé Strait of Bonifacio. in thé Baltic. This is also tiens. Just in thé middle of thé velopment of "a policy of promo- Strait ofBonifacio there are other tion of thé économie, cultural and absolutely clear to ail coun- tries in thé région, which islands: Cavallo and Lavezzi, in social exchanges between thé two In this regard, référence can be thé north, and thé coinplex archi- islands" to thé Commission of thé made to thé "Zones Naturelles through HELCOM hâve es- Sailingamong thé Àland islands,West Finland (Photo:P. G. Ayala). tablished thé Baltic Sea pelago of La Maddalena, in thé European Communities. Motions d Intérêt écologique, faunistique south. To thé north-western end and bilatéral agreements between et florestique" (ZNIEFF) and, Joint Comprehensive Envi- Esping, L. E. and G. Grônqvist, of Sardinia there is thé Asinara Corsica and Sardinia followed above ail, on some initiatives of ronmental Action Programme. ing parts of thé activities under 1991. Thé Baltic Sea and thé isle which closes thé sea between thèse résolutions, intensifying thé "Cantonnements inarins". Thé Programme, which is planned thé programme, including setting- Skagerrak,IUCN CNNPA-Net- work of Marine Protected Areas. Sardinia and Corsica on thé west. already existing exchange ar- "Cantonnements de pêche" aiin at to be implemented between 1993- up and managementof protected Swedish Environmental Protec- rangements. constitution temporarily 2012, includes six éléments (Ehlin, areas (DogséP. and von Droste, In this paper we shall briefly ex- thé of tion Agency, 1991. protected areas order to sup- 1993): (a) policies, laws and regu- 1990). aminé thé projects associatedwith in Global Finance, 'Pay as You Go thé setting-up of national, régional Corsica port thé conservation ofsome ma- lation; (b) institutional strength- Green'. Global Finance. European and trans-boundary parks and thé rine biotypes. ening and human resources de- Poland is actually negotiating a Edition. June 1993, p. 76, 1993. velopment; (e) investment activi- debt-for-environment swap, as a Hàgerhâll Aniansson, B. (Ed) marine réserves in insular coasts, Thé régional natural park ofCor- sea and minor islands (other ini- sica was established in 1972, and Thèse temporary restrictions can ties; (d) management programmes component of a debt relief pro- Coastal and Marine ProtectedAr- a last 3 to 5 years and can for coastal lagoons and wetlands; gramme with its creditors, and eas in thé BalticSea Région. 1993. tiatives regarding other protected at présent it covers surface of initially Background Report to thé Semi- 250,000 hectares; about renewed necessary. re- (e) applied research; and (f) public that would générale US$3.1 bil- areas, parks, humid zones etc. that is be if Thé nar on thé Establishment, Protec- one thé whole island. is awareness and environmental lion aver 20 years for various in- already existing or about to be third of It strictions are made by thé State tion and Effective Management of established in other parts of Cor- intended mainly to be a land and (Administration of Marine Affairs) éducation. vestments in conservation, clean Coastal and Marine Protected Ar- sica and Sardinia are not men- has a accordance with thé profes- technologies,energy efficiency and eas in thé Baltic Sea Région. mountain park but it also in marine coastal ontheNorth- It is also clear to ail countries waste minimization (Global Fi- Nykôping, Sweden, 7-11 June, tioned hère). front sional organizations of thé local Western side, including area of fishermen, in order to set a limit concemed that thé reforms needed nance, 1993). This shows thé po- 1993. Worid Wide Fund for Na- an ture WWF. As well-known, Sardinia and in thé eastern, southern and tential ofthis concept. It is also an is IUCN, Protected Areas o thé World. southwestern parts of thé drain- indication on thé extent to which f its minor islands form part of thé AReuiew of National Systems.Vol. co as i ÇA âge area to combat industrial and solutions to environmental prob- Italian Republic, while Corsica is 2. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, part of thé French Republic. Be- municipal pollution will be costly. lems, such as those threatening 1991. Thé Baltic Sea Joint Comprehen- thé welfare ofisland communities IUCN, Action Plan for Protected Ar- cause of thé territorial proximity, thé environmental protective Pro- eas Europe: First Draft - May sive Environmental Action in thé Baltic Sea, are complex and in . 1993. Draft for review by thé measures hâve to be taken with Ifilida gramme is estimated to cost far from insular. ^37L.rn to pay for thé Programme. One ing lecture, Seminar on thé Estab- Paris Convention defining thé thé UNESCO/IUCN San Fran- »^ lishment, Protection and Effective

38 a SL. 39 Transboundary Coopération between Corsica and Sardinia Dossier: Protected Areas to intensive fishing and to allow thé edible species to regain a repopulation rate through natu- rai reproduction.

South ofCorsica, on thé sea facing thé island of Sardinia, thé "cantonnements" of Propriano, Bonifacio and Porto-Vecchio are operating at thé moment. Thé con- stitution of soine small natural réserves to protect notable geo- logical formations as well as to préserveand re-establish animal and végétal speciesand their habi- tats seeins of even greater inter- est. Thé Mediterranean Monk seal, still to be found along thé Two such natural réservations Sardinian Coast (Photo: F. Di Domenico) could be included in thé project for thé park or natural reserva- dangerousmaterials through thé sucha project is thé 1989régional tion of thé Strait ofBonifacio. They Strait. That already operating law number 31 (modified by thé are thé réservation of thé natural réserve is situated exactly 1990régional law number 13)with Cerbicale isles (land réservation in thé middle islands between "Norms for thé establishment and La Maddalena in Sardegna: Testa del Polpo on five small islands close to Porto- Corsica and Sardinia. management of parks, reserva- Vecchio) and, above ail, thé insu- tions and natural monuments, as in June 1992 (following art. 34 of brackish and marine environ- seems to be emerging, especially lar-marine réservation of thé In July 1992,thé Italian Ministry well as areas of particular natu- thé 1991 law number 394) and it ments. with regard to islands and navi- Lavezzi isles situated in thé inter- for thé Environment put marine ralistic and environmental iinpor- includes thé Asinara isle, which gation areas between contiguous médiate sea between Corsica and réserve restrictions aver thé small tance". closes to thé west thé sea looking lands. Thé international agree- Sardinia. island ofBudelli, one of thé most to thé north, towards Corsica. Récent Developments ment was signed by thé repre- northern islands in thé archi- Since we are dealing with marine sentatives of thé French and Ital- Thé natural marine réservation pelagoof La Maddalena,with an réserves, we must refer to thé A separate managing organiza- During thé second half of 1992 iangovernmentsinJanuary 1993. of thé Lavezzi isles was estab- administrative act of its own. It 1992 State law no. 979 containing tion and thé opportunity to estab- and thé beginning of 1993 some With référence to this subject, we lished right in thé Bonifacio Strait was a controversial measure that "provisions for thé defenceof thé lish an independent marine park important developments occurred. must say that thé involvement of in 1982 aver a surface of 5,000 has been opposedby thé popula- sea". Law instruments and plans, are provided for in that part of thé We hâve chosen to classify them régional institutions and of local marine hectares and aver 80 hec- tion of La IVtaddalena because it integrated with thé Corsicanand park in thé Asinara area. This as positive, ainbivalent and nega- populations was not satisfactory; tares of sniall islands (thé island did not take into account thé man- French ones, and with thé EC part of thé park has an area of tive ones to make their descrip- ofCavallo, where an urbanization environment interaction, thé ac- recommendations, are developed, 51.9 Km2 and is 17.4 km long, tion easier. b. Thé development of projects activity exists, is not included). tivities performedby thé popula- combiningnatural, social andcul- with about 100 km. of coast. At aimed at thé création of thé tion and its rôle in preserving tural factors. Thé outcomes will thé moment it hosts a state prison Positive Factors interrégional or international nature. be quite complex since they will and is not therefore affected by park of thé Strait of Bonifacio, INTER-REG Programme hâve to take into account factors thé tourist industry. It is particu- Among thé positive facts we can including thé initiatives already Actually thé measurewas passed at thé municipality level, at thé larly interesting because of thé include: operating or projected in Corsica Thé 1991-1993 INTER-REG Pro- with urgencyto préserve thé natu- régional level, at State level, and development of thé marine park and Sardinia. Thé protocol of thé gram, financed by thé EC, among rai specificity of thé island from at EC level. and of thé connection and integra- a. Actions by fishermen and of thé operating Unes for thé establish- other things, provides for thé es- excessive tourism and from cer- tion with thé planned interna- régional administrations of Cor- ment of thé "International Ma- tablishment ofa park in thé Strait tainbuildingventures. Almost ail Sardinia tional park in thé Strait of sica and Sardinia with regard to rine Park of thé Strait ofBonifacio ofBonifacio. Thé régional govern- thé archipelagoofLa Maddalena Bonifacio - a protected area meant thé international body ofrules in was signed on January luth, 1993 ments of Corsica and Sardinia, was expectedto be protected by Thé national park of thé Gulf of to be integrated with thé socio- order to forbid or restrict thé tran- (on that occasion also thé repre- thé Universities of Corsica and thé establishment of a park or a Orosei, ofthe Gennargentu and of économie tissue of thé Mediterra- sit of oil-tankers and other ships sentatives of thé two régions Sassari, thé Department of South- protected area, allowing preser- thé Asinara isle is another nean. Another spécifie initiative carrying dangerous materials signed thé document along with ern Corsica and thé Provincial vation and normal human activ- Sardinian park containing marine in thé northern part of Sardinia, through thé Strait of Bonifacio, thé ones ofboth nations); government of Sassari are work- ity to co-exist, through différent areas. This can be considered as a which in thé future can be inte- through spécifie requests put for- ing for that purpose. types of protected areas, includ- land-coast-ininorislands-sea con- grated in this trans-boundary re- ward to France, Italy and thé e. Thé progress in thé study of ing regulated areas and areas of tinuum. Thé national park was lationship with Corsica is thé European Cominunity. Thé oil dis- feasibility for thé institution of Another aim of that project is to controlled économie growth. established thanks to an agree- park of Tavolara-Capo Coda aster of thé Shetlands has given a thé park (or protected marine forbid thé transit of oil-tankers ment signed by thé State and thé Cavallo, which contains an inter- new impulse to this attitude. A area) of Tavolara-Capo Coda and of other big ships carrying Thé légal instrument to carry out Autonomous Région of Sardinia esting combination ofterrestrial, new environmentalist attitude Cavallo, between Capo Ceraso

40 s 4l Transboundary Coopération between Corsica and Sardinia Dossier: Protected Areas

