The Rise and Decline of the Operational Level of War in Norway Halvor Johansen Operations
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1705802 Project ID
THE WORLD BANK GROUP ARCHIVES PUBLIC DISCLOSURE AUTHORIZED Folder Title: General Development Project - Norway - Loan 0115 - P037467 - Negotiations - Volume 2 Folder ID: 1705802 Project ID: P037467 Dates: 3/31/1955 – 4/19/1955 Fonds: Records of the Europe and Central Asia Regional Vice Presidency ISAD Reference Code: WB IBRD/IDA ECA Digitized: 7/19/2018 To cite materials from this archival folder, please follow the following format: [Descriptive name of item], [Folder Title], Folder ID [Folder ID], World Bank Group Archives, Washington, D.C., United States. The records in this folder were created or received by The World Bank in the course of its business. The records that were created by the staff of The World Bank are subject to the Bank’s copyright. Please refer to http://www.worldbank.org/terms-of-use-earchives for full copyright terms of use and disclaimers. THE WORLD BANK Washington, D.C. © International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / International Development Association or The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org II -NQRWA.Y - Negotiations (l.l.~NO)- ~~ 1H1 11111111111111rm1rn mrn1111r ~~· 1705802 General Development Pr . Al 995-063 Other #· 4 DECLASSIFIED Negotiations - Volum e 2 o1ect- Norway- Loan 011.5 - P037467Box# _ 1709718 WITH RESTRICTIONS WBG Archives • s t • .. C 0 • p y April 15, 1955 Dear Mro Perouse: I refer to our discussion this afternoon about para graph 31 of the President's Report and RecOlllll.endations on the proposed loan of $25 million to the Kingdom of Norway. As I mentioned then, Mr. -
Air Defence in Northern Europe
FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES AIR DEFENCE IN NORTHERN EUROPE Heikki Nikunen National Defence College Helsinki 1997 Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the National Defence College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the National Defence College. Editor: Kalevi Ruhala Editorial Assistant: Matti Hongisto Editorial Board: Chairman Prof. Pekka Sivonen, National Defence College Dr. Pauli Järvenpää, Ministry of Defence Col. Erkki Nordberg, Defence Staff Dr., Lt.Col. (ret.) Pekka Visuri, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Dr. Matti Vuorio, Scientific Committee for National Defence Published by NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P.O. Box 266 FIN - 00171 Helsinki FINLAND FINNISH DEFENCE STUDIES 10 AIR DEFENCE IN NORTHERN EUROPE Heikki Nikunen National Defence College Helsinki 1997 ISBN 951-25-0873-7 ISSN 0788-5571 © Copyright 1997: National Defence College All rights reserved Oy Edita Ab Pasilan pikapaino Helsinki 1997 INTRODUCTION The historical progress of air power has shown a continuous rising trend. Military applications emerged fairly early in the infancy of aviation, in the form of first trials to establish the superiority of the third dimension over the battlefield. Well- known examples include the balloon reconnaissance efforts made in France even before the birth of the aircraft, and it was not long before the first generation of flimsy, underpowered aircraft were being tested in a military environment. The Italians used aircraft for reconnaissance missions at Tripoli in 1910-1912, and the Americans made their first attempts at taking air power to sea as early as 1910-1911. -
Utredning Om Norske Myndigheters Behandling Av Tre Utvalgte Grupper Etter Andre Verdenskrig
