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Home , Adelantado, Book of Privileges, Cacique, Christopher Columbus, Dudum siquidem, Encomienda

A Columbus Chronology (1451-1506)

1451 is born in , . 1469 Fernando of and Isabel of Castile marry. 1474 The crowns of Aragon and Castile are united. 14 76 Columbus arrives in for the first time. 1477 Columbus moves to , Portugal. 14 79(?) Columbus marries Felipa Moniz Perestrelo. September 4, 1479: Treaty of Alca<;ovas between Portugal and Spain is signed. 1483- 1485 Columbus tries and fails to receive the support of King ]oao II of Portugal for a voyage of discovery. 1485 Columbus moves to with his son Diego, born ca. 1480; his wife Felipa had died by that time. 1486- 1487 A commission convened by Fernando and Isabel examines Co­ lumbus's plans. january 1486: Columbus is received by Fernando and Isabel at Alcala de Henares and presents his plans for a voyage of discovery. August 1487: Fernando and Isabel tell Columbus that the com­ mission has not approved his plans. 1487- 1488 The Portuguese navigator sails around the , reaching the Indian . 1488 August: Birth of Fernando Colon, the natural son of Columbus and Beatriz Enriquez de Arana. 1492 january 2: The reconquest of the ends with the occupation of by Fernando and Isabel.

177 178 CHRONOLOGY

March 31: Fernando and Isabel sign a decree ordering the Jews of Spain either to be baptized or to leave the country by July 31. April 17: Fernando and Isabel grant to Columbus the Capitula­ tions of Santa Fe. : Columbus sets sail, with three , from Palos, Spain, on his first voyage. 12: Columbus lands on the island of , in , and names it San Salvador. December 24-25: Santa Marfa is shipwrecked. 1493 january 16: Columbus sets sail on his return voyage, leaving thirty-nine at the newly established settlement, . March 15: Columbus reaches Palos, Spain. September 25: Columbus sets sail, with seventeen ships, from Cadiz, Spain, on his second voyage. : Columbus reaches . November 27-28: Columbus reaches Navidad, on , and finds that it has been razed and the men killed. December: On Hispaniola Columbus chooses the site for the set­ tlement of Isabela. 1494 The French invasion of Italy leads to Spanish intervention and war. April 24-September 29: Columbus explores the south coast of and . june 7: The between Portugal and Spain is signed. 1496 Bartolome Colon founds the city of on Hispan­ iola, the oldest continuous European settlement in the . March 10: Columbus sails back to Spain with two ships. june 11: Columbus arrives in Cadiz, Spain. 1497 -August 6: sails roundtrip from , En­ gland, to the northern peninsula of Newfoundland. 1498 May 20: reaches the southwest coast of , after south and east around the Cape of Good Hope. May 30: Columbus leaves from Sanlucar de Barrameda, with six ships, on his third voyage. : The Spaniards land on . August 5: Columbus sends two boats to land on the South Amer­ ican mainland. CHRONOLOGY 179

1499 May 18: embarks on the first after Columbus's of the coast of . 1499- 1500 November-September: Vicente Yanez Pinzon sails from Palos to Brazil, explores the Amazon, and returns to Palos. 1500 April 22: Pedro Alvares Cabral lands on the coast of Brazil. August 23: , appointed by Fernando and Isabel, arrives in Santo Domingo and seizes Columbus's private quarters and possessions. October: Columbus and his brothers are sent home to Spain in chains. December: Fernando and Isabel release Columbus. 1501 September 3: Queen Isabel appoints Nicolas de Ovando royal gov­ ernor of the Indies, in succession to Columbus. 1502 April 15: Ovando arrives in the Indies to serve as governor until 1509. May 9: Columbus sets sail, with four ships, from Cadiz, Spain, on his fourth voyage. 1503 june 25: Columbus is marooned on Jamaica. 1504 june 29: Columbus and the other survivors leave Jamaica and return to Hispaniola. September 12: Columbus sets sail for Spain. November 7: Columbus arrives at Sanhicar de Barrameda, Spain. November 26: Queen Isabel dies. 1506 May 20: Columbus dies in , Spain. Glossary

