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Section 2 About a year later, Cortés returned with a larger force, recaptured Step-by-Step Instruction Tenochtitlán, and then destroyed it. In its place he built , The Indians Fear Us the capital of the Spanish of New . Cortés used the same methods to subdue the in Mexico SECTION SECTION The Indians of the coast, because of some fears “ that another , , used in . of us, have abandoned all the country, so that for Review and Preview 2 Pizarro landed on the coast of in 1531 to search for the Incas, thirty leagues not a man of them has halted. ” who were said to have much . In September 1532, he led about Students have learned about new 170 soldiers through the jungle into the heart of the Inca . con­tacts between peoples of the Eastern —Hernando de , Spanish explorer and conqueror, report on Pizarro then took the Inca ruler (ah tuh WAHL puh) pris- and Western hemispheres during the expedition to , 1539 oner. Although the Inca people paid a huge ransom to free their ruler, Age of . Now students will Pizarro executed him anyway. By November 1533, the Spanish had focus on Spain’s early success at estab- defeated the leaderless Incas and captured their capital city of Cuzco. lishing col­onies in the . Why the Spanish Were Victorious How could a few � hundred Spanish soldiers defeat Native American armies many Vocabulary Builder their size? Several factors explain the ’ success. First factor (FAK tor) n. important among these was technology. The Indians’ weapons simply were no element of something match for the armor, muskets, and of the Europeans. In Section Focus Question addition, many of the Spaniards rode horses, which the Native Spanish How did Spain establish an had never before seen. Finally, the Native Americans The Spanish soldiers were were divided among themselves. In Peru, a civil war had just ended. outnumbered by the Aztecs and empire in the Americas? Spain’s Empire in the Americas In Mexico, many Native Americans hated the Aztecs. the Incas, yet they were able to Before you begin the lesson for the day, easily defeat these . write the Section Focus Question on the Why were a few Spanish conquistadors able to Critical Thinking: Explain Objectives Why It Matters Even though Columbus never realized Problems Some Native Americans defeat the larger armies of the Aztecs and Incas? board. (Lesson Focus: Spanish conquistadors • Describe how the Spanish were able to defeat that he had reached a region previously unknown to Euro- sided with the Spanish against the took control of in the Americas, and then the empires of the Aztecs and Incas. peans, his voyages gave Spain a head start on its European Aztecs and the Incas. What Spain created a formal system to rule over the rivals in colonizing the Americas. problems might this have caused • Identify Spanish in areas that between the groups after the new .) later became part of the . Section Focus Question: How did Spain establish an battle?

• Explain how society was organized in Spain’s empire in the Americas? empire in the Americas. Prepare to Read Spanish Conquistadors Build Background By the early , the Spanish had a firm foothold in the Americas. From Spain’s island in the , Knowledge L2 soldier-adventurers called conquistadors set out to explore Remind students about what they have Reading Skill and conquer a unknown to them. They hoped for Explore More Video To learn more about Spanish learned about the . riches and glory for themselves and for Spain. Identify Supporting Details Text exploration in the Americas, Ask students to look at the illustration and includes details to support a main idea. These Cortés and Pizarro In 1519, conquistador Hernando view the video. caption on p. 45 to predict one outcome of details might be examples, reasons, facts, or Cortés sailed from to Mexico with more than descriptions. They enable readers to understand a the Columbian Exchange. Tell them they 500 soldiers. The first Native Americans he met presented main idea by helping them to picture it, to make will review their predictions and correct him with gifts of gold. sense of its argument or to believe its accuracy. As them as needed after they have read the On November 8, 1519, Cortés marched into the Aztec section. you read Section 2, look for details that support the main ideas. capital city of Tenochtitlán. As the Spaniards moved closer to Tenochtitlán, many Native Americans joined them. Set a Purpose L2 Conquered by the Aztecs, they hated the Aztec’s brutal rule. Key Terms and People n Read each statement in the Reading The Aztec leader Moctezuma (mokt uh ZOO muh) (also conquistador Bartolomé de Las spelled Montezuma) met with Cortés and tried to get him to Readiness Guide aloud. Ask students to Hernando Cortés Casas mark the statements True or False. Moctezuma mission leave by offering him gold. The gold had the opposite effect. Cortés took Moctezuma hostage and claimed all of Mexico Teaching Resources, Unit 1, peninsular for Spain. However, the Aztecs soon rebelled and forced the Reading Readiness Guide, p. 44 Spaniards to flee. n Have students discuss the statements in pairs or groups of four, then mark their 44 Chapter 2 Looks Outward Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas 45 worksheets again. Use the Numbered Heads participation strategy (TE, p. T24) Differentiated Instruction to call on students to share their group’s perspectives. The students will return to L1 Less Proficient Readers L1 Special Needs these worksheets later. Study Aid To help students remember as the Spanish, the Incas, and the Aztecs. details about the Spanish conquistadors, Students should provide details about each have them create a graphic organizer of these groups in their graphic organizers. showing the relationships among the vari­ous groups identified in the text, such