Utredning om norske myndigheters behandling av tre utvalgte grupper etter andre verdenskrig: Barn av NS-medlemmer Jenter og kvinner med relasjon til tyske soldater Norske sjøfolk internert i Afrika Utført av Senter for studier av Holocaust og livssynsminoriteter på oppdrag fra Justisdepartementet. Innholdsfortegnelse INNLEDNING ....................................................................................................................................... 3 UTREDNINGENS MANDAT .................................................................................................................... 3 UTFYLLENDE OM UTREDNINGENS MANDAT ........................................................................................ 4 INNHOLD OG AVGRENSING .................................................................................................................. 4 BARN AV NS-MEDLEMMER ............................................................................................................ 6 KUNNSKAPSOVERSIKT OG DATAGRUNNLAG ....................................................................................... 6 Personlige beretninger ................................................................................................................... 7 BESKRIVELSE AV GRUPPEN. HVEM VAR NS-BARNA I ETTERKRIGSTIDEN? ......................................... 9 BAKGRUNN – 1940-1945 ................................................................................................................... 10 Nasjonal Samling ......................................................................................................................... -
Assessment and Selection Process for the Bulgarian Special Forces
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive DSpace Repository Theses and Dissertations 1. Thesis and Dissertation Collection, all items 2019-12 ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS FOR THE BULGARIAN SPECIAL FORCES Vlahov, Petar Georgiev Monterey, CA; Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/64090 Downloaded from NPS Archive: Calhoun NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS FOR THE BULGARIAN SPECIAL FORCES by Petar Georgiev Vlahov December 2019 Thesis Advisor: Kalev I. Sepp Second Reader: Michael Richardson Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Form Approved OMB REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED (Leave blank) December 2019 Master’s thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION PROCESS FOR THE BULGARIAN SPECIAL FORCES 6. AUTHOR(S) Petar Georgiev Vlahov 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND 10. -
Motstanden I Eiker 1940–45 Og Frigjøringsdagen
Motstanden i Eiker 1940-45 og frigjøringsdagen Noen datoer har vært viktigere å minnes enn andre. Det gjelder ikke minst 8. mai, frigjøringsdagen, da verdenskrigen her hjemme endelig var slutt.1 Da minnes pionerenes innsats i Norge og utenfor landets grenser. Det gjelder motstandskjemperne, det gjelder sjøfolkene og de det gikk verst utover, jødene, - i det hele tatt motstandskampen - slik at denne store dagen faktisk til slutt kom. Før vi går nærmere inn på dem som gikk i spissen i denne kampen i Nedre Eiker, må vi først se nærmere på den omgjøringen av frigjøringsdagen som har skjedd. I de siste årene har Forsvaret omgjort denne dagen til veterandagen. Det skaper inntrykk av at motstandskampen bare var et uttrykk for Forsvarets innsats mot en fiende som kom utenfra og okkuperte oss. Men hva var realiteten? Forsvaret ble raskt utradert i 1940 og ble bare i liten grad bygd opp i eksil under alliert kommando. Senere var det visse tilløp med Milorg mot slutten av krigen. Offiserskorpset spilte i det hele tatt en ytterst marginal rolle. Motstandskampen var stort sett drevet fram av sivilister, med andre perspektiver enn offiserer som hadde underskrevet æresord til tyskerne om å avstå fra motstand. De så seg som deltakere i samfunnets kamp for frihet. For svært mange av dem framsto motstandskampen som en fase i den lange kampen for folkestyre og demokrati, med lange røtter bakover i norsk historie. Okkupasjonen var nemlig ikke bare fremmedstyre. Den var nazisme. Nazistaten var en helt ny måte å organisere samfunnet på. Den "nye tid" kom med maktmidler "ohne Gesetzte" - altså uten hensyn til rettsregler - for å knuse all opposisjon, med tvang, terror, tortur, ensretting og rasistisk utryddelse, alt for å sikre makten. -
