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Saab_0249_Submarine_annons_210x297.indd 1 2019-01-11 08:47 CONTENTS CONTENTS: NH90 2 Operational cost and delays Editor-in-Chief: M.Sc. Bjørn Domaas Josefsen 3 Norway’s procurement of NH90

NFM GROUP 6 From basement business to billions NATO; BUDGETS AND NORDIC UNIFORM ­PROCUREMENT PROCESSES 8 Four Nordic countries –one common field uniform

At the 2014 NATO summit meeting in Cardiff in Wales, the NATO countries FSi were in agreement on referring to a guideline for defence expenditure of 11 Norwegian Defence and a minimum of 2 percent of the Gross National Product. The NATO summit Security industries association ­further agreed that member nations presently at an expenditure level of less than two percent should “aim to move towards the 2 % guideline within a KNM MAUD decade”. 16 KNM “Maud” arrives in Norway Since that time, both President Donald Trump and the NATO Secretary BULLETIN BOARD FOR DEFENCE, General Jens Stoltenberg have not missed a single opportunity to remind INDUSTRY AND TRADE the member countries about the 2 % target. But even though the choice of 17 Remote towers centre words has at times been offensive, almost threatening, and not least from 22 The first hot firing from the F-35 the US president, it may seem like the person chiefly responsible for the 24 Danish Army Orders Camouflage ­actual enhancements­ to the NATO countries’ defence budgets is the Russian­ 26 Norway procures Leguan bridge layers ­president. Illustrating what may be a point, the increase in the ­defence ­budgets is nearly inversely proportional to the distance to the Russian SUBMARINES ­border. East European countries such as Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, 27 Thyssenkrupp and Navantia out of the ­Romania, as well as Hungary, Slovakia and the Check Republic, can point to Netherlands’ submarine competition a formidable­ growth in their defence budgets over recent years, even though JSM the countries have been struggling in a weak economy. Countries far removed 29 Joint Strike Missile for Japan from Russia, on the other hand, such as Belgium or Spain, show little to zero growth in their defence budgets. While this is naturally a pointed remark, the GRIPEN situation does illustrate the concern that is spreading across Europe, and it 30 Gripen to Finland? is only natural that the worry is greatest among the Eastern countries. The Russian military activities in the Ukraine, the Crimean Peninsula and Georgia,­ HEAVY MACHINE GUN have shown not only the willingness of Russia to exercise military force, 31 Norway buys 12.7 mm machine gun from the USA but also that the country’s military force is as effective as it is formidable. 30MM SWIMMER ­Details that have surfaced in the aftermath indicate that Russia in key areas 32 The bullet that swims through water comprise of weapons systems with capabilities that outshine corresponding capabilities­ in NATO. The fields to which this applies include artillery range, armoured vehicle protection, and capacity for electronic jamming. These are all capabilities that are highly significant in a battle field. Keeping a close focus on the NATO nations’ defence budgets is Coverphoto: clearly important.­ Without financial resources, there is precious little the A French Navy NH90 NFH NATO ­defence forces can do. At least similar in importance is the focus performing a sonar diving on development­ of weapons systems with at least equal capacities, and mission. Photo: Airbus Helicopters ­preferably with some capacities greater than what Russia can show today. The Western defence industries are performing a great and important effort in this respect, continuously coming up with new and improved weapons systems. The challenge to the NATO countries is to adopt and make use of the new systems, and quickly at that. The defence organisations in all the Western countries have long-established traditions for extremely sluggish procurement processes. Trimming down the military procurement processes should therefore, without losing sights of the defence budgets, be a key focus area for NATO over the coming years.

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 1 NH90

NH90; OPERATIONAL COST AND DELAYS

The NH90 is a medium-sized, twin-engine, multi-role military helicopter developed by NHIndustries, a joint-venture between Airbus, Leonardo and Fokker. The NH 90 helicopter is delivered in two main variants, the Tactical Transport Helicopter (TTH) for army use and the navalised NATO Frigate Helicopter (NFH) for naval use. The NH90 program has suffered several delays, which has in turn delayed active deployment of the helicopter by some operators.

he NH 90 program started out The Nordic customers, Norway, in the 1990s, says Ernst Heckert, Sweden and Finland started out in the -T head of Export Variants at NH­ early days with the ambition of having one Industries. -Four countries (France, Italy, standard helicopter with a high degree of Germany and the Netherlands) decided to commonality. However, the very different jointly develop a common platform in the operational requirements of these nations 10-ton class that could serve both tactical in the end led to three very different NH90 troop transport as well as maritime missions. variants. For example, the Swedish NH90 That led to the foundation of NHI in 1992 is unique in having an increased cabin which is a joint venture of the helicopter height leading to a significantly modified industries of these four countries. It was airframe. Furthermore, it is equipped with a clear requirement to have a modern, a fully customized mission system for ­versatile platform that would ensure a high ASW missions adapted to specific Swedish degree of commonality between the different­ needs. Swedish NH90 helicopter. Swedish NH90 is unique in having an increased cabin height leading to a variants in order to make cooperation In the same way, the Norwegian significantly modified airframe. Furthermore, it is equipped with a fully customized mission system for ASW ­between the countries easier. The helicopter variant has a fully customized mission missions adapted to specific Swedish needs. was to integrate the most advanced techno­ system as well as an electronic warfare logies such as Fly-by-wire and a complete system from American company ITT, composite airframe, characteristics which which was integrated only on that variant. customers to add it to their capabilities were not offered by any other platform in Finland chose to stay close to other as well as existing customers to increase that segment of the market. TTH variants which has very much limited their already ordered fleets and order new the specific developments for this variant. variants, Heckert emphasizes. Sever delays But in that case local final assembly line had - Half of customers, namely Many factors have contributed to the time to be set up, before starting the production Sweden, Finland, Australia, New Zealand, required for the design and development of the helicopters. Oman, the Netherlands and Belgium, phases, but it is evident that the high The 20 Finnish helicopters and the have already received all of their ordered number of variants and configurations, 18 helicopters for Sweden are all delivered. aircraft. Several countries have successfully implying significant customizationsMost of them were manufactured at Patria deployed the NH90 in very challenging for each customer, has increased the facilities in Halli, approximate 120 km operational theatres such as Afghanistan complexity and was therefore one of north of Helsinki. and Mali, and in naval missions for the main causes of the delivery time of -As of the end of 2018 we have antipiracy or antisubmarine warfare. the helicopters Heckert continues and delivered 381 helicopters, and the total The feedback that we receive from adds that the complexity of the highly order book is 566 h/c for 14 countries the pilots is that they are really satisfied integrated core and missions system led including the most recent orders from with the aircraft, in particular regarding to development and qualification efforts Qatar and Spain which have added another its performance and operational capability. which required long campaigns to set the 51 bookings in 2018. These new orders On the service side, as for any recent systems. show that NH90 is able to convince new aircraft we are on the journey to reduce

2 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 NH90

the maintenance tasks from 600 to 900 flight hours. We also plan to launch new advanced services for the benefit of our customers.

Flight cost per hour Some Norwegian media has written that a flight hour with the NH90 has a cost of NOK 260 000 (29 000 EURO), compared­ to Sea Hawk which cost NOK 40 000 (4 500 EURO). -Regarding these figures, I’d like to say that it is ­notoriously ­difficult to analyse these costs and essential to compare like with like, Vanzulli says and adds that the Seahawk and NH90 are very different aircraft. The NFH NH90 is truly a “Force Multiplier” combat ­system which has been designed to ­perform a number of missions with a single platform.­ -Anyway, any cost per flight hour ­value is strongly driven by the amount of hours flown, as costs are not at all­linear to hours. As the Norwegian fleet has flown very low amount of hours so far, any calculated­ value will not at all be representative of the overall NH90 product.

Fewer variants -In retrospect, as industry, we should have been stricter regarding the number of variants and national requirements and we should have suggested not developing and qualifying many different variants in parallel. In many cases, for the same functionality, we have developed several different systems due to national Swedish NH90 helicopter. Swedish NH90 is unique in having an increased cabin height leading to a requirements. To give an example, on significantly modified airframe. Furthermore, it is equipped with a fully customized mission system for ASW NH90 we have qualified four completely missions adapted to specific Swedish needs. different EWS systems (Electronic Warfare Systems). Furthermore, the requirement the maintenance load, and some important is worth to notice that availability is also of having assembly lines in several steps have already been passed. strongly influenced by customer-controlled countries has also significantly impacted factors such as training, manpower the complexity of our supply chain and Operational cost and availability resources and the operational need. production system. At one point, we -Today, we observe different availability -I also think it is fair to say that were running six NH90 assembly lines in values depending on the customer and the we have been doing a lot when it comes parallel. operational situation. We have customers to increasing­ availability and ­reducing -Today, we have streamlined the displaying a consistent and sustainable ­hourly cost, Vanzulli continues. In ­industrial setup (three assembly lines 60% fleet availability, which is in-line ­particular NHIndustries launched last only), and the NH90 program has reached with standard military readiness levels, year, in partnership­ with the customer a stable production rate of around 35 Christian Vanzulli, head of Product Support nations, a dedicated program to improve h/c per year. We have finished develop- at NHI, explains and adds that when ­availability and affordability of NH90 ment and qualification of the previously required, for example during exercises and ­support. The ­program is a portfolio of ­ordered variants and can now develop and deployments, then operational availability 28 projects of ­diverse complexities and ­produce variants for new customers or levels are much higher and can reach 90%. ­durations, ­addressing all fields of the additional orders, Ernest Heckert says in -Generally speaking, there ­aircraft sustainment:­ repair and overhaul, ­conclusion and adds that in addition our is a correlation of higher availability spares availability, scheduled maintenance focus is now on improving fleet availa­bility with Service-By-The-Hour support plan. On this last one let’s emphasize that at customers’­ and thinking about future arrangements provided by industry. It we have already achieved the extension of capabilities­ improvements.­

