DOCSLIB.ORG

Estonian Native Sheep

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

PREPARATORY ACTION EU plant and animal genetic resources in agriculture Compendium of projects ESTONIA Estonian Native Sheep The publication is part of the study “Preparatory action on EU plant and animal genetic resources in agriculture”. The Preparatory Action has been initiated by the European Parliament and financed by the European Commission. The objectives of the Preparatory action are to better understand the stakes of European neglected genetic resources in agriculture and to tap onto their economic potential. It aims to provide inspiring examples of how to make the conservation of neglected breeds and varieties economically viable and encourage farmers and other stakeholders to engage. Funded by the European Union Legal notice The information and views set out in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the European Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission's behalf may be held responsible 1 Introduction Estonian Native sheep can be found at several locations of Estonia. The project aims to preserve and manage sheep biodiversity (represented by 8 larger sheep populations and several smaller ones) and to strengthen breeding, sheep-keeping and cultural heritage in traditional sheep-related handicraft through a participated approach. 2 Description of the genetic resource Estonian Native Sheep includes several native sheep populations such as Ruhnu, Kihnu, Saaremaa, Hiiu, Viru, Viljandi, Tali and Setu. These native sheep populations are morphologically similar to each other. Their wool types are however different: this diversity is reflected in the Estonian handicraft tradition. Estonian Native Sheep can be found at several locations throughout Estonia, for instance at Ruhnu, Kihnu, Saaremaa, Hiiu islands and at several locations in mainland Estonia. The Native Sheep is well adapted to local climate and grazing conditions and is an integral part of the life and cultural heritage of rural people. The first genetic research was carried out on the Estonian Ruhnu native sheep population. The current Ruhnu sheep consists of two single semi-managed herds, both located at Ruhnu island. There are Ruhnu sheep herds also at a few farms in the mainland. The Ruhnu population was found to be less variable than other Baltic sheep breeds: this imples the need for a breeding management plan to prevent further loss of genetic variability. The size of herds is very limited. There is a breeding plan for the Kihnu population only; there are no such plans for the other native sheep populations. The presence of Saaremaa and Hiiu populations on the namesake islands is limited, but they are both bred at Sae farm on the mainland. The old Estonian Native Sheep have not ever been registered as a breed. Only the Kihnu, which is the largest population group, has been recognized as a breed in 2016. The overall population of Estonian Native Sheep is considered as an endangered species. Many of the keepers are old and there is a great risk that the sheep will be slaughtered once keepers die. Most small sheep keepers still slaughter sheep at their farms, since there are not so many small slaughterhouses that can, or are willing to slaughter sheep. Page 2 Most Estonian Native Sheep keepers highly value the wool and fur which can be obtained from the sheep. There are two tanning factories in Estonia, one in Jõgeva and one in Tartu. Fur is sold directly off the farm, on markets or via local shops. There are only a few small and old spinners in Estonia. The large spinning plants do not accept deliveries of raw wool under 35 kg. Raw wool must be washed at the farm, since spinning plants do not provide wool washing as a service. 3 Objectives of the project Motivated sheep farmers, in collaboration with other project stakeholders, decided to actively react to reduce the risk of extinction that Estonian Native Sheep population is facing. The undertaken actions were aimed at preventing the genetic degradation of the population, as well as at strengthening, promoting and supporting its survival in the long run. The focus of the project was researching and strengthening the social aspects of breeding, involving women and children and enhancing the sheep’s role in terms of cultural heritage in handicraft traditions. The project also aimed at supporting and strengthening the sheep-keeping and breeding activity itself, by highlighting the Estonian Native Sheep’s adaptability to local climate and grazing conditions and its potential for the development of multi-functionality in the agricultural sector. Finally, the project aims to support Estonian Native Sheep keepers through education and provision of information about the sheep itself and sheep-keeping activities. The main objective of the project is to preserve the Estonian Native Sheep: as genetic heritage; as an important part of the Estonian cultural heritage, also due to its importance for handicraft traditions; as a hardy animal, well-suited for grazing in semi-natural grasslands. 4 Actors involved and roles The project was started and is still carried out without any external financing. The project was started on a voluntary basis by a handful of native sheep enthusiasts and by several small family holdings still keeping native sheep. A driving factor was the assistance of the “Föreningen Gutefåret” (Gute Sheep Association) in Sweden and the support of the Swedish native sheep expert Ragnar Edberg, who taught the supporters of the project how to recognize and evaluate the Estonian Native Sheep. An essential role was also played by Sae farm, which collected all the different genetic population types of Page 3 Estonian Native Sheep, helping the management and preservation of biodiversity. 5 Steps and activities undertaken The undertaken activities had the purpose of promoting and raising owners’ awareness about the importance of preserving Estonian Native Sheep breeding as an important part of the Estonian cultural heritage. Different types of protection activities were implemented during the project. The most important activities carried out during the project are the following: Collection of information on ancient traditions through interviews with old sheep owners, in order to raise social awareness. Carrying out of interviews aimed at investigating and measuring the Estonian native sheep population size. Teaching of traditional handicraft skills. Gathering sheep morphologically similar to native ones and placing them at farms participating in the project, in particular at Sae’s farm. Treatment of sick animals and help to old farm owners whenever needed. Support to old sheep keepers in officially registering their sheep. Sheep cannot be added to the national animal database without registration. Participation at the Woolfestival in England, Mardilaat market in Tallinn and other handicraft fairs, in order to popularise Estonian Native Sheep wool and the handicraft products made from it. 6 Results to date In 2006 the UNESCO, in connection with Kihnu Cultural Space, financed a genetic research program on the small native sheep population found in Kinhu and on other small populations of genetically diverse sheep found at other locations in Estonia. Results from this research confirmed that there still are some Estonian Native Sheep left in Estonia. The project allowed to improve awareness on preserving the biodiversity of all Estonian Native Sheep populations, as well as the understanding of the related genetic processes. A second project, KnowSheep (2011-2013), focused on research on Estonian Native Sheep, on wool product development and on production of educational materials. The most important results are the following: Blood sampling and DNA tests on Estonian Native Sheep populations. Measurement and wool sampling of Estonian Native Sheep. A large network of contacts with Estonian Native Sheep keepers was established. Management of approximately 100 ewes of different sheep varieties at Sae farm. Research on Estonian Native Sheep pasture and on sheepdog behaviour. Page 4 Product development in sheep wool production. Handbook for new Estonian Native Sheep keepers. Estonian Native Sheep booklet. Establishment of a good cooperation with Lahemaa National Park. Construction of a new sheep stable. Construction of a wool chamber house that can be used to sell products and to organise educational events. 7 Next steps The Ministry of Rural Affairs and the Estonian University of Life Sciences will support the project in the registration process of all the Estonian Native Sheep heads. Further steps will be the update of the handbook for new sheep keepers and the creation of a professional network with its own organisational structure, in order to keep on preserving the cultural heritage of sheep breeding. 8 Lesson learned and good practices Adequate communication skills among the project stakeholders were of crucial importance for interacting with old sheep keepers in order to collect information about sheep keeping, professional skills, time and resources needed to preserve the native sheep population. Another strategic factor was the good cooperation among partners, as well as the willingness and curiosity of all stakeholders in learning about Estonian Native Sheep, its history and traditions. The engagement of stakeholders can be considered the main factor for the success of the project. By contrast, there is still a serious risk of losing a great part of the genetic heritage of the Estonian Native Sheep populations, since the Kihnu population only is recognised as a breed (2016). 9 Participation to other projects and to networks / Funding New projects are planned in order to spread the experience and knowledge that has been gathered on Estonian Native Sheep over the last 15 years. The two main projects that have already been carried out are: 1. Genetic and morphological research on Estonian Native Sheep financed by UNESCO in 2006. 2. KnowSheep research project 2011-2013, focused on research concerning wool, use of sheepdogs, grazing behaviour and production of educational materials.
Recommended publications
  • Ruhnu Arengukava 2020-2030