Apalveien 20 - 9
VennUgst meld adresseforandring VINDEREN HISTORIELAG ISBN 0804-3256 Postboks 90, Vinderen 0319 OSLO Arskontingent kr 100. Postgirokonto 0825 0409339 Bankgirokonto 5084.05.24008 14 Telefon 22 14 39 21- Per Henrik Bache Redaktor Finn Holden INNHOLD Redakterens spalte .............................................................. 2. omslagsside Medlemsmote 31. mai .............................................................................. 1 Anders Gogstad: Apalveien 20 - 9. april 1940 ..••..•.•.•.•..•.•.•.•.•••••.••...•••.. 2 VAre falne 1940 - 1945 - Del II................................................................ 4 MEDLEMSBLAD FOR Finn Holden: Milorg D 13 ...................................................................... 7 Are Saastad: Motstandsgruppe pi Gaustad ......................................... 11 Gunnar Sonsteby: Episoder fra motstand under krigen •.•.•.....•.••••.••.. 14 Finn Holden: Den illegale presse ............................................................ 19 . VINDEREN JEA: Fra en illegalist's liv pi Vinderen under krigen .....•••..•••••.•••.•..... 23 Slaget i Thyvannskleiva ............................................................................ 25 Finn Holden: Nazitoppmote i Hippodromen ........................................ 25 Finn Holden: Likvidering for oynene pi Vinderen-elever ......•....•.•.••. 26 lllSTORIELAG Georg Stabell: Skikretsens "Jossinger" ................................................ 29 Arsmelding for Vinderen Historielag •...•.•.•...•.••••.•.•....•.....•...•.•.•.••.•••••••. 31 -
Defence Strategies of the Smaller NATO States – a Comparative Study Obranné Strategie Malých Států NATO – Komparativní Studie
Vojenské rozhledy č. 4/2020 DOI: 10.3849/2336-2995.29.2020.04.023-045 Peer-reviewed Defence strategies of the smaller NATO states – a comparative study Obranné strategie malých států NATO – komparativní studie Lukáš Dyčka, Taivo Rõkk, Zdzisław Śliwa Abstract: Defence strategies of smaller NATO states represent interesting source of information about defence policies of this pool of countries. Definition of what constitutes “small state” is discussed in first step. In second step, this study compares 10 selected NATO countries Defence Strategies in terms of identified risks and threats, future military capabilities to counter threats, processes of drafting defence papers, level of details and approving authorities. Outlining these indicators and characteristics provide useful overview for future draft of National defence strategies within countries of similar size. Abstrakt: Obranné strategie malých států NATO představují důležitý zdroj infor- mací o obranné politice. Definice “malého státu” je však nejasná a její zpřesnění představuje první část článku. Ve druhé části pak text srov- nává Obranné strategie deseti vybraných malých států NATO z pohledu hrozeb, budoucích vojenských schopností, procesu tvorby dokumentů, úrovně detailu a úrovně, na které je dokument schvalován. Přehledné se- řazení těchto poznatků pak potenciálně může sloužit jako vhodný základ a inspirace při tvorbě obranných strategií menších států. Key words: Defence; strategy; strategic documents; small states; military capabilities; NATO. Klíčová slova: Obranná strategie; koncepční dokumenty; malý stat; vojenské schopnos- ti; NATO. 23 Vojenské rozhledy č. 4/2020 Defence strategies of the smaller NATO states INTRODUCTION The re-emergence of the use of military power in the Eastern Europe after annexation of Crimea has again created a dilemma of making choices within defence policy of small states. -
Norway: Defence 2008