(Olbia) and Cala Finocchio (San we can include: purposesand not only for mate- iosphere eserve and evelopnient ptions Teodoro). Thé Italian government rial enrichment,consumption and seems now inclined to activate a. Thé increase in thé function of dévastation). on thé altic sland of iiuinaa thé parks . Feasibility plans in thé Asinara Isle as a prison which this regard hâve been already pre- has been substantially re-con- Thèse attitudes develop in us sented. firmed as a maximum security values that help us share nature, Tooinas Kokovkin j ail for peuplecondemned because that bring us to thé solidarity of d. Thé carrying out of thé first of mafia crimes committed in other common action in a collective international "workshop by thé régions. Such a measure post- safeguardand fruition, that lead Natural and Historical situated in an area of thé Earth's many ofthem growing in thé mar- United Nations University, thé ponesthé restoration of thé island us to join and act in community Background crust uplift: presently this uplift gin of their range of occurrence. University of Sassari and by thé Ministry of Justice and with one another, in order to reach is about 2-3 mm per year. Thé Over 50 rare species are under Co.Ri. Sa. (Sardinia Research Un- makesthé carrying out ofthe park such a target as thé keeping of a Thé location of Hiïumaa in thé highest parts ofHiïumaa emerged protection. In thé forests there ion) for thé constitution inSassari that regards thé island as totally natural park. Baltic Sea and thé spécial fea- aver thé sealevel about 8500 years live aver 500 elks, aver 500 red of a study and research program iinpractical in a short period; tures ofits nature certainly influ- ago. deer, nearly 700 roe deer and 700 about thé sea and with an initial Thé establishment and manage- ence thé econoniic developinent of wild boars. There are also foxes, target specifically referring to b. Thé military opération called ment of a marine park requires a thé island. Hiiumaa is situated in Hiiumaa is situated in an area lynxes, raccoon dogs and martens. inarine parks. "Forza Paris" (meaning "corne on, strong intégration amongfactors thé eastern part of thé Baltic Sea, where there is a transition from Thé bird fauna of thé islands is ail together";it was thé war-cry of and différent scientific points of thé shortest distance from thé Es- temperate needle-leaf to also worth mentioning. Among Ambivalent Factors thé Sardinian soldiers during view, overcomingsea/land, coast/ tonian mairiland is 22 km. Thé broad-leafforests. Thus, thé land- nesting or migrating birds one World War l and at présent it is inland, surface/depth, national Swedish coast lies about 250 km scapecontainspineforests, mixed can see black storks, golden ea- Among thé ambivalent develop- thé salutation of thé Sardinian sea/international sea etc. dichoto- to thé west, and thé Finn- ments, we can include: Party). This opération was car- mies. ish coast is about 120 km ried out by thé Ministry of De- to thé north. a. Légal limits put by thé Italian fence that detached some mili- Thé transboundary coopération Government on Budelli, a small tary corps for a summer training between Corsica and Sardinia for Thé coastal sea around island in thé Archipelago of La camp, in several areas of central thé establishment and thé putting Hiiumaa is shallow and Maddalena. It is a hasty and con- Sardinia, mainly in thé area al- into action of thé international full ofshallows. There are tradictory measure, aiming at pro- ready definedfor thé constitution park (or natural réserves)of thé about 200 small islands tecting but lacking a wider view of thé Park ofGennargentu. Such Strait ofBonifacio has to be viewed and partly exposed reefs that would permit a prudent use a measure could générale mis- within this context. In this way around thé island. of thé law itself. It also lacks thé trust in thé Government's ability marine parks, more than any other consent and participation of thé to be a goodfuture managerof thé place, can be considered as privi- Thé area of Hiiumaa is local population rendering it in- National Park. leged sites for trying out meas- about 1000 km2. Thé coast- capable of coordinating such a ures of protection and promotion line is 325 km long and is limited measure regarding a lim- of sound environmental manage- not indented by many ited area, within a wider terri- Conclusion ment, in combination with socio- coves or inlets. Thé high- tory; économie and cultural forms, est point ofHiïumaa (68 m Separatingphysical-naturalspace which can be proposed for other above sea level) at Kôpu is b. A certain involvement by thé from a human-social and cultural contexts and human aggregations. also thé highest spot in régionalinstitutions in certain de- one is a difficult opération as thé West Estonia. Thé relief of cisions (for instance thé ones as- space has actually been urban- Such experiments can be made thé island is generally sociatedwith thé protocolfor thé ized even if in différent ways and available to a wider population rather flat, but there are establishment of thé Park of thé with différent intensity. Thé local including scientists and tourists, some steep hills. Strait ofBonifacio), with an atti- inhabitants and their cultures are in order to render thepark more tude working against thé effec- actually inside thé parks and can enjoyableand to promotethé idea Thé bedrockofHiiumaa is Traditional log housewith thatched roof in Hiiumaa (Photo:T. Kokovkin) tive involveinent of thé local be their main active protectors of thé park itself. Ail this would formed of limestone. At populations in thé décisions that andkeepers. Whatis to bechanged contribute to more respect for thé some places thé limestone is near spruce and deciduous forests, gles, crânes, avocets,swans and should be socially shared. In fact, in their attitude as well as in visi- environment and for life in gen- thé surface, but mostly it is cov- swampy thickets and juniper others. Important routes of mi- thé régional Authorities use their tors' relates to a change in life eral. This type of "pédagogie en- ered by a 20 meter layer of sandy shrubberies, coastal meadows and grating birds go aver Hiiumaa. général political délégation but styles (our way ofliving, ofthink- joyment" is useful both for thé or loamy sédiments. Thé island is dunes, peat moors and bogs. Most There are halting and feeding they do not provide for spécifie ing, ofconsumingresources):this countries with thé highest eco- peculiar are thé alvar forests places for birds, thé best known of consultations on that matter and means a non-wasting behaviour, nomicgrowth which hâve already (spruce, pine or birch forests on them is Kàina bay. Flocks ofringed do not create any adéquate com- an attitude of respect toward what exploited to a very large extent Toomas Kokovkin is director of thé limestone plains with thin soils). seal and gray seal gather in thé munication instrument, either. nature offers and men transform. thé naturalcapacityoftheirter- Biosphère Réserve Centre, in K&rdia, Thé wild life of Hiïumaa is re- coastal waters ofHiiumaa. This is ritory, and for those that still hâve Hiiiimaa, Estonia. Thé author would markable because of its large rarely seenanywhere Bal- like to acknowledge thé assistance of in thé Négative Factors It implies also alternative forms gréât environmental réserves. BIiss Eue Mâe in thé translation of number ofspecies. In thé rich flora tic Sea. in thé manner in which we behave this article and ofMr. Douglas Wells of Hiiumaa one can find about Amongthe négative developments and use our time (for a variety of who revised thé English version. 1000 species of higher plants, Supplies of ground water are a

42 s .s 43 Dossier: Protected Areas Biosphère Réserve and Development on thé Baltic Island of Hiiumaa resource that sets lim- graphically to thé Palearctic its to thé économie Boreonemoral province. Thé is- 0 lands hâve been thé abjects of growth of Hiiumaa. 0-0& Though thé présent scientific interest for nearly two consumption is in no hundred years. Because of this, danger for thèse sup- there exists an extensive data base plies as a whole, thé for further research and monitor- situation is critical ing. Thé Biosphère Réserve is around thé bigger set- spread on 1.5 million hectares. tlements. Thé quality Islands make up 404,000 hectares of ground water is at and thé sea about 1,115,000 hec- risk, as thé water veins tares. Thé bigger islands are are not sufficiently E D ^-Hiiumaa^l Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Muhu and protected against ; ^y"i^"^_v^ Vormsi. Besides thèse islands, waste water leaks. A there are hundreds of smaller is- ï Ç^ESTONIA spécial water resource Çf ^) F lets. This immense territory occu- is thé météorite crater pies parts ofthree administrative each one at Kàrdla where inin- 0 districts, and of them eralwateris produced. has a Centre for thé Biosphère Réserve. With regards to natu- rai resources, one . ^_î>7 Q^-^4- -_ - Thé island of Hiiumaa and thé should mention thé °°v surrounding islets constitute thé mud in Kàina bay. Thé Location of thé island of Hiiumaa in thé Baltic Sea north-western part of thé Bio- condition of this sphère Réserve. high-quality therapeutic mud is ment and an artificial silk fac- number of areas, that formerly considered to be stable, but con- tory. After World War II however, were under thé control of thé state. In thé following paragraphs we tinued eutrophication of Kàina thé main industries were based shall give an overview of thé de- bay can be a danger for thé mud onlarge-scaleagriculture andfish- One more area of changes relates velopment probleins of thé island régénération process. mg. to private enterprise and prop- and its society as seen froin thé erty. At first commerceand tour- Hiiumaa Centre for thé Biosphère Among thé Estonian counties, Thé rapid changesin Europe and ism, then small-scale manufac- Réserve. Most probably person- Hiiumaa is thé richest in forest - Russia cast thé society of thé is- turing and farming start func- nel of thé other inhabited large about 70% of thé area of thé island land into a new geopolitical situa- tioning under a new économie sys- Biosphère Réserves face similar is covered by forest. There are tion, unique to thé last three gen- tem ofmarket economy. A number problems. large marsh areasin thé middle of erations of islanders, who hâve ofstate-owned enterprises change thé island covering about 7% ofits lived under Soviet power. During into joint-stock companies. Thé As it is stated in thé Statute of thé area. Cultivated land and settle- thé last fifty years, Hiiumaa lay changes in thé land ownership West-Estonian Archipelago Bio- ments take about 23% of thé area justbehindthe "iron curtain", hav- are of cardinal importance. In sphère Réserve, it has three inain of thé island. ing been virtually closedto visi- principle ail thé lands expropri- functions: tors from outside. In a way, thé ated in 1940 by thé Soviet state l. A conservation function, aiined Due to its position in thé Baltic seawas thé edgeof thé world and are to be returned to heirs. at protection ofboth unique and Thé lighthouse at Kôpou, built in thé 16th century, sea, Hiiuniaa has a varied his- thé only direction to move was typical ecosysteins of thé is a symbol of Hiiumaa (Photo: T. Kokoukin) tory. Starting with Neolithic set- eastward. In thé newly independ- This is, in brief, thé background, boreonemoral islands. tlements on thé Kàpu peninsula, ent Estonia, thé island ofHiiumaa on which thé Biosphère Réserve 2. A scientific function, to carry resent local species and ecosys- hâve a spécial way of thinking. man has changea thé landscapes is turning its faceto thé west, and of thé West-Estonian Archipelago out thé studies of dynamic tems. Thé islanders approach thé atti- of thé island for five thousand thé sea is becoming a connecter, started its activities on Hiiumaa. nature-man interrelations and tudes and values which are recog- years. Thé main occupation of thé instead of separator. In future, to participate in thé interna- In thé conservative islanders so- nized on thé inainland froin their islanders has always been work- thé Baltic sea may again become tional monitoring network. cietiesit is particularly difficult to own angle. ing at sea and in thé fields. Be- thé northern Mediterranean. If Thé Biosphère Réserve 3. A development function to pro- put into practice any new ideas sides thèse occupations, thé peo- this happens, thé island of vide régional planning, resource from thé outside. Thé biosphère Thé following key words and vi- sions describe thé islanders' view pie of Hiïumaa hâve also been Hiiumaa will hâve an advanta- Thé Biosphère Réserve was set in management, local participa- réserve is one ofthose. life. Thé central notion thé busy with tar-making, lime- geous location. motion in 1990 after completion tion and ecological éducation. of is burning, sait- working, building of thé preparatory studies,accom- There are nearly forty core ar- "own island". This notion includes division world sea and carpentry. During last few Thé internai changes in thé is- plishment of thé provisory zona- eas on Hiiumaa, where human Local Society thé of thé into centuries on thé island there has landers' society are very drastic. tion and approval of thé concept activities are restricted. Thèse and land. Within thé latter, a dis- tinction is made between Hiïumaa been a glass-foundry, a cloth fac- Thé local communities regains thé in UNESCO. Thé West-Estonian areas were selected both as People from thé mainland tend to tory manufacturing establish- power to make décisions in a Archipelago belongs bio-geo- unique and typical ones, to rep- allège that thé people ofHiïumaa and thé mainland.

44 s 45 Biosphère Réserve and Development on thé Baltic Island of Hiiumaa Dossier: Protected Areas

Thé sea is a controversial notion. sure time is a very important thing Where are we Today? vironmental restrictions. l. Attempts hâve been made to chosen as an initiator for thé is- On one hand it means width, for thé islander. One could say explain thé need to develop land s development on thé basis of boundless opportunities, freedom, that work is not a means of get- For some décades,thé agriculture Wind as a renewable energy re- certain branches and to find thé following arguments: food. On thé other hand, thé sea is ting rich or making a living. Work of thé island was gearedtowards source is also discussed from time new contexts and fields of ac- - this alternative gives an oppor- danger, isolation, hindrance. Bal- is necessaryjust becauseleisure producing méat for thé Russian to time on thé island. At présent, tivity. This does not meanjust tunity to choosean appropriate ancing thèse two visions for hun- time would not exist without it. In industrial régions. Large amounts fuel priées are extremelyhigh and measures to let thé présent market dreds ofyears, thé islanders hâve thé leisure time peoplecreate and of fodder were brought in. This that raises interest in wind en- activities survive, butincludes - local production need not be developed a marked sensé ofinsu- form their homes and provide food practice had already endangered ergy, especially for heating. programmes introducing new taken to foreign markets. Thé larity. Human society is very dis- for their familles. ground water, since it is extremely possibilities which are based market itself will corne to thé tinctly divided into own people difficult to avoid agricultural pol- Presently, thé ideas and opinions on thé existing economy and island and strangers, just as thé coast Mainly in his leisure time thé is- lution on fîssured limestones. about localresource management resources; - thé investinents will pay off in Une divides thé world into sea and lander gets his self-realization There is a new tendency towards and, more widely, about thé is- 2. Thé prospects hâve been stud- a short time land. that can be called "existing". Thé smaller farms. Thèse farms are lands development seem to be ied in a broader context of thé - thé model is ecologically clean peopleofHiiumaa arenot inclined more oriented to local resources similar in thé islanders' society developmentofthe society, tak- and matches thé idea of sus- Thé sea has taught thé people of to strive for thé future. They value with (very likely) smaller pres- and in thé Centre for thé Bio- ing into account changes oc- tainable development which is Hiiumaa to be patient and delib- thé présent. This is a peculiar sure on thé environment. sphère Réserve. But, a divergence curring in thé world, new atti- thé ideological basis ofHiïumaa erate. Any innovation is accepted conservatism ofthis people: they in attitudes towards this question tudes of consumers and cur- as thé Biosphère Réserve. only ifit can work. But one cannot dream ofhow life could be. Thèse Nearly ail thé fishing boats were could easily arise. rent market relations; - tourism is a starting point and know this beforehand. "We'll wait dreams would be realised if life forcibly destroyedduring thé So- 3. Natural advantages and spe- will not necessarily remain thé and see," says an islander. "No itselfbrings up thé changes. But viet occupation, and fishermen Thé reason for this is that thé cific features which give a cer- basic branch of economy. Thé hurry, says another. anybodywho tries to changelife were separated from thé sea by Hiiumaa's society and economy is tain superiority over possible infrastructure built up by thé by his own rational activity gets barbed wire! This was followed by in many aspects at a starting point rivais hâve been taken into investments can be developed On one side of thé sea lies thé tired soon, because changing thé establishment of a fleet that in history. For several décades account; in very différent directions in island. Hère thé priority in thé Hiiumaa is like running in a could catch fish even far out into thé island was preserved as re- 4. Thé whole plan is based on thé thé future. islander's mind belongs to his marsh. thé océan, and thé local tradition stricted border zone of a gréât principles of sustainable de- home. Thé notion "home" includes based on seaside villages was al- power, but now new prospects for velopment according to thé How is thé model going to work? thé notions "family" and "own Thé islander lives hère and now mostdemolished. Inthenewsitu- rapid development are opening. ambitions of thé Biosphère Thé first requirement is a consid- house". and "as it always has been". That ation, thé revival of coastal fish- For Hiïumaa, examples of effec- Réserve and thé need to pro- érable increase of thé number of is why thé idea ofdevelopment for ing will be an essential part of thé tive economyare seenin thé neigh- tect thé fragile local culture; tourists. How could this be Outside thé family is thé commu- Hiïumaa is a pointless exercise. traditional nature use patterns. bouring islands of Sweden and 5. Thé fact that thé island con- achieved? First of ail, Hiiumaa nity. Hère an important notion There may be some point in thé Finland. Attaining thé lifestyle of sists of intégral parts has been must be made attractive to visi- for thé islander is "equality". Thé concept of'existing", but this has Currently, thé forests on thé is- thèse neighbours will be an objec- taken into considération. tors. Investment must be carried members of thé coinniunity must already been done by thé island- land are managed properly, wood tive in thé coming years. That is out first for this purpose: we must be equal. It is not difficult to guar- ers themselves by living on this cutting and régénération of for- why thé development of thé is- Hiiumaa has a number of re- invest in cultural events that antee that, because social control island for thousands of years. ests are under responsible super- land is commonly understood on sources which could faveur devel- would help to create an attractive works very well in closed socie- vision. But thé wood is mostly Hiiumaa as economical growth. opment. Thèse include: image of thé island. Thé history ties. exported from thé island for use - géographie location and thé culture of thé island pro- Development Concept in thé paper industry. As a local Thé Centre for thé Biosphère Re- - relatively clean environment vide excellent opportunities for Thé notion of "own people" does resource, forests provide at least serve believes that thé only way - natural resources that. This would be a very good not necessarily mean a positive Thé need for a development con- two unused possibilities. First, to to reach thé level of thé more de- - thé existence of rare plants and initial investment, as thé costs attitude. People are very nice and cept was recognized when a revivify thé professions ofcarpen- veloped Baltic islands is to make surface features will not be very high and will helpful towards strangers, be- number of active persans on ter, builder, and boatwright, for- a short-cut using thé sustainable - novelty make it possible to more efficiently cause thé laws of thé sea are ap- Hiïumaa observedradical changes merly so common on thé island. development. To accomplish this, - interesting history and culture use existing facilities. In addi- plied hère. There are no bounda- in thé environmental conditions Second, to use effectively thé our goal should not be thé which makes it possible to cre- tion, by arranging appropriate cul- ries at sea. But they are more aflFectingtheprésent situation and biomass of low-quality wood as present-day state of thé developed ate an attractive image tural events it would be possible critical and less tolérant towards thé future of thé island. renewable energy or chemical re- countries, but their state perhaps - thé existence of tourist compa- to prolong thé tourist season. their own people where thé laws source. twenty years later. To put it figu- mes of land are applied. Thé land is Fourteen persanswere included ratively, with ourhorse we should - low crime rate Harbours should be thé second very distinctly divided. in thé team working on this devel- New entrepreneurs are consider- not pursue thé train but should target for investment. By build- opment concept, among them pro- ing sonae other local resources. ride directly to thé station where ing good harbours for yachts and Thé people ofHiiumaa need work. fessionals from thé Hiiumaa For example, clay for ceramics or thé train arrives in some hours. Future Based on Tourisin bigger vessels a considérable in- They are very willing to be em- County Government and munici- limestone and sand for building crease in thé number ofvisitors is ployees. There can be several rea- pal governments, thé Hiiumaa blocks. There are remarkable re- Thé Development Concept for After considering thé différent possible. Thé increase would be sons for this. First, property has Centre for thé Biosphère Réserve, serves of therapeutic mud on Hiiumaa was published in June development alternatives, thé achieved initially by yachts and never been a sound source of in- and thé Research and Education Hiiumaa, which could be used as 1993 (edited by Kàrdla). Thé au- team selected thé model initiated cruise ships, but later by opening corne on Hiiumaa. People were Centre ofHiiumaa. Thé team was a basis for health resorts. How- thors of this future concept hâve by tourism (drawn up by Ivo new regular ferry Unes. Thé in- regularly looking for a job at sea instructed by experts from thé ever utilisation of thé above- been working on thé basis of fol- Eesmaa, inTheDeuelopmentCon- vestment would be large, but with or on thé mainland. Second, lei- consulting firm EKE-ARIKO. mentioned resourees has some en- lowing principles: cept for Hiiumaa. Tourism was a élever strategy it should give