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 3 NH90

NORWAY’S PROCUREMENT OF NH90

assigned to NAHEMO (NATO Helicopter Management Organization) made up from the military authorities of France, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands. This placed the certification of the Norwegian helicopters in a queue, pending the certification of the first maritime helicopters delivered to France, Italy, and the Netherlands. Norway has chosen for the N90 to have flotation capability in the case of a landing on water, and a further Norwegian requirement has been for the life rafts to be located in containers on the outside of the helicopter. The container for the emergency rafts should have the same crashworthiness as that of the helicopter itself – a criterion Norwegian NH 90 helicopter. Norway chose the ITT’s AN/ALQ-211(V) suite of integrated radio frequency that has proved something of a challenge to countermeasures (SIRFC) or electronic warfare system (EWS) from the understanding that this system develop as well as to certify. The reasoning would be installed on a huge number of American helicopters. The Americans reversed their decision to use behind the Norwegian requirement for this system for their fleet, however, leaving Norway as the sole user of the system on their 14 helicopters. external rafts can be traced back to the accident outside Grimstad in 1991, when The procurement programme for new helicopters for the a Sea King helicopter was forced to land Norwegian Defence was initiated by the Defence Chief in on the sea during a trial flight. The crew managed to get out and on to the roof 1992, with a view to evaluating the possibility of a single type of the wrecked helicopter, but they were of helicopter to cover all the helicopter needs of the diverse unable to get hold of the life rafts that were branches and purposes (Frigate, Coast Guard, Army support, inside the water-filled helicopter cabin. and Search and Rescue). Fortunately, this accident took place in calm waters, and everyone was saved, but if it had happened on the open sea in rough

n 1996, the Nordic countries agreed The agreement called for the first weather, he consequences would likely Naval Group - Photo credit: Copyright ewanlebourdais Design: Seenk to look into the possibility of a helicopters to be delivered in 2005, and have been disastrous. This incident was Ijoint procurement through what the full delivery of all 14 helicopters for then the background for the Norwegian was then referred to as the Standard Norway was supposed to be completed in request that the NH90 helicopters should Nordic Helicopter Programme. The four 2008. In the end, it was 2011 before the have external containers for life rafts. In candidates under evaluation included the first NH90 came to Norway, and even this a later development, the Swedish NH90 Sikorsky S92, Agusta Westland AW101, was a so-called temporary or intermediate helicopters have also had their life raft Eurocopter EC725, and NH Industries operative version, delivered to assist in the containers located on the outside of the A GLOBAL AMBITION INSPIRED NH90. The conclusion of the study was that phasing-in, testing and training with the aircraft. the NH90 was the only helicopter to satisfy new helicopters. As of today, the number A further Norwegian special the operational demands in a satisfactory of helicopters delivered to Norway stands request was the installation of an electronic manner, and a contract was signed in 2001 at 9. Finland has received all of their 20 warfare system (EWS) from the American BY CENTURIES OF INNOVATION for the purchase of 52 NH 90 helicopters: helicopters, and Sweden has taken delivery manufacturer ITT. This company was about 20 (TTH) for Finland, 18 (NFH) for Sweden of all of their 18 helicopters. to deliver its EWS system for a series of US and 14 (NFH) for Norway. At the time, helicopters, and by choosing this system, Denmark had already pulled out of the Norwegian special Norway had hoped to gain advantages in Naval Group is Europe’s leader in naval defence Standard Nordic Helicopter Programme. requirements using the same system on the Norwegian with a strong heritage that stretches back The Norwegian helicopter order was to Among the main causes for the delays helicopters as that which was in use on replace six Westland Lynx copters used by in the NH 90 deliveries, are the special a great number of American helicopters. nearly four hundred years the Coast Guard, while six NFH units were demands made by the various operators. American authorities, however, decided to The products we offer our clients are as ambitious as they are complex. destined for the new frigates in planning Norway too has had her particular drop the ITT system from their helicopters, The innovative solutions we develop safeguard national security interests. (one helicopter for each) for the Navy. demands, which have taken a lot of time leaving Norway with an EWS system on The Finns were to be using their to develop and get certifications for. One their 14 helicopters of a specification only To find out more, go to naval-group.com helicopters for tactical transports in the reason is that the Norwegian Defence operated by Norway, with the attendant Army, while the Swedish helicopters were has lacked the capacity to perform disadvantages for operations, upgrades planned to fill various roles, particularly in certifications on its own helicopters, and maintenance costs that should instead anti-submarine warfare. and the certification job was therefore have been advantages.

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CorpoSM_NavalGroup_210x297_VA.indd 1 25/02/2019 10:52 Naval Group - Photo credit: Copyright ewanlebourdais Design: Seenk A GLOBAL AMBITION INSPIRED BY CENTURIES OF INNOVATION

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CorpoSM_NavalGroup_210x297_VA.indd 1 25/02/2019 10:52 NFM GROUP

NFM GROUP: FROM BASEMENT BUSINESS TO BILLIONS

From its start-up about 25 years ago, in a cellar room at Ski south-east of Oslo, the company we know as NFM GROUP has risen to annual revenues of 750 million NOK, or 75 MEUR (2017), stemming from deliveries to some 25 countries all over the globe.

ack in 1996, a group of us back from Home Guard exercise were -Bchatting about the basic equip- ment provided for Norwegian ­soldiers, Chairman Carl F. Sejersted Bødtker (left) and General Manager Walter Øverland of the NFM Group. The and we did some thinking out loud on mannikin in the middle is dressed up in some of the products supplied by the NFM Group. how this soldiers’ equipment could be Photo: MilitærTeknikk ­improved upon, explains Walter Øverland,­ CEO for NFM Group. - A few weeks In 1998 we had developed our first scale we were contemplating could not be ­later, we approached­ the Defence Supply tactical combat vest, which was the first done domestically. This led to us starting ­Command to investigate the possibility of product we supplied to the Norwegian our own production facility in 2001, buying a small supply of textiles with the army. At the time, we were using a small located in Poland. defence camouflage pattern imprinted, and number of seamsters located in Norway, In 2006 we also started production skipping ahead a few steps, we left there while we were quick to realise that this of ballistic protection shields for soldiers’ clutching a development contract. kind of production in anything like the personal protection. We acquired Frec

NMF GROUP deliveries soldier equipment to some 25 countries all over the globe. Photo: NFM

6 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 NFM GROUP

Technology AS, a company specialised in in my opinion the fact that we have from the development of ballistic protection the beginning focussed heavily on the shields of very superior quality, comprising individual soldiers and their individual a particularly high degree of protection needs. On the protection side, we have an even along the edge zone of the plates. advantage in our in-house development We are currently among the world of both hard anti-ballistic plates and soft leaders on combat vests and personal anti-ballistic protective panels. In addition, protection; we are largest in Europe in this we design and manufacture the supporting market, and number three in the world, vests for the protection panels, as well as behind two American companies. The other load bearing systems and equipment Through its subsidiary company Frec Technology, production facilities in Poland cover some for the soldiers, such as magazine pouches, the NFM Group develops highly advanced 12,000 square metres, and we have also belt systems, backpacks and bags. This composite panels for anti-ballistic body armour plates. The NFM protective plates are marketed started a production facility in the western affords us the opportunity to utilize the under the brand name of Skjold, the Norwegian Ukraine, near the city of Lviv. individual parts in a holistic system. From word for shield. The picture shows a variety of the market view, we are finding that more different types of plates, with various weights and protection properties etc. Photo: MilitærTeknikk Two companies and more NFM Group comprises of two customers are looking for deliveries divisions; NFM and Equipnor. of the full scale of soldier equipment, lines, such as the Netherlands, who has a NFM carries out R & D, design, production, from skin to outer protective layers, often project coming up with many similarities and sales of the NFM products on the world also including carrying systems like back to the NCU programme. Among the other market, while Equipnor is the trading packs et cetera. In addition to what we major contracts in the pipeline in this entity for tactical gear targeting defence design, make and deliver in-house, we can field in Europe, the upcoming German and police forces in Norway and Sweden. through our sub-suppliers offer the entire programme for soldier equipment must Equipnor is also representing several suite of soldiers’ equipment as a holistic surely be among the greatest. France has foreign suppliers on the Norwegian and and modular system. This is something we some notable on-going programmes, to Swedish markets; Equipnor is actually the are finding that more and more countries one of which we already have secured a largest distributor of defence and police/ are looking for, says Øverland, citing substantial delivery contract. security products on the Scandinavian the joint Nordic NCU (Nordic Combat Øverland also mentions the market. Uniform) programme as an example. ­successful collaboration that the NFM - The reason behind the massive But we are also seeing that many other Group has enjoyed with the Baltic states growth we have seen since starting up, is countries are thinking along the same over several years.

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 7 NORDIC UNIFORM FOUR NORDIC COUNTRIES – ONE COMMON FIELD UNIFORM Under the direction of NORDEFO, the four Nordic countries and thereby increasing the capacity and have put in a dedicated joint effort to develop a common field endurance for each individual soldier. - To what extent will the safety uniform for all climatic zones, to be used by all branches of and other functions improve with the the military. User requirements have been determined for each introduction of new uniforms? of the countries, while the camouflage patterns are going to be - These uniforms are not subject to different from one country to another. The price tag is some specific requirements in terms of safety. But the system can offer extended endurance, 400 million euros spread across a period of four years, divided which is an important issue for the soldier. fairly equally between the four nations. The Danish soldiers - What will be the greatest will be the first to wear the new uniforms, probably not before differences, or improvements? 2021 at the earliest. - All the uniform components are procured as a system designed to work together. All the elements will be procured Text and photo: Tor Husby She has followed the project from the through ONE supplier, thereby offering early days, and was the Norwegian project a holistic overview as well as a systemic he military users were the first manager until she in 2018 was appointed responsibility. to voice the need for a common the joint project manager for the Nordic T­uniform. A number of ­others Combat Uniform Project. User testing in 2019 ­followed suit, right up to the political ­level, - What were the basic professional - What will be the most significant phases sharing the same views. This ­common reasons behind the idea of developing a going forward? ­understanding was a key factor for ­success, common set of Nordic uniforms? -This will be the user testing, while it was generally speaking not a - The countries have for decades planned to be started in 2019 with an ­problem for NORDEFCO to get the four been procuring individual garment expected duration of six months. Following countries to work together. products that over the course of time were this will be negotiations and the signing of not well matched to each other. Now, the a supply contract, says Thrude Leirvik. High priority four countries wish to procure a clothing The news that the four Nordic The project has enjoyed high priority, with system that is adapted to the others, in countries of Sweden, Denmark, Finland a good deal of focus, says Project Manager order that we can achieve higher comfort, and Norway are joining up in a Nordic Thrude J. Leirvik from Forsvarsmateriell. better adapted products, lower weight, Combat Uniform Project has generated

Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden have put in joint effort to develop a common field uniform for all climatic zones. The photo displays Finish soldiers skiing in Norway during the NATO exercise Cold Response in 2016. Photo: FMS/Winnefride Steen

8 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 NORDIC UNIFORM some notable interest, not just throughout or boots and shoes with insoles in the Europe, but also around the world, showing procurement project. Nor will we include that there is considerable international special items targeting particular fields, industry interest in becoming a supplier. It says the project manager in clarification. is a Nordic requirement to arrive at four - Why the decision against uniforms identical contracts, one for each nation, with a common camouflage pattern? each with ONE primary supplier (using - There is a great deal of Nordic subcontractors as required in each case). research behind the design of the through to the conclusion of the project. camouflage patterns specific to each force. This is a frame agreement with a duration Therefore, this is pretty much a given, says of seven years. Thrude J. Leirvik. For some time, there has been She also says that not just the serious negotiations with a series of industry is popping its ears about the potential manufacturers, and the process is uniform project. There is also a great at the early stages of 2019 standing around deal of military interest in the Nordic the halfway point. Combat Uniform Project. With colleagues attending, she is travelling around to give The Norwegian Armed Forces can be expected to All climatic zones briefings on the NORDEFCO course of dress up in the new uniforms sometime after 2022, - The project is enamoured with systemic action at international military conferences says project manager Thrude J. Leirvik. thinking. We are after clothing from and fairs. Further to this, several countries the skin all the way outwards, and this have petitioned for a look-in. groups of legal resources, quality assurance naturally encompasses a diverse range (environment and ethical), technical of smaller and bigger garments. It is our Norway as “Lead Nation” requirements, commercial issues, and requirement that the uniforms will be Norway is the “Lead Nation” in the project, naturally one for the military users. A total usable in all climatic zones, which is to tasked with managing the common goals. of about 50 persons have been engaged. say from the Arctic to desert areas, at sea The Norwegian Defence will be getting Project Manager Thrude J. Leirvik as well as in land. The project does not, their new uniforms from some time in of the Nordic Combat Uniform Project cal- however, encompass clothing or protection 2022. In the capacity of project leader, culates that savings of 5-6 percent can be for heads, feet and hands. In other words, Norway has set out a control group, a achieved through four countries joining we will not be including helmets, mitts project management group, and other forces in one common procurement.

