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ClPm BULLETIN Volume 12: Special Issue Cultural Resources Management • 1989 A Technical Bulletin for Parks, Federal Agencies, States, Local Governments, and the Private Sector

Quincentenary Observance Jerry L. Rogers

his special edition of the CRM Historical Park; Roland Wauer's on T Bulletin is the first in a series of the Columbus Landing annual issues which will be published Site on ; and NPS Chief through 1993. The series will describe Historian Edwin Bearss' on the San some of the activities of the National Juan in . Park Service's cultural resource pro­ Others are more general or about grams which have been planned as specific programs: Mary Lou Phillips' our contribution to the Christopher and Edwina Abrau's on the NPS observance. Spanish Colonial Research Center; These activities support and supple­ James Delgado's on "Maritime ment those which are being planned History, Culture, Archeology, and for 35 NPS sites associated with the Columbus Quincentenary"; David Spanish colonial history. These sites Brugge's on Spanish colonial artifacts will be the Service's main focal points in the Service's collections; and Dan for its commemoration of Columbus' Murphy's on interpretation and the four voyages of of the Quincentenary in the National Parks . For reference we have of the Southwest Region. We are in­ listed these sites in this first issue. debted to our Park Service colleagues In late 1986 the History Division of for these contributions. the NPS Washington Office, in We are also extremely thankful to cooperation with the NPS Spanish those professionals outside the Service Colonial Research Center at the who have written articles about their University of New , developed activities which relate to NPS con­ a "Management by Objective" (MBO) tributions to the Columbus com­ document which delineated these sup­ memoration: Dr. Antoinette Lee's on plemental quincentennial activities the "Spanish Missions Thematic that generally relate to Servicewide Study," which was prepared to assist cultural resource management and in­ in determining which mission com­ terpretation. Essentially this MBO is a plexes could perhaps be nominated to flexible master plan which com­ the World Heritage List; John N. plements similar MBOs developed by Goudie's on the Christopher Colum­ the NPS regional offices. It is bus Quincentenary Jubilee Commis­ periodically reviewed, refined, and sion; and Richard Henderson's on the amended by a committee comprised "Spanish Heritage Cultural Resources of representatives from several NPS Project." Both Dr. Lee's study and programs both in Washington and in Mr. Henderson's inventory were the field. All of the following articles cooperative projects with the U.S. relate to specific "tasks" identified in Committee of the International Coun­ the MBO. cil on Monuments and Sites Some of the articles are about a (US/ICOMOS). (continued on page 5) specific Park Service site, such as: Mission San Jose' y San Miguel de Aguayo, Michael Strock's on the ethnographic San Antonio. Drawn by Christopher Joseph Jerry Rogers is Associate Director, Cultural programs of the Jean Lafitte National Gribbs for HABS, NPS. Resources, National Park Service. In Fourteen Hundred and Ninety Two Columbus Sailed the Blue John N. Goudie

n 1493 he sailed home. Thus Ibegan a sustained communication between two worlds previously unknown to each other. In this and his three subsequent voyages, CHRISTOPHER inaugurated a flow of people, goods, ideas, plants, animals, and diseases back and forth COLUMBUS across the Atlantic and eventually across all of the of the earth. In these events we may find the origins of the modern world. In 1791-92, patriots of the early republic enshrined Columbus as one of the symbolic founders of the new Amercian Nation. They established the custom of observing with speeches and parades, and they scattered the 's name, in both its Latinized and feminized forms, across the national map, in­ cluding the name of the Nation's Capital. QUINCENTENARY In 1892 and 1893, used the fourth centenary as a benchmark of national progress. They celebrated JUBILEE with a great world's fair in Chicago and parades of in New York. Official logo of the Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee Commission. One of the legacies of this era was the erection of numerous monuments to Columbus. Today, Columbus broad range of accomplishments in future as well as to the past and par­ monuments can be found in every the Nation's business, government, ticularly to the challenges which our corner of the Nation—from Walla cultural and academic life. The re­ Nation faces as it enters the 21st cen­ Walla, Washington to Boston; from maining six members of the Commis­ tury. Fort Lauderdale to Saint Paul. sion represent ex-officio Federal First, the Quincentenary observ­ The 500th anniversary—or departments or agencies with par­ ance should guide Americans in their Quincentenary—of Columbus' voyage ticular responsibilities for cultural af­ continuing efforts to embrace diversi­ is approaching in 1992. How will fairs: the Departments of State and ty within unity. The Commission, Americans of this generation observe Commerce, the Library of Congress, therefore, has proposed an inclusive it? There will be expositions, parades, the National Archives, and the Na­ Quincentenary program, based on and speeches, as well as campaigns to tional Endowments for the Arts and broad themes which relate the global erect new monuments and to refur­ for the Humanities. At the invitation significance of the Columbus voyages bish old ones. But what will be the of the President, the Governments of to the diversity of peoples who make distinctive contribution of our era to , , and a nation up the contemporary . the Columbian tradition? What will chosen in rotation have each selected be our legacy? a non-voting representative to the Finding answers to these questions Commission. I have the honor to John N. Goudie is the Chairman of the is the mandate of the Christopher serve as Chairman of the Commis­ Christopher Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee sion. Professor William H. McNeill Commission which was created by Congress in Columbus Quincentenary Jubilee 1984 to plan and coordinate the commemora­ Commission. As appointed by Presi­ serves as vice-chairman. tion of the 500th anniversary of the voyages of dent Reagan in consultation with the The Commission's Report to Con­ Columbus. The members of the Commission leaders of both houses of Congress, were appointed by the President of the United gress, which the President transmitted States and include the Secretaries of State and the 24 public members of the Com­ on September 12, 1987, provided Commerce. Mr. Goudie is a resident of Miami, mission are drawn from 13 states, three answers to the questions posed . This article has been adapted from the Puerto Rico, and the District of Co­ above—answers which relate the Commission's annual report for Fiscal Year lumbia, and collectively represent a Quincentenary commemoration to the 1988.

2 Specificially, it has proposed national be completed within the quin­ More than the discovery of a new initiatives which will enhance our centenary years of 1992-93. By begin­ world by Europeans, the events of understanding of the Hispanic and ning them, however, the Nation will 1492 and beyond opened the lines of Native American contributions to have committed itself to a fitting communication and gave us the American history. The Commission memorial to the spirit of Columbus modern world as we know it has also proposed and sanctioned and to the five centuries of human today—rich in its variety of public events in which people can endeavor through which our modern languages, cultures and people, yet take part in all regions of the Nation. world grew from the bridgehead bound by its economic and political Second, the Quincentenary should which he established. Unlike interdependence. The world com­ leave a legacy which helps the monuments of metal or stone, these munity of today requires an apprecia­ American people prepare for a future memorials will be living monuments, tion and knowledge of other nations, in the world and culture continually renewing our commitment including their history, , whose origins we trace to the momen­ for the benefit of future generations. languages and cultures. Unfortunate­ tous voyage of 1492. The Commis­ ly, in recent decades the United States sion has proposed to create such a Columbus Scholarship Program has found itself hampered in its abili­ legacy, one which embraces both the ty to compete in the international future and the past—through its na­ As a lasting memorial to market place. Some have attributed tional initiative for a Columbus Christopher Columbus and his this difficulty to the failure of our Scholarship Program designed to en­ achievements and to the spirit of educational system to stress the im­ courage young people to emulate Col­ learning and daring with which his portance of language skills and umbus' spirit and accomplishment in name is associated, we recommend knowledge of other nations' the mastery of foreign languages and the creation of a new scholarship pro­ geography and cultures. The of geographical and cultural gram, which will be permanently en­ Christopher Columbus Scholarship knowledge. dowed with monies raised in the Program will help to remedy this neglect. Finally, the example of Columbus course of the Quincentenary and is directly relevant to the present as whose benefits will extend to the our Nation resumes its confrontation students of each of the states and ter­ The Documentary Heritage of our with the challenges and opportunities ritories. By identifying and rewarding Spanish Colonial Past presented by the exploration of space. young people who excel in the study Accordingly, the Commission has of foreign languages, history, Scholars and students of United proposed Quincentenary programs geography, and international affairs, States history enjoy ready access to which encourage reflection upon the this endowment will also honor Co­ the records of our English colonial Columbian legacy and its meaning for lumbus by emphasizing the relevance period, thanks to the efforts of the next 500 years. of his virtues to present day generations of researchers, copyists, challenges. (continued on page 4) National Initiatives