Governor of a province agnus dei A small religious medal stamped with the figure of a lamb, honoring Jesus, "the lamb of God" aje A almadia A wooden canoe arroba A unit of weight equal to 11.5 kilograms astrolabe A compact instrument used to observe the celestial bodies for timetelling, , and astrological purposes Ave Maria A prayer in honor of the Virgin Mary axi Capsicum; red or blanca A small copper coin bohio A word meaning "house," used by the Tainos to indicate the island on which they lived bohuti A seer or prophet; also a type of medical practitioner A Taino chieftain cahiz A grain measure equivalent to 4. 78 metric tons castellano A coin worth 490 maravedfs, or 1.31 Venetian ducats; the Venetian ducat weighed 3.5 grams, so the castellano weighed approxi­ mately 4.6 grams. Cathay An old name for , especially northern China Cipangu The Chinese name for Japan ceuti A Portuguese coin; 3 ceutis equaled 1 blanca cohoba A hallucinogenic powder inhaled through the nose The royal magistrate or governor of a city in Spain or in the Spanish colonies cross-staff An angle-measuring instrument consisting of a rod or staff and a sliding cross-bar, used at to determine the angle of celestial bodies

180 GLOSSARY 181 cruzado A Portuguese gold coin of approximately the same weight (3.5 grams) and fineness as the Venetian gold ducat, which was the interna­ tional standard A grant entitling a Spanish colonist to the labor of a group of Indians, supposedly in return for instructing them in the Christian faith excelente A gold coin worth two castellanos, or 2.62 Venetian ducats, at the time of Fernando and Isabel fanega A unit of volume varying between 225 and 555 liters Guards The stars Beta and Gamma of Ursa Minor, farthest from the North Star hidalgo A member of the lower of Spain Indies The , the islands enclosing the Sea between southeastern North America and northern South America maravedi A unit of accounting in Christian Spain; 375 maravedis had the value of a Venetian gold ducat marco (mark) A weight approximately equal to 230 grams real A Portuguese silver coin of about the same weight (3.5 grams) as the Venetian gold ducat reboans A wooden drum rubbio A unit of dry measure (about 194.4 liters) used to weigh at Madeira Salve Regina A hymn in honor of the Virgin Mary zemi An idol; a Taino spirit or supernatural being Questions for Consideration

1. The term describes the increasing interdependence of the world's diverse regions and their . What part did Columbus's voyages play in this process? 2. Why did the Portuguese crown reject Columbus's proposal for a west­ ward voyage to ? Why did the Spanish crown accept it? 3. To what extent were Columbus's voyages and the Spanish coloniza­ tion in the Americas that resulted from them the continuation of medieval commercial and colonizing practices in the Mediterranean and Iberia? 4. To what extent were Columbus's voyages motivated by his Christian faith, and to what extent did religious factors determine the Spanish crown's support for them? What other motives-commerce, rivalry with other European powers-were involved? In what ways were the motives connected? 5. Why did Columbus's voyages lead to permanent European settlement in the Americas, whereas the tenth-century Viking voyages did not? 6. What does Columbus's Log tell us about his first impression of the peoples he encountered and of their reactions to him? 7. Why did relations between the Spanish colonists and the of the Indies deteriorate so rapidly? What were the conse­ quences for both the indigenous peoples and the colonists? 8. How did Columbus's relationship to the Spanish crown change over time, and why? 9. Is it possible to arrive at a balanced understanding of Columbus's voy­ ages using the European sources we possess, in the absence of docu­ mentation from the Tainos or Caribs? 10. Assess the significance of European maritime technology and superior weaponry in making the Enterprise of the Indies possible. 11. Analyze the consequences of the exchange of food plants, animals, and diseases among , Africa, and the Americas after 1492.

182 QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION 183

12. How was Columbus's achievement judged by his contemporaries? How has the assessment of the man and his voyages changed over time, and why? 13. Some historians argue that we should no longer use the term discovery to describe Columbus's 1492 voyage or the term Indians to describe the people he encountered. Why are these long-accepted terms now being criticized? Is this criticism valid? 14. Why was Christopher Columbus adopted as a national hero in the , and what role has he played in the formation of the nation's identity? Selected Bibliography