46 s 47 ^ Biosphère Réserve and Development on thé Baltic Island of Hiiumaa

quite rapid results. Thé whole island: - a positive impact on develop- a better infrastructure (harbour ment in many différent Thé third target should be mar- facilities, communications, branches; res- keting. It will work best if there roads, accommodation and - possibility to choose an attrac- are concrètestratégie and tactical taurants); tive market; - a more efficient use of local plans and good coopération be- - tourism will not necessarily re- tween ail thé interested parties. naturalresources; main thé basic branch in thé NSU A's uest - rapid publicity aver a larger future, but will work as a devel- What will we get by investing in area which makes it easier to opment stimulus. tourism? Because every tourist fîght for a market share. needs several kinds of services Thé risks connected with thé (transportation, accommodation, Local municipalities: modelare: . nterview with ex i ettleford, food, activities, shops), tourism - opportunitiestosolveanumber - unregulated tourism becomes will immediately increase thé of social problems (first of ail a threat for thé natural envi- ainaican Artist prospects for development in thèse unemployment)and to increase ronment of thé island; fields. This development will cre- tax revenue. - pressure on thé unique culture ate a demand for a number of of Hiiumaa; For Jainaican artist and po- products, which in turn will hâve Companies: - thé crime rate will increase, litical thinker, Rex Nettleford, an impact on thé growth oflocal thé return in thé services sec- thé traditional quiet lifestyle islands hâve far broader hori- industry. In this way there is no tor will increase considerably; on thé island will be in danger. zons than their mainland need to spend a lot ofmoney look- - there will be a broader market counterparts. ing for markets. Thé market will for local products. What has ail this got to do with "corne home to you" and thé devel- island biosphère Réserves?One Island societies offer a cultural opment of différent branches will Individuals: of thé main objectives ofsuch re- crossroads. thé create new jobs. This in turn will - betteropportunitiesforemploy- serves is to serve as a inodel of You dont find give an opportunity for thé educa- ment in companiesand for in- effective links between conserva- 'fortress mentality' that often ex- tion institutions, and so on. There dépendent entrepreneur; tion and development,where fit- ists in big metropolises. Islanders will be a multiplier effect which - opportunities to get extra in- ting thé needsof society into thé are more open to outside influ- will start thé économie develop- corne from real property (land, potentials of nature become es- ences that are absorbed and re- ment of thé island. buildings, machines). sential. Islands, sinall and ineas- gurgitated as something entirely urable, are thé niost appropriate new". Thé conséquences of this process Thé strong sidesof thé model are: régions for studies in creating a can be evaluated from several as- - efficiency ofinvestments; harmonious relationship between Essayist, editor, dancer, choreog- pects, as follows: - ecological cleanness; man and nature. rapher and educator, Rex Nettleford provides thé perfect

^» Continued from page 16 Références example ofthis "somethingnew" - Cartledge, B. (éd.), Monitoring thé En- thé fruit of 500 years of "cross- Committee. However, there is a necessaryaspect for thé survival vironment. Oxford, Oxford Univer- fertilisation" of a myriad of peo- of islands in général. sity Press, 1992. général consensus that a system- von Droste, Bemd, Dana Silk and pies and cultures that hâve trans- atic approach to monitoring is re- Mechtild Rôssler, "Tourism, mitted or settled thé islands of thé An effective use of thé World Her- quired, and that currently sev- World Héritage and Sustainable Caribbean. eral différent approaches being itage Convention together with Development," in Industry and En- other international and national vironment, Vol. 15, December 1992, used. There is a need to develop a pp. 6-8. instruments could achieve thé Nettleford, "somewherein his late flexible standardized approach Gourmelon, F. and L. Brigand (eds.), which would meet thé need ofboth important taskofmonitoring both Territoires et sociétés insulaires. 50s", describeshimselfas an "Afro- thé cultural and natural proper- Colloquesinternational, Brest 15-17 Saxon", which he explains is "a thé cultural and natural aspects Novembre 1989. (Collection ties. self-deprecatory way ofsaying we of thé Convention. Recherches Environment 36) Oison, S. L., "Extinction on Islands: arenotoneortheother". Brought Monitoring as a continuous proc- Thé states parties are therefore Man as a Catastrophe," in Conser- up in rural Jamaica, he has de- ess has to involve States Parties, asked to use thé World Héritage vationforthe Twenty-First Century, voted his career to promoting cul- éd. by D. Western and M. Pearl, national experts and site manag- System with its partners and ad- Oxford: Oxford University Press tural development and identity ers. In thé case of islands thé visory bodies, thé World Conser- 1992, 50-53. as an essential part of econoinic monitoring of thé sites has, in vation Union (IUCN) and thé In- Seager, J. (éd.), Der Okoatlas, Bonn: Dietz, 1993. and political development in thé aspects ternational Council for Monu- particular, to take other World Héritage Newsletter, Paris: Caribbean. than site spécifie ones into consid- ments and Sites (ICOMOS) as a UNESCO Worid Héritage Centre. eration: monitoring thé océans tool to protect sites ofexceptional (1993ff) "People wïll say that l hâve done (Woods, 1992) for example, is a universal value. Woods, J. ,"Monitoringthe Océans",in Photo Michel-Claude, UNESCO Cartledge, 1992. many things, but thèse are ail

48 s 49 ?\ INSULA's Guest manifestations ofa direction that strength rather than a sign of result of pressure caused by lim- l hâvealways followed,that being cultural fragility. ited space, or a history ofoppres- empowerment of thé 'people from sion. below , as writer GeorgeLamming "Island peoples hâve an incred- puts it". ible interest in 'elsewhere', possi- Whatever thé answer, thé result is bly thé result ofa need to escape a that people hâve fallen back on sensé of physical confinement. what they hâve most control over e s at o OfPoliticsandArt Consequentlythey hâve an extraor- themselues". dinary capacity of change and A former Rhodes Scholar, he has adaptation . Thèse talents, he concèdes, may thus combined political philoso- also be influenced by a différent ...ic odùs, ic altus phy and thé arts aver thé years, Examples, he says, can be found notion of tiine that tends to pre- Marco Tainorri and Susanna Fioretti becoming Professor of Continu- right throughout thé Caribbean. vail in island societies. "We do ing Studies at thé University of "Ifyou look at music we hâve ca- not, forexample spend three hours n thé Roman forums, an Athe- cause ail thé other beautiful is- rejected Rhodes right from thé thé West Indies ofwhich he is also lypso, zouk and reggae,ail ofwhich a day on a train commuting to and nian athlète bragged about an lands we hâve visited were not start, just for this reason. Pro-Vice-Chancellor, and found- hâve had strong séminal influ- from work ". But what ifthose three exceptional jump that he claimed suitable to our project. One had a ing not only thé Trade Union Edu- ences from other cultures but are hours are used to watch imported to hâve donc during thé Rhodes crystal sea but it was arid and We went to Rhodes by chance de- - cation Institute ofwhich he is still now distinctly Caribbean. It s thé télévision progranimes? games. Thé feat he kept on bare; another was literally in- and in spite of thé fascination of Director, but also thé much ac- same for religion with Jamaican scribing was so exaggeratedthat vaded by tourist facilities, and so thé ancient town overlooking thé thé Romans,a pragmatic people, sea - thé loud noise and thé crowds claimed National Dance Théâtre Revivalism, Santeria, Pukka- When we speak of cultural pen- on. at last addressed him with a Company Jamaica. im- mania - a form ancestor wor- etration, my attitude let thé of His of is sentence that Cicero handed pressive list ofdirectorships, mem- ship with Congolese origins - winds of change come. Let's not downto posterity: Hic Rodus, berships and consultancies also Shango in Trinidad, and in Haïti, use our energy to keep things oui. hic saltus" ("There'sRhodes, includes thé positions ofCultural Voodoo,, which originates in thé Thé arts hâve grown enormously there's thé jump"). This es- Advisor to thé Jamaican govern- ancien! African kingdom ofDaho- in Jamaica since thé arrivai of say is thé story of another T ^ ^'-'"' ment, ILO expert monitoring sanc- mey. And ail this against aback- satellite télévision. Thé key is al- "jump": thé one that we too tions and other actions against ground ofChristianity . ternatives. If you hâve alterna- would like to do on thé island "l"». ' ' .. /--- apartheid, founding Governor of tives, such as good, home-grown, of Rhodes. We set our hopes ^ ^-'. 'r thé Ottawa-based International Another characteristic of thèse organic art, you can use technol- on doing something as ex- '. '( ri Development Research Centre societies says thé Jamaican pro- ogy in a very interesting way. ceptional as thé jump thé and member of UNESCO's Ex- fessor, is tremendous creativity. athlète claimed to hâve done, 'S.il.n.ll.raki but so concrète that thé re- g^Lfrtinot ecutive Board. "In this respect thé modem Carib- "Also, we are building our tradi- sults will be demonstrable bean is more Uke thé ancient Greece tions now - traditions rooted in and useful to thé Commu- ^ ^-:i ^U5'm Skbr^ <* He has also authored several ofHomer than modem Europe". thatprocess set in motion SOOyears nity. books on Caribbean culture and ago and which has seen thé ;-^'^r:%K1^