In selecting the programs which constitute its major national ini­ tiatives for the Quincentenary, the Commission is acutely aware that we are commemorating one of the land­ mark events of world history. There will be international as well as na­ tional programs focusing on this observance, and so we are especially concerned that the United States assume a position of leadership Official logo of the Interna among nations that is consistent with tional Exposition of the its heritage. Accordingly, we have Christopher Columbus chosen as national initiatives pro­ Quincentenary at . grams which promise to have an en­ during impact well into the next cen­ tury. All are programs of significant scope and meaning. They cannot all

3 1492 (continued from page 3) in collaboration with the Library of of pre-Columbian eras, and a means archivists, and libraries supported by Congress and the National Archives of educating the public about the federal and state governments and by and with the Spanish National Com­ dynamic roles which Native universites and private foundations. mission for the Celebration of the American cultures continue to play in The Quincentenary is an appropriate Fifth Centenary. the many national societies of the time to resolve to create the same , including our own. level of access to the records of our A Museum of the Americas The ethnographic collections of the Spanish heritage, which are for the Museum of the American Indian pro­ most part housed in the libraries and The United States has many fine vides a potential nucleus for such a archives of Spain, , Italy and collections of pre-Columbian ar­ national museum; proposals for America. These records are tifacts, but it has no great national relocating its collection and valuable for what they can tell us museum comparable to those of Mex­ establishing a collaborative research about Spanish exploration, settle­ ico or where the public may and exhibition policy in conjunction ment, and government on both coasts obtain a comprehensive view of the with the are and in the southern half of the United record of humankind in the New now under consideration in Congress. States. They also constitute a rich World. The Commission, therefore, source of information about the proposes to initiate the planning and Projects history and cultures of the native establishment of a national Museum peoples of the Americas. We place of the Americas, wherein a program In accordance with the legislative particular priority upon acquisitions of exhibitions, research, and training mandate of Public Law 98-375, the of copies of Hispanic documents can be created to illuminate the entire Commission strongly recommends the critical to the history of our Nation sweep of Native American life undertaking of the Quincentenary and its peoples which are not other­ through the millennia of their occupa­ projects in the arts, education, wise available, and we recommend tion of this hemisphere. The museum publishing, media, libraries and ar­ the use of advanced technology for should provide for a full portrayal of chives, museums, science and the capture, storage, and reproduc­ the ethnic and cultural diversity of medicine, and in civic affairs. Since tion of such documents. The Com­ Native American peoples, a thorough most such projects fall within the mission will carry out this initiative presentation of the high civilizations competencies and interests of existing public and private agencies, the Com­ mission intends to use its resources primarily to encourage, coordinate, and publicize appropriate responses to the opportunities which these proj­ ects represent. When presented with specific proposals by qualified organizations or individuals, the Commission will recognize these proj­ ects as Official Quincentenary Proj­ ects. Commemorative Events Americans already celebrate Co­ lumbus and Columbus Day in many ways. Accordingly, the Commission has concentrated its planning efforts on expanding the scope of existing commemorations and on identifying new activities which will make par­ ticipation in Quincentenary events available to the widest possible au­ dience. The range of events proposed will encourage both individual and community participation in the observance and will also generate significant economic benefits by , Union Station, Washington, D.C. Photo by Carol M. Highsmith, 1988. stimulating travel and tourism and by

4 galvanizing public and private sup­ commemorative programs, such as munication between the two port for new cultural, recreational, Chicago, Columbus, Los Angeles, hemispheres which has remained un­ and educational facilities whose Miami, New York, San Francisco, broken since that year. The second residual benefits will continue to flow and Washington. Plans are underway voyage in the fall of 1493 was the one to communities long after the to create media linkages between the which established the Columbian ex­ Quincentenary has passed. major public celebrations that take change of peoples, ideas, cultures, place this weekend, so that television and organisms between the two Columbus Day, 1992 viewers will be able to greet the hemispheres, and it brought Colum­ beginning of the next Columbian cen­ bus for the first and only time to ter­ The Federal Columbus Day holiday tury in the same manner in which ritory which is now part of the falls on Monday, 12, the New Year's Eve festivities are broad­ United States when, in November 500th anniversary of Columbus' cast nationally each year. 1493, he visited and named the Virgin landing in the New World. Thus, this Islands and landed on the western day and the preceding weekend are 1993 coast of Puerto Rico. The Commis­ especially suited to public events, sion wishes especially to emphasize both festive and solemn, which em­ While the quincentenary year of the importance of the Columbus body the themes of the 1992 is a logical culminating point for Landing National Historic Site on the Quincentenary. This is a time tradi­ celebrations in the Americas and west side of River Bay on the tionally associated in many cities with Europe, the Quincentenary com­ island of St. Croix. Columbus Day parades and Hispanic memoration should also recognize the The Commission, therefore, will heritage festivals. The Commission significance of two anniversaries promote during the year 1993 com­ urges these cities to expand the scope which occur the following year. In memorative projects and events of their traditional activities so as to establishing the Commission, Con­ which embody the recognition that embrace the broader significance of gress referred to the voyages of Co­ the modern world of global com­ the anniversary and also urges com­ lumbus, especially in Section 2 of munications had its beginning in Co­ munities which do not now have Pub. Law 98-375. While the voyage lumbus' enterprise and also projects traditional Columbus Day activities which terminated at the island of San and events which relate the themes to undertake them in this spirit. The Salvador on , 1492 is un­ developed during the Quincentenary Commission has urged the Congress doubtedly the most celebrated of Co­ to the future. In addition, we will to designate the last two weeks in lumbus' voyages, his return to Spain also promote participation by September and the first two weeks in in 1493 and his second voyage to the mainland organizations and citizens October as Hispanic Heritage Month. New World later in that year are also in the culminating celebration being Nationally, the Commission will urge worthy of special commemorative planned in the U.S. the President of the United States to programs. It was, in fact, Columbus' and Puerto Rico for November 1993. invite the participation of other heads return voyage from America to of state from the Americas and Europe, regarded as one of the most Europe in commemorative heroic feats of ocean of all ceremonies. We will also undertake to time, that distinguished him from all coordinate such ceremonies with other possible "first European culminating quincentenary events in visitors" to America, for it was this cities which have mounted major voyage that established the com­

Quincentenary Observance (continued from page 1) specifically mention the particularly with their foreign visitors We are now taking initiatives with Quincentenary, it could provide the programs, US/ICOMOS, the other Federal agencies and programs, umbrella for many cooperative proj­ Christopher Columbus Quincentenary as well as with private organizations, ects in the field of cultural resources. Jubilee Commission, and the National to integrate our Quincentenary ac­ Eastern National Park and Monument Trust for Historic Preservation. The tivities. A general "Interagency Association is making arrangements list could go on and on. But we shall Agreement between the United States for a reprint of the much-in-demand give a detailed report next year in Information Agency (USIA) and the "Preliminary Inventory of Spanish another special issue of the CRM National Park Service" was signed by Colonial Resources Associated with Bulletin on the results of all these ini­ Charles Z. Wick, Director, USIA, National Park Service Sites and Na­ tiatives which relate to NPS cultural and NPS Director William Penn tional Historic Landmarks." We are resources programs and the Mott, Jr., on October 28, 1988. also working with the Washington- Quincentenary. Though the agreement does not based Meridian House International,