PRIMARY SOURCES Carrillo, Jesus, ed., and Diane Avalle-Arce, trans., preface by Anthony Pag­ den. Oviedo on Columbus. Repertorium Columbianum 9. Turnhout, Bel­ gium: Brepols, 2000. Cummins, John. The Voyage of Christopher Columbus: Columbus's Own journal of Discovery, Newly Restored and Translated. New : St. Mar­ tin's Press, 1992. Davenport, Frances Gardiner, ed. European Treaties Bearing on the His­ tory of the United States and Its Dependencies. 4 vols. Washington DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1917-1939. Dotson, John, ed. and trans., and Aldo Agosto, ed. Christopher Columbus and His Family: The Genoese and Ligurian Documents. Repertorium Columbianum 4. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1998. Dunn, Oliver, and James E. Kelley Jr., eds. and trans. The Diario of Christopher Columbus's First Voyage to America, 1492-1493. Norman, OK: University of Press, 1989. Eatough, Geoffrey, ed. and trans. Selections from Peter Martyr. Reperto­ rium Columbianum 5. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1998. Gallinari, Luciano, ed. Diego Alvarez Chanca, Medico di Cristo/oro Colombo. Cagliari, Italy: Istituto sui Rapporti Italo-Iberici, 1992. Griffin, Nigel, ed. and trans., intro. Anthony Pagden. Las Casas on Colum­ bus: Background and the Second and Fourth Voyages. Repertorium Columbianum 7. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1999. Lardicci, Francesca, ed., Cynthia L. Chamberlin and Blair Sullivan, trans. A Synoptic Edition of the Log of Columbus's First Voyage. Repertorium Co­ lumbianum 6. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 1999. Nader, Helen, ed. and trans., and Luciano Formisano, ed. The Issued to Christopher Columbus by King Fernando and Queen Isabel 1492-1502. Repertorium Columbianum 2. Berkeley: University of Press, 1996.

184 SELECfED BIBLIOGRAPHY 185

Phillips, William D. Jr., ed., Mark D. Johnston, philologist, and Anne Marie Wolf, trans. Testimonies from the Columbian Lawsuits. Repertorium Co­ lumbianum 8. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2000. Rusconi, Roberto, ed., and Blair Sullivan, trans. The 'Book of Prophecies' Edited by Christopher Columbus. Repertorium Columbianum 3. Berke­ ley: University of California Press, 1997. Symcox, Geoffrey, and Giovanna Rabitti, ed., Peter D. Diehl, trans. Italian Reports on America 1493-1522: Letters, Dispatches, and Papal Bulls. Repertorium Columbianum 10. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2001. Symcox, Geoffrey, and Jesus Carrillo, eds., Michael Hammer and Blair Sullivan, trans. Las Casas on Columbus: The Third Voyage. Repertorium Columbianum 11. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2001. Symcox, Geoffrey, and Luciano Formisano, eds., Theodore J. Cachey Jr. and John C. McLucas, trans. Italian Reports on America 1493-1522: Accounts by Contemporary Observers. Repertorium Columbianum 12. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2002.

SECONDARY SOURCES Bedini, Silvio A, ed. The Christopher Columbus Encyclopedia. 2 vols. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992. Chiappelli, Fredi, ed., and Michael J. B. Allen and Robert L. Benson, co­ eds. First Images of America: The Impact of the on the Old. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. Crosby, Alfred W. The : Biological and Cultural Con­ sequences of 1492. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1973. Davidson, H. Columbus Then and Now: A Life Reexamined. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. Fermindez-Armesto, Felipe. Columbus. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Flint, Valerie I. J. The Imaginative Landscape of Christopher Columbus. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. Granzotto, Gianni. Christopher Columbus. Stephen Sartarelli, trans. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1985. Greenblatt, Stephen. Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World. New York: The Clarendon Press, 1991. Henige, David P. In Search of Columbus: The Sources for the First Voyage. Tucson: University of Press, 1991. Irving, Washington. The Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus. 1828. John Harmon McElroy, ed. Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1981. Morison, Samuel E. of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus. 1942. Reprint, New York: Time Inc., 1962. Morison, Samuel E. Christopher Columbus, Mariner. 1955. Reprint, New York: New American Library, 1983. 186 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Nebenzahl, Kenneth. Atlas of Columbus and the Great Discoveries. Chi­ cago: Rand McNally, 1990. Pagden, Anthony. The Fall of Natural Man: The American Indian and the Origins of Comparative Ethnology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univer­ sity Press, 1986. Parry, John Horace. The Age of Reconnaissance. 1963. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981. Phillips, William D., Jr., and Carla Rahn Phillips. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Sale, Kirkpatrick. The Conquest of Paradise. Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy. New York: Penguin Books, 1991. Taviani, Paolo E. Christopher Columbus: The Grand Design. London: Orbis, 1985. Viola, Herman J., and Carolyn Margolis, eds. Seeds of Change: A Quincen­ tennial Commemoration. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991. Watts, Pauline Moffat. "Prophecy and Discovery: On the Spiritual Origins of Christopher Columbus's 'Enterprise of the Indies.'" American Histor­ ical Review, 99, no. 1 (February 1985): 73-102. Wilford, John Noble. The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Exploration ofthe Man, the Myth, and the Legacy. New York: Knopf, 1991. Zamora, Margarita. Reading Columbus. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993. Index