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About a year later, Cortés returned with a larger force, recaptured Tenochtitlán, and then destroyed it. In its place he built , Teach

The Indians Fear Us the capital of the Spanish colony of . Cortés used the same methods to subdue the Aztecs in Mexico SECTION SECTION The Indians of the coast, because of some fears Spanish Conquistadors “ that another conquistador, Francisco Pizarro, used in South America. of us, have abandoned all the country, so that for 2 Pizarro landed on the coast of Peru in 1531 to search for the Incas, p. 44 thirty leagues not a man of them has halted. ” who were said to have much gold. In September 1532, he led about L2 170 soldiers through the jungle into the heart of the . Instruction —Hernando de Soto, Spanish explorer n High-Use Words and conqueror, report on Pizarro then took the Inca ruler Atahualpa (ah tuh WAHL puh) pris- Before teaching this expedition to Florida, 1539 oner. Although the Inca people paid a huge ransom to free their ruler, section, preteach the High-Use Words Pizarro executed him anyway. By November 1533, the Spanish had factor and rigid before reading, using defeated the leaderless Incas and captured their capital city of Cuzco. the strategy on TE p. T21. Key Terms Why the Spanish Were Victorious How could a few Have students continue fill­ing in the See It–Remember It chart � Hernando de Soto hundred Spanish soldiers defeat Native American armies many Vocabulary Builder times their size? Several factors explain the Spaniards’ success. First factor (FAK tor) n. important for the Key Terms in this chapter. among these was technology. The Indians’ weapons simply were no element of something n Have students read Spanish Conquista­ match for the armor, muskets, and cannons of the Europeans. In dors using the Structured Silent Reading addition, many of the Spaniards rode horses, which the Native strategy (TE, p. T22). Americans had never before seen. Finally, the Native Americans n were divided among themselves. In Peru, a civil war had just ended. Ask students: Why did some Native Spain’s Empire in the Americas In Mexico, many Native Americans hated the Aztecs. Americans join the Spanish against the Aztecs? (The ruling Aztecs treated them Why were a few Spanish conquistadors able to unfairly.) Objectives Why It Matters Even though Columbus never realized defeat the larger armies of the Aztecs and Incas? • Describe how the Spanish were able to defeat that he had reached a region previously unknown to Euro- n Discuss the ways that technology the empires of the Aztecs and Incas. peans, his voyages gave Spain a head start on its European con­tributed to the Spanish victories over • Identify Spanish explorations in areas that rivals in colonizing the Americas. larger armies of Native Americans. (The later became part of the United States. Section Focus Question: How did Spain establish an more advanced technology of the Spanish • Explain how society was organized in Spain’s empire in the Americas? Spanish Conquistadors meant that they had significantly better empire in the Americas. The Spanish soldiers were weapons than the Native Americans.) Spanish Conquistadors outnumbered by the Aztecs By the early 1500s, the Spanish had a firm foothold in the and the Incas, yet they were able to easily defeat these Independent Practice Americas. From Spain’s island colonies in the Caribbean, empires. Critical Thinking: Have students begin to fill in the Study soldier-adventurers called conquistadors set out to explore Explain Problems Some Guide for this section. Reading Skill and conquer a world unknown to them. They hoped for Native Americans sided with the Spanish against the Aztecs Interactive Reading and Identify Supporting Details Text riches and glory for themselves and for Spain. and the Incas. What problems Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 2, includes details to support a main idea. These Cortés and Pizarro Hernando might this have caused between In 1519, conquistador Section 2 (Adapted Version also available.) details might be examples, reasons, facts, or Cortés sailed from Cuba to Mexico with more than the groups after the battle? descriptions. They enable readers to understand a 500 soldiers. The first Native Americans he met presented main idea by helping them to picture it, to make him with gifts of gold. Monitor Progress sense of its argument or to believe its accuracy. As On November 8, 1519, Cortés marched into the Aztec you read Section 2, look for details that support As students fill in the Notetaking Study the main ideas. capital city of Tenochtitlán. As the Spaniards moved closer to Tenochtitlán, many Native Americans joined them. Guide, circulate to make sure that they Conquered by the Aztecs, they hated the Aztec’s brutal rule. understand how the conquistadors helped Key Terms and People The Aztec leader Moctezuma (mokt uh ZOO muh) (also Spain gain territory in the Americas. conquistador Bartolomé de Las spelled Montezuma) met with Cortés and tried to get him to Pro­vide assistance as needed. Hernando Cortés Casas Moctezuma mission leave by offering him gold. The gold had the opposite effect. plantation peninsular Cortés took Moctezuma hostage and claimed all of Mexico encomienda for Spain. However, the Aztecs soon rebelled and forced the Spaniards to flee.