5 The Spanish Colonial Research Center and The Columbus Quincentenary Mary Lou Phillips and Edwina Abreu

n 1492, the "Admiral of the Ocean until 1792, Spanish explorers pro­ the Atlantic seaboard, and from ISeas" made the first of four ceeded to leave their imprint on the to Alaska on the Pacific Coast. voyages to the Americas. This was pages of history relating to the The National Park Service, the Columbus' "discovery voyage," when discovery, exploration, and coloniza­ caretaker of many sites associated he landed on an island the tion of the "New World," from with the Spanish presence in the named San Salvador. From that time Labrador to the Strait of Magellan on "New World," will play a major role in the Columbus Quincentenary celebration. The Service's Spanish National Park Service Sites Designated for Colonial sites extend from Georgia Commemorating the Christopher Columbus Quincentenary and Florida across the contiguous In December 1986 the NPS Regional Directors reached a consensus, which was continental United States to Califor­ approved by Director William Penn Mott, Jr., that the following 35 NPS sites nia. In the Caribbean are NPS areas associated with Spanish colonial history and with Christopher Columbus would such as the Virgin Islands and Puerto be the main focal points for the Service's commemoration of the Quincentenary: Rico which were discovered by Co­ Amistad National Recreational Area—Del Rio, Texas lumbus in his second voyage of 1493. North of the Strait of Juan de Fuca Post National Memorial—Gillett, Arkansas (discovered in 1592) off of Big Bend National Park—Texas Washington State are areas which —Homestead, Florida Spain claimed and explored between Cabrillo National Monument—San Diego, 1765 and 1792. These include Sitka, Canyon de Chelly National Monument—Chinle, Wrangell-St. Elias, Kenau Fjords, and Katmai. In the Pacific Ocean, the National Monument—St. Augustine, Florida many Spanish-claimed islands include Chamizal National Memorial—El Paso, Texas , which was associated with Ti- Channel Islands National Park—Ventura, California nian (also part of the Mariana Christiansted National Historic Site—Virgin Islands Islands) and the route to the Philip­ Columbus Memorial Fountain—Washington, DC pines. Coronado National Memorial—Hereford, Arizona Thirty-five NPS areas have been Cumberland Island National Seashore—Saint Marys, Georgia designated Spanish Colonial Heritage De Soto National Memorial—Bradenton, Florida sites; these will be focal points for the El Morro National Monument—Ramah, Service's Quincentenary activities. National Memorial—Jacksonville, Florida Audio-visual presentations, exhibi­ Fort Frederica National Monument—Saint Simons Island, Georgia tions, and publications will be available to millions of visitors at Fort Jefferson National Monument—Dry Tortugas, Florida these Spanish Colonial Heritage sites. Fort Matanzas National Monument—south of Saint Augustine, Florida In 1986, the Service in cooperation Fort Point National Historic Site—San Francisco, California with the University of New Mexico Golden Gate National Recreation Area and Point Reyes National Seashore— established the Spanish Colonial San Francisco Bay area, California Research Center to develop a research Gulf Islands National Seashore—Florida and database of Spanish Colonial documents gathered in Spain and Jean Lafitte National Historic Park—New Orleans, Mexico. The Center receives its pro­ Jefferson National Expansion Memorial—Saint Louis, gram direction from the Service's Co­ John Muir National Historic Site—Martinez, California lumbus Quincentenary Task Force ad­ Natchez Trace National Parkway—, Tennessee, and Mississippi ministered by the Associate Director, Padre Island National Seashore—Corpus Christi, Texas Cultural Resources. The task force represents a broad base of NPS Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site—Texas Washington, regional office, and park Pecos National Monument—New Mexico professionals. Organizationally, the Salinas National Monument—Mountainair, New Mexico Center works through the Regional San Antonio Missions National Historical Park—Texas Director of the Southwest Region in San Juan National Historic Site—Puerto Rico implementing NPS Quincentenary research requirements. Sitka National Historical Park—Alaska Tumacacori National Monument—Arizona A Servicewide research program located in the Southwest Region at Wrangell-St. Elias National Park and Preserve—Glennallen, Alaska the University of New Mexico in

6 Albuquerque, the Center is the only unit of the NPS that exclusively ad­ dresses the research needs of Spanish Colonial Heritage sites and associated parks, National Register properties, the National Historic Landmark pro­ gram, and NPS-affiliated areas. The Center also cooperates with research programs in Spain, Portugal, and Mexico which are concerned with Columbus Quincentenary celebration activities. The Center is administered by Dr. Joseph P. Sanchez. Dr. Sanchez was a professor of Colonial Latin American History at the University of Arizona at Tucson. He has also taught at the Universidad Autonoma de Guadala­ jara in Mexico and at the University of New Mexico. Over a 19-year period, Dr. Sanchez has undertaken research in 29 archives in Spain and Mexico, and he has published several studies on Spanish frontiers in California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Alaska. For seven years, he worked as the Regional Inter­ pretive Specialist at the NPS Regional Office in Santa Fe. Mary Lou Phillips is the Special Assistant to Dr. Sanchez. Mary Lou joined the Spanish Colonial Research Center in the fall of 1987 after serving. 17 years in the Service's Washington Office. She had been the Assistant to Director William Penn Mott, Jr., and two Directors before him. In addition to her duties as the Center's Office Administrator, she serves as the and written about Mexico's early set­ documents and copies of 120 maps, Public Affairs Officer. tlers in the 1550s; he has also done architectural plans, and sketches. considerable work in researching New From its collection, the Center is Edwina Abreau, the Center's Clerk- Mexico's colonial history. developing a database of transcrip­ Typist, began her NPS career three In cooperation with the University tions, translations, and interpretive years ago in the Division of Conser­ of New Mexico, the Center works visual presentations at NPS Spanish vation in the regional office in Santa closely with the Office of the Vice Colonial Heritage sites. In addition to Fe. President for Community and Inter­ the long-term benefits for the Park A fourth member of the staff is a national Programs. A memorandum Service, appropriate Federal, state faculty member of the Department of of understanding signed in 1987, and local agencies, organizations, and History at the University of New enables the Center to coordinate its individuals will be permitted to use Mexico. He is Dr. Robert Himmerich research activities with appropriate the database. y Valencia, a Colonial Latin faculty and graduate students. In For additional information, con­ Americanist. He has not only assisted association with the university, the tact: Spanish Colonial Research in directing graduate student work, Center also provides opportunities for Center (NPS) Bandelier Hall West but also has recruited students and national and international scholarly 118, The University of New Mexico, encouraged them to become involved exchanges. Albuquerque, NM 87131; Phone: in the Center's research tasks. Dr. The Center possesses approximately 505/766-8743. Himmerich y Valencia has researched 10,000 pages of microfilmed Spanish

7 Spanish Heritage Cultural Resources Inventory Project Richard R. Henderson ported the first phase of the project which began on June 16, 1986, and continued through March 31, 1988 and culminated in the publication of a 400-page researcher's guide prepared by the U.S. Committee of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (US/ICOMOS), "Preliminary Inventory of Spanish Colonial Resources Associated with National Park Service Sites and Na­ tional Historic Landmarks, 1987." This publication was produced by reporting selected data from the SHCRI database, merging it with original narrative text, indexing the resulting files, and printing the entire document on a laser printer. Selected photographs and other illustrative materials were inserted into this draft. The grant supported the printing of four hundred copies. These have been distributed to the Spanish Ministry of Culture and the Span­ ish Embassy in the U.S., managers of the sites appearing in the publi­ cation, National Park Service offices, state agencies, historical as­ sociations, the Organization of American States (OAS), scholars working in the field of Spain in America, and private citizens. The number of requests for additional copies indicated a need for greater distribution. The second edition was generously supported financial­ ly by the Eastern National Park and Monument Association. To order a copy of the "Prelimi­ he Spanish Heritage Cultural Re­ (CRBIB). The inventory focuses nary Inventory...", send $16.00 Tsources Inventory Project (SHCRI) primarily on properties chosen by the (Virginia residents add 4.5% sales is being conducted to provide a re­ Chief Historian of the National Park tax) to America's National Parks, search guide to the various historical Service from more than 1,800 Na­ P.O. Box 47, Yorktown, VA 23690; and architectural documentation col­ tional Historic Landmark and Na­ or call 1-800/821-2903 (804/898-3383 lections administered by the National tional Park Service entities. They are in Virginia). Major credit cards and Park Service, for nationally signifi­ the principal examples of Spanish in­ purchase orders are accepted. Or­ cant buildings, structures, objects, fluence upon and/or interaction with ders are now being taken for a late and sites, whether publicly or private­ the indigenous and other colonial January 1989 release of the second ly owned. The collections being in­ peoples of the territory now under printing. A second volume which ventoried are the National Register of the jurisdiction of the United States. would include Spanish Colonial Historic Places (NRHP); Historic A research grant funded by the National Register sites in the U.S. American Buildings Survey/Historic Comite Conjunto Hispano-Norte is also anticipated. American Engineering Record Americano para la Cooperacion (HABS/HAER); List of Classified General y Edjcativa (under the 1983 Richard R. Henderson was the principal re­ Structures (LCS); and the Cultural searcher for the first phase of the project and Spanish/US Agreement on Friend­ the editor of the first published volume of the Resources Management Bibliography , Defense, and Cooperation) sup­ inventory.