agnus dei, 133 Belaforma, 111 ''Agreement Mentioning Domenico Belen (Bethlehem), river, 130, 131, 133, 134 Colombo and His Son Christopher bells, 77,93,131 Columbus," 43-44 Berardi, J uanoto, 14 Alca~ovas, treaty of, 19, 177 Bernardi, Giacomo Sclavina, 46 AlexanderV1,pope blanca, 71 "Inter Cetera I," 18-19 Bobadilla, Beatriz de, 87 "Papal Bull ',"' 19, Bobadilla, Francisco, 118, 120-22 148-49 appointed governor of the colony, 26, 30, "Papal Bull 'Eximie Devotionis,'" 19, 179 153-54 takes Columbus's property, 121-22, "Papal Bull 'Inter Cetera II,'" 19, 123-26, 179 140-44 Boniface V1II, pope, 147 "Papal Bull 'Piis Fidelium,'" 19, 144-47 Book of Privileges (Columbus), 27, 55 Alfonso the Wise, king, 53 Book of Prophecies (Columbus), 27-28, 51 Allegretti, Allegretto, 155 Boriquen (), 96 "Sienese Diaries from 1450 to 1496," Brazil, 20, 178 155-56 Buil, Bernardo, 19, 144 Almada, Ayres de, 150 aloes, 6, 16, 107, 158, 159 Cabo Boto, 110, 111 Alvarez de Toledo, Fernan, 86 Cabo de Ia Flecha, 90 Amazon river, 178 Cabo de Ia Galera, 107, 108 , 16, 20 Cabo de Lapa, 110, 111 animals, global exchange of, 31, 32/, 33 Cabot, John, 4, 178 Anthropophagi. See Caribs Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, 178 apples, 33 cacao, 128 Arana, Beatriz de, 12, 177 cahices, 103 Arana, Diego de, 75-76, 81, 82 Camulan, 100 arms and armor, 21, 78, 93, 128 , war for control of, 13, 19 arroba, 71 Caniba, 78 astrolabe, 7, 8 Cannibal islands (Caribes), 106, 107 Augustine, saint, The City of God, 53 Cannibals. See Caribs Ave Maria, 73 canoes (almadias), 70, 71, 72, 100, 155 Avila, Pedro Arias de, 133 Caonab6, king, 90, 91, 96 axi (capsicum or chili), 159 Cape , 114n , Portuguese colonization of, 8 Cape of Good Hope, 8, 12, 13, 24, 28, 177, 178 Bacon, Francis, 35 "Capitulations of Granada," 62-65 Bahamas, 15 "Capitulations of Santa Fe," 60-62, 177 Bardi, Giovanni de', 98-99 Caracol island, 110 "Letter from ," 99-101 , 7 barley, 33 Caribata province, 77 , 33 Caribbean region, 39f