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 9 NCAGE A5009 CONFORM TO THE QUALITY SYSTEM STANDARD AQAP 2110 and ISO 9001:2015

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SANIJET C. 921 BX 29 + SANIJETGUN MULTI-PURPOSE INFLATABLE TENT NY TEKNOLOGI GIR MULIGHETER

DECONTAMINATION om en del av forbe­ ha stor betydning for militære tradisjonelt har samarbeidet­ til å satse på forskning og ut- simple IST redelsene til arbeidet ­operasjoner i fremtiden. om å utvikle materiell og vikling. I denne forbindelse er OF VEHICLES, MATERIALS Inflatable med neste Langtids­ FFI peker ut noen ­systemer til Forsvaret innenfor det betimelig å minne om at en Shower Tent S AND TERRAIN approach plan for forsvaret, som er teknologiområder­­ som særlig ­rammen av det såkalte trekant­ enstemmig stortingskomité,­ ved planlagt behandlet i Stortinget viktige for Forsvaret: sam­arbeidet. Videre faller behandlingen av den forsvars­ for a complex våren 2020, la FFI nylig frem • Sensorer for overvåking og ­samtlige av teknologiområdene industrielle strategien, la til scenario PERSONNEL ­rapporten “Hvordan styrke målfatning på større dyp som FFI har identifisert som grunn at det skulle satses på DECONTAMINATION forsvaret av Norge?” Rapporten • Plattformer og systemer for ­særlig viktige­ også sammen forskning og utvikling innen- even in vurderer ulike retninger for robust kommunikasjon med flere av de teknologiske for de åtte teknologiområdene.­ ­videre utvikling av Forsvaret. • Presisjonsstyrte avstands­ kompetanse­områdene der det, I lys av FFIs ­vurderinger og the worst Rapporten inneholder leverte våpensystemer ­ifølge den nasjonale forsvars­ behovet for å utnytte potensi- også en beskrivelse av ramme­ • Effektivt kommando- og industrielle strategien (Meld. alet ny teknologi­ har i forhold climate betingelser som den videre kontroll- (K2)-system St nr. 9 (2015-2016)) av hen- til å styrke forsvars­evnen, conditions utviklingen av Forsvaret må synet til vesentlige nasjonale er den kommende langtids­ forholde seg til. En av ramme- Videre peker FFI på at sikkerhetsinteresser,­ er behov planen en viktig mulig­het til å betingelsene er teknologisk ut- ­konvergens, det at teknologiske for å opprettholde ­industriell ­realisere denne satsningen slik vikling som rapporten slår fast fremskritt på ulike områder kompetanse i Norge. I ­tillegg at industriens­ kompetanse, at bidrar til å skape konsept­ virker sammen og forsterker­ er systemintegrasjon også og teknologien industrien uelle endringer for militære hverandre, bl.a. ved at det ut- et av kompetanseområdene ­be­sitter, i enda større grad enn styrker. Som eksempler på slike vikles nye systemer der flere ­industrien forutsettes å skulle før kan omsettes i innovative­ utviklingstrekk i dag trekkes systemer og teknologier in- videreføre. og relevante­ operative kapa- den brede introduksjonen av tegreres på en slik måte at de Det ligger med andre ord siteter. Norge er kommet elektronikk, informasjons- og gjensidig forsterker ­effekten godt til rette for å styrke og langt i å ­utvikle teknologi på kommunikasjons­ teknologi­ ved å ta i bruk ny teknologi, utvide samarbeidet mellom­ flere av­områdene FFI ­trekker frem som eksempel. Det som et viktig aspekt. aktørene i trekantmodellen for frem, også i et ­inter­nasjonalt ­vises til at kunstig intelligens, På samtlige av teknologi­ å bidra til at ny ­teknologi om- ­perspektiv. En målrettet ­additiv produksjon, kvante- områdene finnes det høysettes i materiell og systemer­ satsning kan bidra til å sikre datamaskiner, nanoteknologi, kompetanse hos de tre hoved­ som bidrar til å styrke at vi opprettholder ­posisjonen tingenes internett og autonomi aktørene (Forsvarssektoren, forsvarsevnen.­ Det forutsetter­ over tid. Det vil komme både er teknologiområder som vil FFI og forsvarsindustrien) som imidlertid at det finnes midler Forsvaret og industrien­ til gode.

P.O. Box 5250 Majorstuen, Tel: + 47 23 08 80 00 E-mail: [email protected] NO- 0303 Oslo. NORWAY Telefax: + 47 23 08 80 18 Internet: www.fsi.no CRISTANINI Via Porton, 5 - 37010 RIVOLI VERONESE - VERONA - ITALY Tel. +39 045 6269400 Fax +39 045 6269411 E-mail: [email protected] http: www.cristanini.com MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 11 NORWEGIAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION (FSI) FSi EXPORT CONTROL SEMINAR The export control rules constitute an and the Norwegian systems. – – Furthermore, the issue of important regimen to which many businesses And we are discussing the same exports of military material to issues, Kessler further noted; Turkey is currently under hot in the defence sector need to keep a conscious Brexit, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. debate in Germany. As of today, relationship. This year’s seminar was held Per annum, German several German journalists are over two days in March at the Holmen Fjord authorities handle some 15,000 incarcerated in jail in Turkey. Hotel in Asker near Oslo, and as many as 100 licence applications, and This adds another aspect to the about 300 officials have export already problematic issue of delegates had shown up to gain further insight control as their field of work. weapons export to Turkey, not into this comprehensive matter. The volume of export requiring least because Turkey is also a licenses came to about 6 billion fellow member of NATO, said enny Hahn of FD Associates reflects on Norway’s reputation Euro in 2017. Kiessler in conclusion. used a full day to review and the reputation of Norwegian The export of weapons Jthe extensive American industry. and military materiel is a export control rules regimen, – The current state of affairs controversial issue in Germany, with particular emphasis on is that we are able to follow the and the current coalition the Export Administration rules without undue effort when government has signalled that Regulations (EAR) and the it comes to goods. When it they intend to tighten the rules. International Traffic in Arms comes to knowledge, however, For one thing, the government Regulations (ITAR). the situation is not as clear-cut. wants stricter rules to govern Hahn opened by saying that Many hold the opinion that exports to countries with an even if a Norwegian company knowledge cannot be subject involvement in the conflict does not export directly to to the export control rules, in Yemen. Germany has also the USA, the business activity Furu explained, and went on to expressed a wish to have the may still be subject to the encourage the industry to assist stricter export rules harmonised American rules. If the product the Foreign Ministry in this internally in the EU, and or service of the Norwegian field, by spreading information have them laid down as part Jenny Hahn from FD Associates provided an insight into the company contains or is based to research communities, of the common European extensive American regimen of on American components, colleges and universities. Union export rules. This export control rules. FD Associates technology or knowledge, Kai Kristian Kiessler initiative, however, has met is a specialist consulting company said product or service will be from the Federal Ministry for with considerable resistance based in the Washington DC area. The company provides clients subject to the American export Economic Affairs and Engery from the French government, guidance in the requirements of the regimen. Hahn also pointed in Germany works on a daily Kiessler explained. The French Export Administration Regulations out that American authorities basis with the German export and the German governments (EAR), the International Traffic in are actively pursuing foreign control system, and opened by have notably different views Arms Regulations (ITAR) and the Foreign Trade Regulations (FTR). businesses that are suspected of stating that there is not a lot of on weapons exports to Saudi Photo: MilitærTeknikk violating the rules, and this is a differences between the German Arabia, for example. type of attention that businesses should take particular care to avoid. The entire first day of the seminar was devoted to reviewing the American rules, which in itself gives a good indication of just how extensive and all-encompassing these rules really are. Like most countries, Norway has its own rules and regulations for export control. Erik Furu from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs opened by explaining that export control involves security policy, defence policy as well as foreign policy. Export control is about Norway Erik Furu (left) from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Kai Kristian Kiessler, Head of Division Control of War honouring her international Weapons, Export Control, Special procedures in the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy. commitments, which in turn Photo: MilitærTeknikk

12 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 NORWEGIAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION (FSI) NORWEGIAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION (FSI)

PROGRAM CONFERENCE SEA SYSTEMS Like earlier years, this year’s Program Conference Sea Systems was mine clearance.­ We also wish to held in the city of Bergen. This year’s conference broke all participation­ avoid humans being subjected­ to ­boring, repetitive­ routine tasks. records, with a total of 120 attending delegates. Furthermore, the This is partly because ­humans interest in taking part in the speed-dating part of the conference has work too slowly, and partly never been greater. ­because human senses are dulled in the processing of such tasks. ne of the key issues Autonomy was a major eral reasons for seeking to reduce A typical­ example could be to during this year’s con- issue for this year’s conference, the human presence. The Ameri- let computer systems perform Oference was autonomy and Bjarte Haugsvær from the can Navy is talking­ about the three ­analysis of massive amounts of – a technology area that will KNM Tordenskjold opened his D’s – Dirty, ­Dangerous and Dull. data, sorting out information that probably only keep growing in address by asking the rhetorical Meaning that we do not need to is important enough for humans significance over the coming question – Why autonomy? place personnel in dirty areas, to take a closer look. years, in the naval sphere as The answer is self-evident, re- such as chemically­ contaminated­ Haugsvær works in close well as the other branches of the ally – to reduce the risks involved ­areas, or dangerous­ areas such ­cooperation with André Pettersen­ armed forces. in human presence. There are sev- as might be ­encountered­ in from the Defence Research Establishment­ FFi, and Pettersen­ posed the next rhetorical ­question: How can the machines assist us? And the answer spanned everything from decision support to manning naval vessels. The FFI is currently working on several projects under the autonomy banner, and will probably be spending more than 200 MNOK (20 MEUR) over the next five years, for a further insight into what opportunities this technology Bjarte Haugsvær (left) from the Navy, and André Pettersen of the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFi). Photo: MilitærTeknikk might offer. – We are working to develop a common autonomy framework, while we have also worked to develop various demonstrators, explained Pettersen The industry representatives were also given the chance to present their thoughts on autonomy. Knut Roar Wiig from the company Nordic Unmanned AS focussed his presentation of the significant savings that can be achieved through the use of From the left: Bjørn Jalving from Kongsberg Group, Odd Arne Samdal from Thales Norway and Knut Roar Wiig from the autonomy. The Sandnes-based company Nordic Unmanned AS. Photo: MilitærTeknikk Nordic Unmanned AS delivers

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 13 NORWEGIAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION (FSI)

ART IMPRESSION OF “YARA BIRKELAND”

“Yara Birkeland” will be the early 2020. The vessel will gradually is estimated to 25 million USD Kongsberg is responsible world’s first fully electric and move from manned operation to (220 MNOK), approximately three for development and delivery of autonomous container ship, with fully autonomous operation by 2022. times the cost of a ­conventional all key enabling technologies on zero emissions. With this vessel, The “Yara Birkeland” will ­container ship of the same size. “Yara Birkeland”, including the the fertilizer production company be 80 metres (260 ft) long. It will The Norwegian Govern­ment gave sensors and integration required Yara will reduce diesel powered be propelled by electric motors a grant of MNOK 133.6 towards the for remote and autonomous truck haulage by 40,000 journeys powered by batteries. The optimal construction of the ship. ­According ­operations, in addition to the a year. The vessel is currently speed will be 6 knots (11 km/h) with to some estimates, Yara may save ­electric drive, battery and being built at the VARD Brevik a maximum speed of 10 knots (19 up to 90 % of ­annual operating cost ­propulsion control systems. shipyard, and will be delivered km/h). The total cost of the vessel vs. a ­similar conventional ship.