' o cT'-' ' e^r ^^' social change, in which he reveals Thé English speaking Caribbean, creolisation f thé Americas. We We had a dream to find a 1>^E'^-. ÎV^ thé influence of thé vast social for example, has produced two hâve ail changea and it is counter spot of fertile land in a Greek movements of thé 60s and 70s on Nobel lauréates this century productive to cling to old Europe ^?.^ -^\"s'v A'Ç-< ^ island, in order to carry out a - ^<.^- . Rhodci his thinking. He admits his ap- (Derrek Walcott, Literature, and or old Africa or even thé Aztec project. Thé place should be C.Tlini'B» ÎÏK'MUtlll F .. [Kârpiilht proach has not really mellowed Sir Arthur Lewis, Economies), and civilisations. As thé Jamaican rich in flora and fauna, bor- Crète since, but adds with a smile that writers like V.S. Naipaul, Wilson poet-playwright Dennis Scott, de- dering on to a "clean" sea, safe from certain horrors "there is nothing more obscène Harris, Kamau Braithwaite, clares in hispoem 'Homecoming': Location map of Rhodes. typical ofour civilization and than a wrinkled revolutionary". Louise Bennett and George Lam- It is time to plant near a little village where ming. Thé Franco- phone commu- feet in our earth. Thé heart's people still live in a human di- that filled thé town led us to de- Contrary to thé beliefthat island nityincludes suchwordsmiths and métronome insists on this arc of Rhodes, with a splendid past, rich mension. cide to set out again after a quick thinkers as Aime Cesaire, islands in history and culture, is a remote societies are better able to pre- tour. Later we visited thé west serve cultural identifies because Edouard Glissant and Frantz as home". strip ofGreece facing Turkey and We spent ail our free time on thé thé East. It is endowed with natu- coast, less frequented because of of their relative isolation, Fanon. pursuit ofthis dream and this led rai beauties and seemsto be gifted thé bad roads and thé fury of thé Nettleford is convinced that this us to Rhodes. Why Rhodes? Be- with thé most varied flora in thé wind blowing hard for thé most very characteristicpushes island- Liinited Space or Mediterranean area. Unfortu- part of thé year. We started look- This interview w as given to Sue ers outwards in search ofbroader Oppression? Dr. Marco Tamorri is a neuro- ing around gréât interest. Williams. It is being printed hère nately, thé north side of this is- with horizons, thus keeping cultural surgeon from Rome and Ms. We were expecting to see cément with thé kind permission of Susanna Fioretti is Dr. Tamorri's land has been ruined by UNESCO Sources No. 42 (Novem- monsters everywhere, sud- identity in a state of change and "Thé list is impressiue. Im not wife. They are both members of mass-tourism and uncontrolled but ber 1992) eyes green growth - something he seesas a sure though whether this is thé Insula. use of cément. Originally we had denly our met thé of

50 : s a 51 Hic Rodus, Hic Saltus Islanders at Work thé trees, thé blue of thé sea in thé sports and cultural compétitions. will include thé urgent preserva- lowed. Construction of new est héritage. And that will enable creasing; thé under-employment distance, thé cliffs and a An intégral part of thèse courses tion of this area, in order to save buildings, respectingtraditional people to find work in thé sectors in thé agricultural and forestry snow-white little village. We will be thé knowledge of thé cus- natural habitats, by now perhaps architectural style is also al- of forest and agricultural protec- sector has led to thé impossibility found ourselves in a thick wood. toms of thé area. Local farmers thé only ones still available in lowed. Agricultural and rural tion as well as in tourist- recrea- of preventing thé fréquent dam- and beekeeperswill also be en- Rhodes. Thèse include thé Medi- jobs will continue, side by side tional activities. A really inodern âges caused by peoplé and natu- After a few more miles, we unex- gagedas teachers.Young people terranean fixed dunes of thé re-launching of handicraft concept oftourism is indeed com- rai dévastation (as for example pectedly discovered thé place of will learn about thé ecological bal- Crucianellum maritimae, with productionand qualitytourism). patible with to thé above. Quality thé big fire in 1992). In a short our "jump". Thé place where - with ance, which they will be able to coastaljunipers and peculiarities tourism involving hospitality of- time, and in thé absence of ad- God'shelp - THILIA' is to be born practise in everyday life. They will of thé Mediterranean maquis, This would be similar to and grow. also hâve direct expérience on di- which are extremely important what is being proposed dactic/demonstrative ecological for thé whole island, for Greece byUNESCO'sBiosphère PHILIA (in Greek friendship) is System (bicycle wheel generator, and for thé EC. réserves System. our own project for thé setting of solar shower, and so on). (l) a sumnier school for envi- A serions détérioration of thèse Thèse measures are not ronmental éducation of EC teen- We will be able to carry out this habitats is in fact predictable in a intended to isolate thé agers and (2) an ecological farm project thanks to thé collabora- very short time, due to careless- area concerned. They with training courses for farmers tion of thé University of thé ness and man-made pressures. aim instead at preserv- to grow agricultural lands and Aegean (Professer Nikos Thé sole remedy is thé setting up ing a "treasure" and cre- exploit natural resources with re- IVtargaris)and thé University of of a spécial area to be preserved, ating in that place a sys- spect for thé environment. Parma (Professor Orazio Rossi), and organized into: tem which sets an exam- and INSULA - International Sci- - an intégral réserve, where thé pie of development for Thèse two facilities will be based entific Council for Island Devel- environment is totally pre- small Mediterranean is- on thé use of aeolic/solar energy opment (Dr. Piero d'Ayala) to- served; lands. and alternative technologies. They gether with local authorities, in- - a général oriented réserve, will be supported by a centre of habitants and some environmen- where it is forbidden to erect We hâve dealt with this ecological studies and initiatives, talist organizations support. new buildings and to change issue in our wider project which will provide for thé collect- thé territories, but building thé named RHODES 2000 ing and releasing of data about Thé Universities' collaboration necessaryinfrastructure, equip- with respect to thé south- experiments, research and inno- will be also ofprimary importance ment and services to manage west area of Rhodes, and vations concerning environmen- for working out a map of thé area parks, muséums, teaching struc- particularly thé territo- tal affairs. (soil and subsoil, water, climatic tures, information offices, etc. is ries of Apolakia. This Zefiros Beach, North-East Rhodes - Thé fruit ofwrong conditions, ecosystems,naturalre- allowed; and area is not only almost development {Photo: Tamorri and Fioretti ) Thé first stage of thé project will sources and so on). It will help to - a protection area, where inhab- untouched from a natu- be thé construction - respecting formulate a feasibility plan which ited places re-utilization is al- rai point ofview. It is essentially fered in local houses and small equate inanagement ofrenewable thé character of thé based on agriculture (favoured by characteristic buildings (with thé sources ofpower, it will be neces- surrounding nature government works in thé sector of active involvement of female ru- sary to develop new industrial sys- and local architectural agricultural hydraulics and rural rai population), or a certain type tems (thermo-electrical power traditions - of a build- resetting) and for this reason we of nature-camps - supported by plants and turbo-gas) with fur- ing with agricultural think it is thé idéal place for pro- préservation of thé landscape and ther négative impacts on thé envi- annexes a guest- moting management of agricul- re-launching of handicrafts - can ronment. There is not need to be a house, a laboratory, a tural lands in a way which is com- offer a good chance for économie prophet to foresee thé conse- little church and a patible with environmental pro- growth without harmful effects. quences of this kind of develop- windmill. This com- tection, and for safeguarding natu- ment. Rhodes is like a cow: they plex, furnished with rai resources and biological vari- Thé présent situation of thé former milk her but they do not feed her, aeolian and solar en- ety. "island of rosés" is not very rosy. or they feed her badly. Rhodes ergy and a biological Mass-tourism has given rise to was so fertile that it used to ex- depurator, will accom- We believe that thé example of gréât material wealth but at thé port fruit and vegetables now it modate in summer our little ecological farm - and thé sametimeisusheredinthe death has to import them. (free in some cases) coopération of thé PHILIA study or thé détérioration of important groups of teenagers centre - will be able to "influence" natural value areas in Rhodes; an Young people from its 54 villages whose main activities thé neighbouring farmers, offer- absolutely excessiveuse of cément go into town to find a more remu- will be reforestation, ing them at thé same time an in thé north area; a threat to wa- nerative job but work is secured bio-agriculture and educational andtechnological sup- ter resources (1, 100, 000 tourists only for six nionths, in spite of ail animal care, protec- port, so that a system of 'ecologi- in 1992 mean millions of show- thé authorities' efforts to attract tion of thé territory, cal farmers' and 'naturally tilled ers?); and mountains of waste, tourists. Thé ancestral character flora and fauna watch- lands' will slowly grow there. Thé hard to dispose ofwithin thé deli- of Rhodians is disappearing, to- ing, ecological games, protection of thèse soils will also cate insular balance. Agriculture gether with thé taverns that are Apolokia, Rhodes. Islanders (Photo: Fioretti ) traditional cookery, at work Tamorri and include neglected lands and for- and handicraft are heavily de- making way for thé formica-cov

52 53 Hic Rodus, Hic Saltus Islanders at Work ered snack-bars. Young people he Olive r ee Grove in editerranean also forget tradition - culture, little by little, it fades away...". slands:r he ase of ^esvos

This undesirable state ofaffairs Theodosia Anthopoulou calls for an alternative form of development. Our projects - he olive tree, a precious gift of located on 40,000 hectares ofagri- Also during thé lean years, thé and RHODES2000 pro- PHILIA thé goddessAthena accordingto cultural land (8. 5% of thé national olive culture ensures thé self-suf- pose a really différent and sus- ancient Greek Mythology, is well total). Thé density of thé trees with ficiency of thé family in olive oil tainable way of development adapted to thé typical Mediterra- respect to thé land surface is in- consumption. Finally, for thé which will take into account thé nean temperate climate of thé dicative of its importance to thé peasant, thé olive tree represents local économie conditions. It is Greek islands. Up to an altitude island's agricultural economy: 24 a productive non perishable crop, not taking a step backward but of 500 to 600 meters above sea olive trees per hectare compared having a priée value guaranteed moving in more measured steps level and where thé climatic con- to thé national average of 15 olive by thé state, and recently by thé towards various directions, look- ditions are favourable, we dis- trees per hectare. Thé olive oilpro- EC too. ing at new horizons. cover this particular tree in thick duction of thé island averages forest formations on thé islands of about 20 thousand tons per year, Thé olive grave on thé island of Rhodes couldbe thé centre of thé Corfu, Paxos and Lesvos. It can contributing approximately 7% to Lesvos dates back antiquity, Mediterranean "natural farm- Thé Monolitos Castle, built in thé XIV century by thé Knights of to St. John on thé South-west coast of Rhodes (Photo: P. G. Ayala) also be found with other ing" with model-farms and eco- crop cultures such as thé logical quality label, and thé pat- Eleni Dritsa, thé very skilful thé people of Apolakia and plum-tree, on thé island of tern of environmental protection Skopelos and thé vineyard Medi- farmer Tommaso Carica, thé tire- Monolitos villages. for thé little islands of thé on thé island ofSamos. terranean. less marathon runner Giorgio Zographidis, theversatileAndreas Without any doubt, thé problem and Donatella Karajannis and of thé environinent concerns thé In Greece650, 000 hectares Of course,initially we had doubts are dedicated to olive as to whether or not our dream many other persons including G. entire world, requiring many big graves with 127 million was possible. Ifwe were alone we Vrouhos, G. Triandafillou, G. and small "jumps". Douvis. M. Mastis, M. Carica, J. trees . 43. 3% of that sur- would hâve probably given up. face and 44. 2% of thé olive But in Greece, in Italy and else- Tsigaros, M. Lergos, M. Following thé advice by thé World- Diamantis, P.G.d'Ayala, O.Rossi, watch"Thmkglobally, actlocally", trees are on thé Greek is- where we hâve found many lands. friends, who believed in our N. Margaris, M. and A. Kappas, we will start acting, or rather projects and hâve encouraged us T. Zissimatos, Mr. Diacossavas, "jumping", as from October next. Mrs. Ironia, and thé mayors and Thé island ofLesvos (1,632 to continue: thé extraordinary km2, 83518 inhabitants in 1991) situated on thé north-eastern section of thé Aegean Archipelago, has an economydominated by thé olive culture (65% of thé Gross Agricultural Product), concentrated on thé south-eastern sector of its territory. Thé north- A young olive grave on a Greek Island (Photo: P. G. D'Ayala) western section of thé is- land is almost totally cov- but it was with thé Venetian oc- ered by poor pasture land, mainly thé national production. cupation of thé Guattelusis ( 1354- utilized for thé raising of sheep 1462) that thé olive culture was (more than 280,000 animais). Thé Olive Culture developed in a systematic way, in Lesvos using mainly thé System ofgraft- Thé island possesses approxi- ing thé wild trees and by organiz- mately 9.5 million olive trees, Thé olive culture plays a décisive ingthe small valleys into agricul- grown in compact plantations rôle in thé island's social and eco- tural areas. (7. 5% of thé national total) and nomic life. It represents a major source of revenue for thé land own- Thé wealth that was derived by Theodosia Anthopoulou is an ers and a substantial amount of thé local economy from thé pro- economist specialising in Agricul- daily wages for thé farm labourers duction and commercialization of Rhodes - Apolokia Bay (Photo: Tamorri and Fioretti ) tural development. workingduringyearsofhigh yield.