187 188 INDEX

Caribs, 16, 17-18,20,31,34, 74,81, 100, birth of, 12, 177 101, 155, 166, 171 as family historian, 12 captives fattened for food, 99, 167, 172 Columbus, Christopher description of, 172 appearance and character, 46-49, 50 description of cannibalism, 167-68, 168/, appointed admiral of the Ocean Sea, 13 172-73 banners used, 68, 69f killed by other Indians if captured, 17 4 and Beatriz de Arana, 12 mutilation of captives, 88-89, 99, 167 Book of Privileges, 27, 55 sent to Spain, 88-89 Book of Prophecies, 27-28, 51 weapons of, 78, 172 campaign for canonization of, 36 cartographers, Portuguese, 8 crusade to recapture , belief in, Carvajal, Alonso Sanchez de, 123, 125, 126 25,48,80 castellanos, 77, 91 dealer in books and maps, 9 Catalina, Madonna, 56 detractors of, in Spain, 25 Cateba, 133 early life and family of, 3, 43-46, 49-50, Cathay, 9, 13, 128, 129 177 Catherine, saint, 54 earthly paradise, belief he found, 25, 105, Catholic church 112, 113 establishment of, in the colonies, 18, education of, 5, 48-49, 51 153-54 exploration as divine will, 27, 52-55, spread of, 19, 141, 142, 144-47 56-57 Caxinas point, 114 first contact with American mainland, 28, Centurione, Lodisio, 45 31 ceutis, 71 as "first discoverer," 34, 57-58 Chanca, Diego Alvarez, 157 as first European to reach South Amer- "Report to the City Council of Seville ica, 24, 31, 105, 178 on Columbus's Second Voyage," first landfall, 67-68 157-59 geographical knowledge of, 2, 30-31 Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 31 gifts to, 78, 80, 109, 169-70 Cibao, 77, 90-91. See also Cipangu health and death of, 29, 116, 127, 179 Ciguare, 129 investigation of, 22, 23, 121 cinnamon, 16, 99, 159 Jamaica, exploration of, 21 Cipangu (Japan), 9, 71, 77 Jamaica, marooned on, 29, 129, 134-39, City of God, The (Augustine), 53 179 Cobrava, 133 legacy of, 30-34 cohoba, 165 and the legend of the "lost pilot," 9, 49, 50 coins, minting of, 104-5 lessening of authority, 24 Coloma, Juan de, 61, 62 letters and documents sent from Jamaica, Colombo, Domenico, 3, 5, 43, 44, 50, 97n 135-36 Colombo, Giovanni, 43 "Letter to Juana de Ia Torre Making the Colon, Bartolome, 3, 28-29, 117, 160 Case for the Restitution of His Privi­ as adelantado (governor) of colony, 23, leges," 27, 118-22 96,97 "Letter to Nicolo Oderigo with 'Xpo fer- as dealer in books and maps, 9 ens' Signature," 55-56 founds city of Santo Domingo, 178 "Letter to Santangel," 17-18, 155 loss of control over colony, 26 Madeira, trip to, for sugar, 44-46 presented with gold jewelry, 131 map of voyages, 38f remains to build a settlement, 134 marriage to Felipa Moniz Perestrelo, 8, sent to England and France to look for 177 backing, 12 navigation skills of, 2, 5, 8, 21, 26, 28, 30, sent to explore the coast, 128, 133 51, 97 Col6n, Diego (brother of Columbus), 3, in Portugal, 7-11, 177 170n property taken by Bobadilla, 121-22, ineffectual as governor of Isabela, 21-22 123-26, 179 Colon, Diego (Indian interpreter), 170 purpose and significance of voyages, 2-3 Colon, Diego (son of Columbus), 11, 56, religious devotion of, 25, 47-48, 56-57, 115, 116, 170n 58-59 birth of, 8, 177 replaced as governor, 26, 30, 118, 179 lawsuits of, 27, 113, 114 research and publications on, 36-37 as successor of Columbus, 29-30 restitution of privileges to, 118-22 Colon, Fernando, 132 restitution of property to, 123-26 biography of Columbus, 34 revolt against, 22 INDEX 189

"Selected Entries from the Log," 65-83 "Dudum Siquidem" (Alexander VI), 19, as self-promoter, 12 148-49 sent home in chains, 120, 179 Dururi, chief of, 133 signature, 25, 55-56 in Spain, 11-14, 177 earthly paradise, 105, 112, 113 "Undated Letter to Fernando and Isabel," 11,000 , 89 51-55 encomienda, 19, 20, 26 view of Tainos as idolaters, 16 Enrique III, king of Castile, 61n views of, 1-2, 34-37 Enriquez, Alfonso, 61, 62 wealth of, 29 Enterprise of the Indies, 14, 18, 19, 30 See also individual voyages Escobar, Diego de, 104 Columbus brothers Escobedo, Rodrigo de, 68, 81, 82 denounced as tyrants, 22 Este, Isabella d', 156 sent home in chains, 26, 27 Euphrates, 113 , declaration of, 36 excelentes, 104 Columbus family tree, 4f excommunication latae sententiae, 143, commemorations of Columbus 149 Chicago Exposition of 1893, 2, 36 "Eximie Devotionis" (Alexander VI), 19, first centennial celebration (1792), 35 153-54 fourth centennial celebration (1892), 36 Explanation of the Consistency of Astronomy quincentenary commemoration (1992), 2, with Theological and Historical Truth 36 (d'Ailly), 53 compasses, 7 conches,94-95 fanegas, 103, 119 copper, 78 Fernando and Isabel, king and queen of Corral, Andres del, 113-14 Spain "Testimony concerning Columbus's agreements with Columbus, 12-13 Landing on the South American Main­ Capitulations of Granada, 62-65 land," 113-17 Capitulations of Santa Fe, 60-62 Cortes, Hernando, 28, 31 instructions for third voyage, 102-5 cotton, 6, 16 letter from Columbus in Book of Prophe- cotton clothing, 128 cies, 51-55 crayfish, 94 marriage of, 11, 177 Critias (Plato), 172 and Pope Alexander VI, 18, 19 Croce, Giovanni Battista, 46 reject Columbus's plan, 177 crops, European, and tropical climate, 21 release Columbus from chains, 179 cross-staff, 7 restore Columbus's rights and privileges, cruzados, 45 27 Cuba, 15,21, 127, 128n Treaty of Tordesillas, 150-52 Cuneo, Corrado da, 87 warrant to Columbus for second voyage, Cuneo, Michele da, 20, 22 84-86 "News of the Islands of the Hesperian writ ordering restitution of property, Ocean Discovered by Sir Christopher 123-26 Columbus of Genoa," 87-98 See also Isabel Fieschi, Bartolomeo, 28, 29 d'Ailly, Pierre, 9, 53 Jamaica, trip by canoe from, 135-39 Explanation of the Consistency ofAstron­ first landfall, reward for, 68 omy with Theological and Historical First Voyage, 14-18, 34-35, 60-83, 178 Truth, 53 first landfall, 67-68 On the Agreement ofAstronomy and His- Log,6, 14,16,65-83 tory, 55 investment in, Columbus's, 13 Darien, 113, 114, 115 report to Fernando and Isabel, 18 deer, 107 fish, 94 Delfin island, 110 flora and fauna, 167 demarcation, line of, 19, 20, 142-44, Fourth Lateran Council, 154 150-52 Fourth Voyage, 26-30, 123-39, 179 De Orbe Novo (Peter Martyr), 167 Francesco II Gonzaga, 156 Dias, Bartolomeu, 8, 12, 13, 177 Fregoso clan, 5 diseases, 2, 22, 23, 31 frigates, 106 global exchange of, 31, 32/, 33 Dominica, 20, 88, 106, 178 Gama, Vasco da, 24, 28, 178 Dragon's Mouth, 110 Ganges, 113, 129 190 INDEX