    Ruhnu Arengukava 2020-2030

    Kinnitatud Ruhnu Vallavolikogu 31.01.2020 a. määrusega nr. 1 RUHNU VALLA ARENGUKAVA 2020 -2030 2020 SISUKORD 1. SISSEJUHATUS ....................................................................................................................... 4 3. RUHNU VISIOON 2030 .......................................................................................................... 5 4. VALLA JUHTIMISE PÕHIMÕTTED ..................................................................................... 5 5. STRATEEGILISED EESMÄRGID JA TEGEVUSED 2020-2030 .......................................... 6 6. SEOSED MAAKONDLIKU ARENGUSTRATEEGIA, SAARE LEADER STRATEEGIA JA RUHNU VALLA ÜLDPLANEERINGUGA ............................................................................ 13 6.1 Seosed Saare maakonna arengustrateegiaga ..................................................................... 13 6.2 Seosed MTÜ Saarte Koostöökogu arengustrateegiaga ..................................................... 13 6.3 Seos Ruhnu valla üldplaneeringuga .................................................................................. 15 7. ARENGUKAVA ELLUVIIMINE, JÄLGIMINE, MUUDATUSTE TEGEMINE ................ 15 8. RISKIJUHTIMINE .................................................................................................................. 15 külastajatega, sh välisriikidest. ........................................................................................................ 15 9. RUHNU SAARE OLUKORD JA KIRJELDUS ....................................................................
  • Liste Représentative Du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel De L'humanité