products and services based on both submerged and surface security and rescue equipment, The last industry repre- unmanned technology. vessels. – At this time, several life boats and rafts, required by sentative to speak was Odd – The important thing is commercial autonomous vessels a crewed vessel. Arne Samdal­ from Thales for the industry as well as the are in the planning and building Jalving also pointed to a ­Norway. Samdal raised the is- armed forces community to stages, Jalving said, mentioning demonstration­ of Kongsberg’s sues ­concerning autonomous start making use of this tech- among others the Yara Birkeland autonomous submerged vessel vehicle and security with respect nology, so we can get a clearer as an example. This vessel, Hugin, performed in the Medi- to data transmission. What if an picture of where we are at and planned to carry fertilizer for terranean Sea some time ago. enemy manages to manipulate what we need to develop. And the industry company Yara, The Hugin was operated from the data from an autonomous obviously, as with the advent is currently being built at the an unmanned surface vessel, mine clearing­ vehicle, making of any new technology, we Vard shipyard. – We foresee from which it was launched to it report back to the parent craft are ­facing a ­certain degree of significant economic savingsdive down to a depth of 4000 that “this area is now cleared of ­resistance and uncertainty with related to this vessel. The ­meters, before returning to the mines?”. The ­example is ­chosen the introduction of new ways of practically eliminated crew unmanned surface vessel to be to ­illustrate that information­ doing things. cost is just one thing, but the lifted on board. All of this was ­security is a ­vital aspect with Kongsberg Group has main saving may be in the done without human inter­ ­regard to autonomous­ vehicles, worked with autonomous electric propulsion, as well vention, Jalving explained, and Samdal explained,­ adding­ that vessels over many years, and as in not having to build the suggested that five or six such Thales and the Defence­ Research Bjørn Jalving focused his accommodations, cabins, galley vessels each with a Hugin could Establishment­ FFI are currently presentation especially on et cetera required to keep a be very ­effective hunting enemy engaged in a R&D project to autonomous seagoing craft, crew happy, and the omission of submarines in a Norwegian fjord. ­review these issues further.

WORLD CLASS - through people, technology and dedication

14 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 NORWEGIAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION (FSI) NORWEGIAN DEFENCE AND SECURITY INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION (FSI)

FSi SMB CORPORATE PRESENTATION:

We develop IMPETUS Afea Solver, a software tool to do large-deformation analysis of structures, which often occurs for extreme loading conditions. IMPETUS Afea Solver can efficiently do analysis of impact, blast and terminal ballistics. Application areas include IED (improvised explosive device) and the shock response on vehicles, warhead design, fragmentation analysis, shock loading and shock response, fortification and design of advanced armour solutions.

IMPETUS core values are accuracy, Today IMPETUS has 6 full time the defence market. Our customers use our robustness and user friendliness. The ­employees (PhD; MSc, BSc) and is located­ tool for investigation of alternative designs­ software has several unique features and in Flekkefjord on the south coast of and to develop new products. A ­typical we aim to be the innovation driver within ­Norway. IMPETUS’ Swedish daughter­ customer is a manufacturer of armour our field. company is located in Huddinge, just or armoured vehicles. Defence is 70% of IMPETUS software is used by test labo- south of Stockholm. IMPETUS’­ market. ratories, research organizations, universities, The company is owned by its agencies, consulting companies, suppliers employees. Company’s standing and OEMs within the defence market. as a member of the FSi: Involvement in the defence Since 2012. About IMPETUS marked IMPETUS started in 2006, and the de­ The IMPETUS software tool is licensed to Why maintain the velop­ment of software was initiated in defence agencies, OEMs (Original equip- membership in FSi: 2008. ment manufacturers) and suppliers within Good arena for networking.

SIMULATION VS. EXPERIMENT The top photo displays a blast loading hitting a reinforced concrete wall. The illustration to the left displays the analysis result worked out with the IMPETUS software tool. The photo to the right displays the actual result of the high explosive impact. Photo: NDEA, Norwegian Defence Estates Agency

TEST OF APEX AMMUNITION The actual impact is displayed to the right. To the left, the computerized picture of the impact and fragmentation created by the IMPETUS software. Photo: Nammo/FFI

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 15 MAUD

KNM “MAUD” ARRIVES IN NORWAY On Friday, March 29th, the KNM “Maud”, the ­all-new Navy logistics vessel, ­arrived at the Navy base of ­Haakonsvern near Bergen. Maud is a new and vital ­logistics and support resource in the marine­ defence. With its substantial load capacity, With a length overall of 183 meters, or 600 feet, and a displacement of 27,500 tons, the KNM Maud will be the the vessel can provision own overwhelmingly biggest vessel in the Norwegian Navy. For comparison, the Fridtjof Nansen class frigate measure and allied forces to allow the 134 meters overall (440 feet), and their fully loaded displacement is 5200 tons. Photo: Sjøforsvaret/FMS operative units extra duration NATO maritime forces, said Prime ­Minister saster, humanitarian operations, or search in the operative theatre. Erna Solberg. and rescue (SAR) operation. The ship is KNM Maud may also feature as a prepared to host a medical unit capable of urther to the importance of KNM command ship to control naval military treating up to 48 patients, with its own sur- Maud in boosting the operational ­operations from the sea level. The vessel is gical theatre, trauma room, intensive care Fstamina of the other Navy vessels, also intended to support other Defence units, unit, hyperbaric chamber and many other the very presence of a logistics vessel is as well as to function as a resource to the speciality rooms we know from hospitals. an attractive resource within NATO. Our ­general community in a readiness context. The KNM Maud is expected to planning calls for the KNM Maud to be a Maud is able to support the civilian become fully operational in the course of part of and to offer support to the standing community in the event of a crisis or di- 2020.

ÅR

1969–2019

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– B u l l e t i n B o a r d f o r D e f e n c e , I nd u s t ry a nd T r a d e –

Allies to Pay for Hosted US Troops? Carl-Gustaf Ammunition for USA The European Council on Noting any such arrangements Saab has received an ammunition system. The total order value is Foreign Relations published a are bilateral, the official would order from the U.S. Department $16 million (approximately 145 report in February suggesting only say that the US presence of Defense (DoD) for the Carl- MSEK). Deliveries will take place Trump may be preparing in Europe is beneficial both to Gustaf man-portable weapon in 2020. some “bills” for NATO allies. Europe and the US. Rumors are that the Trump Previously South Korea administration may start billing agreed to increase the amount RBS 70 Mk II Missiles countries which host United it pays Washington for the States military installations and deployment of US troops there to the Czech Army forces. Some media sources from about $830 million to Saab has received an order to responsible for acquisitions for have even suggested that the $924 million (738 million deliver the Mk II missile for RBS NATO members. The Czech charges would cover the full EURO to 822 million EURO) 70 to the Army of the Czech Republic is a user of the RBS cost of US deployments plus 50 under intense pressure from ­Republic. The deliveries will 70 as well as the new RBS 70 percent more. the US president and fears he take place in 2019. NG system, both systems are A NATO official however would withdraw some of the The order was placed compatible with the Mk II stated that the matter has not 28,500 troops there without the by the NATO Support and missile. come up at the alliance level. spending boost. Procurement Agency (NSPA),

Remote towers centre the opening hours of smaller is that the new platform will airports, ensuring better access provide an equal or better Norway’s Avinor Air Navigation Civil use of military for ambulance flights andsafety level compared to that of Services has commenced technology business development alike conventional towers. the construction for what -The Remote Towers Centre for small Arctic communities. -The Ninox Remote Towers will become the world’s will run on the Ninox Remote Today these airports often have platform includes the use of IR largest remote towers centre, Towers platform. When to keep closed for parts of the technology (infrared camera) controlling the air traffic at 15 complete, it will provide day, due to the lack of staff, and MTI technology (Moving airports from the Arctic city of more flexibility and bettersays Anders Kirsebom, CEO of Target Indicator), which detects Bodø. accessibility to 15 airports, Avinor Air Navigation Services moving objects in the airspace The new Remote Towers which spreads across a vast -We are implementing the or on the ground. This includes Centre in Bodø, Norway is an geographic area of Norway. Ninox Remote Towers platform drones, birds, humans, cars MNOK 110 investment (about As a result, the new Remote together with the Kongsberg or other objects which can 11 millions EURO). Towers Centre will open up Group and Indra. One of the represent a danger to air traffic, the possibility to increase success factors for this project says Kirsebom.

The centre will employ about 60 persons, ensuring better knowledge sharing and The NINOX Electro-Optical Sensor Suite (EOSS) from KONGSBERG, consists redundancy amongst staff. The first airport tower to be controlled remotely is of a rotating platform housing a visual and infrared 360° camera and a pan-tilt Røst, located in the Lofoten islands of Norway. The plan is run the first operation platform housing a visual zoom camera, a fixed lens IR camera, a laser range by September this year. Illustration: Archus Arkitekter/ Avinor finder and signal lamp. Photo: Catchlight Fotostudio/ Avinor

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German armed forces; operational Rheinmetall to supply the Swiss readiness slowly increasing Army’s new command simulator In March, Inspector General other aircraft and its certification Following a comprehensive The new command Eberhard Zorn presented his as a tanker.” The A400M can evaluation by armasuisse, one simulator will be located at the annual report on the operational now take over transports in the of Switzerland’s four federal- Swiss General Staff School (Gst readiness of the Bundeswehr’s operational areas; This is partly level procurement agencies, S) in Kriens in Canton Lucerne. main weapon systems to the due to the simplification of Rheinmetall has won an order For years, this training centre Bundestag’s Defense Committee. procedures and the increase in to supply a new command has been using simulator-based The material readiness of the maintenance capacity. simulator for training the technology to school Swiss approximately 10,000 weapons The Bundeswehr is on nation’s military leaders. The Army officers in every aspect of systems of the Bundeswehr the right track, but has not contract has been signed in military leadership. averaged 70 percent last year. yet arrived at its destination. February 2019. The downward trend in the The operational readiness of material operational readiness the U212A submarine is not of the main weapon systems was satisfactory, as at least three Virtual training simulators to stopped, in parts even reversed. submarines should have been As a prime example of this available for missions towards Finnish Armed Forces development, the Inspector the end of 2018. The Finnish Defence Forces and provides a base for post- General cited the wheeled GTK All in all, the trend reversals Logistics Command has signed training analysis. armored troop transport vehicle of material and finance are a contract with Saab’s training In addition, the company Boxer. In addition, “the A400M is slowly but increasingly taking and simulation business unit is required to offer system also showing a positive trend, with effect, and additional reforms for the procurement of virtual maintenance support. Deliveries the simultaneous arrival of ten are planned for this year. training simulators. under the contract will be The contract is valued carried out this year. at approximately 9m EURO Training 2020 programme is Increased US defense budget and the acquisition of virtual being implemented to provide simulators is part of the Finnish soldiers with skilled training On March 11, 2019, President Space: $14.1 billion Armed Forces’ Training 2020 in a safe and environmentally Donald J. Trump sent Congress Air Domain: $57.7 billion programme. friendly area. a proposed Fiscal Year (FY) Ground Systems: $14.6 billion Under the contract, the The high-impact cost-effective 2020 Budget request of $750 Maritime domain: $34.7 billion. company will supply equipment training will prepare soldiers for billion for national security, that includes simulations of potential challenges faced in future $718.3 billion of which is for The Budget highlights weapons used by the Finnish security environments. Training the Department of Defense emerging technology projects military, as well as software that will benefit both the defence (DoD). The FY 2020 Budget including: designs a virtual environment system and the individual. maintains momentum from - Unmanned / Autonomous the sustained funding increases projects to enhance freedom enacted in FY 2017, FY 2018, of maneuver and lethality in US Army clarifies rules on and FY 2019 to repair damaged contested environments - $3.7 readiness, and the Budget billion autonomous armed robots marks a key next step in how - Artificial Intelligence / The US Department of Defense gunners reach a higher level of we operationalize the 2018 Machine Learning investments (DoD) has clarified its rules on precision. National Defense Strategy. The to expand military advantage the use of autonomous armed The US Army said that 2018 national Defense Strategy through the Joint Artificialrobots in battle, stating that “the Army has a desire to states that “Long-term strategic Intelligence Center (JAIC) and humans will always have the leverage recent advances in competitions with China Advanced Image Recognition - final decision on deploying computer vision and artificial and Russia are the principal $927 million lethal action. intelligence/machine learning priorities for the Department, - Hypersonics weapons The DoD recently to develop autonomous target and require both increased and development to complicate announced its plans to upgrade acquisition technology, that will sustained investment, because adversaries’ detection and military aiming systems, using be integrated with fire control of the magnitude of the threats defense - $2.6 billion machine learning to create a technology, aimed at providing they pose to U.S. security - Directed Energy investment gun platform that can choose its ground combat vehicles with and prosperity today, and the to support implementation targets autonomously. the capability to acquire, potential for those threats to of directed energy for base Under the Advanced identify, and engage targets at increase in the future. defense; enable testing and Targeting and Lethality least three times faster than the Specifically, the Department’s procurement of multiple types Automated System (Atlas) current manual process. FY 2020 budget builds the Joint of lasers; and increase research project, the US Army will For the project, the DoD is Force’s capacity and lethality and development for high- incorporate autonomous aiming looking for commercial partners by investing in: power density applications - capabilities into ground combat to help deliver the autonomous Cyber: $9.6 billion $235 million vehicles to help US Army aiming system.