General and of the Indies Ibarra, Bernaldo de, 109 (Oviedo), 49, 57-58 Indians. See Tainos, Caribs, Maya Genoa , 31 fifteenth-century view of, 6! Innocent VIII, pope, 171 trade routes of, 5 Inquisition, Spanish, 11 Geraldini, Alessandro, 34 "Instructions to Columbus for Colonization as bishop of Santo Domingo, 171 of the Indies," 102-5 denounces Spanish brutality, 20 "Inter Cetera I" (Alexander VI), 18-19 "On Caribs and Tainos," 171-76 "Inter Cetera II" (Alexander VI), 19, Giustiniani, Agostino, 58 140-44 "On Columbus the Evangelist," 58-59 iron, lack of, 159 Goano, Giovanni Agosto, 43 Irving, Washington gold, 6, 13, 17, 82, 93, 119, 142, 155, 157, biography of Columbus, 35-36 169 Isabel, queen of Spain. See also Fernando in Africa, 7, 8 and Isabel, king and queen of Spain alluvial, 21, 100 illness and death of, 29, 120, 179 diadem, 109 orders stopped, 26 expeditions to interior for, 21 I sabela gifts to Columbus, 78, 80, 109, 131 capital moved to Santo Domingo from, 26 in Honduras, 28 colony in uproar, 21-22 jewelry, 15, 25, 70, 156, 169 establishment of, 6, 21, 178 large nuggets of, 91 men found ill and undernourished, 95 mask, 78 Isla de Gracia, 110, 111, 115 mines, 15, 72, 132, 136 Isla de Pinos, 128 mirrors, 130-31, 133 Isla Sancta, 108 search for, 90-92 Islas de Bahia, 114n, 127, 128n second voyage, found on, 23, 99 Italy, French invasion of, 23, 178 theory of Joao II concerning, 106 ivory, 7, 8 trade goods, 77, 130-31, 133 Urin\, mines of, 132 Jamaica, 21, 93 , mines of, 130, 131, 132, 136 Columbus explores, 21 Gomera, LOpez de, 34 Columbus marooned on, 29, 130, 134-39, Gonzaga, Francesco II, 156 179 Gorricio, Gaspar, 27 size of, 95 Granada, Spanish conquest of, 11, 12, 54, Jardin de Ia Reina, 127 141, 177 Jerez, Rodrigo de, 73 "Granada Capitulations," 62-65 Jews, ordered to convert or leave Spain, 11, GrandKhan,9, 15,28,66, 72, 73,129 177 Gregorian calendar, 67n Joachim of Fiore, 55 Gricio, Gaspar de, 126 J oao II, king of Portugal Guacanagari,king, 17,20, 76,80,81,90,96 Columbus's plan rejected by, 11, 12 Guadalupe (), 88, 89, 158 negotiations with Spain, 20 Guamareto, king, 165 protests against "Inter Cetera I," 19 Guanahani, island, 15, 73, 68, 69/, 178 questions Columbus on return from first Guanaja (Bonacca), 114, 128, 128n. See also voyage, 18 Islas de Bahia theory of gold, 106 guanin, 106 Treaty ofTordesillas, 150 Guard Stars, 112 Juan, prince, 27, 63, 95, 118, 119 , king, 166 Julian calendar, 67n pigs, 101 gunpowder, invention of, 35 , 36 Gutierrez,Pedro,68, 76,81,82 La Navidad, 82 Harrisse, Henry, 36 fort destroyed and garrison dead, 20, 178 hawk's bells, 131 settlement established, 6, 17, 18, 178 Hispaniola ( and ), La Rabida monastery, 12 3, 17, 18, 95 Las Casas, Bartolome de, 14 History of the Indies (Las Casas), 31, 35, 47, "On Columbus as an Instrument of God's 56, 105, 127 Will," 56-57 Honduras,28, 114n, 128n denounces Spanish brutality, 20 hurricane, fleet destroyed by, 128 History of the Indies, 31, 35 INDEX 191