    Liste Représentative Du Patrimoine Culturel Immatériel De L'humanité

    Liste représentative du patrimoine culturel immatériel de l’humanité Date de Date récente proclamation Intitulé officiel Pays d’inscriptio Référence ou première n inscription Al-Ayyala, un art traditionnel du Oman - Émirats spectacle dans le Sultanat d’Oman et 2014 2014 01012 arabes unis aux Émirats arabes unis Al-Zajal, poésie déclamée ou chantée Liban 2014 2014 01000 L’art et le symbolisme traditionnels du kelaghayi, fabrication et port de foulards Azerbaïdjan 2014 2014 00669 en soie pour les femmes L’art traditionnel kazakh du dombra kuï Kazakhstan 2014 2014 00011 L’askiya, l’art de la plaisanterie Ouzbékistan 2014 2014 00011 Le baile chino Chili 2014 2014 00988 Bosnie- La broderie de Zmijanje 2014 2014 00990 Herzégovine Le cante alentejano, chant polyphonique Portugal 2014 2014 01007 de l’Alentejo (sud du Portugal) Le cercle de capoeira Brésil 2014 2014 00892 Le chant traditionnel Arirang dans la République 2014 2014 00914 République populaire démocratique de populaire Date de Date récente proclamation Intitulé officiel Pays d’inscriptio Référence ou première n inscription Corée démocratique de Corée Les chants populaires ví et giặm de Viet Nam 2014 2014 01008 Nghệ Tĩnh Connaissances et savoir-faire traditionnels liés à la fabrication des Kazakhstan - 2014 2014 00998 yourtes kirghizes et kazakhes (habitat Kirghizistan nomade des peuples turciques) La danse rituelle au tambour royal Burundi 2014 2014 00989 Ebru, l’art turc du papier marbré Turquie 2014 2014 00644 La fabrication artisanale traditionnelle d’ustensiles en laiton et en
  • Report on Coronavirus Pandemic

    Report on Coronavirus Pandemic

    Coronavirus pandemic in the EU – Fundamental Rights Implications Country: Estonia Contractor’s name: Estonian Human Rights Centre Date: 4 May 2020 DISCLAIMER: This document was commissioned under contract as background material for a comparative report being prepared by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) for the project “Coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak in the EU – fundamental rights implications”. The information and views contained in the document do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of the FRA. The document is made available for transparency and information purposes only and does not constitute legal advice or legal opinion. 1 Measures taken by government/public authorities 1.1 Emergency laws/states of emergency, including enforcement actions In Estonia, the Government of the Republic declared an emergency situation on 12 March 2020 due to the pandemic spread of the COVID-19.1 The emergency situation was initially to last until 1 May 2020, but was later extended until 17 May 2020.2 The declaration, resolution and termination of an emergency situation is regulated by the Emergency Act (Hädaolukorra seadus).3 The Emergency Act gives the person in charge of the emergency situation (the Prime Minister) the right to issue orders applying various measures. The orders include a reference that the failure to comply with the measures of the emergency situation prompt the application of the administrative coercive measures set out in the Law Enforcement Act4, and that the penalty payment is € 2000 pursuant to the Emergency Act.5 1.2 Measures affecting the general population 1.2.1 Social distancing In Estonia, after the declaration of the emergency situation, stay at home orders were imposed on people who arrived in Estonia from abroad.
  • Ruhnu Arengukava 2020-2030