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Chinese 40-Ton Helicopter? Coastal surveillance

The 40-ton class heavy production and Russia would radars to France heli­ copter,­ jointly developed by be acting as a technical partner. Thales has received a contract has shifted from blue-water China and Russia, is expected “-Our goal in the co­ from the French Defence operations to coastal and littoral to be de­livered by 2032, said operation is to learn from Procurement Agency to supply zones due to evolving threats. Wu Ximing,­ a Chinese ­political ­Russia’s strong points and close two coastal surveillance radars The scope has increased ­advisor and chief designer of the gap,” Wu stated. to enhance maritime threat to include tackling various helicopters for the Aviation Under the contract, at least detection. threats in these zones such as ­Industry Corporation of China. 200 heavy helicopters will Under the contract, Thales intrusion by hostile vessels and Wu said that China lacks be built in China. The heavy will provide its Coast Watcher aircraft into sensitive areas, experience in technologies related helicopter would have a weight- 100s that is claimed to offer trafficking, shipping accidents, to the transmission system. lift capability of 15 tons, a protection for tactical test areas. and maritime pollution, the Russia however is more ex- range of 630 kilometers and a Radars will monitor maritime company added. perienced in the transmission top speed of 300 kilometers an traffic in and around the areas Thales has so far delivered system when it comes to 40- hour. and detect any intrusive threats. about 30 Coast Watcher 100 ton class helicopters, as Russia’s China will have a complete Thales noted that the focus radars to several countries. ­Mi-26 is of the 56-ton class. helicopter family covering from of maritime threat detection China is responsible for 500-kilogram class to 40-ton the helicopter’s design and class.

Secure network for French Navy vessels The French defence procure­ ships and remedy hardware and ment agency DGA (Direction software obsolescence. générale de l’armement) It will also enable the has awarded the RIFAN 2.1 future front-line frigates of the contract to an industrial FDI (‘frégates de défense et consortium headed by Airbus d’intervention’) programme and also comprising the Naval and the future replenishment Group and Rohde & Schwarz. tankers of the BRF (‘bâtiment This contract was signed ravitailleur de forces’) Coast Watcher 100 radar. Photo: Thales for a maximum duration of programme to be integrated eight years and up to a into the RIFAN 2 network. The maximum amount of 150 purpose of the programme is million EURO. to equip French naval forces Defense-level encrypted smart­ The contract covers work to with a truly secure broadband phones for Swedish healthcare maintain and adapt the existing network. It is designed for IP network for the French naval exchanges of data of various International medical imaging The solution will be forces, RIFAN 2 (Réseau IP de classification levels, rangingIT and cybersecurity company delivered as a service, whereby la Force Aéronavale étape 2), from ‘Unclassified’ to ‘Secret’, Sectra has delivered its secure the system’s infrastructure and to the needs of the Navy in the between ships at sea and on- smartphone, Sectra Tiger/R, administration will be managed coming years, to integrate new shore command centres. to two Swedish healthcare by Sectra. The regions will thus regions. Sectra’s solution will gain a cost-efficient solution enable the regions to securely that can be swiftly and easily communicate sensitive or implemented in day-to-day classified information withinoperations while avoiding high their organizations and with investment thresholds. central government authorities. Sectra Tiger/R is an encryption solution for smartphones and tablets. Within the two regions, Sectra Tiger/R will be used by key individuals in the security organizations to communicate sensitive information, such as crisis preparedness, information A total of 63 French navy ships are equipped with the RIFAN 2 network, ranging security or incident response from aircraft carriers and frigates to support ships, patrol craft based overseas Sectra Tiger/R Photo: Sectra and submarines. Photo: French Navy capability.

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 19 BULLETIN BOARD FOR DEFENCE, INDUSTRY AND TRADE

Nammo assumes majority F-16s for Taiwan? ownership position in MAC LLC Taiwan could begin to receive billion, and delivery of the jets A year after announcing its military and commercial users, its first batch of 66 new F16V could begin by late 2020. acquisition of a minority believes that this technology fighter jets from the U.S. as A military official told China position in US company MAC will strengthen its ability to soon as the end of 2020. Times that the reason why LLC, Nammo is pleased to provide a reliable advantage to Taiwan has made new Taiwan is opting for F-16V jets confirm that it has assumed a its customers. progress in the purchase of 66 instead of the state-of-the art majority ownership position MAC LLC will continue to F16V jets from the U.S. On Feb. F-35 fighters is that the U.S. has in the company. Based in Bay operate as they have, providing 27, the Ministry of National said it is not willing to sell the St. Louis MS, the company is a leadership role in lightweight Defense officially submitted its advanced aircraft to Taiwan for a leader in the development ammunition solutions, and application for the fighter jets. at least 10 years. In addition, and production of lightweight will be an important part of The U.S. is expected to the official said it will take polymer cartridge cases for Nammo’s US growth plan going give an official decision on the another eight years produce the small and medium caliber forward. request within 120 days, and jets for Taiwan and to train its ammunition. The acquisition has been mostly likely June at the latest. pilots on the fifth-generation Nammo, as a major supplier reviewed and approved by the The estimated cost of the new combat aircraft, thus meaning it of specialty ammunition for US government. warplanes will be between billion could be 18 years before Taiwan US$ 7.76 billion and US$ 8.08 could fly the F-35.

Shark skin to build faster aircraft The US Army has funded These flexible scales are research to study the skin of located in particular areas of the shortfin mako shark as part the shark’s body and help the of efforts to construct faster animal control flow separation aircraft and helicopters. to reduce pressure drag. Also known as the ‘cheetahs The research team of the ocean’, mako sharks can conducted water tunnel achieve speeds of up to 112- experiments using real mako 129 km/h (70mph or 80mph). shark skin samples. The skin The F-16V configuration provides advanced combat capabilities in a scalable The investigation is expected samples were taken from the and affordable package. Photo: Lockheed Martin / Randy Crites to provide insights into how the shark’s flank region. mako shark is able to achieve Lang explained: “We set up high speeds. Results could help an experiment in the tunnel engineers in understanding how with a measured amount of flow IBCS contract for the pressure drag on aircraft separation induced on a smooth can be reduced and make them surface. Then we replaced the Poland’s Wisla programme more agile and responsive. smooth surface with shark Northrop Grumman has secured Delivery of the IBCS The research is being carried skin and re-quantified the flow a $713m contract with the US engagement operations centres out by aeronautical engineer separation. Army to manufacture integrated and network relays will be Amy Lang of the University of In all cases with the flank air and missile defence (IAMD) carried out by Polish Jelcz Alabama. skin, we saw the size of the battle command system (IBCS) vehicles. Lang, along with colleagues, separated flow region reduced for Poland. In March last year, Poland has studied how the nearly significantly by the presence of The foreign military sales became the first international 0.2mm-sized scales can flex at the skin. contract is for the first phase partner country to buy the angles more than 40° from the The research work was also of Poland’s Wisla medium- IBCS. The IBCS provides wider shark’s body. funded by Boeing. range air and missile defence area surveillance and broader programme. protection areas by integrating Under the contract, Northrop sensors and interceptors. Grumman will produce IBCS The second phase of engagement operations centres Poland’s Wisla programme for integration with IBCS battle would involve the purchase management software to increase of additional Patriot fire units, the combat ability of sensors and in addition to gallium nitride- weapon systems. based 360° active electronically The company will also scanning array radars and the supply the integrated firelow-cost interceptor missile control network relays and IBCS SkyCeptor Shortfin mako sharks can achieve speeds of up to 129 km/h. network-enabled command and Photo: Mark Conlin, SWFSC Large Pelagics Program control for four firing units.

20 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 BULLETIN BOARD FOR DEFENCE, INDUSTRY AND TRADE

US Army to delay BAE howitzer CROWS contracts The US Army is reportedly set To date, the US Department valued 805 MNOK to delay its approval of the full of Defense has awarded Kongsberg Defence & 14, 2018. The contracts also production contract for BAE contracts for the purchase of a Aerospace AS (KONGSBERG) includes the Low Profile Systems’ M109A7 self-propelled total of 162 sets of howitzers has received a number of CROWS configuration, spare 155mm howitzer. and ammunition haulers. contracts in December 2018 parts, and repair and reset of The service had already Around 576 M109A7­ worth 805 MNOK. already delivered equipment delayed its decision on a howitzers and ammunition This is in accordance with totaling 620 MNOK. contract for the full-rate carriers are planned to be the CROWS IDIQ (Indefinite With nearly 20,000 systems production of the howitzer, acquired by the army. Delivery/Indefinite Quantity)sold, KONGSBERG is the which was supposed to be Meanwhile, BAE spokes­ frame contract with the US world-leading provider of announced in July. woman Kelly Golden said -We Army announced September remote weapon stations. US Army spoksman stated have enhanced the weld and recently that the BAE has made fabrication processes across our progress, but they’re still not at entire manufacturing network. the point where they’ve show As part of these improvements, ‘both a consistent rate and a we implemented a 100% in- consistent level of quality’. station weld inspection across BAE Systems’ progress on the our facilities and are now $8.1bn programme is currently delivering defect-free vehicles being monitored by the Defense to the Army at a higher rate. Contract Management Agency.