"On Columbus's Appearance, Education Newfoundland, 178 and Character," 46-49 "News of the Islands of the Hesperian "On Columbus's Fourth Voyage," 127-39 Ocean Discovered by Sir Christopher Columbus's Log, 65 Columbus of Genoa" (Cuneo), excerpt, "On Columbus's Third Voyage," 105-13 87-98 Short Account of the Destruction of the nightingales, 161 Indies, A, 31 Nile, 113 Lateran Council, Fourth, 154 Nifia, 7, 14, 18, 67, 68, 76 , calculating of, 7, 8 northern South America, 40f La , 92 North Star, 112 Leon, Juan de, 104 "Notarial Document Mentioning Christo­ "Letter from Cadiz" (Strozzi), 98-99 pher Columbus's Trip to Madeira to "Letter from Ferrara" (Ponzone), 156-57 Purchase Sugar," 44-46 "Letter from Seville" (Bardi), 99-101 Nuova Raccolta Colombiana, 36 "Letter to Juana de Ia Torre Making the nutmeg, 158 Case for the Restitution of His Privi­ leges" (Columbus), 118-22 oats, 33 "Letter to Nicolo Oderigo with 'Xpo ferens' Ojeda, Alonso de, 117, 120 Signature" (Columbus), 55-56 olives, 33 "lost pilot," legend of, 9, 49, 50 "On Caribs and Tainos" (Geraldini), 171-76 Luis, Juan, 56 "On Columbus as an Instrument of God's Will" (Las Casas), 56-57 machineel ("poison apple"), 158 "On Columbus as 'First Discoverer'" Madeira (Oviedo), 57-58 Columbus voyage to for sugar, 44-46 "On Columbus's Appearance and Origins" Portuguese colonization of, 8 (Oviedo), 49-50 Magellan, Ferdinand, 58 "On Columbus's Appearance, Education, , 22, 33, 129, 133, 169 and Character" (Las Casas), 46-49 Malagueta (), 83 "On Columbus's Fourth Voyage" (Las Maldonado, Rodrigo, 150 Casas), 127-39 manatees, 16, 83 "On Columbus's Third Voyage" (Las Mandeville, Sir John, 16 Casas), 105-13 Manifest Destiny, 36 "On Columbus the Evangelist" (Giustini­ manioc (cassava), 22, 33, 78, 94, 159, 169 ani), 58-59 maps and charts, 8, 9 "On Taino Religious Practices" (Pane), Ptolemaic, 10f 159-66 Waldseemiiller world map, 25, 107n "On Tainos, Caribs, the Flora and Fauna of maravedi, 64, 77n the Indies, and the Golden Age of Life marcos (marks), 100 According to " (Peter Martyr), Mar de Santo Tome, 74 167-71 Mariagalante, 88, 157 On the Agreement of Astronomy and History Maria la Galante (), 88 (d'Ailly), 55 mask, gold, 78 river, 108n mastic, 6, 16, 159 Ovando, Nicolas de, 28, 30, 123, 124, 179 Matinino, 162 Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernandez de, 34 Maya, 114 "General and Natural History of the Medinaceli, duke of, 12 Indies," 49, 57 Mendez de Segura, Diego, 29 "On Columbus as 'First Discoverer,'" Jamaica, trip by canoe from, 135-39 57-58 milione, It (Polo), 71n "On Columbus's Appearance and Ori- mirabelles, 159 gins," 49-50 mollusks, 94-95 oysters, 95 Monte Cristi, 82, 83 Monte Santo, 90 Palencia, Ferdinanda, 45, 46 Morocco, Portuguese conquests in, 8 , 28, 114n, 130n, 133n Pane, Ramon, 18, 33-34, 159-60 nao, 7 "On Taino Religious Practices," 159-66 Navarrete, Martin Fernandez de, 2, 36 "Papal Bull 'Dudum Siquidem'" (Alexander Navasa, 135, 137 VI), 19, 148-49 Navidad. See La Navidad "Papal Bull 'Eximie Devotionis'" (Alexander Negro, Paolo di, 45 VI), 19, 153-54 192 INDEX