8 Spanish Missions Thematic Study Antoinette J. Lee he standing Franciscan missions in The conduct of the Spanish Mis­ Heritage criteria: #4, "Be an outstand­ TTexas, New Mexico, Arizona, and sions Thematic Study was similar to ing example of a type of building or California rank among the most com­ an earlier effort to evaluate the ar­ architectural ensemble which il­ pelling vestiges of Spanish occupation chitectural themes of Thomas Jeffer­ lustrates a significant stage in history" of the land now incorporated in the son, Frank Lloyd Wright, and the and #6, "Be directly or tangibly United States. On an annual basis, early tall buildings for possible World associated with events or with ideas they attract thousands of visitors Heritage nomination. This report or beliefs of outstanding universal from the Nation and the world. resulted in the successful World significance." Dozens of scholars devote entire Heritage listing of the Thomas Jeffer­ The first step was to define the careers to their study. son Thematic Nomination: Monticello "Spanish mission." Rather than pure­ In recognition of the historical and and the University of Virginia. The ly an architectural phenomenon, the architectural significance of the mis­ Wright and tall buildings themes Spanish mission was a complex of sions and in view of the impending await further investigation. structures, usually a church attached Columbian Quincentenary, the Na­ As with the earlier report and to a walled enclosure composed of tional Park Service and the U.S. nomination, US/ICOMOS hired me monastic buildings and workshops ar­ Committee of the International Coun­ as the consultant to undertake the ranged around an open plaza or cil on Monuments and Sites Spanish Missions Thematic Study. patio. The complex provided housing (US/ICOMOS) entered into an agree­ The study covered several elements, for Native Americans either inside or ment to undertake the Spanish Mis­ including a survey history of the outside the compound and was prox­ sions Thematic Study. The objective Spanish settlement of the New World, imate to fields, orchards, and an ir­ of the study was to determine which the role of the and rigation system. Each complex served mission complexes might reasonably the missions in the colonization of the religious, economic, and political pur­ be considered for nomination to the Western Hemisphere, and the poses. It allowed for a setting for the World Heritage List by the United elements of a mission complex. conversion of the Native Americans States. Against this historical background, to . It was a self- the surviving missions within the sustaining economic unit and con­ United States were measured for their tributed toward making the surround­ contribution to this theme and ing land hospitable to Spanish evaluated against relevant World colonial ambitions. (continued on page 10)

Dr. Antoinette J. Lee is a Washington, DC- based independent historian and historic preser­ vation consultant. Her Ph.D. is in American Civilization, The George Washington University.

Mission San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo, San Antonio.

Drawn by Howard Lee Thompson for ^ the Historic American Buildings Survey, National Park Service.

9 Mission San Francisco de la Espada, San Antonio. Drawn by Annabelle Radcliffe for HABS, NFS.

Spanish Mission Research in articles and books California, the Santa Barbara Mis­ (continued from page 9) relating to the Spanish presence in the sion. The missions enjoy a high level The mission was most closely iden­ New World was accompanied by cor­ of integrity and maintenance when tified with the northern frontier of respondence with scholars knowledge­ compared with like structures in Cen­ Spanish settlement or what is com­ able about the subject. Few scholars tral and . monly referred to as the Borderlands offered identical recommendations as As a group, the San Antonio Mis­ of Northern Mexico and the southern to eligible mission complexes, but all sions convey the developmental pro­ tier of the United States. The were unanimous in the opinion that cess of mission complexes in Texas, Borderlands offered an often hostile the four major mission fields of from humble beginnings to fully environment of desert and unwelcom­ Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and developed complexes. The San ing Native Americans. Missions California be represented by at least Estevan del Rey Mission, with origins allowed for Spanish enclaves or one mission. (Florida was omitted in the 17th century, is one of the islands within this area, although the because its missions are archeological oldest standing missions in the United northern limit of Spanish settlement sites.) States and is notable for its unique fluctuated according to the resistance Once the list of mission sites was location on top of a mesa and its of the indigenous population. narrowed, I travelled to several of the representation of the confluence of The Spanish Missions Thematic most significant. In Texas, I visited Pueblo and European architectural Study was limited to missions spon­ the four missions included in the San styles. The mission at Ranchos de sored by the Franciscan order, Antonio Missions National Historic Taos is most celebrated for artistic although other orders, most notably Park; in New Mexico, San Estevan depictions, including those of Ansel the Jesuits and Dominicans, estab­ del Rey Mission at Acoma and San Adams and Georgia O'Keefe. San lished missions within the Francisco de Assisi Mission at Xavier del Bac is a magnificant com­ Borderlands. However, none of the Ranchos de Taos in Arizona; San plex standing in a nearly untouched missions founded by the latter orders Xavier del Bac near Tucson; and in and wild setting. The Santa Barbara within the United States borders sur­ Mission is significant for the un­ vive as standing structures. broken Franciscan occupation and the unusual Neoclassical style mission church. The Spanish Mission Thematic Study report was presented at the meetings of the Interagency Panel on World Heritage in June and in August 1988. The office of the Chief Historian of the National Park Ser­ vice accepted the report and will coordinate the final determination as to which mission complexes will be included in a United States nomina­ tion.

Mission Nuestra Sefiora de la Purisima Con- cepcio'n de Acufia, San Antonio. Drawn by William Peoples for HABS, NPS.

10 San Juan Fortifications: Study, Nomination and Inscription on the World Heritage List Edwin C. Bearss

Fortress of San Felipe del Morro, San Juan National Historical Site, Puerto Rico. U.S. Army photo.

he U.S. Federal Interagency Panel the panel and a decision as to pioneered by the Service in its Na­ T for World Heritage in early sum­ whether the study should be transmit­ tional Historic Landmarks Program mer 1982 undertook a review of the ted through the U.S. Department of dating to the mid-1930s. They knew U.S. Indicative List of Potential State to the World Heritage Commit­ that the Spanish fortifications at Car­ World Heritage Nominations that had tee in Paris for consideration. tagena, , and on the Carib­ been compiled and announced in the Historian James H. Charleton of side of the Isthmus of Federal Register. After considerable the History Division undertook the were already World Heritage Sites. discussion, it was agreed that the Na­ investigation, and Benjamin Nistal- They knew that Spain, to protect her tional Park Service's History Division Moret, then of the NPS Southeast vast empire and worldwide maritime would initiate a study of the fortifica­ Regional Office, assisted in the pro­ (continued on page 12) tions of San Juan, Puerto Rico, for ject. In doing so, they employed the Edwin C. Bearss is Chief Historian of the Na­ submission to the autumn meeting of thematic approach, a methodology tional Park Service.