M153 CROWS mounted on a US Army M-ATV. Photo: US Army

C-5 fleet modernisation

The M109A7, produced by BAE Systems, will replace the current M109A6 Self- The US Air Force (USAF) Rapid Delta and Georgia Tech Propelled Howitzer, formerly known as the Paladin Integrated Management Sustainment Office (AF RSO) will be responsible for sharing program, as one of the Army’s most critical combat vehicle modernization has formed a partnership for commercial best practices for programs. Photo: BAE Systems sharing of best practices related the C-5 programme. to C-5 Galaxy modernisation Over the next six months, and reliability processes. Delta and Georgia Tech will Partners in the collaboration deliver recommendations to Update Australian include the AF RSO, the C-5 modernise aircraft maintenance Army C-RAM Capability System Program Office, Delta and reliability processes across Air Lines and the Georgia the USAF, based on Delta’s In late December, Saab received sensors, C2 nodes and warning Institute of Technology. innovative processes. an order from the Capability systems) is an essential capability Acquisition Sustainment to protect friendly forces from Group (CASG) on behalf of hostile fire by detecting and the Australian Army to update warning against small, mobile the Wireless Audio Visual and hard-to-find threats such Emergency System (WAVES) as rockets, artillery and mortar equipment for the Counter fire. The Commonwealth’s Rocket, Artillery and Mortar C-RAM solution is built around (C-RAM) System. The WAVES the Saab Giraffe Agile Multi- equipment provides early Beam (AMB) radar which is warning audible and visual part of a family of ground-based alerts when the C-RAM sensors radars that can detect a range of detect and identify an incoming incoming threats, from mortar threat within an exclusion zone. and artillery rounds and rockets The C-RAM capability to small drones and fast moving (which comprises of multiple aircraft. Bilde 2 A US Air Force C-5 Galaxy. Photo: Lockheed Martin

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 21 BULLETIN BOARD FOR DEFENCE, INDUSTRY AND TRADE

STADT signs contract for a new The first hot firing from the F-35 Navy project for a NATO country The beginning of March saw the to-air missile (AMRAAM), and first hot firing of live missiles is an uprated version of the one Electrical propulsion systems In 2018, STADT delivered­ a from the F-35 in Norway. being used on the current F-16. for military vessels are forging large system to SAAB in Sweden, The shooting was con- In conjunction with the sensors ahead, and with its patented and this too was for a military ducted by the 332 Squadron on the F-35, the missile can be STEALTH technology based on ship. With the new contract, ­working in collaboration with used to engage aircraft that are Lean Propulsion, STADT has STADT reaffirms its position the TTT Squadron (Testing, beyond line of sight, way before now signed an important con- on the military ship market. ­Training and Tactics) as well as the F-35 itself gets detected. tract for a large, new military ­Hallvard Slettevoll, general the ­maintenance and logistics The aircraft comprises a vessel. manager for STADT AS, believes ­organisations. The exercise was ­total of 11 different ­attachment Scope and details about the that more defence contracts­ will carried out at the firing range points for weapons, called project are not being publicised be coming in soon. of Halten, north west of the weapons stations. Four of the yet, but this is a very signifi- STADT is also noticing a ­Ørland Air Station, and it was weapons stations on the F-35 cant contract, for which STADT lot of interest from the com- the first of its kind from an F-35 are internal, allowing the fighter has prevailed in competition mercial shipping market inter­ in Norway. to carry from two to eight air- with much larger international nationally, where there is a The missiles that were fired to-ground weapons as well as suppliers. Among the decisive large ­spectrum of ships with a were of the type designated two radar-controlled air-to-air competitive advantages of the need for some environ­mentally AIM-120, a radar-controlled air- missiles. STADT Lean Propulsion techno­ friendly type of electric pro- logy is that it is noiseless in all pulsion or ­other. Many of the manners, it is compact, and it projects are bases on LNG as needs no cooling. This ensures their source of ­energy, often in more power to the propellers, ­combination with diesel­ and with an energy saving of up batteries. STADT delivers fully to 6% over the competitors to integrated ­solutions, up to and STADT on electric propulsion. including propeller systems in Accordingly, the ships equipped collaboration with its ­partners. with STADT technology will be The STADT technology­ is very environment friendly, with ­scalable up to very high power both energy consumption and levels, effectively covering the climatic emissions reduced to propulsion­ needs of ships in half that of previously used pro- virtually all sizes. pulsion technology on military F-35 RNORAF Live firing with AMRAAM missile. vessels. Photo: Helge Hopen/ Forsvaret

Europe nearing goals Belgium and Spain remain is undergoing a significant shift below 1 percent of economic in spending as it seeks to deter With overall European spending of the alliance if they didn’t boost output. Spending in Canada fell Russia and undergoes its biggest up, hitting a five-year high of spending immediately. by almost 11 percent last year. modernization in decades. 1.51 percent of GDP, Britain, European states have NATO head Jens Stoltenberg From 2016 to 2020, NATO Estonia, Greece, Latvia, Lithuania argued security is not just about said the increase showed “we are states excluding the US are and Poland met the 2 percent spending targets. Added to that, moving in the right direction.” expected to increase defense goal, according to the NATO despite welcome growth rates, He had previously argued NATO budgets by $100 billion. 2018 annual report. Bulgaria, rising GDPs have made meeting the Baltics and the Netherlands the relative figure difficult. pumped in an extra 20 percent in 2018 compared to 2017. German spending Europe in general has been stable pushed into more military Europe’s largest economy, funding following the 2014 Germany, invested an additional Russian annexation of Ukraine’s 1.5 billion EURO ($1.7 billion) Crimea, Islamist militancy and in defense last year, raising Trump’s demands for sharing the figure to almost 42 billion the cost of defending Europe. EURO ($47 billion) and Members have promised keeping its rate as a percentage to try to hit the target by 2024 of GDP stable at 1.23 percent. but slow progress has angered That leaves Germany at the Trump, prompting him in August lower end of the spectrum, with last year to threaten pulling out the US at 3.39 percent, while

22 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 BULLETIN BOARD FOR DEFENCE, INDUSTRY AND TRADE

Nammo’s British Rocket Carl-Gustaf M4 to the U.S. Army Engine Powers Israel’s Mission Saab and the U.S. Army have The recently signed signed a multi-year framework framework contract has a to the Moon agreement for delivery of the duration of 3 years and gives When SpaceIL’s Beresheet Lunar Carl-Gustaf M4 weapon system the U.S. Army the opportunity Lander blasts off from Cape (designated M3E1 in the US). to place orders for Carl-Gustaf Canaveral on a SpaceX Falcon The first delivery order amounts M4 systems for a total value of 9 later this week it will carry a to USD 19 million (Approximate- approximately 380 MSEK. rocket engine designed and built ly 170 MSEK) with deliveries ex- at Nammo’s facility at Westcott pected in 2019. in the UK. Known as the LEROS 2b, and originally designed for satellites and deep space missions, the engine will power the Lander during its transfer to the Moon, place it into orbit around the moon, and ensure a Beresheet Moonlander. safe landing on the lunar surface. Photo: SpaceIL Finally, the rocket will be used to ‘hop’ and move the Lander to another location on the moon Nammo’s engineers have approximately 500 m from its also increased the thrust of original landing point. the engine to give it sufficient Nammo Westcott in power to land safely. Finally, Buckingham­shire was chosen they have verified that the by SpaceIL as the provider engine is able conduct multiple of the main rocket engine in so-called “hot re-starts” during 2015. Modifications made to landing and the 500 meter hop the LEROS since then include on the Moon. shortening the nozzle to ensure LEROS engines have already The Carl-Gustaf M4 (designated M3E1 in the U.S.), reduces the launcher weight it will fit within the spacecraft powered missions to Mars, from 10 kg to less than 7 kg, among several other significant improvements. and, crucially, not hit the Mercury and Jupiter, but never Photo: Saab surface of the moon when the to the Moon, and certainly Lander touches down. never powered a landing. Order for 9LV Fire Control System from Norway RBS 70 NG for Brazilian Army Saab has received an order from optronic technology which gives Saab has signed a contract with of the latest RBS 70 NG version Vard Group A/S for delivery of the system very high precision the Brazilian Army for deliver- and marks a significant upgrade the 9LV Fire Control System in all weather conditions. It is ies of RBS 70 NG – the latest to their air defence capability. (FCS) including the Fire Con- used on more than 200 ships generation of the RBS 70 man- Their existing RBS 70 inventory trol Director Ceros 200 to the around the world. portable air defence system. has been in service with the Norwegian Coast Guard’s new Communication System to In addition to the RBS 70 Brazilian Army since 2014. The Jan Mayen class vessels. Norwegian Coast Guard Vessels NG system, the order also system had a big role in 2016 The 9LV FCS is used to Saab has signed a contract includes training systems, as it was a part of the protection detect, monitor and combat with Vard Group AS to take on camouflage systems and other of the 2016 Olympics in Rio de threats with unpreceded the communication integrator associated equipment. This is Janeiro, Brazil. accuracy. role for the Norwegian Coast the Brazilian Army’s first order Vard Group is building the Guard project P6615. Jan Mayen class vessels with the Saab will provide the first delivery planned for 2022. Norwegian Coast Guard’s three Saab will undertake the work in newly ordered vessels with Järfälla, Sweden. Saab’s complete Integrated The 9LV FCS provides Communication System, TactiCall, rapid, reliable defence against consisting of both internal and any threat in any environment, external communication. including advanced sea- TactiCall is based on skimming missiles and voice over IP technology and asymmetric surface threats. One interconnects all communication RBS 70 system has an impressive track-record on the market with more than 1,600 launchers and over 18,000 missiles delivered to nineteen countries. of the core components, Ceros technologies regardless of radio Photo: Saab 200, is based on radar and band, frequency and hardware.

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Support Contract for Giraffe US senators table bill to halt trans- AMB with France fer of F-35 fighter jets to Turkey Saab has signed a contract with Four US senators have intro- and capabilities of the F-35 the French Ministry of Defence’s duced a bill that seeks to block ­aircraft. Especially US fears that Direction de la Maintenance the transfer of F-35 Joint Strike the radar on the Russian S-400 Aéronautique (DMAé) regard- Fighter aircraft to Turkey ­until missile system would learn how ing support for the surface based Ankara gives up on the deal to spot and track the F-35. radar system Giraffe AMB. to procure S-400 air defence Turkey is expected to receive­ DMAé is responsible for the ­system from Russia. the F-35 towards the end of operational maintenance of the Turkey is a key partner in 2020, while the first S-400 French Ministry of Defence’s the multinational Joint Strike ­delivery is scheduled for July. aeronautics equipment. The Fighter programme, supplying The US also offered the contract, which includes parts for the stealth aircraft. ­Patriot anti-missile system as an support, maintenance and spare The US and its Nato allies alternative. parts, covers an initial two-year fear that the procurement of The US is also contem­ period from January 2019 to the Russia defence systems by plating the removal of Turkey January 2021, with options to ­Ankara will affect the ­security from the F-35 programme Saab delivered the Giraffe AMB extend for up to five additional systems to France in 2006. years, to 2026. Photo: Saab

Danish Army Orders Camouflage

Saab has received several orders for more than 25 years. The from Danish Defence Acquisition new orders contain static and Logistics Organization for camouflage systems, which Static Camouflage Systems.is an advanced multispectral Deliveries are expected to take camouflage net that provides place in 2019. unrivalled signature protection The Royal Danish Army has for vehicles and other objects in Saab Barracuda camouflage solutions offer multispectral protection. Everything been a user of Saab Barracuda’s static positions. from ultra-violet, visual, near infrared, short wave infrared to thermal sensors signature management systems and radar. Photo: Saab