"Papal Bull 'Inter Cetera II'" (Alexander Rodriguez de Fonseca, Juan, 84-86, 102, VI), 19, 140-44 117n "Papal Bull 'Piis Fidelium'" (Alexander VI), rubbi, 45 19, 144-47 rye,33 Faria, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 119-20 Faria, Gulf of (Golfo de Ia Ballena), 24, 25, Salve Regina, 68, 73 108, 110, 112, 113 Sanchez de Segovia, Rodrigo, 68 parrots, 15, 99, 101 sandalwood, 99 peaches, 33 Sanhicar de Barrameda, 24, 29, 178, 179 pearls, 25, 72, 119 San Miguel (Cape Tiburon), 138 pelicans, 106 San Salvador, 72, 178 pepper, 7, 33, 99 Santa Cruz, 89 Perestrelo, Felipa Moniz, 8, 177 "Santa Fe Capitulations," 60-62 Perez, Alonso, 106 Santa Gloria (St. Ann's Bay), 134 Perez, Rodrigo, 82 Santa Maria, 7, 14 Peter Martyr, 34 shipwreck of, 17, 74-80, 178 De Orbe Novo, 167 Santiago de Compostela, 163 "On Tainos, Caribs, the Flora and Fauna Santo Domingo, 122, 139 of the Indies, and the Golden Life founding of, 178 According to Nature," 167-71 as new capital of Hispaniola, 26 "Piis Fidelium" (Alexander VI), 19, 144-47 plans for a major Catholic shrine, 176 pineapples, 33 Sao Jorge da Mina, 8 Pinelli, Francesco, 5 Second Voyage, 84-101, 157-59, 178 , 7, 14, 18, 67 colonists found dead, 90 Pinzon, Martin Alonso, 14, 68 colonization, 18-23 Pinzon, Vicente Yanez, 14, 68, 178 outfitting of, 84-86 Pizarro, Francisco, 31 return of ships from, 23, 98-99 plants, global exchange of, 31, 32/, 33 "Selected Entries from the Log" (Colum- Plato, Critias, 172 bus), 65-83 , 16 Serpent's Mouth, 110 Point Arena! (Point Icacos), 108, 110, 111 ships, unseaworthiness of, 28, 29, 134, 127 Polo, Marco, 9, 13, 15, 16, 73n Short Account of the Destruction of the II milione, 71n Indies, A (Las Casas), 31 Ponzone, Morelletto, 156 shrimp, 77 "Letter from Ferrara," 156-57 "Sienese Diaries from 1450 to 1496" (Alle­ Porto, Gerolamo del, 43, 44 gretti), 155-56 Portugal, and exploration, 7, 8 silver, 31 potatoes, 33 slaves, 2, 7, 8, 22-23, 175 printing, invention of, 35 Africans for American plantations, 33 , 9, 57, 90 Queen Isabela orders stop of, 26 map of the world, 10f sent to Spain, 15, 26, 88, 89, 95-96, Puerto Bueno, 134 156-57, 170n Puerto del Brasil, 127 , 2, 31 Puerto Escondido, 127 soothsayers (bohutz), 164-65 Puerto Hermoso, 127 Soria, Juan de, 85 Punta de Ia Playa (Point Erin), 108 Sousa, Juan de, 150 Punta Roja, 82 Sousa, Ruy de, 150 Punta Santa, 74, 75 South America, northern, 40f Southern Ocean, 130, 133 Quibia, king, 131, 132 Spain Quisay, 73 civil war, end of, 11 Granada, conquest of, 11, 12, 54, 66, 141, Raccolta Colombiana, 36 177 reali, 45 rewards, from exploration of the New , 11, 30 World, 31 Repertorium Columbianum, 36-37, 184-85 sovereignty over the lands claimed, "Report to the City Council of Seville on 148-49 Columbus's Second Voyage (Chanca)," taxes, improved collection of, 11 157-59 war with France over southern Italy, 23, Rio de Oro, 83 178 Rivarolo, Francesco de, 56 war with Portugal over Canary Islands, Rivus river, 171 13, 19