11 To make this determination, spirit of adventure honed by the long Charleton made on-site inspections. and bitter struggle to expell the Experience gained through the Na­ from the — tional Historic Landmarks program crossed the Atlantic in search of had underscored the importance of and glory. The Aztec and Inca em­ Sentry box, San Carlos such a visit, both to gather informa­ pires were overthrown and a host of . Drawn by tion vital to the study and to insure less powerful Indian nations and Christopher J. Gribbs. that the Government of Puerto Rico tribes conquered. The wealth ac­ understood the process, supported the quired in these conquests made Spain nomination, and was aware of conse­ a global superpower. quences and responsibilities following To defend their New World in­ inscription on the World Heritage terests, the Spanish began the con­ List. Puerto Rican and Park Service struction of a formidable network of officials responsible for the protection masonry fortifications. These for­ of the island's cultural resources ex­ tifications are tangible reminders of a pressed their unanimous and en­ significant evolution in military San Juan Fortifications thusiastic support for the proposal engineering and architecture and the (continued from page 11) and their determination to insure that struggle for empire by Western Euro­ commerce from, first, pirates and these structures would be protected as pean nations. Doomed to ob­ privateers, and then western Euro­ tangible symbols of the island's solescence by technological revolu­ pean rivals, had developed a number Hispanic heritage. tions in weaponry and transportation, of key strongholds and bases. Any The study by Charleton and Nistal- the preservation and interpretation of assesssment of the significance of the Moret was reviewed by the Federal these Spanish fortifications have San Juan fortifications, therefore, had Interagency Panel on World Heritage become increasingly important in the to be made using a comparative in November 1982. Meanwhile, late 20th century, as the peoples of methodology relative to this vast Richard Cook, of the Service's Inter­ the world look to the past to establish regional system of fortifications, national Affairs Office, had been in and maintain cultural identity. In depots, magazines, ports, and docks. contact with officials of Spain's view of their scale, scope, and Initially, in assessing the importance Ministry of Culture. The Spanish significance, it is not surprising that and integrity of the Puerto Rican Government, with whom the United the World Heritage Committee has defenses, the Spanish States has a convention for inscribed the defenses of four key systems not only in the Caribbean cooperative ventures in support of Spanish harbors in the Caribbean on but in other parts of the Western cultural activities of mutual interest, the World Heritage List. Hemisphere, North Africa, and the endorsed the proposal. Italian and French military Far East, all had to be considered. After securing the approval of the engineers were preeminent in the 15th It soon became clear from historic panel, the study was forwarded by through 18th centuries. One of these, documentation that the key Spanish the State Department to the World the Italian Bautista Antonelli, prin­ fortifications of the Caribbean had Heritage Committee whose secretariat cipal architect of the Caribbean been designed as a grand system in is housed at UNESCO headquarters system of Spanish fortifications, ar­ the 1580s and '90s by Bautista An- in Paris. After reviewing the rived in the region in the late 1580s tonelli, an Italijan engineer for the documentation, the World Heritage after work on King Philip IPs plan to King of Spain, and revamped again Committee announced the inscription fortify the Strait of Magellan. An­ as a system in the late 1700s. of La Fortaleza and San Juan Na­ tonelli and other members of his Charleton developed the working tional Historic Site on the World family also designed works for the hypotheses that unless the ravages of Heritage List. Since then, one addi­ King in metropolitan Spain and time had destroyed them, all of these tional site—Old La Habana and its North Africa. The fortifications of engineering masterworks might fortifications ()—associated with San Juan, as well as other Spanish qualify as a great multi-national the theme of Spanish fortifications strongholds in the Caribbean, evolved system, and that the United States and hegemony in the Caribbean, has over more than four centuries as a should nominate San Juan and en­ been inscribed on the World Heritage result of European developments in courage other nations with intact List. military architecture and engineering, elements of the system to nominate and from lessons through repeated their own. The issue that remained Historic Background assaults on them. The earliest Spanish was whether the fortifications of San In the decades following Christopher defenses in Puerto Rico were the for- Juan would meet World Heritage List Columbus' epic voyages, Spanish criteria. navigators and conquistadores—their

12 tified houses of local settlers, whose principal mission was to provide pro­ tection against Native Americans. Not until 1537-40 was La Fortaleza constructed on high ground overlook­ ing the anchorage of . The location of La Fortaleza was criticized by the Spanish military, and they urged the fortification of the Sentry box, Fortin de San Juan de la Cruz, El Canuelo. Drawn by rocky headland (el morro) at the east Jorge L. Sein. side of the entrance to San Juan Bay, as it commanded the only navigable channel into the harbor. In 1539, construction began on the tions at ten key coastal locations: San loss of her "Invincible Armada" to first works at El Morro, and by 1554 Juan, Puerto Rico; Santa Domingo the English and to hurricane-force a "water battery," constructed on a (presently the capital of the gales, in that same year. semicircular platform commanding ); Santa Marta At San Juan, the initial element in the narrows of the harbor entrance, and Cartagena de Indias (Colombia); the defensive scheme was the and a large vaulted masonry tower, Nombre de Dios, Portobelo, the strengthening of San Felipe del built against the steep cliff, had been Chagres River, and Panama (in pre­ Morro. The strength of the newly completed. Neither La Fortaleza nor sent Panama); La Habana (Cuba); completed works was tested in 1595, El Morro was armed with long-range and St. Augustine, Florida. Late in when Queen Elizabeth I of England weaponry until about 1555. 1588, King Philip II directed Tejeda gave Sir and Sir John By late 1587, with the collaboration and Antonelli to begin construction Hawkins joint command of an ex­ of Tiburcio Spanoqui, another Italian of this network of defenses. Urgency pedition against Puerto Rico and who was the King's chief engineer, was lent to this enterprise when Spain Panama. Although Panama was the Antonelli and the Spaniard Juan de suffered a great naval defeat in the major target because of the precious Tejeda devised a comprehensive plan metals that were shipped through it, for a Caribbean defense system, in­ Puerto Rico, where a considerable cluding new or improved fortifica- quantity of treasure was stored, was intended for seizure as a permanent English base. Drake was repulsed when he attacked the fortifications frontally. Another English assault three years later had a similar goal, but met with a different outcome, at least initially. When the Earl of Cumberland assail­ ed his objective, he did not repeat Drake's mistake of boldly challenging the harbor defenses. Instead, he chose the indirect approach and located a weakness in the fortifications at the eastern end of San Juan Island. Cumberland landed there, overcame the defenses, and then laid to El La Counterguard. Morro. Battering the undermanned Drawn by Juan Blanco. fort's landward front, Cumberland won its surrender. Drawings courtesy HABS, NPS. Disease, rather than Spanish military might, put an early end to this brief English occupation, their se­ cond, but not their last, attempt to make Puerto Rico a permanent base for their West Indian operations. (continued on page 14)