44 Chapter 2 Europe Looks Outward Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas 45

Use the information below to teach students this section’s high-use words. Answers High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence The Spanish had much factor, p. 45 n. important element of something bet­ter weapons than the Native Ameri- A major factor in pushing Spain to explore a sea route to was the cans, as well as horses, and the Native control of the land route by . American groups were very divided. Explain Problems Answers may differ, rigid, p. 48 adj. not bending; not flexible but students may say that some Native European was a rigid social system that prevented people Americans may have been treated badly from rising in society. by the Aztecs and/or the Incas.

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Spanish Explorers in Spanish Explorations captivity, they escaped and spent two more years finding their in way to Mexico City. In 1536, eight years after landing in Florida, North America the four survivors of the 400-man expedition returned to Spanish p. 46 lands. M KEY is si ss Ponce de León, 1513 In Mexico City, the men related stories they had heard from 40 ip °N p Instruction L2 i Native Americans about seven great filled with gold far to R Cabeza de Vaca/Estevanico, 1528–1536

. n Have students read Spanish Explorers NORTH AMERICA De Soto, 1539–1542 the north. Officials asked the survivors to head an expedition to Coronado, 1540–1547 find these cities. However, only Estevanico was willing to go. In in North America. Remind students to . R do 1539, he led a group into what is now western . look for the sequence of events. a 60° Color A 0 km 500 r W k a When Estevanico was killed by Indians, the others returned to n 0 miles 500 n Ask: Why did Spanish explorers travel sa s R. Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection Mexico City. to North America? (They hoped to find The conquistador Francisco Coronado (koh roh NAH doh) set gold.) 30°N F out with about 1,100 Spaniards and Native Americans to find the lo r n i ATLANTIC golden city. Although he never found the city, he did explore Discuss with students the role that R d io a OCEAN infor­mation played in the Spanish G much of what is now New Mexico, , , and . r PACIFIC a n d While Coronado was trekking through the southwest, explora­tion of the Americas. See that OCEAN e Hernando de Soto was searching for riches in today’s students understand that information, N misinfor­mation, and a need for more CUBA southeastern United States. De Soto traveled as far north as the 20°N W Carolinas and as far west as . He died in what is now informa­tion played a large role in this ¡ Compostela E , in 1542, having found the River but no explora­tion. (The Spanish were motivated S Native Americans received harsh 120°W 110°W cities of gold. to explore by stories about cities of gold, but treatment from Spaniards.

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they suffered greatly when they tried to °W What regions in the present-day United States did