    Ruhnu Arengukava 2020-2030

    Kinnitatud Ruhnu Vallavolikogu ..................määrusega nr. ..... RUHNU VALLA ARENGUKAVA 2020 -2030 2020 SISUKORD 1. SISSEJUHATUS ....................................................................................................................... 4 3. RUHNU VISIOON 2030 .......................................................................................................... 5 4. VALLA JUHTIMISE PÕHIMÕTTED ..................................................................................... 5 5. STRATEEGILISED EESMÄRGID JA TEGEVUSED 2020-2030 .......................................... 6 6. SEOSED MAAKONDLIKU ARENGUSTRATEEGIA, SAARE LEADER STRATEEGIA JA RUHNU VALLA ÜLDPLANEERINGUGA ............................................................................ 13 6.1 Seosed Saare maakonna arengustrateegiaga ..................................................................... 13 6.2 Seosed MTÜ Saarte Koostöökogu arengustrateegiaga ..................................................... 13 6.3 Seos Ruhnu valla üldplaneeringuga .................................................................................. 15 7. ARENGUKAVA ELLUVIIMINE, JÄLGIMINE, MUUDATUSTE TEGEMINE ................ 15 8. RISKIJUHTIMINE .................................................................................................................. 15 külastajatega, sh välisriikidest. ........................................................................................................ 15 9. RUHNU SAARE OLUKORD JA KIRJELDUS ....................................................................
  • Permanently Inhabited Small Islands Act

    Permanently Inhabited Small Islands Act

    Issuer: Riigikogu Type: act In force from: 20.06.2010 In force until: 31.08.2015 Translation published: 30.04.2014 Permanently Inhabited Small Islands Act Passed 11.02.2003 RT I 2003, 23, 141 Entry into force 01.01.2004 Amended by the following acts Passed Published Entry into force 22.02.2007 RT I 2007, 25, 133 01.01.2008 20.05.2010 RT I 2010, 29, 151 20.06.2010 Chapter 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS § 1. Area of regulation of Act This Act prescribes the specifications which arise from the special nature of the insular conditions of the permanently inhabited small island and which are not provided for in other Acts. § 2. Definitions used in Act In this Act, the following definitions are used: 1) island rural municipality– rural municipality which administers a permanently inhabited small island or an archipelago as a whole; [RT I 2007, 25, 133 - entry into force 01.01.2008] 2) rural municipality which includes small islands – rural municipality which comprises permanently inhabited small islands, but is not constituting part of island rural municipalities; 3) permanently inhabited small islands (hereinafter small islands) – Abruka, Kihnu, Kessulaid, Kõinastu, Manija, Osmussaar, Piirissaar, Prangli, Ruhnu, Vilsandi and Vormsi; [RT I 2007, 25, 133 - entry into force 01.01.2008] 4) large islands – Saaremaa, Hiiumaa and Muhu. 5) permanent inhabitation – permanent and predominant residing on a small island; [RT I 2007, 25, 133 - entry into force 01.01.2008] 6) permanent inhabitant – a person who permanently and predominantly resides on a small island and data on whose residence are entered in the population register to the accuracy of a settlement unit located on a small island.
  • MERELINE SAAREMAA Saaremaa

    MERELINE SAAREMAA Saaremaa

    MERELINE SAAREMAA Saaremaa Priit Noogen Margit Kõrvits Kristina Mägi KUIDAS SAADA SAARELE OLULISED NUMBRID: SAARE MAAKOND Saaremaa pikk ja rahulik rannajoon on ümbritsetud külalislahkete sadamatega, kuhu oma purjelaevaga randuda. Vaid paar lehte edasi ja juba Hädaabi ja merepääste 112 Pindala 2922 km2 (6,5% Eesti pindalast), kokku 710 saart leiadki külalissadamate info. Ahhoi! Saaremaa Vabatahtlik Merepääste Selts +372 5119922 Suuremad saared: Saaremaa, Muhu, Ruhnu, Abruka, Vilsandi Olgu talv või suvi, uued parvlaevad toovad Sind muretult kohale. Kui soovid viivitamata ja kindlal ajal oma roositud pätiga saarele astuda, saad pileti ette osta www.praamid.ee Kuressaare Haigla, EMO +372 4520040 Rannajoone kogupikkus 1414 km 2 Saaremaa Turismiinfokeskus, Rahvaarv ca 34 000, 13,1 inimest/km Kõrgelt õhust on imeline vaade meie saarte maale. Saaremaa ja Muhu, Vilsandi ja Abruka, ehk paistab ka servake Ruhnut. Lehvita meie Tallinna 2, Kuressaare, Eesti, Administratiivne jaotus: headele naabritele Hiiumaal. Sellist luksust pakub lennureis, vaid 30-40 minutit Tallinnast Kuressaarde. +372 453 3120, 3 valda - SAAREMAA, MUHU, RUHNU Vaata infot www.saartelennuliinid.ee [email protected] 1 linn - KURESSAARE, rahvaarv ca 13 000 www.visitsaaremaa.ee Külma ja jäist talve rannarahvale igal aastal ei anta. Kui see siiski tuleb, on võimalik saartele sõita üle mere ka jääteed pidi. Seda unikaalset võimalust tuleb kindlasti kasutada! Liikuda võib ainult ametlikel avatud jääteedel ja kindlasti jälgida märgistust ja reegleid. Lähemalt vaata www.mnt.ee/et/tee/jaateed Suved on meil päikeselised ja ilusad, peale jaanipäeva pole lootustki jääteed kasutada! MERELINE SAAREMAA Jarmo Vehkakoski Priit Noogen Priit Noogen Karl Jakob Toplaan SAAREMAA – osa üleilmsest UNESCO võrgustikust! UNESCO programm „Inimene ja biosfäär“ keskendub tänasel päeval just sellele, et üha rohkem inimesi teeksid valikud jätkusuutlikuma eluviisi kasuks.
  • Island Hopping in Estonia: a Hiiumaa, Saaremaa and Muhu Padise Tallinn Kardla Baltic Se Hiiumaa Haapsalu