Norwegian Defence 2008 Norwegian Defence 2008 2 CONTENT NORWEGIAN SECURITY And DEFEncE POLICY 4 1. Security Policy Objectives 5 Defence Policy Objectives 5 2. Defence Tasks 6 3. Areas of Government Focus 7 4. International Cooperation 8 UN 8 NATO 9 EU 10 Nordic cooperation 11 5. National Cooperation 12 DEFEncE STRUCTURE And AcTIVITIES 14 1. Constitutional Division of Responsibility in Norway 15 2. The Strategic Leadership of the Armed Forces 15 The Ministry Of Defence 16 3. The Defence Agencies 17 The Norwegian Armed Forces 17 4. The Norwegian Armed Forces 18 5. The Service Branches 19 The Norwegian Army 19 The Royal Norwegian Navy 20 Royal Norwegian Air Force 21 Home Guard 22 6. Personnel Policy 23 7. National Service 23 8. Materiel and Investments 24 Overview of Forces Engaged in International Operations 25 SUppLEMENt – THE FACTS 26 1. The Defence Budget 27 2. International Operations 27 3. Ranks and Insignia 28 4. Non-Governmental Organisations 29 5. Addresses 32 Norwegian Security and Defence Policy 4 1. SECURITY POLICY OBJECTIVES The principal objective of Norwegian security policy is to safeguard and promote national security policy interests. This is best achieved by contributing to peace, security and stability both in areas adjacent to Norway and in the wider world. Nationally Norway must be in a position to uphold its sovereignty and sove- reign rights and to exercise authority in order to safeguard our interests. At the same time, the progress of globalisation means that geo- graphical distance is no longer a determining factor for potential threats to our security. -
Finn Moe - En Utenrikspolitisk Biografi
1 Finn Moe - en utenrikspolitisk biografi Vebjørn Kristen Elvebakk Hovedfagsoppgave i historie Universitetet i Oslo, Historisk institutt Høsten 2004 2 Forord Først og fremst vil jeg takke Knut Einar Eriksen for konstruktiv og hyggelig veiledning gjennom hele dette arbeidet. Takk fortjener også alle ved NUPI, herunder spesielt Erik Nord, Andreas Selliaas, John Kristen Skogan og personalet ved biblioteket. Sven Holtsmark ved IFS har sjenerøst stilt sitt private arkiv til disposisjon og vært en god rådgiver og samtalepartner. Min medstudent Nils August Andresen har kyndig foretatt nødvendige oversettelser fra russisk til norsk. Takk også til Guri Hjeltnes, Finn Olstad og Even Lange som har kommet med gode faglige råd og interessant informasjon. Halvard Fossheim ved Filosofisk institutt, UiO har bistått meg med oversettelse fra fransk og fortolkning av Finn Moes gullmedaljeoppgave. Beate Elvebakk har foreslått språklige forbedringer og ellers gitt mange nyttige tips og vink. Takk også til alle som i sin travle hverdag har latt seg intervjue. Endelig må jeg fremheve imøtekommenheten fra personalet ved Arbeiderbevegelsens Arkiv og Bibliotek, Nasjonalbiblioteket, Riksarkivet, Stortingsarkivet og Utenriksdepartementets arkiv. Aller mest takk til Elen. Oslo, 16.10.2004. Vebjørn Elvebakk 3 Innholdsfortegnelse Innledning 4 Oppgavens bakgrunn og problemstilling 4 Kapittel 5: Avgrensning og struktur 6 Tøvær og tro på forandring (1955-1964) 90 Betraktninger rundt metode og sjanger 8 Nye premisser 91 Litteratur 10 Konvergens og atomtrusselens perspektiver -
Forsvarsstudier 3/1990
Forsvarsstudier 3/1990 Nordic or North Atlantic AUiance? Tlhe !Postwar Scandinavian Security Debate Magne Slwdvin Instilult for forsvarsstudier (IFS) Tollbugt. 10, 0152 Oslo I, Norge INSTITUTI FOR FORSVARSSTUDIER- IFS- (tidligere Forsvarshistorisk forskningssenter) er en faglig uavhengig institusjon sorn driver forskning med et samtidshistorisk perspektiv innenfor omd.dent'- norsk forsvars- og sikker het.spolitikk. Sovjetstudier og strategiske studier. IFS er administrativt tilknyttet Forsvarets hogskole, og virksomheten st~lr under tilsyn av Rc:ldel for forsvars studier med representasjon fra Forsvarcts ovakommando, Forsvarsdeparte mentet, Forsvards hogskole og Universitetet i Oslo. FORSVARSSTLJDIER tar sikte pfi a v::cn: et fomm for forskningsarbeiJer inncnfor institusjonens arbeidsomnlder. De synspunktcr som kommer til ut trykk i Forsvc.lrsstudier slUr for forfatterens cgcn regning. Hcl eller tlelvis gjengivelsc av innholdet kan hare skje mcd forfatlerens samtykke. Rcdakwr: Ro(l Tamues INSTITUTT FOR FORSVARSSTUDIER - IFS - NORWEGIAN INSTI TUTE FOR DEFENCE STUDIES (formerly Forsvarshistorisk lorskningssen