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W 100 explore new lands about which they did not Spaniards explore? have much knowledge.) Spanish conquistadors explored parts of North America in the 1500s. Independent Practice (a) Read a Map Key List the explorers represented on the map, and Colonizing Spanish America briefly describe the area each one explored. Have students continue to fill in the Study For: Interactive map At first, Spain let the conquistadors govern the lands they had (b) Link Past and Present Based on this map, in what areas of the Visit: PHSchool.com conquered. However, this was not successful. In order to control its Guide for this section. present-day United States would you expect to find influence Web Code: mvp-1022 new empire, Spain created a formal system of government to rule its Interactive Reading and strongest? colonies. Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 2, Section 2 (Adapted Version also available.) Harsh Life for Native Americans Within Spain’s vast empire, there was little place for Native Americans except as a Spanish Explorers in North America source of labor. Government officials granted settlers huge tracts of Monitor Progress The Spanish did not limit themselves to the exploration of what land to start mines, , and —large farms worked we now call America. In 1513, Juan Ponce de León sailed north by laborers who live on the property. To help Spanish colonists find As students fill in the Notetaking Study from to investigate reports of a large island. He found needed workers, the Spanish government granted (ehn Guide, circulate to make sure that they beautiful flowers there, so he named the place La Florida. Ponce de KOH mee ehn dahz). These were land grants that included the right understand the reasons why the Spanish León became the first Spaniard to set foot in what is now the United to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans. The Spanish began exploring North America. If stu­ States. forced Native Americans to work in the gold and mines. Many dents do not have a good understanding, Exploration along Florida’s west coast began in 1528, when about died when the tunnels caved in. Some Spaniards protested this cruel have them reread the section. Provide 400 Spaniards landed near the present-day city of St. Petersburg. treatment. The priest Bartolomé de Las Casas traveled through New assistance as needed. Finding none of the gold they had hoped for, they marched into Spain working for reform. Largely due to Las Casas’s efforts, the northern Florida. There, under attack by Native Americans, they ordered reform of the encomienda system in the built five crude boats and set out to sea. About 80 survivors led by mid-1500s. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca eventually landed at present-day Like other Europeans in the Americas, the Spanish believed they Galveston Island on the Texas coast. had a duty to convert Native Americans to . They set up Starvation and disease reduced their number to 15 before Indians missions, religious settlements, run by Catholic priests and friars. enslaved them. Finally, only four—including Cabeza de Vaca and , , , and a number of other U.S. Estevanico, an African slave—remained alive. After six years in cities got their start as Spanish missions in the .

46 Chapter 2 Europe Looks Outward Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas 47

Differentiated Instruction Answers L3 Advanced Readers L3 Gifted and Talented (a) Ponce de León–Puerto Write a Newspaper Article Have stu­ should be directed toward either a Spanish Rico, the Southeastern United States from dents learn more about Spanish explora­ or a Native American audience. Remind Florida to Louisiana; Cabeza de Vaca/ tion of North America and the challenges students to use the five W’s: who, what, Este­vanico–western Florida, Texas, that explorers faced. Have students write a where, when, and why. Have students Mexico, and New Mexico; De Soto– story about one of the expeditions for a share their articles with the class. southeastern United States from the newspaper. Tell them that their story Carolinas to Okla­homa; Coronado–New Mexico, Texas, Ari­zona, and Kansas (b) the

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Spanish Explorations captivity, they escaped and spent two more years finding their Colonizing Spanish in North America way to Mexico City. In 1536, eight years after landing in Florida, the four survivors of the 400-man expedition returned to Spanish America lands. p. 47 M KEY is si ss Ponce de León, 1513 In Mexico City, the men related stories they had heard from 40 ip °N p L2 i Native Americans about seven great cities filled with gold far to Instruction R Cabeza de Vaca/Estevanico, 1528–1536

. NORTH AMERICA De Soto, 1539–1542 the north. Officials asked the survivors to head an expedition to n Have students read Colonizing Spanish Coronado, 1540–1547 find these cities. However, only Estevanico was willing to go. In America. Remind students to look for . R o 1539, he led a group into what is now western New Mexico. ad 60° details that answer the reading check­ Color A 0 km 500 r W k a When Estevanico was killed by Indians, the others returned to n 0 miles 500 point question. sa s R. Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection Mexico City. n Ask: How did encomiendas affect life The conquistador Francisco Coronado (koh roh NAH doh) set 30°N in the Spanish colonies? (They not only F out with about 1,100 Spaniards and Native Americans to find the lo gave Spanish colonists the right to claim r i ATLANTIC golden city. Although he never found the city, he did explore R d io a land but also the power to force Native G OCEAN much of what is now New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and Kansas. r PACIFIC a n Americans to work the land and pay taxes.) d While Coronado was trekking through the southwest, OCEAN e Gulf of Mexico Hernando de Soto was searching for riches in today’s n N Ask: Why did the Spanish begin CUBA Hispaniola southeastern United States. De Soto traveled as far north as the bring­ing enslaved Africans to the 20°N W Carolinas and as far west as Oklahoma. He died in what is now E ¡ Compostela Americas? (The death toll among Native Louisiana, in 1542, having found the but no Americans was so high that there were not S Caribbean Sea Native Americans received harsh 120°W 110°W cities of gold. treatment from Spaniards. enough workers in the colonies.)