    Island Hopping in Estonia: a Hiiumaa, Saaremaa and Muhu Padise Tallinn Kardla Baltic Se Hiiumaa Haapsalu

    SELF-GUIDED Etonia FINLAND Helsinki Island Hopping in Estonia: a Hiiumaa, Saaremaa and Muhu Padise Tallinn Kardla Baltic Se Hiiumaa Haapsalu ain/Bus Koguva Varbla Tr ESTONIA Leisi Pärnu Saaremaa Kuressaare LATVIA Tour distances: cycling ~480 km/300 mi, ferry 44 km, 12 days/11 nights TOUR INFORMATION Cycling grade: We grade this trip as easy to moder- ate. Daily signposted biking routes, mainly on roads with little traffic and cycle paths in towns. The terrain 12-days self guided cycling tour from/to Tallinn (Code: SG9P) is varied and rolling with some gradual hills on some cycling days between Tallinn and Padise. 3 ferries be- Estonia is characterised by its unique natural landscapes and traditional hospitality. Vibrant cities, tween the Estonian islands are planned on this tour desert beaches, peace and the unspoiled beauty of the countryside - a paradise for cyclists. But it’s the (pay locally). Estonian islands which are the jewels of the country. You’ll spend your holiday on these islands which Arrival & departure information / Transfers are amongst the most beautiful that the Baltic Sea has to offer. Lighthouses and windmills are the land- Airport: Tallinn (www.tallinn-airport.ee) marks of these islands. To begin your journey, you will get to know the Estonian capital Tallinn. This tour Ferry terminal: Tallinn (regular ferry lines from Hel- then takes you from Haapsalu to the second largest island Hiiumaa before crossing to the biggest island, sinki (FI) & Stockholm (SE)) Saaremaa. En route back to the mainland, you’ll cycle on the island of Muhu & from there into the sum- Transfer: (price for one way for up to 3 people) mer capital of Estonia, Pärnu.
  • The Kaali Crater Field and Other Geosites of Saaremaa Island (Estonia): the Perspectives for a Geopark

    The Kaali Crater Field and Other Geosites of Saaremaa Island (Estonia): the Perspectives for a Geopark

    Geologos, 2010, 16 (1): 59–68 doi: 10.2478/v10118-010-0004-z The Kaali crater field and other geosites of Saaremaa Island (Estonia): the perspectives for a geopark Anto Raukas 1 & Wojciech Stankowski 2 1 Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University, Uus-Sadama 5, 10120 Tallinn, Estonia;e-mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Geology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Maków Polnych 16, 61-606 Poznan, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Island of Saaremaa in Estonia offers highly spectacular geological features that belong to the most interesting in the Baltic Sea area. A unique geological monument on the island is the Kaali meteorite–crater field, formed by nine meteori- te impacts. There are also attractive coastal cliffs, huge erratics, alvars (limestone areas covered by a very thin soil) and well-developed glacial and marine landforms. Limestone cliffs and shingle beaches abound with Silurian fossils and offer great opportunities to fossil collectors. The island is a prospective geopark. During the past few years, the geology of the island has become an intensely studied object of Estonian and Polish geologists. Keywords: geopark, geosites, meteorite–crater field, Saaremaa Island, Estonia Introduction opment. Worldwide importance has the Kaali crater field, the first one in Europe of which The Island of Saaremaa (Ösel in German this origin was scientifically proven by finds and Swedish) is one of the largest islands in of meteoritic iron. The geological/morphologi- the Baltic Sea, measuring 2,673 km2. It belongs cal characteristics of the island, in combina- to the West Estonian Archipelago. The island tion with the peculiar flora and fauna, together has a low population density, with only about with the archaeological, historical and cultural 40,000 people.
  • Wave Climate and Coastal Processes in the Osmussaar–Neugrund Region, Baltic Sea