54 su 55 Thé Olive Tree Grove in Mediterranean Islands: Thé Case of Lesvos Islanders at Work olive oil, induced thé Ottomans to thé olive oil trade. passed under to thé control of thé permitted olive oil pro- conquer thé island, in 1462. Sub- island's Greek bourgeoisie. duction to rise beyond sequently, under Ottoman rule, Even though thé island ofLesvos thé 15 ton output. This thé Venetian feudal system was remained under Ottoman rule un- Between 1922 and 1923, with thé inhérent irregularity in substituted by thé métayage sys- til 1912, by thé end of thé 19th influx and settling of war refu- thé yield is also made tem. With this new development, centuryithad alreadybecome one gees after thé catastrophe in Asia worse by various exten- thé peasants living under Otto- of thé major économieand indus- Minor, and with thé exchange of sive farming practices, man controlled territory, were trial centres of thé Aegean Archi- populations under thé Lauzanne ^ like insufficient or im- obligea to pay 1/7 of their crop to pelago.This particular évolution convention, there was a parcel- proper pruning, infre- thé Pasha, while thé latter bought was due to thé island's technologi- ling out ofagricultural land. This quentploughing, and sa thé rest of their production at a cal capacitiesin transforming thé land represented expropriated Ot- on. As a matter of fact, low priée. Thé Pasha also control- product (oil-mills, oil refineries, toman property which was dis- emigration towards thé led thé pressing machines and thé soap-works,etc. ) and its olive oil tributed to thé new Greek inhab- urban centres has commercialization of thé olive. commerce. Thé island's geo- itants of thé island. Thé agrarian greatly contributed to a Nevertheless, from 1840 onwards, graphie position, being at thé reforms of 1926 never affected thé process of exten- thé bourgeoisie of thé island rep- cross-roads leading to thé mar- large plantations of thé island, sification of farming resenting important navigators kets of thé East and those ofnorth- thus thé disparities between thé methods: land owners and trade negotiators in thé ma- eastern Europe, was also an im- large land properties of thé bour- who are mostly absent jor commercial centres of Europe, portant factor.Thus thé gréât feu- geoisie and thé small agricultural or are very often ten- began to buy back thé monopoly of dal domains of thé Turks soon farms still exist today. ants, content to gather thé crop once every 2 to Thé exodus of thé rural 3 years. Macedonia populations after 1950 not only We can generally dis- deprived thé island of 40% of its A centuries-old olive tree (Photo: P. G. D'Ayala) tinguish two types of abandonment of thé ol- Salonika 0 population in 40 years, but it also CO / reinforced thé parcelling of land ive grave: into small farms. Thé establish- cost of production, has resulted in freezing weather of 1987, for ex- complète abandonment, which . <^î, ment of rural populations into ur- a lack of care for thé olive trees. ample, caused a decreasein thé according to thé définition given <^ olive production 1988 (7 does Turkey ban centres had a two sided effect Therefore today one sees many oil of mil- by thé Agricultural Bank ^'-. on thé olive culture: fields of olive graves which seem lion tons), while thé dry weather not only entail abandoned land - were abandoned: cruinblingterraces of conditions since 1989 hâve not areas, but also land which does [ssalia part of thé olive graves sold offand there was a parcel- olive trees, fields infested ^^^ ling of thé large land proper- with parasitic under- "ïî C^Sporades tles, growth Mythimna Sheep - land containing olive trees ^ slowly became thé property of Nevertheless, this neglect city-dwellers, whereby thé ol- is not visible in thé statis- Olive graves ive graves acquired thé signifi- tics, since thé olive oil pro- Athens cance and thé value of reales- duction has not dimin- Chios tate. ished. Intensive farming Samos ^^^^, , ^^- of thé olive culture, utiliz- y o^, ^% Actually, récent land surveys on ing better methods ofpro- \ !> ^ s-: ^ thé island of Lesvos hâve shown duction and thé niodemi- ^L^ zation of thé oil-inills hâve Peloponnes» that only about 10-15% of land Kalloni greatly contributed an \c'"^ \ owners are full time farmers, 45- to Bay \^ ^-^ 55% are retired, while rest increase in thé yield. thé J? ^ ^ . work outside agriculture, inain- more, quite a large percentage of this population, about 15-25%,live Thé olive tree is noted for outside thé community where thé thé irregularity of its agricultural property is located. yield, alternating once y everytwoyears. This phe- Crète "V Thus, thé ageing active popula- nomenon is due to biologi- tion which still works thé land, cal factors, but it can also and thé blocking of land by non- deteriorate with various Location map of Lesvos cultivators, while also thé high climatic conditions. Thé Map of Lesvos

56 57 Thé Olive Tree Grove in Mediterranean Islands: Thé Case of Lesvos Islanders at Work not receive on a regular basis der thé heading of which land owners (every 5-8 years) and ad- abandoned land (as Table 2 hâve with their native equately thé necessary work has been previously Agricultural Areas under Tenancy in Lesvos, 1984 lands. Thèse ties inay input for thé proper upkeep of defined), neverthe- (hectares) not perinit them to to- thé culture (deficiency in ferti- less thé productiv- tally abandon their lizers, thé partial cleaning of ity of thé olive grave Arboriculture fields agricultural land, as land only to facilitate thé gath- varies widely, de- non irrigated irrigated total long as it provides a ering of thé crop during a good pending on thé minimum ofyield. crop year, insufficient pruning, choice of direct* or Plains 1,650 1,500 3, 150 and so on), indirect exploita- Semi-mountainous 6,900 200 7,200 Even if thé results of . partial or latent abandonment, tion. Thé farmers Mountainous 8,450 150 8,600 this abandonment are masked behind various forms themselves are di- not yet visible behind oftenancy; thé olive graves con- rectly involved in TOTAL 17,000 1,850 18,850 thé statistics, it is cer- tinue to be exploited but by uti- thé necessary work tain that this phenom- lizing extensive methods. input to achieve thé Source: Agricultural Bank ofGreece (in Mytilene). enon will be accentu- highest degree of ated when thé next Complète Abandonment of profitability, since thé olive cul- quently, this estimate is offered générations inherit thé Olive grove ture represents their only source as a point of référence for auction- thé family land. Children, even of incarne. Contrary to this, there ing off thé tenancy for thé "sus- thé ones whose parents are active Stonewalls, olive trees - thé perenniallandscape cfa Greekisland are thé land owners who are not pended production . farmers, prefer to either continue According to thé surveys under- (Photo:P. G. Ayala) taken by thé Agricultural Bank of farmers themselves, andforwhom their studies in order to find a Greecein IVtytilene, thé abandoned thé olive culture represents only a Thé tenant pays ta thé land owner suitable position in thé civil serv- land areas of thé olive culture, of thé land surfaces of thé culture, who live outside thé village (90% secondary source of revenue. This between 60 to 90 kg. of olive oil for ice, or tend to take up a libéral présent thé following characteris- thé limited possibilities ofutiliz- of abandoned areas), in relation latter group, tries to minimize thé each "modi" (= 640 kg of olives), profession which is outside of thé tics according to thé topography ing nets in gathering thé crop to thé land owners who live within production costs. Presently, this according to thé productivity of agricultural sectorofthe economy. and thé landowner's place ofresi- (inclined surfaces), thé long dis- thé village. group represents an important thé olive grave, thé distance of thé dence. tances from thé agricultural road section of thé total number ofland grave from thé village, thé year of As stated, parcelled land often network, as well as thé récent Thé freezing weather of March owners. high or low yield, and so on. Thé constitutes only a supplementary From a total of 4,000 hectares of high wage rates make thé olive 1987 which affected almost halfof surplus in thé production of olive revenue, sometimes even a week- land covered by olive graves, 4220 culture an unprofitable enter- thé island's olive trees, also con- According to thé surveys under- oil goes to thé lessee, who is re- end hobby. Thé use of plastic nets hectares (about 10%) are consid- prise, especially if one considers tributed to a certain degree of taken by thé Agricultural Bank of sponsible for ail expenses related facilitâtes and shortens thé proc- ered abandoned. More than three that profits do not directly to thé abandonment of thé olive graves, Greece, lands under tenancy, it to thé gathering and thé grinding ess of gathering. As for thé chil- quarters ofthis abandoned land is land owner himself. especially in thé mountainous re- was estimated that in 1984 al- of thé olives, while thé land owner dren ofland owners who now live located in mountainous régions - gions. This development damaged most halfthe total of 40,000 hec- is responsible for thé expenses in thé city, thé native lands of land where thé yield from thé ex- Table l shows one sees a greater approximately 20% of thé island's tares of olive graves were under associated with labour, fertilizing their parents are usually unknown ploitation of olive trees is mar- tendency of abandonment of thé arboculture capital. tenancy. Approximately two thé land, and pruning thé trees. to them, because visits to their ginal. Thé high cost in thé upkeep olive culture by thé land owners thirds of thé olive culture areas Nevertheless, both thé land own- native island are made primarily According to esti- under tenancy, belong to land ers and thé tenants often do not for touristic purposes. mates made by thé owners who do not live within thé carry out thé necessary maintenc- Table l services of thé depart- village, while 90% are situated in ance work, fearing that they will Abandoned Land for a Duration of 5 or IVtore Years, 1984 ment of agriculture, mountainous and semi-mountain- not recover their expenses, given Alternative Forins (hectares) thé area which is ous régions. thé high cost ofgatheringthe crop of Olive Culture presently abandoned and thé unreliability of thé yield. Areas whose land owners is estimated to repre- Thé type oftenancy which is most It should also be mentioned hère In terms of yi eld, thé extensive are absent live in total sent approximately common, is thé one referred to as thé dependency factor of thé insu- olive culture is not very a weak from thé village thé village 25% of thé total land 'Kessimi : At thé start of thé olive lar olive culture. It is dépendent compétitive and olive oil in thé surface of thé olive- culture season, during thé month on thé amount ofrainfall. It is also fats market faces gréât competi- Non irrigated Plains culture. ofOctober and after it has rained very sensitive to bad climatic con- tion from other nutritional veg- fields of Semi-mountainous 800 100 900 (in order that thé olives can be- ditions, like thé heavy rainfalls etable oils (see Anthopoulou, arboriculture ]V[ountainous 2,950 320 3,270 Latent conie solid), an expert estimâtes during thé spring flowering of thé 1993). On thé other hand, thé ol- Abandonment thé yield of thé land under ten- tree and thé late winter freeze. In ive culture adapts well to thé par- Irrigated Plains ancy in amount of olive oil it will this case, should not one classify ticular geo-climatic conditions of fields of Seini-mountainous 30 30 Even though thé ol- eventually produce. Subse- unsatisfactory management and thé Mediterranean since it per- arboriculture Mountainous 20 20 ive grave continues to insufficient care as a form ofaban- mits thé exploitation of marginal donment? agricultural areas, providing also be exploited under * Thé land owner himself cultivâtes his TOTAL 3,800 420 4,220 thé tenancy system, land and assumes thé risks of producing work for thé local population. meaning that it can- and selling thé crop. It is referred to in An additional considération in this Source: Agricultural Bank ofGreece (in M^ileae). not be classified un- local terminology by thé name of "afto- regard is thé sentimental ties What are therefore thé prospects kalliergia", translated into "auto-culture".

58 59 Thé Olive Tree Grove in Mediterranean Islands: Thé Case of Lesvos Islanders at Work