NorLense Awarded Nato Support with minimum maintenance piece solution with no loose under harsh field operations. parts, integrated floor and com- and Procurement Agency (NSPA) SWIFT tents provide a min- plete high-pressure air beam Contract imum of 10 years of life and structure. The unique structure use a rapid and modular system contributes to rapid and easy NorLense Shelter Solutions has NorLense AS shelter sales specially designed to meet the deployment / take down for us- been awarded a contract with manager Robin Mattsson said: though demands of high mo- ers in the field and minimise the the Nato Support and Procure- “This is a real vote of confidence bility and comfort in all type of risk of operations errors with ment Agency (NSPA) ­following from NSPA of our SWIFT tent climates. It is a complete one- missing or broken parts. an international competition for system and capability as a com- the acquisition of an 800-­person pany to provide complete camp rapidly deployable camp for a solutions. The contract demon- Nato nation. strates that we have the skills to The camp will be delivered win international tenders based in September 2019 and consists on our technical competence of tented living accommodation and pricing structure.” based on NorLense SWIFT high- The tented living accom- pressure inflatable tents, together modation will be equipped with with associated camp equipment. HVAC, electrical distribution, As an option, NorLense will also lighting, fire safety equipment NorLense tents. For over 15 years, NorLense have been producing inflatable provide full life cycle support and furniture. It is designed for tents based on their unique high-pressure technology and providing complete camp solutions. The NorLense high pressure inflatable tents haveaccommodated ­ for the equipment and set-up being configured and loaded military, humanitarian and emergency organisations worldwide, achieved / tear down service of the camp quickly for a specific mission ­acknowledge for their high quality and easiness to use, being reliable in all type through a national partner. and for continuous operation of climates and weather conditions. Photo: NorLense

24 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 BULLETIN BOARD FOR DEFENCE, INDUSTRY AND TRADE

NASAMS for Australia Data Response contact in Raytheon Australia and Kongs- NASAMS was in 2017 ­Norway of 18 MNOK berg Defence & Aerospace ­chosen for a Single Supplier (KONGSBERG) have an- Limited Tender process and has Data Respons has received a relations and work closely nounced that the National Ad- gone through a Risk ­Mitigation contract of NOK 18 million with our customers – from vanced Surface to Air Missile Activity. NASAMS is a fully with a customer within Space, idea and development to de- System, NASAMS, was selected ­networked and distributed Defence & Security segment. livery and support throughout for the Australian Government’s ­system allowing the ­Australian The contract comprise the ­lifecycle of the product. Short Range Ground Based Air Army to counter complex air development­ and delivery­ These types of customised Defence program known as threats beyond visual range and, of advanced ­communication ­solutions are system­ critical LAND19 Phase 7B. KONGS- considerably increase ­protection ­solutions with high ­security to our customers­ and requires­ BERG is a subcontractor to Ray- of Australian soldiers.­ ­requirements that will be in-depth domain knowledge theon Australia. ­operating in challenging and engineering competence. ­conditions. The deliveries will This order also confirms the take place in 2019 and we strong development we see see a great potential with this in the Norwegian market at ­customer in the years to come. the beginning­ of 2019, says - We have a long-term ­Kenneth ­Ragnvaldsen, CEO of ­perspective on our customer Data Respons ASA.

“Helge Ingstad” has been salvaged

On the 3rd of March, the ­ill-fated ships were sailing in and around frigate KNM «Helge­ Ingstad»­ the fjords, following their arrived at the ­Haakonsvern partici­pation in exercise Trident NASAMS network units. NASAMS is the most sold air defence system in its navy base, on the deck of the Juncture 2018, which ended on class in the last 10 years. Ill.: KDA/ Raytheon barge “Boabarge33”. 7 November. HNoMS Helge Ingstad was The Norwegian Navy will involved in a collision with the now be surveying in detail the F-16 to Morocco oil tanker Sola TS, just outside damages incurred by the frigate, The US State Department has launchers, 40 AIM-120C-7 ad- the coast north-west of Bergen prior to a final decision on what granted approval for a poten- vanced medium-range air-to-air in on the western Norwegian will be the further fate of the tial sale of 25 F-16C/D Block missiles (AMRAAM), 40 AIM- coast, on 8 November 2018. ­vessel. If repairs and ­restoring 72 Fighting Falcons to Moroc- 120C-7 guidance sections, and Due to the damage to the the frigate to operational­ co in a deal valued at around three GBU-38/54 JDAM tail frigate it was moved to shallow duty isn’t a viable path, the $3.78bn. kits. waters and the crew was evacu- ­Defence and the Ministry Weapons to be sold under Furthermore, Morocco has ated. Eight crew members were will be evaluating­ alternative­ the possible sale include 30 requested to upgrade its 23 taken to hospital and treated for ­solutions. Several options have M61 Al Vulcan 20mm guns, ­existing F-16C/D Block 50/52s minor injuries. been voiced, including the 50 LAU-129 multi-purpose to the F 16V configuration. The Norwegian frigate ­procurement of a new frigate, or HNoMS Helge Ingstad is part spending the money on an extra of the Standing NATO Maritime­ submarine. Expanding Czech Group One (SNMG1). The Tactical Training System Saab has received an order from code interoperability (U –LEIS). the Czech Republic’s Ministry of With this new expansion the Defence to expand the Czech’s Czech Army has a training instrumented Saab GAMER system that meets their training laser based training capability. needs. Deliveries of the new system Saab’s laser simulators are will start in the end of 2019 used by the British, German, and continue during 2020. The Swedish, Norwegian, Dutch order value is MSEK 108. and US Armed Forces. The The Czech Army acquired system is the NATO standard the first Instrumented Saab gunnery and combat simulator GAMER system in 2011 for for armoured vehicles and anti- the Pandur IFV and performed tank weapons. KNM Helge Ingstad om\n the barge deck. upgrades during 2016 for laser Photo: Bendik Skogli/ Norwegian Armed Forces

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 25 BULLETIN BOARD FOR DEFENCE, INDUSTRY AND TRADE

US Navy’s Ford aircraft carrier India tests anti-satellite missile delayed India has demonstrated the­ During the test, the missile Delivery of the US Navy’s view after sea trials in July this capability to launch an anti- engaged an Indian orbiting target ­nuclear-powered aircraft carrier year. satellite missile to destroy low- satellite in LEO in ‘hit to kill’ mode. USS Gerald R Ford (CVN-78), The technical glitches were Earth orbit (LEO) satellites The BMD interceptor mis- to the fleet is being delayed for detected during sea trials that through a test. sile system involved a three- three months than originally part of a PSA. The test involved a ballistic stage missile and two solid ­expected due to faulty nuclear The nuclear-powered air- missile defence (BMD) inter- rocket boosters. propulsion and elevators. craft carrier is considered to be ceptor missile that was devel- Based on data from range The Ford will not join the an expensive warship in the US, oped by the Defence Research sensors, the DRDO has con- fleet until October this year. carrying a price tag of $13bn. and Development Organisation firmed that all mission objec- Last July, the new super- Ford is the first of a new (DRDO). tives were fulfilled as expected. carrier began undergoing its generation of aircraft carriers­ 12-month post-shakedown to replace the Nimitz-class availability (PSA) process at carriers.­ Saab Expands Ties With Newport News Ship­building in CVN 78 is the first new Indian Aerospace Firms for Virginia. It was initially expected­ ­aircraft carrier design in four to complete its 12-month re- decades in the US. ­Gripen Aerostructures Saab has taken another impor- The MoUs with CIM Tools tant step forward to expand and Sansera expand the existing its footprint and aerospace working relationships with Saab on ecosystem in India by signing commercial aerostructures to the new Memorandums of Under- Gripen fighter and other defence- standing (MoUs) with three related products in the Saab port­ of the country’s leading aero- folio. The MoU with Dynamatic is a space manufacturers; Dynamatic starting point to explore future joint Technologies­ Limited, CIM Tools opportunities in commercial and Private Limited and Sansera Engi- defence-related aero­structures Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) is being neering Limited. work, including Gripen. ­delayed for three months. Photo: US Navy/R. Leoni

Norway procures GMLRS contract to Lockheed Leguan bridge layers The US Army has awarded a The GMLRS unitary rock- The Norwegian Defence Materiel Norway has been using the $1.13bn contract to Lockheed ets exceed the required combat Agency (NDMA) has signed an Leguan on Leopard 1 basis for Martin for the production of reliability rate and the RRPR agreement with Krauss-Maffei over 20 years, and is now the guided multiple launch rocket are suitable for smaller testing Wegmann (KMW) for the pro- eighth nation to be proceeding­ system (GMLRS) rockets. ranges and allow limited flight curement of six Leguan bridge to the next generation of a The contract covers the range training with realistic, layer systems on a Leopard 2 ­powerful Leguan system on the manufacture of more than full-motored rockets. chassis. In addition to the vehicle Leopard 2 chassis. 9,500 GMLRS unitary and al- systems, training simulators and a The new bridge layers are ternative-warhead (AW) rockets peripherals package are also part to a great extent based on the and over 300 low-cost reduced- of the procurement project. The ­configuration of the bridge range practice rockets (RRPRs). contract is valued at 490 MNOK ­layers acquired by the German It will require the company and delivery of the first units is Army and the Dutch Army. to supply GMLRS rockets for expected in 2023. To date, armies from 18 the US Army and international The new bridge layers will countries have opted for the customers. replace the Norwegian Army´s ­Leguan bridge system. Each GMLRS all-weather current bridge layers based on rocket is designed for inte­ the Leopard 1 chassis. gration into Multiple Launch Rocket System pods and fired from Lockheed Martin’s High Mobility Artillery Rocket ­System or M270 family of launchers during combat missions. GMLRS Alternative War- head was developed to service area targets sets without manu- Launch of GMLRS. The Leguan bridge layer can configure one bridge of 26 meters length or two of facturing unexploded ordnance. Photo: Lockheed Martin 14 meters length (photo). Photo: KMW

26 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 SUBMARINES

Artist’s impression of the Saab-Damen design for the replacement of the Royal Netherlands Navy Walrus-class submarines. The expeditionary submarine builds on the capabilities of the Swedish A26 combined with Dutch Submarine technology and puts into practice the experience of the Dutch designed Walrus submarine class and of the Swedish designed Collins-class submarine, in-service with the Australian Navy. Key technology includes Saab’s unique Air Independent Propulsion System based on the Stirling engine. Ill: Saab

THYSSENKRUPP AND NAVANTIA OUT OF THE NETHERLANDS’ SUBMARINE COMPETITION

The Dutch government has dropped the German shipbuilder government would prefer to work with a trusted partner. In addition, it is clear from ThyssenKrupp and Spanish Navantia from its bid contest to navy circles that submarine 212CD from provide new submarines for the Royal Netherlands Navy. ThyssenKrupp does not meet the Dutch requirements. he government is expected – The Netherlands then came up with a Holger Isbrecht denied this, to make a purchase decision new ­Defence Industry Strategy, in which ­countering with: – We are flexible and Tvery soon. The Swedish-Dutch there was a great deal of effort to protect want to meet all the requirements. ­combination, Saab-Damen, and the French the Dutch maritime industry. According to the German shipyard, Naval Group are the only competitors left, – There are concerns about the the functionality of their boats has been Noordhollandsdagblad­ reported last week, German partner in the Dutch ministries proven. But the functionality of the Saab- ­quoting “unnamed sources”. of defence and economic affairs, says a Damen alternative has yet to be proven. – In the middle of last year, the ­person who is not authorized to speak Saab and the Dutch shipbuilder talks suddenly stopped,” says Holger openly on this subject. – It is a project for ­Damen Shipyards Group have joined ­forces ­Isbrecht of ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems. the long term, thirty to forty years. The to develop an expeditionary submarine for

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 27 SUBMARINES

the Netherland´s Walrus Replace- ment Programme (WRES). Saab and Damen want to build replacement submarines for the Dutch Walrus class, in a balanced cooperation be- tween the Netherlands and Sweden. The other remaining com- petitor, the French defence contrac- tor Naval Group, has joined forces with Dutch shipbuilder Royal IHC in a bid to secure a contract for the Royal Netherlands Navy’s submarine replacement project. Naval Group would define the submarine design with the Dutch authorities, while Royal IHC would be appointed to perform the con- struction and outfitting of the end product in collaboration with the Dutch maritime sector. Over the next months, Naval Group and Royal IHC will reinforce their partnership with the review of building sites in the Netherlands and by engaging with Dutch industry partners. The Netherlands is expected to award the first contract in 2021 Saab group has for years been working on creating warm and elegant design for the living quarters in their sub­ with the first submarine arriving in marines. An air-independent submarine can stay submerged for up to 15-20 days, and a friendly interior is seen as crucial to reduce crew stress and fatigue during long, submerged missions. Ill. Saab 2027.