    Wave Climate and Coastal Processes in the Osmussaar–Neugrund Region, Baltic Sea

    Coastal Processes II 99 Wave climate and coastal processes in the Osmussaar–Neugrund region, Baltic Sea Ü. Suursaar1, R. Szava-Kovats2 & H. Tõnisson3 1Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Estonia 2Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Estonia 3Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University, Estonia Abstract The aim of the paper is to investigate hydrodynamic conditions in the Neugrund Bank area from ADCP measurements in 2009–2010, to present a local long-term wave hindcast and to study coastal formations around the Neugrund. Coastal geomorphic surveys have been carried out since 2004 and analysis has been performed of aerial photographs and old charts dating back to 1900. Both the in situ measurements of waves and currents, as well as the semi-empirical wave hindcast are focused on the area known as the Neugrund submarine impact structure, a 535 million-years-old meteorite crater. This crater is located in the Gulf of Finland, about 10 km from the shore of Estonia. The depth above the central plateau of the structure is 1–15 m, whereas the adjacent sea depth is 20– 40 m shoreward and about 60 m to the north. Limestone scarp and accumulative pebble-shingle shores dominate Osmussaar Island and Pakri Peninsula and are separated by the sandy beaches of Nõva and Keibu Bays. The Osmussaar scarp is slowly retreating on the north-western and northern side of the island, whereas the coastline is migrating seaward in the south as owing to formation of accumulative spits. The most rapid changes have occurred either during exceptionally strong single storms or in periods of increased cyclonic and wave activity, the last high phase of which occurred in 1980s–1990s.
  • Microbial Island Biogeography: Isolation Shapes the Life History Characteristics but Not Diversity of Root-Symbiotic Fungal Communities

    Microbial Island Biogeography: Isolation Shapes the Life History Characteristics but Not Diversity of Root-Symbiotic Fungal Communities

    The ISME Journal https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-018-0196-8 ARTICLE Microbial island biogeography: isolation shapes the life history characteristics but not diversity of root-symbiotic fungal communities 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 John Davison ● Mari Moora ● Maarja Öpik ● Leho Ainsaar ● Marc Ducousso ● Inga Hiiesalu ● Teele Jairus ● 3 4 1 1 5 1 Nancy Johnson ● Philippe Jourand ● Rein Kalamees ● Kadri Koorem ● Jean-Yves Meyer ● Kersti Püssa ● 1 1 6 7 1 1 Ülle Reier ● Meelis Pärtel ● Marina Semchenko ● Anna Traveset ● Martti Vasar ● Martin Zobel Received: 8 January 2018 / Revised: 7 March 2018 / Accepted: 29 March 2018 © International Society for Microbial Ecology 2018 Abstract Island biogeography theory is one of the most influential paradigms in ecology. That island characteristics, including remoteness, can profoundly modulate biological diversity has been borne out by studies of animals and plants. By contrast, the processes influencing microbial diversity in island systems remain largely undetermined. We sequenced arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal DNA from plant roots collected on 13 islands worldwide and compared AM fungal diversity on 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: islands with existing data from mainland sites. AM fungal communities on islands (even those >6000 km from the closest mainland) comprised few endemic taxa and were as diverse as mainland communities. Thus, in contrast to patterns recorded among macro-organisms, efficient dispersal appears to outweigh the effects of taxogenesis and extinction in regulating AM fungal diversity on islands. Nonetheless, AM fungal communities on more distant islands comprised a higher proportion of previously cultured and large-spored taxa, indicating that dispersal may be human-mediated or require tolerance of significant environmental stress, such as exposure to sunlight or high salinity.
  • Saaremaa Vald Külad 1) Aaviku 2) Abaja 3) Abruka 4) Abula 5