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°W What regions in the present-day United States did n Discuss how the rigid social system

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W 100 Spaniards explore? helped Spain maintain control over the Spanish conquistadors explored parts of North America in the 1500s. colonies. (The most powerful people in the (a) Read a Map Key List the explorers represented on the map, and Colonizing Spanish America colonies were the people who had been born briefly describe the area each one explored. in Spain, so Spanish interests were always For: Interactive map At first, Spain let the conquistadors govern the lands they had (b) Link Past and Present Based on this map, in what areas of the Visit: PHSchool.com conquered. However, this was not successful. In order to control its represented by the people in power.) present-day United States would you expect to find Latino influence Web Code: mvp-1022 new empire, Spain created a formal system of government to rule its strongest? n Display the transparency The Encomien- colonies. da System to show students the details Harsh Life for Native Americans Within Spain’s vast of Spanish in North empire, there was little place for Native Americans except as a America. Spanish Explorers in North America source of labor. Government officials granted settlers huge tracts of The Spanish did not limit themselves to the exploration of what land to start mines, ranches, and plantations—large farms worked Color Transparencies, The Encomienda we now call . In 1513, Juan Ponce de León sailed north by laborers who live on the property. To help Spanish colonists find System from Puerto Rico to investigate reports of a large island. He found needed workers, the Spanish government granted encomiendas (ehn beautiful flowers there, so he named the place La Florida. Ponce de KOH mee ehn dahz). These were land grants that included the right Independent Practice León became the first Spaniard to set foot in what is now the United to demand labor or taxes from Native Americans. The Spanish Have students complete the Study Guide States. forced Native Americans to work in the gold and silver mines. Many for this section. Exploration along Florida’s west coast began in 1528, when about died when the tunnels caved in. Some Spaniards protested this cruel Interactive Reading and 400 Spaniards landed near the present-day city of St. Petersburg. treatment. The priest Bartolomé de Las Casas traveled through New Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 2, Finding none of the gold they had hoped for, they marched into Spain working for reform. Largely due to Las Casas’s efforts, the Section 2 (Adapted Version also available.) northern Florida. There, under attack by Native Americans, they government of Spain ordered reform of the encomienda system in the built five crude boats and set out to sea. About 80 survivors led by mid-1500s. Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca eventually landed at present-day Like other Europeans in the Americas, the Spanish believed they Monitor Progress Galveston Island on the Texas coast. had a duty to convert Native Americans to Christianity. They set up n As students fill in the Notetaking Study Starvation and disease reduced their number to 15 before Indians missions, religious settlements, run by Catholic priests and friars. Guide, circulate to make sure that they enslaved them. Finally, only four—including Cabeza de Vaca and San Francisco, San Diego, San Antonio, and a number of other U.S. Estevanico, an African slave—remained alive. After six years in cities got their start as Spanish missions in the 1700s. understand Spanish colonization of North America. If students do not have a good understanding, have them 46 Chapter 2 Europe Looks Outward Section 2 Spain’s Empire in the Americas 47 reread the section. Provide assistance as needed. History Background n Tell students to fill in the last column of Bartolomé de Las Casas Las Casas year later he gave up his encomienda and the Reading Readiness Guide. Probe for him­self received an encomienda as a reward began working to improve conditions for what they learned that confirms or for joining several expeditions in the Native Americans. In his work Historia de invalidates each statement. Ameri­cas. After helping take control of las , published after his death, Las Teaching Resources, Unit 1, Cuba in 1513, he received a Casas described domination, oppression, Reading Readiness Guide, p. 44 which included the right to demand work and injustice as sins for which Spain from local Native Americans. However, a would one day be divinely punished. Answer the Southeast and the Southwest­