practice a collective system of mountainous régions. Table 3 grazing herds, called "bitermes . Thé olive graves which Some Data on Abandoned Olive-Groves It involves thé collective renting are located in moun- ofprivate olive culture areas, fal- tainous and semi- Cultivated Abandoned olive-grove low land and common land by mountainous régions grave since since 30 Variable olive 20 native breeders, as well as by other are often abandoned years years producersof pastoralvillages. Thé and hâve already been period of thé "bitermes" lasts from affected by thé érosion 12 5 Depthofsoil(cms) 30 thé end ofFebruary, after thé gath- of soil, thus thé risk of Plant cover (%) 47 24 28 ering thé olives, thé end of thé land terraces col- 7 6 of until Plant species 12 July. During thé month ofAugust lapsing and of land thé branches of thé olive trees slides is very high. Source:Margaris N., "ThéOlive-grove. A Forestin Récession?"in Thé olive-grovesof thé Aegean,Thé AegeanUniversity, 1988,p. 23. begin to bend downwards with thé weight of thé fruit. Thé breed- Thé use of certain by- ers sign a contract for thé use of products from thé cul- of thé olive culture in this particu- water resources, and so on. Table thé "grazing land" with a commit- ture of olive trees, like lar économie and géographie con- 3 présentsinformation on thé de- tee offarmers. Thé committee also thé leaves and twigs, text? Could there be a transfor- terioration of thé olive culture s manages thé revenues from thé as well as thé olive pips mation of thé olive grave to a type ecosystemthroughérosion. Thèse renting of thé land with thé spe- after they hâve been of Mediterranean forest? éléments represent a small re- cific purpose ofinvesting it in thé treated, could greatly gion of thé island ofLesvos,where région's agricultural infrastruc- alleviate thé lack oflo- Actually, thé ecosystem of thé ol- we can observe thé abandonment ture. cal production in food- ive grave, whose structure and of olive graves for more than 20 stuffs for thé livestock. functioning are directly related to years, followed by thé collapseof No doubt, thé grazing land under As a matter offact, thé thé Mediterranean climate, con- thé olive culture's terraces. thé olive trees (after thé gather- tender branches of thé A Greek peasant riding his donkey (Photo: P. G. D'Ayala) stitutes an inséparable part of thé ing of thé fruit) permits a more olive trees after prun- space of Lesvos. Moreover, stud- In contrast, thé mountainous re- efficient exploitation of thé olive ing hâve for thé Mediterranean Presently thèse by-products are thé olive-culture by itself is not ies which hâve been made con- gions, either as an activity which groves in thé sensé that it pro- countries traditionally been a not sufficiently exploited or are capable any more of sustaining cerning thé composition of thé is still productive and subsidized, vides thé land owner with addi- source of foodstuff for thé small simply lost. It has to be men- thé rural household. In régions plant life grown near abandoned or as a protectedforest formation, tional revenue by thé renting of domestic ruminants (sheep, goats, tioned also that thé olive-culture which are ecologically fragile and olive graves hâve shown that even greatly contributes towards thé thé land and thé manure of thé etc. ) Thé animais were either taken représente an important économie where thé restructuring of cul- thé olive tree which is being culti- safeguardingof such fragile agri- herds. It also provides important to thé olive graves or thé eut olive and social factor through thé vari- tures is impossible, thé marginal vated and which represents an cultural régions. source offertilization to thé land. branches were brought to thé fold ous activities related to it, Uke olive grave which is in a process of artifîcial ecosystem, is very simi- As for thé environment as a whole, of thé livestock (Nefzaoui, 1988 p. thé treatment of thé olive oil and abandonment can function as a lar to thé natural ecosystem. One Taking into accountthat thé in- this processhelps in thé diminu- 154). its derivatives, stockingthe prod- setting for developing thé Medi- hère has to take into considera- sular olive culture is a tion offires due to thé cleaning of uct, conditioning, transporting terraneanforest, becominga most tion that thé cultivated olive tree monoculture which cannot prop- thé fields from dry leaves and and trading it, developing and valuable asset to thé quality of thé originales from thé grafting of a erly fit within thé restructuring twigs. It has been estimated (see Conclusion applying différent techniquesfor environment. pre-existing wild olive tree. Thé processdefined by thé European Giourga, 1991, p. 138)that with maintaining a healthy culture, abandoned olive grave has thé Coinmunity, onecould also envis- thé number ofherds on thé island Accordingto our analysis concern- and so on. Moreover, thé rôle potential to rapidly evolve to a âge alternative uses of thé space of Lesvos and thé manure which ing thé future of thé olive tree, it is played by thé olive tree on thé Références natural Mediterranean forest, occupiedby olive graves.One way thèse contribute, it is possible to obviously clear that thé olive grave ecology is critical, for it repre- with its own ecosystem. Conse- in which this could be done is by improve more than 228, 000 is thé source of a very diversified sents a means of defending and Anthopoulou, Th., Les systèmes quently, on économie criteria, encouragingthé grazing of sheep stremmas (Iha = 10 stremmas) of product, and not simply thé pro- restoring thé soil, especially in agricoles d'élevage et d'oléiculture if dan l'ile de Lesvos, Université thé olive gravesafter thé gath- agricultural land; more than half ductive base of commercial food- thé insular and mountainous re- thé olive grave is not very com- in Paris X (doctoral thesis), 1993. of thé entire area of thé olive- petitive, it can nevertheless be ering of thé crop, or by creating stuffs, within a purely économie gions. Vokou, D., Thé olive graves as natu- culture. considered as a potential forest, new cultures of fodder under thé context. rai System," in Thé Olive Graves of which can be protectedas suchby olive trees. Itshouldbenotedhere Thus, ail effort aimed at support- thé Aegean, Thé Aegean Univer- législation? (see Vokou, 1988, pp. that sheepbreeding in thé north- Within thé économie scale of thé Therefore, in addition to its major ing thé olive-culture, should be sity, 1988. 10-11). western section of thé island is an entire island, thé use by thé ani- économie value which consists of integrated within a strategy of Nefzaoui, A., "Contribution a la important économieactivity. In mais offodder which grows natu- thé production of two essential régional development, directed at rentabilité de l'oleiculture par une valorisation optimale des sous Moreover, thé abandonment thé other words, one could maximize rally under thé olive trees, limits products, thé eaten olives and ol- zones with unfavourable condi- of produits", in: L'economie de olive grave has harmful conse- thé agricultural revenue which thé impart of animal foodstuffs.It ive oil, thé olive tree also provides tions (insular or not), where thé l'olivier, CIHEAM-IAMM, 1988. quences to thé environment: thé canalso provide precious éléments needs nevertheless to be empha- a large range ofby-products, which olive culture is an important con- Giourga, C., "Thé Change in thé Tra- collapse of thé walls (made up of forimprovingthe soil(lvegetables, sized that thé animais hâve to be could greatly contribute to an in- tributor to thé economy. ditional Model of Management of stones) holding in place thé ter- manure, etc. ...). takento agricultural areaslocated crease in revenue. Land surveys of thé island of thé Spacein thé Aegean Archi- races of thé culture, thé érosion of in plains, and not in olive graves Lesvos hâve demonstrated that pelago:Effects on thé Insular Eco- Systems, "Thé Aegean University, thé soil, lasses of underground In fact, in Pamfila, people still located in mountainous and semi- Mytilene, 1991.

60 s 61 Culture and Traditional Knowledge

ulture a aditional row edge

ean arie jibaou ultural Centre, New Caledonia

Renzo Piano

would like to give an account of thé Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, and explain thé back- OCÉAN ground ofthis project, despite its PACIFIQUE complexity. ^ ^s 'nuÉp,, »UM :~ nu lui

Following thé sad events in New \ OLtMAl Caledonia 1984 and 1988, \ in May KAALA-pO Ml-N thé various communities con- i'DlNlîlMIF Site of thé location of thé Centre cerned signed thé Matignon Peace KONi'; !'(1 [-:R)lfdU!-'N Agreements, which included plans for a Centre for Kanak Cultural ÎLES LOYAUTÉ Indeed, we must bear in mind Thé land is an elongated penin- across thé gardens, which gives Expression. . MARR that we are on thé threshold of thé sula allowing one side to give ac- thé visitor his first contact with 21st century and that we can use cess to thé most useful functions, Kanak végétation. Thé Centre was named thé Jean a certain type of technology, ad- while thé other houses thé calm Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre in vanced but compatible with thé and créative functions. This pe- Village l opens onto three exhibi- MER Dll CORAIL memory of Mr. Tjibaou who was notion ofmemory, not opposed or ninsula will operate as a filter for tion buildings and low-set exhibi- assassinated on May 4, 1989. An unsuited to it. We hâve to recon- arriving visitors and protect thé tion spaces, and a cafétéria hut. international compétition was ..s cile modernity and technology calm area required for artistic Thé path then leads to village 2 announcedbythe Président of thé with nature and tradition. activities. Thé Cultural Centre is with its 400-seat indoor théâtre French Republic and thé Agency located along a ridge forming a and approximately 1500-seatout- for thé development of Kanak Map of New Caledonia Thé site is ten or so kilomètres crestline "thoroughfare" much in side amphithéâtre descending to- Culture, headed by its Président from Nouma, a sort of peninsula thé manner oftraditional villages. ward thé lagoon. Thé village also ]V[arie-Claude Tjibaou and Direc- between océan and lagoon. Not This provides thé project's coher- includes thé administration cen- tor Octave Togna. sible for him to share with me thé valuable dialogue tobe established only is it beautiful, it is a place of ence. tre, thé debate room, thé vidéo thé other comniunities thé universal aspects ofmy culture. with in strong contrast: one side is ex- tape library and thé média library: Thé first thing that came to light territory and throughout thé Pa- posed to thé wind and thé unruly Thé buildings are arranged with- this is a centre of reflection, dis- cific. should enable thé Melanese was that it was difficult to absorb With this in mind, l set up a team It sea, and thé other is particularly out any particular symmetry in cussion and management. thé many facets of Melanese cul- headed by my friend Paul Vin- to expresstheir cultural roots,and calm, opening onto thé waters of three clusters of constructions, ture. Jean Marie Tjibaou ex- cent, with Alban Bensa, an immi- to iinpress upon this magical loca- thé lagoon. separated from each other by gar- Finally, village 3 is devoted to pressed his worries as follows: nent ethnologist particularly fa- tion their search for identity and den areas. teaching and creativity with a re- "While l can share what l hâve of miliar with New Caledonian af- their open-mindedness with This dual character corresponds classroom, a dance workshop, a French culture with a non-Kanak fairs. Alban participated at every gard to thé future. to two identifies: Thé three villages are functional music workshop, a graphie arts in this country today, it is impos- stage ofstudy and will continue to - thé rôle ofconimunication, com- clusters, each with a combination and sculpture workshop. There is do so through to thé end of work Thé strength of thé building and munity, thé présence of thé of lower volumes facing thé la- one hut for each of thèse activi- ofits setting must be inhérent in Kenzo Piano îs an Italian architect of on thé site. Centre which must be visible goon and taller volumes exposed ties, while thé traditional skills international réputé. His work ineludes thé gentle but clearly affirmed immediately and without am- to thé trade-winds. workshop is located in one of thé Thé George Pompidou Centre in Paris, Above ail, thé Jean Marie Tjibaou transition between thé earliest biguity, lower volumes. This arrangement thé 1992 Colunibus 500 expo in Gcnoa, Kanak culture and thé innovative thé Kansai International Airport in Cultural Centre is to be a project - that of reflection, wisdom and Thé entrance to thé Centre is will provide Kanak and South Osaka, built on an artificial island. synonyinouswith peace,enabling demanda of modernity. modesty related to a location. reached by taking a footpath Seas artists with a familiar at

62 63 Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia Culture and Traditional Knowledge

mosphere favouring communica- constant direction to good use. Thé apertures at thé top can re- will be ensured by natural venti- tion and creativity. Thé principle applied is that of a main open for both methods of lation or air conditioning depend- natural double draft phenomenon: opération and in thé event of cy- ing on thé functions. Obviously, Raised above thèse exchange ven- - when thé winds are low, thé clones. international-standard exhibi- ues, in quieter and more with- chimney in thé upper part of thé tiens and thé 420-seat théâtre drawn areas, are thé restaurant huts draws in hot air and gener- On thé façades of thé hut, two room will be air conditioned as and thé accommodation for chil- ates sufficient air movement to différent types of finishing were will some spécifie rooms in thé dren and artists. inake conditions comfortable. used: villages. - when thé winds are médium, - 8 huts with more or less exten- But let us return to thé idea of thé thé openings facing thé prevail- sive glazing on thé outside (de- Thé double roof and outer walls Kanak cultural memory. This is ing winds allow thé air to pen- pending on their functions) with will ensure efficient thermal con- expressed above ail in thé hut etrate thé hut and exit on thé opaque roofs; and ' trol of thèse buildings as regards structures and thé way thé filling path side. - 3 extemally-opaque huts, whose both natural ventilation and air materials are used. Thé huts are - when thé winds are very strong, roofs are glazed with a System of conditioning. built using advanced technology, thé openingsfacing thé prevail- adjustable stainless steel strips a blend of traditional materials ing winds can be closedmechani- in thé roof. As regards thé infrastructure, an (like bonded iroko) and thé sys- cally and thé chimney draws off underground technical gallery lo- tematic use of moulded cast-iron thé hot air from thé inside. Thé filling of thé internai façade cated beneath thé distribution parts for joints. consists of a range of éléments, alley will help eliminate a maxi- A dépression is generated in thé developed with thé principal con- mum ofnetwork distribution con- Thèse laminated/bonded couples upper part of thé hut, above thé tractor, function-by-function, straints such as small deliveries, are connected by horizontal steel inner volume, as a result of thé with: storage, technical rooms. spans every 2.25 meters with di- screen formed by thé top outside - wood and aluminium sandwich agonal bracing. façade. By deflecting thé wind panels; Nature is an intégral part of thé Unes of flow, this screen forins a - permanent glazed sections; Cultural Centre, and this was

Thé assemblyis an extremely rigid sufficient dépression to cause as- - opening glazed sections, some taken into considération from thé shell in separate sections, strong piration in thé upper part of thé of which are controlled by thé very start. enough to withstand structural hut. natural ventilation system; constraints, particularly with re- - glazed or opaque doors; l set up a very highly-motivated gard to cyclones. Changeover from one System to - furnituredesignedfortheflush- team consisting of Alban Bensa, another is carried out by means of fit of a variety of storage space, landscape architect Michel Thé sealed inner façade is set a simple anemometer triggering display éléments or even tech- Desvigne, and Mr. Guinaudeau, within thé inner half shell while thé opening or closing of thé aper- nical units such as sinks, trash an engineer specializing in thé thé external façade, serving as a tures facing thé wind in thé lower cans or vidéo equipment, pro- transplanting of large éléments. sun-shield, a flue for hot air and a section, automatically as thé need jectors, and sa on. IVtodern architecture inspired by tradition buffer zone, is placed in thé outer anses. Thé respect shown for thé nature half shell. Thé resulting double Comfort within thé lower volumes of this land is visible in thé sym layered shell resulting from thèse couples provides outstanding transverse rigidity and a double- façade effect, essential for natu- rai ventilation. Gréât attention must be paid to détail so that thé method of structural assembly is évident to ail.

Thé hut geometry was defined by natural ventilation, after a vari- ety of tests were carried out in thé CSTB Nantes wind tunnel, under thé supervision of Ove Arup and Partners, GEC and AGIBAT.