13 La Trinidad Counterguard. Drawn by Juan Blanco.

San Juan Fortifications (continued from page 13) Cumberland's forces were withdrawn their inability to take El Morro, they Seven Years' War (1756-63), as part within a few months, and the Spanish burned the city. Of La Fortaleza only of the reforms inaugurated by Charles reoccupied the Island. The English, the main walls were left. Later, Puer­ III, who ascended the throne of Spain however, had left the fort and much to Rican and Spanish troops expelled in 1759. of the city in ruins. the Dutch. Charles Ill's defense reforms in­ Between 1599 and 1619, the San Thus, along with the reconstruction volved the strengthening of fortifica­ Juan fortifications were rebuilt and of the city in the 1630s-1660s, in­ tions and the organization of armies improved. The and parapets cluding the rebuilding of La Fortaleza, in the colonies to assist in their of El Morro's hornwork became further major improvements were dic­ defense. During the years between higher and more massive. The com­ tated in the defenses. These consisted 1766 and 1790, El Morro was manding ground from which of further strengthening of El Morro strengthened and Castillo de San Cumberland's guns had mauled the and the construction of a wall to pro­ Cristobal was redesigned. Shortly hornwork was leveled. The eastern tect the city on the west, south, and after their completion in 1797, the defenses of the island were expanded east. This wall incorporated the first, system was challenged by the British. and repaired. Also, the first fort, a rather unsophisticated Castillo de San This occurred not long after Spain small wooden one, was built on El Cristobal, on the hill at the northeast had reallied herself with France, Caneulo Island, opposite El Morro, edge of the old town. Lesser works following a lapse in their relationship on the west side of the harbor en­ toward the eastern end of the island, during the early French Revolutionary trance. outside the walls, were improved; Wars. The British fleet and army that Even with these improvements, and El Canuelo was rebuilt as a had successfully attacked Trinidad another basic defect in the city's for­ square masonry redoubt. Spain sailed against Puerto Rico. But the tification system remained. A third recognized the strategic significance of British were unable to penetrate the major attack on San Juan revealed Puerto Rico as clearly as her defenses of San Cristobal, and the at­ the problem and led to its remedy. assailants. King Philip IV, in 1645, tacking navy could not effectively Because of winds and currents, enemy stated, "It is the front and vanguard damage the major forts from the . forces were most likely to approach of all my , and conse­ The defenders and the forts had San Juan as did normal trade, from quently the most important of them met a powerful test. San Juan would the east. They might choose to land all—and the most coveted by my not endure another major assault for east of El Morro and seek to overrun enemies." a full century. Nevertheless, the great the island overland from the eastern The accession, in 1701, of a branch empire, for whom the fortifications end, as had Cumberland, or attack of the French Bourbons to the throne had been built to defend, would soon the forts directly, as Drake did. There of Spain led to major political (except for Puerto Rico and Cuba) was an alternative, however. In 1625, realignments among the European escape from Spain's grasp, not to fall a Dutch fleet took this latter option. powers, notably the alliance of Spain into the hands of her traditional The Dutch ran the harbor entrance and France in a series of wars against enemies, with whom she had so long gauntlet of El Morro and El Canuelo . Puerto Rico was spared contended for the control of the and landed beyond range of the major assaults, although other impor­ Americas, but to independent revolu­ Spanish big guns. They seized the tant Spanish Caribbean ports, such as tionary governments. town and lay siege to El Morro. Cartagena de Indias, were not. Dur­ Although they managed to damage ing the first half of the 1700s no ma­ the hornwork, they were unsuccessful jor works were undertaken in Puerto in reducing the fort. In frustration at Rico. This situation changed after the

14 Cultural Diversity at Jean Lafitte G. Michael Strock

ean Lafitte National Historical Park mans, Cajuns, Creoles, Black Creoles, park seeks to help them preserve J was established in 1978 to preserve Native Americans, Irish, Mardi Gras what was important as well as to help for "present and future generations Indians, Black Social and Pleasure them recognize and document significant examples of natural and Clubs. These studies provide a changes brought about by the historical resources of the Mississippi valuable resource for present inter­ pressures of contemporary American Delta region and to provide for their pretive efforts as well as for future society. interpretation in such a manner as to research projects. portray the development of cultural The park presents programs every *Dr. Pilar G. Suelto de Saenz, Associate Pro­ diversity in the region." Beyond this weekend at the French Quarter Unit fessor of Spanish at The George Washington mandate, the park was also created to University and President of the Academic Folklife Center which include Chinese Association for the Christopher Columbus interpret and preserve cultural diver­ cooking, French choral music, Cajun Quincentenary, recently called to the attention sity in a cooperative program with and German music, jazz and brass of the CRM Bulletin Special Issue Editor the public and private entities. Certainly band concerts, native crafts, and probable origin of the name Barataria. In these initiatives are among the most special programs to commemorate Miguel de Cervantes' Don Quijote de la Man- creative and complex which have cha (Vol. II, Chapter XLV-LIII), Barataria is an ethnic holidays. The park also spon­ imaginary island/walled city or "insula" in the recently been undertaken by the Na­ sors the weekly Saturday night middle of La Mancha, Castile in 16th c. Spain. tional Park Service. "Rendez-vous des Cajuns" at the There the fictional Sancho Panza, Don Quix­ The park, which is one of the Liberty Theatre in Eunice. Park ote's page who was a shrewd and realistic pea­ employees provide a full range of sant, became the governor for 10 days and thirty-five NPS sites designated for gave testimony of great wisdom in the exercise Christopher Columbus Quincentenary visitor services at the Isleno Center in of authority. activities, has three units: The French St. Bernard Parish and at the Quarter in New Orleans, Chalmette, Chitimacha Cultural Center in and Barataria.* The French Quarter Charenton. G. Michael Strock is a historian who is the unit, headquartered at the Old French The park is in a unique position as Acadian Unit Manager of the Jean Lafitte Na­ Market, introduces visitors to New a focal point for all these diverse tional Historical Park. Orleans and the cultural traditions of cultural entities. As they change, the the region. The Chalmette unit preserves the battlefield where in 1815 American forces turned back the British advance on New Orleans. The Barataria unit preserves an area of rich and beautiful coastal wetlands. The park is named for Jean Lafitte, a well-known resident of Louisiana from 1803 to 1818. From his remote harbor and headquarters on Barataria Bay, Lafitte led as many as 1,000 "Baratarians" in privateering and smuggling. Through arms, ammuni­ tion, and men, Lafitte helped the American forces in their victory over the British in 1815. The park is also a study center, researching the history of the region and documenting the cultures of the many ethnic groups which contribute to the special flavor of the Delta. In 1979, a park publication—Mississippi Delta Ethnographic Overview—iden• tified more than 20 separate ethnic groups in the region. Since then the park has increased its database to in­ clude: the Islehos (Canary Islanders who settled in Louisiana in the 1700s), Filipinos, Yugoslavs, Ger­ Isleno fishing boat and bayou, St. Bernard Parish. Photo courtesy Library of Congress.

15 Christopher Columbus Landing Site in the Virgin Islands

Roland Wauer

ear the Christiansted National NHistoric Site is the location associated with Columbus' "discovery" of St. Croix during his second voyage, November 14, 1493. The central site, now a National Historic Landmark, is the first of two locales now under the United States flag that Columbus' expeditions reached, and the only one positively identified. A party of Columbus' men, returning from ashore, attacked a group of Caribs in a canoe. This encounter is believed to be the first recorded armed conflict between Europeans and Native Americans. The site has yielded and still contains archeological evidence of the Caribs and of extensive oc­ cupation by prehistoric peoples on St. Croix (pre-Taino and Taino). On July 12, 1988, NPS Southeast Regional Director Robert Baker and Virgin Islands' Governor Alexander Farrelly signed a cooperative agree­ ment for the Service to take the lead in the planning and management of a park at St. Croix's Columbus Historic Landing Site. The agreement includes two phases: (1) The NPS Southeast Regional Office will initiate a cooperative ef­ fort with the Virgin Islands Govern­ ment to develop a plan for protecting and managing St. Croix's Salt River area which includes the Columbus Landing Site and significant mangrove and marine habitats. The planning process began in August 1988 with data-gathering and map­ ping of the area's principal historic and natural resources. A series of alternatives are being developed that will be presented to the public in the form of an environmental assessment and at public meetings. Preferred period, and will become the nucleus River, the arrival and site visit of alternatives will be developed later. of a Virgin Islands Territorial Park Columbus, subsequent settlement of (2) The Service will then operate System. the English, Dutch, French, and the "developed" area for a 10-year Planning and development ac­ Danes, and the interrelationships be­ period during which time Virgin tivities must be completed prior to tween these various peoples and their Islands Government employees will the 1992-93 commemorative Colum­ dependence upon the unique natural be trained on site and elsewhere as bus Discovery activities. The St. resources of the Salt River area. necessary. The intent is to train ap­ Croix park will interpret the full propriate personnel so that the area historic spectrum of the Salt River Ro Wauer is a resource management specialist can revert to Virgin Islands Govern­ area which includes the pre- on St. Croix at the Virgin Islands National ment control at the end of the 10-year Columbian peoples that settle at Salt Park.

