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Fossils &Rocks FOSSILS & ROCKS GEOTOURISM IN THE CENTRAL BALTIC DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES, UPPSALA UNIVERSITY NGO GEOGUIDE BALTOSCANDIA FOSSILS & ROCKS GEOTOURISM IN THE CENTRAL BALTIC Tallinn, 2011 Fossils & Rocks – geotourism in the central Baltic NGO GEOGuide Baltoscandia. Tallinn, 2011 ISBN 978-9985-9973-6-9 Compiled by: Graham E. Budd Tõnu Meidla Sebastian Willman Layout: Heikki Bauert Photos & Illustrations: Photos by H. Bauert apart from the following: Page 19 lower, 20, 24 lower by G. Bauert; Page 32 upper, 42 middle, 57, 60 lower by T. Bauert; Page 32 lower by H. Pärnaste; Page 37 by H. Hillewaert; Page 48 by E. Mark-Kurik; Page 50, 53, 55 by E. Lepik; Page 56 by S. Willman; Page 61 by E. Arvestål; Page 62, 63 by A. Butler; Page 67, 72 by T. Meidla Cover photo: Slab with well-preserved crinoids (courtesy of Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet) © Uppsala University © NGO GEOGuide Baltoscandia E-mail: [email protected] Acknowledgements: Estonian Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology at University of Tartu, Earth Science Li- brary at Uppsala, Geological Museum at University of Tartu, Institute of Geology at Tallinn University of Technology, Museum of evolution at Uppsala, Swedish Museum of Natural History Aasa Aaloe, Aodhan Butler, Lars Andersson, Emma Arvestål, Gennadi Baranov, Garmen & Tarmo Bauert, Hans Hillewaert, Olle Hints, Lars Holmer, Mare Isakar, Maris Laja, Eva Lepik, Toivo Lodjak, Elga Mark-Kurik, Mari-Ann Mõtus, Jaak Nõlvak, Anne Põldvere, Helje Pärnaste, Alvar Soesoo, Christian Skovsted, Michael Streng, Ursula Toom EUROPEAN UNION EUROPEAN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUND INVESTING IN YOUR FUTURE Release of this book was co-financed by European Regional Development Fund and Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University. It was accomplished within the framework of the CENTRAL BALTIC INTERREG IVA Programme 2007-2013. Disclaimer: The publication reflects the authors views and the Managing Authority cannot be held liable for the information published by the project partners. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 THE RISE OF PALAEONTOLOGY IN SWEDEN AND ESTONIA ����������������������������������� 5 GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF THE BALTIC REGION ����������������������������������������������� 8 PALAEOZOIC ENVIRONMENTS FROM THE EDIACARAN TO EARLY DEVONIAN ������������������ 13 MAJOR FOSSIL GROUPS ����������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Stromatoporoids ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18 Corals ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21 rugose corals ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 22 tabulate corals ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25 Arthropods ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30 trilobites �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 30 ostracods and similar arthropods ����������������������������������������������������� 33 eurypterids ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 33 scorpions ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35 Molluscs ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 35 gastropods ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36 cephalopods ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 37 bivalves ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 38 rostroconchs and monoplacophorans ������������������������������������������������ 39 Brachiopods ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40 terebratulids ���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41 atrypids ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 41 strophomenids �������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42 rhynchonellids ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42 pentamerids ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 42 orthids ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 42 trimerellids ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 42 Bryozoans ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 43 Problematic worm-liKE fossils �������������������������������������������������������������� 44 Echinoderms �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45 crinoids ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45 blastozoans ����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 homalozoans ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 Vertebrates ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47 CONSERVATION, SAFETY AND COLLECTION �������������������������������������������������� 48 LOCALITIES ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50 HallshuK �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50 KettelviK �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53 Fardume stenbrott ���������������������������������������������������������������������� 54 Bara bacKE ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 55 BLåHÄll ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 57 HolmhÄllar ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 58 Kuppen ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 59 Billudden ������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 61 LimÖN ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62 PAKri peninsula ������������������������������������������������������������������������� 63 Ristna cape ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 66 SAXby coastal EXposure, Vormsi island ������������������������������������������������� 69 Pulli cliff, Saaremaa �������������������������������������������������������������������� 71 Undva cliff, Saaremaa ������������������������������������������������������������������ 72 Katri coastal EXposure, Saaremaa ������������������������������������������������������ 74 Kaugatuma cliff, Saaremaa ������������������������������������������������������������� 75 LÕO cliff, Saaremaa ��������������������������������������������������������������������� 76 Ohesaare cliff, Saaremaa ��������������������������������������������������������������� 78 APPENDIX: Collections of fossils in the central Baltic region ������������������������������� 79 INTRODUCTION While much of the bedrock of the central Baltic can be preserved for future generations. At the end of region is crystalline and ancient, small but important the book is a list of museums where many fine speci- patches of younger sedimentary rocks are found in mens from the region can be found, as well as spe- various districts within it. Although some of these cialist help for identifying material. patches are rather limited in extent, especially in Swe- den, they contain fascinating sediments and fossils of THE RISE OF palaeontology world importance that, among other things, chart the IN SWEDEN AND Estonia rise of various groups of animals and the changing of The Baltic region was one of the most important any- the environment over several hundred million years where in the world for the development of palaeon- ago. The sequences in Estonia are, conversely more tology, especially that of the lower Palaeozoic rocks. widespread and extensive. In addition, these rocks Some of the first Cambrian rocks in the world to be and fossils are often found in areas of outstanding scientifically studied, those from the upper Cambrian natural beauty that have much to offer the tourist in of the Andrarum mine in Scania (then Denmark) were terms of nature and culture. These rocks were some of discovered in 1635 by the Danish nobleman Jockum the first old sedimentary rocks anywhere in the world Beck. Anyone who has looked at these rocks even to be systematically investigated, and continue to be casually could hardly fail to be impressed by the huge of interest to researchers into the early evolution of masses of fossils (mostly trilobites) found in them. By organisms and environments during the early history the beginning of the 18th century at the latest, these of the Palaeozoic, some 540 – 375 million years ago. fossils, from both Andrarum and similar ones from This book outlines the history of the sedimentary Västergötland, had come to the attention of early rocks and fossils of the region, especially those of Swedish protoscientists such as Emmanuel Sweden- the central Baltic islands, as well as offering a brief borg, Lars Roberg and Magnus von Bromell, the latter introduction to the sorts of fossils that can be found two both medical professors at Uppsala University, there, together with Sweden. They correctly concluded that the fossils rep- some hints about resented the remains of past life, which they
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