Thé thermal comfort within thé huts is obtained by natural venti-

are Si"a_îàrL ^", "î'. "rT"" lation. Thé prevailing winds -:--;ss:v, ssa.^S!m Traditional kanak huts extremely direct, blowing perpen- dicular to thé huts and we put this Drawing of a plan of thé building

64 s 65 Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

other bushes appear along thé shore or around thé at- olls. doser to thé buildings, on thé northern face, we intend to create a domestic 'growing patch' as found nsula's Age around Kanak homes: thé lawn will be scattered with clumps of bamboo, low set coconut palms, cycas and thé shade of thé banyan, Proposais for Régional Decentralization Decentralization is a solution to be considered care- while thé immédiate sur- ofINSULA's Activities fully. Thé Boardof INSULA should examine care- roundings of thé Centre will fully thé légal and organizational requirements in be bedecked by coleus, Since thé "Islands 2000" Conférence held in Sicily order ta optimize thé results and thé efficiency of cordyline and hibiscus. last year, several proposais for régional coopération thèse partnership agreements. were received by thé secrétariat. To thèse particularly Melanesian plants, in thé Thé first one came from Mr Graeme Robertson, of INSULA Conférences 1994 patios, alleys and circles we Skye Forum, Scotland. Thé proposai is that an auto- will add thé South Seas financed INSULA centre dealing with north Atlan- Thé Islands 2000 conférence held in Sicily on May plants or even Asian spe- tic as well as Caribbean and Atlantic islands and thé 1992 reconimended that thé next biennial confer- cies which brighten up New Commonwealth should be set up. ence be held in thé Pacifie, taking into account thé Caledonian gardens: many islands scattered aver South East Asia, Asia bouganvillia, flaniboyance, Thé second proposai is to set up in Greece an East and thé Pacifie. INSULA has received thé following tiar, magnolia, etc. At thé Mediterranean INSULA centre, with support by three proposais in this regard. eastern end of thé Centre, ELIAMEP and other Greek bodies such as thé Uni- thé spacewill be closed by a versity of thé Aegean, This centre would also deal Thé second proposai was made by Dr. Ruben G. clump of natural forest, with Arabie countries as well as with thé Seychelles Umaly, Director of thé Secrétariat of thé South East with large trees such as and thé Comoros republics. Asia Ministers for Education Organisation houp, blackwood, kaoris, (SEAMEO). Thé venue, following thé récent propos- Il etc., tree-like ferns and Thé third proposai, put forward by thé authorities aïs supported by thé UNESCO Régional Office in liana creepers. One of thé of thé Canary Islands (Spain), is thé setting up ofan Jakarta, should be in Bali, late in 1994, with thé Centre's buildings will open INSULA centre in thé island of Lanzarote dealing organisational support ofSEAMEO Biotrop, a sister onto thé expérimental gar- with thé Spanish and Portuguese islands of thé institution based in Bogor, Indonesia. Thé meeting dens reserved for new cul- Atlantic including Sâo Tome and Principe, Cape should aim to provide inputs from thé région to thé tures. Verde and Latin American islands. U.N. Conférence on Sustainable Development of A détail of thé building Small Islands States to be held in Barbados in April Thus there is a cominon Une Thé fourth one is related to thé wish expressed by 1994. of thought, based on thé Japanese colleagues to create an International Is- biosis between thé clusters ofhuts Caledonian landscapes will be one hand on thé richness and con- land Centre in thé island ofOkinawa (please see thé Athird proposai was put forward by Professor Hiroshi and thé characteristic végétal recreated, in keeping with thé way trasts of Kanak culture, and on proposai of organizing there an International Con- Kakazu, Dean of thé Graduate School of Interna- units of thé project. It is clear to us Melanesians hâve worked their thé other on a variety of notions of ference on islands in coopération with INSULA in tional Relations of thé International University of that constructed functional units land. Wanderingthroughthe Cen- flexibility, interplay, calm, se- June 1994). Japan. Thé venue shouldbe in thé island ofOkinawa, cannot be grouped together in a tre, or looking down from thé top crecy, filters, inaterials, transpar- Japan, between 23 and 26 June, 1994. Thé confer- single mass, and, accordingly, that of thé mezzanines featured in encies, etc. ail presentinthis plan, Other prospective partners of INSULA are thé Is- ence would be jointly organised by INSULA, thé outside spaceshâve to express thé some of thé buildings, visitors will which is both précise and sponta- land Research Centre (Island of Saarema, Estonia) International Small Islands association, ISISA and wisdom of people in contact with discover many types of spaces: neous throughout thé various for thé Baltic archipelagoes and thé Island Develop- thé International University ofJapan, and would be thé land, in thé form oflandscape wild, planted or cultivated. On spaces. ment Centre in Mali Losinj (Croatia) for thé Adriatic held with governments and private enterprises sup- séquences characteristic of New thé southeastern slope down to- islands. port. Caledonia. ward thé sea, there is bushy sa- There will be a close tie between vannah land consisting of nature and built-up space so that Thé présent centralized management ofINSULAis Thé project's général backdrop of graminaceous plants, niaoulis, they both breathe thé same not easy to handle efticiently from thé headquarters. Call for Coininents végétation, like that of any gaïacs,cerbera, etc. growingwher- odours, live in thé same wind, INSULA opérâtes worldwide and although its staff Melanesian habitat, is provided ever thé Kanaks hâve cleared thé forming a single, unique, semi- is efficient, it is too small for such a task. Appropri- Members are welcome to submit their comments on by colony pines and coconut palms, forest for thé purpose of cultiva- built, almost completed space, a ate funding would change thé situation. thé proposais listed in this page. planted in clusters around thé tion. Through thé backdrop of worksite open to thé public. buildings. Between thé buildings, large trees, one can see thé coast- or as an extension ta them, New line where bourao, ironwood and

67 66 s SC 'saTid âge ook evi ws

UN VILLAGE CYCLADIEN: CHORA tation, water provision and éducation problems. Thé New of Silver Jubilee of thé 1968 D'AMORGOS. AIX-EN-PROVENCE parallel évolution ofChora (thé old village located on Director of thé Division thé hills) and ofits port Katapola and thé organiza- Biosphère Conférence Ecological Sciences Einile Kolondy tion and exploitation of lands and meadows on thé main island and neighbouring ones, attached to After having consulted with Members of thé Twenty five years ago, from 4-13 September Publications de l'Universite de Provence, France, Amorgos, are also discussed. Executive Board of UNESCO, thé Director Gen- 1968, an intergovernmental conférence of ex- 269 pages, 18 Maps, in French, 1992. eral has nominated Dr. Pierre R. J. Lasserre perts took place at UNESCO House in Paris on This deep study of a tiny village eventually gives a (France) to thé post ofDirector of thé Division of thé scientific basis for thé rational use and Emile Kolondy's book is so complète that it does not complex but realistic view of thé island's commu- nity. Ecological Sciences and Secretary of thé Inter- conservation of thé resources of thé biosphère. only introduce Chora ,the county-town of Armogos national Coordinating Council for thé MAB Thé "Biosphère Conférence" as it became to be Island, thé eastmost among thé Cyclades. In fact it deals with thé island at large, as thé titles of thé In brief, a very interesting book for researchers as programme. known, was organized by UNESCO, with thé three parts suggest: well as for thé lay-man. A tremendously well docu- active participation of thé United Nations, FAO com- - Amorgos, a remote Cyclade; mented publication, in which thé oral sources a and WHO, and in coopération with IUCN and pensate ones. Born in 1940, Pierre Lasserre is marine Biolo- - flimsy demography of a microcosm; thé small amount ofwritten gist by training who received his doctorate IC SU's International Biological Programme - an island of people in search of new resources. {Doctorat d'Etat es Sciences) from thé Univer- (IBP). More than 300 delegates from 60 coun- This is thé framework for this 200 pages-work, Stéphane Aubriet sity of Bordeaux I, France. In 1969, he was an tries took part, coming from a wide variety of without mentioning some fifty pages in thé annex associate researcher at thé prestigious Marine scientific fields, management and diplomacy. (including a glossary, bibliography and statistical Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massa- Among thé twenty recommendations adopted tables). chusetts, and was then attached to Duke Uni- by thé Biosphère Conférence was one proposing Though containing a mine of information on thé APPLICATION 0F THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE thé setting up of an international research versity in North Carolina. In 1972, he was daily life of thé islanders as well as their history and CONCEPTTO COASTAL MARINE AREAS nominated as Maître de Conférences and sub- programme on man and thé biosphère, indicat- their démographie changes,this book remains pleas- sequently Professor of Ecology at thé Univer- ing that such a prograinme should be interdis- ant to read and this for several reasons. Evocative sity of Bordeaux I. Since 1982, Dr. Lasserre has ciplinary in character and take into account thé titles, a lively style, a call to original historical A. R. G. Priée and S. L. Humphrey (Eds). held thé post of Professer at thé University of particular problems of developing countries. sources (such as thé stories of thé travellers in past Paris VI and has directed thé "Station centuries), précise détails, contributeinmakingthis Paperspresented at thé UNESCO / IUCN San Fran- biologique" at Roscoff (Brittany), one of thé Thèse were thé origins of thé Man and Bio- book interesting and alive. Thé author tells us about cisco Workshop of 14-20 August 1989. A marine, thé destiny ofsome of thé island's characters (their conservation and Development report. IUCN, Gland leading marine research laboratories in Eu- sphère programme, which continues to thé work and fate) and also describes scènes important (Switzerland). viii + 114p. In English, 1993. présent day and which (in thé words of MAB's rope, and has also undertaken a number of to Chora's life, such as thé arrivai of thé ferryboat. spécial functions for thé French Ministry of International coordinating Council at its twelfth This IUCN publication is a straightforward presen- Research, and thé National Council for Scien- session in January 1993) is by its very nature a One of thé gréât attributes of this book is that it tation of thé keynotes papers and case studies which tific Research (CNRS) in thé field of environ- programme on environment and development studies thé contemporary phenomena in a dynamic were prepared for thé San Francisco workshop, held ment and international coopération. and which is thus pre-adapted to respond to thé historical perspective. Indeed, thé author has per- in Fort Mason in August 1989 andjointly organized concerns and results ofUNCED. sonal notes covering thé 1966-1991 period, during by UNESCO (with thé coastal Marine Sciences, thé which society Chora has evolved faster than has Intergovernmental Océanographie Commission and Pierre Lasserre took up his new function as in it in thé last centuries. MAB) and IUCN on thé issue of planning for coastal Director Division Ecological Sciences It was along thèse Unes that thé Director gen- of thé of marine areas. Thé keynote papers together provide eral of UNESCO, Federico Mayor, organized a on 15 July 1993. Islands issues are one of his Thé subjects of interest are numerous. Thèse in- an overview of thé différent factors which need to be interests. INSULA congratulâtes Dr. Pierre ceremony at UNESCO House in Paris on 7 élude thé history of Greece seen from a narrow considered in biosphère réserve planning, examin- Lasserre's on his nomination and looks fonvard October 1993, to mark thé silver jubilee of thé angle, thé good and bad fortunes of thé Cyclades ing constraints across a range of physical to socio- to strengthened coopération with thé Division Biosphère Conférence and of UNESCO's pio- along thé centuries, and thé infrastructures and économie sphères. of Ecological Sciences and with thé MAB Pro- neering rôle relating to environment-develop- public equipment of a Greek island in thé présent gramme. ment issues. times. Thé book discusses how a small island of 126 Following an introductory paper by Michel Bâtisse Km2 and 16,000 inhabitants copeswith its transpor- on thé development and implementation of thé bio