ter - Research Centre for Defence History) conducts independent research from a contemporary history perspective on defence and security issues. Soviet studies, and strategic studies. IFS is administratively attached to the National Defence College. and its activities are supervised by the Council for Defence Studies, composed of representatives from the Defence Command. the Mi~ niSti)' of Defence, the National Defence College. and the University of Oslo. Director: Pn~fessor 0/al' Riste, D. Plui (Onm) FORSVARSSTUDIER - Defence Studies - aims to provide a forum for re search papers within the fields of activity of the Nonvegian Institute for De~ fence Studies. The viewpoints expressed are those of the authors. The uuthor's permission is required for any r~production, wholly or in part, of the contents. -
NORSOF Military Assistance Capability Development
Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis and Dissertation Collection 2016-09 NORSOF military assistance capability development Hedenstrom, Andreas Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/50557 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA DEFENSE ANALYSIS CAPSTONE PROJECT REPORT NORSOF MILITARY ASSISTANCE CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT by Andreas Hedenstrom Marius Kristiansen September 2016 Capstone Advisor: Anna Simons Second Reader: George Lober Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED (Leave blank) September 2016 Capstone project report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS NORSOF MILITARY ASSISTANCE CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT 6. AUTHOR(S) Andreas Hedenstrom and Marius Kristiansen 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING Naval Postgraduate School ORGANIZATION REPORT Monterey, CA 93943-5000 NUMBER 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND 10. SPONSORING / ADDRESS(ES) MONITORING AGENCY Norwegian Special Operations Command (NORSOCOM), Oslo, Norway. -
The Challenges and Dynamics of Alliance Policies: Norway, NATO and the High North Wrenn Yennie Lindgren & Nina Græger
7 The Challenges and Dynamics of Alliance Policies: Norway, NATO and the High North Wrenn Yennie Lindgren & Nina Græger This chapter sets out to discuss two major framework conditions for Norwegian foreign, security and defence policy: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the High North.1 Having to address increasingly heterogeneous security concerns and agendas, how do alliances shape their members’ foreign, security and defence policies? And how do the specific challenges related to the High North, such as Russia and other states’ policy agendas, form Norwegian responses and policies? In answering these questions, we aim to explore the framework conditions in a contemporary and historical context. Apart from contributing to the literature on Norway and NATO, we endeavour to add value to the general understanding of small states’ foreign and security policy enablers and constraints.2 1 The term ‘High North’ (nordområdene) often appears in Norwegian Government documents and is used interchangeably with ‘Arctic’. It does not refer solely to Norwegian territory, but is rather a broad concept that attempts to capture developments in the wider circumpolar area. See Jonas Gahr Støre, ‘The High North and the Arctic: The Norwegian Perspective’, Arctic Herald, Moskva, no. 2, Jun. 2012, www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/nord_arktis/id685072/. 2 Christine Ingebritsen, ‘Norm Entrepreneurs: Scandinavia’s Role in World Politics’, in Christine Ingebritsen, Iver Neumann & Sieglinde Gstohl (eds), Small States in International Relations, Reykjavik: University of Iceland Press, 2006, pp. 273–85; Anders Wivel, Clive Archer & Alyson JK Bailes, ‘Setting the Scene: Small States in International Security’, in Clive Archer, Alyson JK Bailes & Anders Wivel (eds), Small States and International Security: Europe and Beyond, London: Routledge, 2014, pp.