    Saaremaa Vald Külad 1) Aaviku 2) Abaja 3) Abruka 4) Abula 5

    Saaremaa vald Külad 1) Aaviku 50) Jaani 99) Kaunispe 2) Abaja 51) Jauni 100) Kavandi 3) Abruka 52) Jootme 101) Kehila 4) Abula 53) Jursi 102) Kellamäe 5) Allikalahe 54) Jõe 103) Keskranna 6) Anepesa 55) Jõelepa 104) Keskvere 7) Angla 56) Jõempa 105) Kihelkonna-Liiva 8) Anijala 57) Jõgela 106) Kiirassaare 9) Anseküla 58) Jõiste 107) Kingli 10) Ansi 59) Jämaja 108) Kipi 11) Arandi 60) Järise 109) Kiratsi 12) Ardla 61) Järve 110) Kirderanna 13) Are 62) Järveküla 111) Kiritu 14) Ariste 63) Jööri 112) Kiruma 15) Arju 64) Kaali 113) Kogula 16) Aru 65) Kaali-Liiva 114) Koidula 17) Aruste 66) Kaarma 115) Koiduvälja 18) Aste 67) Kaarma-Jõe 116) Koigi 19) Asuka 68) Kaarma-Kirikuküla 117) Koigi-Väljaküla 20) Asuküla 69) Kaarma-Kungla 118) Koikla 21) Asva 70) Kaarmise 119) Koimla 22) Atla 71) Kaavi 120) Koki 23) Audla 72) Kahtla 121) Koksi 24) Aula-Vintri 73) Kahutsi 122) Koovi 25) Austla 74) Kailuka 123) Kopli 26) Easte 75) Kaimri 124) Kotlandi 27) Eeriksaare 76) Kaisa 125) Kotsma 28) Eikla 77) Kaisvere 126) Kugalepa 29) Eiste 78) Kakuna 127) Kuiste 30) Endla 79) Kalju 128) Kuke 31) Ennu 80) Kallaste 129) Kungla 32) Haamse 81) Kallemäe 130) Kuninguste 33) Haapsu 82) Kalli 131) Kuralase 34) Haeska 83) Kalma 132) Kuremetsa 35) Hakjala 84) Kalmu 133) Kurevere 36) Hiievälja 85) Kandla 134) Kuumi 37) Himmiste 86) Kangrusselja 135) Kuuse 38) Hindu 87) Kanissaare 136) Kuusiku 39) Hirmuste 88) Kapra 137) Kuusnõmme 40) Hämmelepa 89) Karala 138) Kõiguste 41) Hänga 90) Kareda 139) Kõinastu 42) Hübja 91) Kargi 140) Kõljala 43) Iide 92) Karida 141) Kõnnu 44)
  • Signs of Giants in the Islands

    Signs of Giants in the Islands

    Signs of Giants in the Islands Mare Kõiva and Andres Kuperjanov Estonian Literary Museum, Department of Folkloristica, Estonia Supported by ESF grant 8147 Signs of Giants in the Islands Mare Kõiva and Andres Kuperjanov Estonian Literary Museum, Department of Folkloristica, Estonia Background. The island of Gozo features a wonderful monument – a temple from 3500 BC with walls 3 meters high. According to folklore, the Gghantia temple was built by giants. The present paper gives an overview of giant lore from Estonia (42,000 square km), by the Baltic Sea, bordered by Finland and Sweden in the north, Latvia in the south and Russia in the east. Estonia has about 1000 islands in the Baltic sea, most of the smaller islands uninhabited or habited by a few families only. During the time under the Soviet Union, many of the beautiful islands were closed border region, occupied by army bases or used for bombing practice with local people turned out. The largest western islands are Saaremaa (Ösel), with Hiiumaa (literally Giantland) north of it and Muhumaa forming a triangle, as well as the former coastal Estonian Swedes islands Kihnu, Ruhnu and Vormsi. Saaremaa has glorious ancient and recent history. All the bigger islands have remarkably unique features in their folk culture and lifestyles, with division of labour and social relations until recent times quite different from the mainland. Kihnu and Ruhnu are reservoirs of unique culture, Kihnu is on the UNESCO world heritage list for its folklore We are going to give an overview of one aspect of Saaremaa’s identity – its giant lore, found in folk narratives and contemporary tourism as well as the self- image of island dwellers.