68 69 Book Reviews

sphère réserve concept and its applicability to coastal thé planning, design and implementation potential régions, eight contributions address various per- for coastal biosphère réserves. In discussing thé spectives and dimensions of planning and manag- adaptation of thé concept to meet spécifie needs in ing coastal biosphère réserves, including scaling spécifie areas, no generic model is given, since it issues, océanographie features, human interactions, would be useful in only a limited number of condi- traditional resource issues, resource use conflicts, tiens. Rather, thé digest présents thé kinds ofcon- political and social dynamics, administrative proc- siderations which must be explored before viable etters t thé ditor esses, conceptual models, and draft guidelines for coastal biosphère réserves can be planned and des- biosphère réserve planning. ignated. Half a dozen graph illustrate thé zoning of hypothetical biosphère réserves in différent coastal Thé case studies presented at thé workshop illus- zone situations, such as a coral atoll, a coastal trate some of thé issues that hâve had to be consid- barrier system, and a mangrove within such gener- Greek Animal Welfare Fund eredin a tremendousvariety ofenvironmentsaround alized settings. Thé exact design of a coastal bio- 1/2 Castel Lane, London SW1E 6DN thé world - political and socio-economicas well as sphère réserve will vary according to thé kinds of Fax:19-44-71-828-97-36 biophysical. Thé editors, Andrew Prince and Sarah resources présent, their utilization by local commu- Humphrey hâve not attempted to révise thèse case nities, thé real and potential resource use conflicts Dear Editer studies in thé light of developments since 1989. For that arise from uncontrolled use, and thé spécifie those interested in thé progress cfa particular area, objectives targeted for management. We wish to inforin your readers about this is a historical document. A case study can only thé campaign sponsored by our organi- ever aim to capture a moment in time, but its real As is thé case with purely terrestrial biosphère zation in favour of thé Strofades offthe value is in pinning down a conceptual debate to réserves, if local people are to support coastal bio- Western Greek coast in thé South lo- address actual situations which may be expected to sphère réserves, they must become a part of thé nian Sea. Thé main purpose of our recur elsewhere. In this context, thé summarized planning process and must be convinced of thé action and thé scientific investigations, case studies presented in thé IUCN document pro- benefits which coastal management can afford them. which we hâve promoted since 1990, vide examples which are reflected in many present- Incentives for involvement include greater protec- are to try to obtain a protected status day situations and can therefore be considered as tion from outside encroachment, légal or de facto for thé islets both for thé cultural im- One of thé thousandsofbirds slaughteredby hunters (Photo:G. Ware) relevant today as they were in 1989. Of thé twelve récognition of traditional use and authority, new portance of thé area and its signifi- case studies presented on thé application of thé employment opportunities, protection oftraditional cance as a first staging post for migra- biosphère réserve concept to particular géographie lifestyles, assistance in dealing with increased de- tory birds from Africa. Slaughter of thèse and indig- islets and thé decimation ofmigratorybirds, caused areas, three are concerned with large continental velopment and use of local resources, and demon- enous birds has up till now been on a massive scale. by thé mass invasion of thé islets by hunters every effective management to areas (Latin America, Brazil, Arabian Peninsula), stration of how can lead Also thé small population of Mediterranean seals Spring - despite EC Directive 409/79 and Greek three with prospective biosphère réserves (Lesser sustainable use. People usingland as well as marine (Monachus monachus), a protected but disappear- National Law which forbids Spring shooting. It was Antilles, Acadia Boréal région in northeastern resources are an essential and intégral component of ing species of marine mammals has suffered from widely reported in thé Greek press that in 1989 some America and thé Bijagos Archipelago, Guinea thé ecosystem, and their needs must be reconciled hunters and fishermen. 60,000 birds were massacred, and we were given to Bissau), and six with existing biosphère réserves with those of their environment. understand that thé slaughter was repeated thé (Central California Coast, Galapagos, IVter dIroise, Initial survey following year. Puerto Galera, Schleswig Holsteinisches Thé authors of thé digest are M:. Tundi Agardy, a Wattenmeer, and thé US Virgin Islands). biologist specializingin coastal and marine Systems, In thé autumn of 1990, thé Greek Animal Welfare It was thanks to GAWF Council Meinber and ac- and Jane Robertson-Vernhes ofUNESCO's Division Fund (GAWF) commissioned and financed a survey claimed conservationist, Lily Venizelos, that we ofEcological Sciences. of thé Strofadia islets. This was prompted by thé secured thé services ofGregory Tsunis, biologist and very considérable concern expressed by environ- Général Secretary of thé Hellenic Society for thé Thé digest should be useful for scientists with spe- mentalists and conservationists aver thé damage Protection of Nature, to undertake a survey, as a cial interest in thé conservation of thé land/sea both to thé flora, fauna and cultural aspects of thé matter of extrême urgency. TOWARDSCOASTAL BIOSPHERE RESERVES interface, managers of natural resources of terres- trial and marine Systems, administrators at thé Thé Report by Mr. Tsunis highlights thé M. T. Agardy, and J. Robertson-Vemhes local and national levels responsible for coordinat- illégal mass slaughter of migratory birds ing coastal development, as well as interest groups and thé importance ofpreserving thé flora MAB DigestXV. UNESCO, Paris. In English. Divi- such as associations of local fishermen and nature and fauna on thé islets. Thé historical sion of Ecological Sciences, l rue Miollis, 75 015 loyers wishing to conserve threatened resources of importance of thé 12th century Byzantine Paris, France, 1993 (in press) . coastal areas. It is also aimed for thé Man and thé monastery is also stressed. Thé small area Biosphère (MAB) Programme of UNESCO, of thé of thé site precludes it from being nomi- This digest provides background on thé philosophy UNESCO Coastal Marine (COMAR) programme, of nated a National Park but it meets ail thé and concept of biosphère réserves, discusses thé thé Intergovernmental Océanographie Commission conditions needed to déclare it a Monu- rationale for reinforcing thé quality and quantity of (IOC) and of thé World Conservation Union (IUCN), ment of Nature. It should be explained biosphère réserves in coastal areas, examines thé notably its Marine and Coastal Areas Programme hère that thé Strofades are owned by thé difficulties in translating terrestrial models into and thé members of thé Commission on National Church of Zakynthos and corne under thé useful tools for coastal manageinent, and describes Parks and Protected Areas. jurisdiction of thé Local Administration of Thé monastery - an outstanding landmark in thé lonian sea Zakynthos. island ofStrofades since thé Byzantine âge (Photo: G. Ware) Continued next page ^»

70 71 Letters to thé Editer

Department of Political Science entitled to organise World Congress panels and are Abo Academy University expected to arrange conférences and meetings be- Biskopsgatan 15 tween congresses; they are also expected to issue SF-20500Abo, Finland publications and newsletters. Tel: (358) 21-654585 Proposais for IPSA Study Groups must, according to Dear Editor IPSA rules, be accompanied by a brief statement tributi ns explaining thé général subject of thé proposed group Thé International Political Science Association as well as thé main analytical perspectives and (IPSA) will organiseits sixteenth World Congressof fields to be considered. A plan of future activities Political Sciencein Berlin, August 21-25,1994. Thé must also be included. Any request for récognition main thème of thé congressis 'Democratization'. also needs to be signed by at least 15 persans from at insula, thé International Journal oflsland Affairs, is published by thé Scientific Council Several spécial sessions are included in thé pro- least 7 différent countries and 2 continents. Readers for Island Development.Thé aim of thé journal is to createa worldwide forum for ail thosewho gramme, one ofwhich (SS 14) deals with thé topic ofthis journal who hâve a scholarly interest in thé considerislands as part ofmankind's héritage deservingattention. Contributors can use thé 'Thé Political Life oflslands', thé undersigned acting study ofisland politics and who wish to participate Journal to share news and views about thé islands of thé world from a variety of perspectives, as convenor and chair. This spécial session com- in thé activities of this Study Group are therefore including thé following: prises one panel only, in which four papers will be hereby invited to communicate to me their interest delivered and discussed. as well as their willingness to appear in thé proposai Environinent as signatories. Thé proposais will be submitted to Environmental management, However, thé session also intends to create thé IPSA Authorities immediately after thé Berlin Natural resources conservation, political-science structures for thé study of island Congress. Water, affairs on a more permanent basis. Thé obvious first Liquid and solid waste management, step in this direction is thé establishment, within Dag Anckar Prévention ofnatural hazards. IPSA, of a so-called Study Group. Such groups are Professer ofPolitical Science Population Deinographic trends, >» Continued from previous page Tsunis mentions thé cultural significance of thé islands, in Health, Biologist's report particular thé 12th century Byzantine monastery, thé rich natural habitat for thousands ofmigratory birds and for Human geography,human resources,éducation and training, indigenous fauna. He réitérâtes that thé killing is in Culture, Thé excellent report (copies available on request) flagrant violation of EC Directive 409/79. He concludes Traditional knowledge. prepared by Mr. Tsunis was handed personally by Lily that a five year government ban on hunting on thé islets Venizelos to Dr. Jean Pierre Ribaut. thé then Head of will be meaningless unless it is made permanent and Environment Conservation and Management Division of strictly enforced. Thé slaughter of thé birds and thé Sustainable developinent thé Council of Europe, at a meeting of thé Bern Conven- destruction ofa unique natural area will continue . Général économies, tion on January 5, 1991. Thé Report, accompanied by Tourism and transport, relevant newspaper cuttings, clearly established thé ur- On May 1993, thé Port Master ofZakynthos from which Agriculture and aquaculture, gent need to put into effect thé décision thé islets dépend informed us that agreed at thé meeting which took place Fishing and océan resources, Thé Metropolitan bishop of Zakynthos, com- a group of researchers from thé in Zakynthos on November l 1990: mented: thé islets ofStrofadia are rich in natu- University, police and forestry Bio-technologies, to déclare thé Strofades a Monu- rai beauty, full of historical meaning and are department are permanently es- Industry and mining, ment of Nature in view of their consideredespecially sacred for Zakynthos. tablished on thé islets reinforced Applied communicationtechnologies, ecological, historical and cultural by air and sea patrols. Other Renewable energy, importance. Twice a year thousands ofhunters arrive from Greek sources complained that politics and policies. 2. to déclare thé Strofades a Protected ail over Greece, flouting thé law and showing during thé 1993 Greek Easter International area for migratory birds and indig- utter contempttowards thé authorities, killing festivities many hunters went to virtually any living créature, even thé farm enous protected species. thé Strofades. Thé journal publish articles and communicationsthat provide new insights and animais (sheep, chickens etc.) that provide thé will daily food for thé only monk left. understanding about thé subjects mentioned above. Thé Report was copied to thé Minis- We hâve no further information tries of thé Environment, Agriculture, In eariier years each hunter could shoot 100,500 on thé situation there but we are and Merchant Marine Athens , Greek Ail contributions should be submitted in three copies, double spaced throughout and in or even 1,000 turtle doves, so that thé yachts, deeply distressed that little MEP's, WWF Greece, thé Hunters As- caiques or other boats were literally 'drenched m progress has been made since typed on one side only. A copy on an IBM or Macintosh compatible software will be sociation of Zakynthos, thé Nomarch thé victims' blood. thé Greek government's décision appreciated. Articles should be accompaniedby a brief note about thé author and his (Prefect) a.nà thé Bishop ofZakynthos, to grant protected status to thé affiliation. Despite ail that has happened we thé church, as to members of thé European Coinmis- islets and to enforce thé five years sion, Eurogroup, Protection Soci- an institution, intend to continue our efforts, Bird hunting ban. We are confident eties and thé other concerned NGOs. nationally and intemat. ionally, to ensure thé Contributions should be sent to: protection of thèse spécial islets. however that ail those who are ThéEditer, insula, responsible in Greece for thé However, on Greek News, April 1992, Dr. P.G. d'Ayala From Tipoa 10 November 1990 natural and cultural héritage of Dr. Tsunis reported indiscriminate kill- c/o Division of Ecological Sciences ing of golden orioles, hérons, endan- their country will join their ef- gered birds ofprey, even to semi wild goats and domesti- forts to protect what after ail is not only thé héritage of thé l, Rue Miollis cated animais belonging to thé monastery! Hunters often présent génération but also that of their children in a 75015 Paris set fire to thé forest and thus destroy much of thé natural worldofpeace. France to environment of thé islets. Thé area is not large enough Mrs. G?.Ware Tel: 33 l 45 68 40 56 be designated a National Park but can be declared "A Président Fax: 33 l 40 65 98 97 Monument of Nature". In support of his argument, Mr. Vice

72 s 73 noun enn nts upport NS A

Thé International Scientific Council for Island Development(INSULA) was formsdlycreated in November 1989, on thé occasion of thé MAB island meeting in Brest. It is an international non-governmental organization whose aim is to promote thé sustainable development of small islands in ail régions of thé Island Matters, Islands Matter world.

International Conférence Thé Council's objectives are to encourage technical, scientific and cultural coopération in assisting island organised by communities in integrated planning, to contribute to thé protection of island environment and thé IS development oftheir resources, with a specisdinterestin island cultures and hiunan resources development. International Sniall Islands Studies Association Three main Unes of action hâve been proposed within INSULA: and l. Management of island resources. This includes attention to administrative procédures (including organization and Systems définition, opération, formation); natural resources, (terrestrial, coastal and l J marine identification, management, conservation, training); cultural resources (identification ofbuilt and non-built cultural héritage and non-material cultural héritage such as tradition and music; International Scientific Council for Island Developinent management training); human resources (identification of potentials and needs, educational stratégies and multisectoral training). on June 22-26, 1994 2. Technical assistance. This is envisagea in such fields as fisheries, agriculture, forests, tourism, transport and communications, parks and natural réserves, appropriate technologies, renewable energy sources, management and treatment of water and waste; management of coastal zones; perception and in Okinawa, Japan prévention of natural and non-induced risks and mitigation of adverse effects on populations and thé environment; nutrition and health; social and économie development. Further infonnation can be obtained froin Théo L. Hills, Department of 3. Stratégies for Sustainable Development. This Une of action covers définition, expérimentation and Geography, McGill University, Montréal, Canada. difiFusion ofprinciples and models for integrated development ofisland environments; field studies and Tel: (514) 398-4955 Fax: (514) 398-7437. analysesfor facilitâting procéduresfor optimal use ofisland resources,définition, expérimentation and évaluation of stratégies ofsustainable development to thé spécial conditions ofparticular small islands or adjacent groups ofislands.

Thé action ofINSULA will be essentially catalytic, designed to promote thé application to thé specificities ofsmall island situations ofmultidisciplinary scientific research technology, and innovations in éducation, o e e g, culture and communications.

con 'e ct'v'ty Thé Council organizes seminars and conférencesat national, régional and international levels and S promotesa direct dialogue with and betweenthé responsibleauthorities and thé populations of différent - . t s islands and island groups. It will also promote coopérationand horizontal exchangeof expérienceand expertise betweenislands ofagiven région as well as at thé interrégional scale,particularly through thé Valletta: 13 -15 October 1994 network ofspecialists and projects at thé MAB Programmeof UNESCO. Through its international and multidisciplinary network of experts and researchers, INSULA contributes organised by to balanced,sustainable developmentinitiatives undertaken by island authorities. To this end, INSULA s will cooperate with national, régional and international organizations that are involved with programmes ofisland development. Foundation for sInternational s Studies, University of Malta, Valletta - Malta INSULA also publishes its own journal, insula, which spécialiseson island affairs. Every issue contains regular features and a dossier on an important aspect ofisland development. A subscription form appears overleaf. Further infomiation can be obtained froni Professor Lino Briguglio, Foundation for International Studies, Valletta, Malta. For information about individual and group membershipin INSULA pleasewrite to Dr. Piero d'Ayala, Tel: 356-248218, 234121, Fax: 356-230551 Division ofEcological Sciences, UNESCO, 7, Place de Fontenoy, 75007 Paris, France.

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