16 , Culture, Archeology, and The Columbus Quincentenary

James P. Delgado

early 500 years after his epic Nachievement, the legacy of Christopher Columbus is a controver­ sial subject. Regardless of whether he was or was not the first to "discover" America, the simple fact remains that Columbus' voyage of 1492 and his subsquent voyages motivated the "" to visit, explore, col­ onize, and conquer the "New World." The initial motivation for Columbus' Nina voyage was maritime trade and com­ merce with the Orient. Portugal's control of the sea route by way of Africa's , and Islam's control of the Middle East and North Africa precluded such trade; Nina, , and Santa Maria in The saga of maritime history and but the riches of the Indies still Spain. These replicas will sail across colonization, and of European in­ beckoned the newly united kingdom the Atlantic in a re-creation of the teraction with the indigenous in­ of Spain. Perhaps possessing navigator's feat. The termination habitants is well-documented and knowledge that land to the west had point of this Atlantic voyage will be sites associated with Spanish colonies been sighted by wayward mariners, . A triumphant tall ships are protected and preserved as local, and believing it to be the Orient, Co­ parade including the replicas, reminis­ state, and national parks and lumbus and his sponsors engaged in a cent of OpSail '76 and the Statute of monuments. Another category of risky venture, in tiny Liberty's re-dedication, will mark the resources relating to the event of the across a capricious ocean, risking "return" of Columbus on July 4, 1992 voyages of discovery—indeed the scurvy and shipwreck. Columbus' in New York. Following the parade, earliest aspects of the event, the successful transatlantic passage and the replicas of Nina, Pinta, and Santa wrecks of the ships that carried the return is one of the great events in Maria will hopefully tour major port first seeds of European culture to the maritime history. This achievement cities to spark interest not only in the Americas and conversely the first has been recognized by the Columbus voyages but also in the 500 seeds of American culture back to Christopher Columbus Quincentenary years of maritime history and culture (continued on page 18) Jubilee Commission, which is spon­ that followed in the wake of Colum­ soring the building of replicas of the bus' tiny fleet. James P. Delgado is Maritime Historian, Na­ tional Park Service, Washington Office.

17 Excavation plan for the Highborn Cay Wreck. Located in the Exuma Island chain in the Bahamas, this wreck has the best preserved hull re­ mains of any early ship yet discovered in the Caribbean.

Maritime History (continued from page 17) Europe—are not afforded the same protection and preservation. Shipwrecks are among the most significant archeological resources in the world. Formerly inaccessible and hence not subjected to the kinds of impacts that affect other archeological sites, shipwrecks form well-preserved "time-capsules" of the past. Ships—built as compact, largely self- sufficient structures that sealed in passengers, crew, cargo, and provi­ sions—formed self-contained societies that mirrored society ashore. Therefore, when a ship wrecked, most everything that was aboard the vessel—items that reflected the life and times on the ship and ashore—were deposited on the bot­ tom and now provide a detailed ar­ cheological record. Reconstruction drawing of a Spanish verso from the Molasses Reef Wreck, illustrating a typi­ There are many opportunities for cal shipboard weapon from the age of exploration. new assessments of the American col­ onial experience through shipwreck research. Columbus lost the Santa Columbus' ships and others lost in Caicos Islands. The wreck, actually Maria in 1492—the remains of which the early 16th century. Significant first thought to be Columbus' Pinta, have yet to be located—and left eight discoveries have been contained a large number of other ships behind during his subse­ made—including an early 16th- and other arms. According to the quent voyages. The Institute of century vessel wrecked in the first project archeologists, the "Spartan­ Nautical Archeology (INA) at Texas quarter of the 16th century on like quality of the artifacts" led them A&M is surveying the Caribbean for Molasses Reef off the Turks and to determine that the vessel was

18 Even wrecks in national parks are not sacrosanct. The Spanish vessel San Augustin, carrying a porcelain and silk cargo from the Philippines, was lost in Drakes Bay on the California coast while on a voyage of explora­ tion in 1595. For the past two years San Augustin has been the subject of continued pressure from treasure hunters seeking to wrest the site from its protected status. Other early wrecks associated with Spanish, French, and British ventures in the Americas from the 16th through the 18th centuries lie in Na­ tional Park Service areas: Cape Canaveral, Fort Jefferson, Cape Lookout, Cape , Padre Island, and Biscayne are just a few. The wrecks in these areas, as well as less- protected sites in state waters, should be located, studied, and interpreted. The Submerged Cultural Resource Unit of the National Park Service has proposed such a project for NPS areas in cooperation with similar ven­ tures outside of the parks, including INA's work in the Caribbean and the Plan showing wrought iron ordnance on the Molasses Reef Wreck, an early 16th century ship­ . Shipwreck ar- wreck site in the . This wreck, first thought to be Columbus' Pinta, cheological research offers an exciting was heavily armed and carried a cargo of cannon when lost. possibility for a new look at Colum­ Illustrations are courtesy of the Institute for Nautical Archeology, Texas A&M University, Col­ bus and the 500 years of American lege Station, TX. maritime history that followed; maritime archeology's new engaged in a voyage of exploration or ticularly those associated with Spain's technology, the threat posed by early cargo-hauling. INA ar- activities in the Americas, have been looting and treasure hunting, and the cheologists now have a lead on an ac­ subjected to treasure hunting and interest generated by the tual Columbus wreck, Gallega, which souvenir hunting, notably in Florida, Quincentenary pose both a challenge was abandoned by Columbus at Rio where entire fleets of vessels and an opportunity. Belen, Panama, in 1503. Survey work associated with maritime disasters in was begun in 1987 and continued in 1622, 1715, and 1733 have been the summer of 1988 with National plundered. The public, misled by Park Service assistance. If INA's astute treasure hunters' public rela­ research is fruitful, 1992 may witness tions campaigns, continues in large the discovery of an actual Columbus part to support these activities. vessel through archeology. Treasure hunting is the major crisis Unfortunately, the archeology of facing early wrecks—even the other colonial-period vessels has not Molasses Reef wreck, bereft of silver been as salutary. Most wrecks, par­ and gold, was subjected to looting.

19 Getting Ready for the Quincentenary Daniel O. Murphy

year ago I travelled from Santa A Fe to Philadelphia for an NPS meeting. After some talk about the Bicentennial of the Constitution, I commented to my eastern colleagues: "Now we start gearing up for the Quincentenary." There were quizzical looks. "What's the Quincentenary?" asked one colleague, a man respected for his knowledge of things English and colonial. I can't say that I blame him. Here in the NPS Southwest Region it seemed at first like jumping through hoops to figure out how—or why—to trumpet the Bicentennial at a Spanish mission site abandoned in the 1600s. Eventually we worked it out, with different amounts of em­ phasis at different parks. Speaking for myself, I admit a real surprise. It started as a paper-pushing exercise to get information on the Constitution to the field. But I started reading the Constitution and the history of its evolution and framers, and before I could stop myself I got interested. The Constitution is quite a story, and I know a lot more about it now than before the Bicentennial. Sometimes things work as they are supposed to. Now comes the Quincentenary— and that's something to get excited about! Or such is the view from New Mexico. The 500th anniversary of Columbus' voyage, the first effective connection between the Old World and the New, not only encompasses visitors. Perhaps we'll get more than historian is working on just that all North and South America, but the usual number of success stories, angle.) Europe as well. As seen elsewhere in when someone begins reading the The great themes are obvious. Two this issue, many projects are under­ flood of paper this will inevitably aspects, though, are unexpected. way already, some of them major. spawn, and finds as I did that, by Educating ourselves before we begin Those will be easy, in a way; they golly, there is something to it! talking with visitors, we should begin have just one aim. The Quincentenary deserves it. The to mull them over. One is the very, But what of interpretation, not the story really is a grand one that hap­ very large role of Spain in the history special projects but the regular GS-5 pened only once at this scale in all of the United States. I was graduated going out for the regular evening pro­ recorded history. Cultures that were from a respectable eastern university, gram? For us, it's another "extra em­ vastly and fundamentally different and now I'm embarrassed at one por­ phasis," an extra-good one, to be in­ slammed into each other. In the sort­ tion of the "knowledge" I gained. tegrated into the normal interpretive ing-out that followed came battles, Maybe I was the only one who got program. This doesn't belittle the horrors, accommodations, fascina­ Quincentenary. It's inherent in the tions, even the dreaming of new Dan Murphy is a writer-editor with the Office situation. Connections won't be as forms of government. There's a story of Interpretation and Visitor Services in the easy in some parks as in others, and just in the way the various cultures NPS Southwest Regional Office. He has there will be all degrees of response that came washing ashore regarded masters' degrees in both and mass communication from the University of Il­ from park staffs, as well as from the land. (An important western linois.