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28 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 JSM

JSM JOINT STRIKE MISSILE FOR JAPAN

Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace­ has entered into a ­contract with Japan for the initial deliveries of JSM (Joint Strike ­Missile) for their fleet of F-35 fighter aircrafts.

he JSM development started in 2008 and was completed Tin ­mid-2018 after a series of ­successful validation test firings. The JSM will be acquired for ­Japan’s fleet of 42 Lockheed ­Martin ­F-35A fighter jets, for which JSM ­integration to the F-35 is planned around 2021. According to several reports, ­Japan may use the F-35 with the JSM missiles for possible strikes against North Korean targets, should the ­latter launch its ballistic missiles against ­Japan. However, Japanese ­government officials state that Japan’s stance ­toward attacking land-based targets on foreign soil has not changed. Japan´s pacifist constitution ­limits Japan’s involvement in a ­conflict to ­self-defence in response to being ­attacked. And even if the procure- ment of JSM is within the constitution, ­acquiring a capacity­ that could also be used in ­offensive operations is still ­regarded as politically sensitive. But the Japanese governments emphasizes that the U.S. military is ­responsible for any counter-strikes against an adversary in the event of an ­attack on Japan in line with the ­Mutual Defense Treaty between the two countries. The Japanese government has nevertheless flagged possible changes to the war-renouncing Article 9 of the The JSM is the only long-range sea and land target missile that can be carried internally in the F-35, and is thereby constitution, although details of the ensuring the aircraft’s low-signature (stealth) capabilities. JSM is a new missile that will expand the overall possible changes have not been made ­capabilities of the F-35. No other weapon on the market today can perform the same types of missions.­ public. Art impression by Kongsberg Group

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 29 GRIPEN

repair and overhaul capabilities F/A-18 Super Hornet (United GRIPEN TO FINLAND? to local industry, production of States), Dassault Rafale (France), aircraft and an establishment Eurofighter Typhoon (Great Saab has submitted its proposal for the Finnish of a Gripen sustainment and Britain), Lockheed Martin F-35 HX fighter procurement to the Finnish defence development centre in Finland. (United States) and Saab Gripen procurement agency. The proposal comprises 64 In April 2018, the (Sweden). Gripen aircraft, both single-seat Gripen E and Finnish Defence Forces sent a The deadline for sub­ ­dual-seat Gripen F. Request for Quotation (RFQ) mitting replies was set at the end to the governments of France, of January 2019. The Defence he Finnish HX Fighter end during the period of 2025 Great Britain, Sweden and the Forces’ Logistics Command Tprogram is set up to to 2030. United States, to be forwarded received a preliminary RFQ for replace the current Finnish Air As part of the proposal, to five manufacturers ofall five aircraft types. Force fleet of 66 F/A-18 C/D Saab offers a substantial multi-role fighters in these The Finnish procure­ Hornet fighters. The planned weapons and sensor package as countries. The aircraft types ment decision is anticipated in service life of the Hornets will well as transfer of maintenance, in question are the Boeing 2021.

Besides Gripen E, Switzerland, which last GRIPEN E TO SWITZERLAND? the contenders to the Swiss fought a short war in 1847, Saab has submitted its proposal for the Swiss fighter contract are Eurofighter, has struggled to convince its New Fighter Aircraft procurement to Armasuisse, Boeing’s F/A-18 Super Hornet, citizens to support a deal for the Swiss defence procurement agency. Saab Dassault’s Rafale and Lockheed- new planes. offers Gripen E and a comprehensive industrial Martin F-35A. Back in 2014, around participation programme for Swiss industry Switzerland wants 52 percent voted against a corresponding to 100 percent of the contract value. new planes to be delivered by 3.5 billion franc government 2025. Armasuisse has asked the proposal to buy 22 Gripen he Swiss Air2030 program F-5 Tigers. The program value manufacturers to submit pricing fighter jets from Saab. A Tis set up to replace the Swiss of approximately 8 billion Swiss for 30 or 40 planes, including renewed vote on the new Air Force ageing fleet of Boeing francs includes aircraft and logistics and guided missiles, program is also expected. F/A-18C Hornets and Northrop ground-based air defence. among other criteria for the bids.

The Swiss F-5E Tiger fighters entered service in 1978. Photo: Peng Chen/Wiki

30 MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 HEAVY MACHINE GUN NORWAY BUYS 12.7 MM MACHINE GUN FROM THE USA

M2A2 with optional M3 tripod with Pintel and Traversing Elevation Mechanism. Photo: U.S. Ordnance

Norway has entered into a frame agreement to procure up to automatic and accurate single-shot fire. 1300 units of 12.7 mm heavy machine guns from the American It can be mounted on a vehicle, boat, helicopter or other aircraft. Ammunition company U.S. Ordnance. The agreement will run for seven may be fed from either the left or right side years, with a further 15 years of post-deliveries of spare parts of the gun, making it suitable for use by and accessories. both infantry and in armoured vehicles. The M2A2 weapon system has t the same time as the frame start right away, so the Defence will get been tested to well over 50,000 rounds. Its agreement was signed, a firm a holistic and modern solution. Defence single-breech lock system allows for field Aorder was placed for deliveries to Materiel will among other things procure rebuild, eliminating the need for depot- a value of 150 million NOK, or 15 MEUR. a new overcarriage (soft mount), a recoil level maintenance during its lifetime and The manufacturer is accordingly able to enhancer kit, and make adaptations to fit thereby greatly reducing logistical support. start production of the weapons right away. the new weapon to the weapons stations Only one person is needed to The new weapon is designated currently used by the Defence. change the M2A2 barrel, thereby reducing M2A2N, and is a replacement for the The Defence has for several years exposure to enemy fire and quickly ­current 12.7 mm unit that was provided to been struggling with the current 12.7 readying the weapon for continued Norway by the USA after the second World mm machine gun. The new weapons will operation. War. improve performance all round, with a – Entering into this frame much more reliable weapon, with a more SPECIFICATONS agreement at this time gives us a high stable firing rate, barrels with longer degree of flexibility, and with the short service life, and a much improved flame Calibre: 12.7x99 mm NATO (.50 Cal.) delivery times from U.S. Ordnance we are suppressor. Maximum Effective Range: able to place orders and have the materiel U.S. Ordnance has established 1829 meters (2000 yds) delivered within just a few months, says itself as a major supplier of machine guns. Maximum Range: 6767 meters (7400 yds) Brigadier and Chief of Defence Materiel The United Stated Defence entered into a Muzzle Velocity: 929.64 m/s (3,050 fps) Land Capabilities, Morten Eggen. frame agreement in 2018 for deliveries of Rate of Fire (cyclic): 450-635 rpm In addition to performance, the 12.7 mm gun to the US Army. Weight of Gun: 38.10 kg (84 lbs) operational reliability and price, the ability Weight of Barrel: 11.79 kg (26 lbs) to deliver quickly was an important factor M2A2 Length of Gun: 165.43 cm (65.13 in) in the choosing of U.S. Ordnance as The U.S. Ordnance M2A2 machine gun is Length of Barrel: 114.30 cm (45 in) supplier. an air-cooled, belt-fed machine gun that Operational Temp: -54C (-62.5F) to Deliveries of the M2A2N will begin fires from a closed bolt and operates on the +63C (145.5F) in 2019 and concluded in 2020. The job short recoil principle with fixed headspace Number of users: 8 of procuring the supporting systems will and timing. It is capable of both sustained

MILITÆRTEKNIKK 1/2019 31 30 MM SWIMMER

Art impression of the 30 mm x 173 APFSDS-T Mod 1 “Swimmer”. Photo: Nammo

THE BULLET THAT SWIMS THROUGH WATER While traditional ammunition is either stopped or deflected armored side of the vehicle. In the case when it hits water, Nammo’s 30 mm Swimmer (APFSDS-T MK of the Swimmer, the force of the ­arrow is sufficient to defeat anything except main 258 Mod 1) swims straight through water, thanks to a ground- battle tanks. breaking design on the supercavitating projectile developed in What makes the Swimmer unique, cooperation with the US Navy. however, is the combination of powerful armor penetration and its ability to swim 5 years ago, Norway became one including the US Army’s latest addition, straight through water. This effect has until of the first European countries to the Stryker variant known as “Dragoon”. now been considered impossible to achieve 2acquire an infantry fighting vehicle Ammunition used by vehicles by ammunition fired from air through water. with a 30 mm x 173 gun, the CV9030N. ­gene­rally falls into three categories – armor Traditional ammunition is either At the same time, Raufoss Technology piercing (APFSDS), for use against other­ stopped or deflected when it hits ­water. In AS, now a part of Nammo, negotiated vehicles; High Explosive Incendiary (HEI), a worst case scenario, a projectile could hit a contract with the Norwegian Army for use against lighter targets and aircraft the surface, bounce off and hit something to develop a new generation of 30 mm and target practice (TP) rounds, that else. The Swimmer avoids the ricochet in ­ammunition. Today, with 30 mm guns ­allow cost-effective training. water problem through the use of a super- becoming more prominent than ever, Nammo today offers ten different cavitation nose design. This means that the the experience gained through this early types of 30 mm x 173 ammunition across projectile creates a bubble of steam around work has allowed Nammo, through its all three categories. itself big enough to pass through, sub­ Strategic Alliance Agreement (SAA) with The Swimmer round falls into the stantially reducing the friction that stops General Dynamics Ordnance and Tactical category of sub-caliber kinetic energy traditional ammunition. This enables­ the Systems (GD-OTS), to become one of the penetrators. These can most easily be de- Swimmer to be used in defense of either main providers of 30 mm ammunition scribed as arrows made out of very heavy ships or coastal areas against submerged for the US Armed Forces. Following the materials that use the force of the impact and surface mines, small underwater ­recent signature of agreements with the rather than explosives to punch through ­vehicles, torpedoes and even small fast US Army and the US Navy, both services armor. Traveling at speeds of more than attack crafts that might be concealed by are now adopting Nammo’s 30 mm APF- 1 km per second, the energy generated by waves. This is valuable not only for naval SDS-T MK 258 Mod 1, or “Swimmer”, the impact melts the armor of ­the vehicle­ into vessels, but also for land vehicles defending for use from a multitude of platforms, a fluid and the arrow “swims” through the harbors, bridges or other key locations.

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