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The in As the death toll for Native Americans Assess and Reteach continued to rise, Spanish colonists looked across the

for a new source of labor. Assess Progress L2 In 1517, Spain brought about 4,000 Africans to the Caribbean Have students complete Check Your islands and forced them to work there. By the middle of the 1500s, the Spaniards were shipping about 2,000 enslaved Africans each year to Progress. Administer the Section Quiz. Hispaniola alone. You will read about the growing slave trade in Teaching Resources, Unit 1, another chapter. Vocabulary Builder Section Quiz, p. 54 rigid (RIH jihd) adj. not bending; Society in the Spanish Colonies A rigid social system based To further assess student understanding, not flexible on birthplace and developed in the Spanish colonies. At use the Progress Monitoring Transparency. the top of the social structure were the , Spanish colonists who had been born in Spain. Almost all government officials came from this class. Colonists born in America of two Spanish parents were Progress Monitoring Transparencies, called Creoles. Generally, Creoles also held important positions. Many Chapter 2, Section 2 of the wealthiest merchants and plantation owners were Creoles. Reteach L1 Identifying People of mixed parentage were lower on the social ladder. Supporting Details , people of Spanish and Indian heritage, could achieve If students need more instruction, have Identify two details in economic success as ranchers, farmers, or merchants. But entrance them read this section in the Interactive these two paragraphs that support the following main idea: into the upper levels of society was impossible for them. Below Reading and Notetaking Study Guide and Spain created a formal system of mestizos were —people of Spanish and African heritage. complete the accompanying question. government in America to rule the Native Americans and were held at the bottom of vast regions it claimed. Explain Interactive Reading and how the details support the main society. This rigid class system helped Spain keep control of its Notetaking Study Guide, Chapter 2, idea. empire in the Americas for more than 300 years.

Section 2 (Adapted Version also available.) How were Native Americans treated under the

encomienda system? Extend L3 Have students conduct research to find out Looking Back and Ahead The resentment and tensions more about the Aztecs, Incas, or other caused by the rigid class system eventually provided the seeds for Native American empires. Ask students to revolutions in the early that ended Spain’s American empire. create an illustrated brochure about one of them, including such information as the empire’s location, its size, and details about its people. Have volunteers share For: Self-test with instant help Section 2 Check Your Progress Visit: PHSchool.com their brochures with the class. Web Code: mva-1022

Progress Monitoring Online Comprehension Reading Skill peninsular. First, write a formal Students may check their comprehen- and Critical Thinking 3. Identify Supporting Details definition for your teacher. Sec- sion of this section by completing the 1. (a) Identify What parts of the Read the text following the sub- ond, write a casual definition in North American did heading “Society in the Spanish everyday English for a classmate. Progress Monitoring Online graphic Spanish conquistadors explore? Colonies.” Identify three details organizer and self-quiz. (b) Apply Information How did that support its main idea: A rigid Writing the conquistadors help establish social system, based on birthplace 5. (a) Prepare an outline you would the in the and ethnic group, developed in Spain’s use to write an essay describing Answers Americas? colonies over . Explain how the the effects of Spanish coloniza- details support the main idea. tion in the Americas. 2. (a) Identify What was the lasting (b) Then, write several sentences Reading Skill Almost all govern­ accomplishment of Bartolomé Key Terms de Las Casas? describing the views of Bartolomé ment officials came from the peninsulares 4. Write two definitions for each (b) Summarize How would de Las Casas and a conquistador of the following key terms: class, people who were born in Spain. Next you describe the lives of Native about Spanish rule in the Americas. conquistador, plantation, mission, were Creoles, colonists born in America of Americans in New Spain? two Spanish parents.

They were forced to pay 48 Chapter 2 Europe Looks Outward taxes or work in often dangerous ­condi­tions. probably miserable because they were laborers who lived on the property; big forced to work in dangerous conditions. farm with one owner and many workers; Section 2 Check Your Progress 3. Government officials came from the mission: reli­gious settlement; an outpost 1. (a) The Southeastern and Southwestern peninsulares class; Creoles held many of priests and friars; peninsulares: Spanish areas important positions in government; colo­nists born in Spain; the highest of the (b) They defeated the empires that mulattos had very little power. These social classes in the Spanish colonies exist­ed and gathered information about details explain how rigidly the class 5. (a) Student outlines should describe the lands to take back to Spain. sys­tem worked. accurately the section content relating to Spanish colonization in the Americas. 2. (a) He convinced Spain to reform the 4. Conquistador: a Spanish soldier-adven­ (b) Sentences should indicate that de encomienda system. turer; someone who explored and Las Casas wanted to treat the Native (b) Possible answer: Their lives were con­quered the Americas for Spain; Americans fairly and conquistadors plantation:­ large farm worked by wanted to conquer them. 48 Chapter 2

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