20 mixed up, thinking the Spanish Em­ case of this myth, we actually know pire had "failed," that it was only a how, by whom, and why it was minor part of U.S. history anyway, started! The myth has lived too long, somewhere down South. The English and done too much damage. The colonies endured a revolution that Quincentenary is a good time to lay succeeded too, but my teachers didn't it to rest. The ultimate sadness is use that to degrade the English Em­ when people of one culture begin to pire. Travel anywhere in the New believe the other one's culture stories World today and you simply cannot about them. How often I've met a maintain the myth that the Spanish young Hispanic boy out here, who Empire "failed." In food, dress, thought perhaps I was more impor­ custom, often in language, echos of tant than he, and I wanted to pick that era remain and are increasing. him up onto my shoulder and say, One remembers the Roman conquest "Hey, it's your great, rich, proud of Greece, followed by the Helleniza- heritage I've come out here just to be tion of Rome. It's clear enough in a part of. Let's shout and holler and hindsight; but did anyone recognize it blow trumpets together—we're in a at the time? pretty grand parade!" Astrolabe A related idea, which is important What should we do now to get for interpreters across the country to ready, as we wade through the daily learn if we are to make genuine in­ routine of programs, annual evalua­ start, though, and a pleasure besides. tellectual gains in the Quincentenary, tions, 10-238s, and school group Borrow or buy Samuel Elliot Mor­ is what historians call "The Black reservations? I tell my Park Service rison's Admiral of the Ocean Sea, still Legend"—the idea that Spanish con- colleagues: "Don't worry about it too the standard work on Columbus. It's quistadores were uniquely cruel and much yet; there are good folks work­ a good book, one any educated rapacious, came only to rape and ing on it and more materials than you American ought to have read loot, and then couldn't develop the really wanted will be coming down anyway. Spend a few evenings with countries they had conquered. In the the pike." There is a good way to it. We're starting quite an adventure.

Santa Maria Pinttt

21 The Spanish Colonial Period in National Park Service Collections David M. Brugge

he materials that represent the TSpanish Colonial period in the museum collections of the National Park Service are diverse. They range from the into the 1800s and il­ lustrate a variety of aspects of the colonial experience—conquest and defense, civilian settlement, churches and Indian missions, trade with Europe, and the free tribes, and ultimately, loss of the colonies. Perhaps the most complete collec­ tion is that at San Juan National Historic Site where a permanent col­ ony was established in 1521. Rather than being a remote frontier outpost, the island had a history as a well- settled region long before the end of Spanish rule. This is reflected in the This retablo of collection, including armor from the (Nuestra Sehora de Guadalupe) has been at­ 16th century and extends in time to tributed to the New Mexico artist Pedro An­ include documents and personal items tonio Fresquez. It was painted about of the officers who served in the 1795-1820 and is said to have been salvaged Spanish-American war. Much of the from the Pecos mission church after the collection is of military material, in­ pueblo was abandoned. cluding , an arquebus and a Photo by Ann Rasor half pike. A series of Spanish coins dating from as early as 1508, ar- 1693-1817. At Fort Matanzas there re­ cheological remains of locally made mains little but archeological ceramics called El Morro Ware which materials. Biscayne National Park has shows Indian influence, and a 16th- items from two 18th-century ship­ century statute of Santa Barbara, wrecks, but these may not have been patroness of artillery, provide a Spanish vessels. At Jean Lafitte Na­ broader view of Spanish colonial tional Historical Park there are ar­ society. No missions were established cheological collections from the on the island due to the early demise period of Spanish rule (1762-1803) in­ of the Indians, however, and that dicative of a lively trade in French aspect of is not and British goods at New Orleans, represented. Recent archeological col­ hinting of the smuggling and piracy lections are largely of civilian origin for which the area was noted. Finally, from the 18th and 19th centuries. at Padre Island National Seashore, Castillo de San Marcos in St. there are coins, an anchor and other Augustine, Florida, has a major col­ objects recovered from ships sunk by lection of cannons and mortars of the a hurricane in 1554. 17th to 19th centuries. The Southeast At San Antonio Missions National Archeological Center holds an exten­ Historic Park the furnishings of the sive archeological collection from churches are in part NPS museum here. At Gulf Island National collections and in part the property of Seashore are additional cannons the Catholic church. Included are Several statues of saints, such as this at dating from the 18th century, but the San Antonio Missions NHP, are in NPS prize part of the collection is a series collections. David Brugge is curator for the Southwest Photo by Theresa Griggs of maps spanning the period from Region, National Park Service.

22 These beads, medal and cross were found during excavations in the mission convento at Pecos pueblo in 1967. Photo by Fred Mang carvings of saints and religious pain­ tings which appear to be original to ' the site, but research into their history has yet to be done. Abundant archeological remains provide many insights into mission life. As the land becomes drier and more removed from contact by sea, there are significant changes. The trends noted at San Antonio grow in prominence. Little is found that predates the 18th century that was not recovered archeologically. Ar­ cheological materials from prior to the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 in New Mexico reflect well the frontier condi­ tion. Items of Spanish origin are small and light. Numerous Spanish forms appear in Indian pottery, almost certainly the result of the dif­ ficulty of obtaining crockery in the European tradition. At Pecos, soup plates and candle sticks were found, while at Salinas National Monument Elaborate decoration with heraldic symbols characterizes the older cannon at Castillo de San there were additional forms such as Marcos National Monument. (continued on page 24) Photo by Mark Johnson

23 purchased for the exhibits. El Morro, however, was merely a camping spot for travelers. Further afield, at Chaco Culture National Historical Park, an occasional glass bead is found in sites dating from the 18th century, but the and the Pueblo refugees who joined them were on the other side of the frontier, outside the "Rim of Christiandom." Across Coronado's "despoblado" and into another area of Spanish settle­ ment, the mission site that is now Tumacacori National Monument has a major collection that includes carved images of saints, weapons, horse gear, and ceramics. Again, most pottery is of Indian origin, in­ cluding copies of Spanish forms such Spanish cannon are a major part of the collections at Castillo de San Marcos National as candle sticks. Monument. Photo by Mark Johnson California was the last of the border provinces to be settled and many of the early Indian mission sites have been preserved by state and The Spanish Colonial Period in Na­ suffered abandonment been collected. local agencies. At Point Reyes tional Park Service Collection Two retablos from the 18th century Chinese porcelain has been washed (continued from page 23) are in the collection. ashore, most likely from a sunken At El Morro National Monument, Spanish ship that was engaged in the canteens and cups. Majolica pottery- where the history of the colonial China trade. Golden Gate National is scarce and Chinese porcelain rare period of New Mexico is recorded by Recreation Area has cannons cast in at both sites. Only at Pecos, occupied inscriptions on the rock, the only ob­ that were brought to San Fran­ until 1838, have objects that have not jects representative of the period were cisco in 1793.

U.S. Department of Third Class Mail the Interior Postage & Fees Paid National Park Service Cultural Resources U.S. Department of the Interior P.O. Box 37127 G-83 Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 Special Issue

Published by the National Park Service for parks, Federal agencies, states, local govern­ ments, and the private sector to promote and maintain high standards for preserving and managing cultural resources.

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Volume 12 1989