Inca Civilization 1425 A.D - 1532 A.D

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Inca Civilization 1425 A.D - 1532 A.D Inca Civilization 1425 A.D - 1532 A.D The Inca first appeared in the Andes region during the 12th century A.D. and gradually built a massive kingdom through the military strength of their emperors. Known as Tawantinsuyu, the Incan empire spanned the distance of northern Ecuador to central Chile and consisted of 12 million inhabitants from more than 100 different ethnic (cultural) groups at its peak. Well-devised agricultural and roadway systems, along with a centralized religion and language, helped maintain a cohesive (solid) state. Despite their power, the Inca were quickly overwhelmed by the diseases and superior weaponry of Spanish invaders, the last bastion of their immense empire overtaken in 1572. The Inca first appeared in what is today southeastern Peru during the 12th century A.D (1100’s). According to some versions of their origin myths, they were created by the sun god, Inti, who sent his son Manco Capac to Earth through the middle of three caves in the village of Paccari Tampu. After killing his brothers, Manco Capac led his sisters and their followers through the wilderness before settling in the fertile valley near Cusco circa 1200. The expanding reach of the Inca state, lead to the need for information and people to travel quickly throughout the empire. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui is believed to have been the first Inca emperor to order forced resettlement to squash the possibility of an uprising from one ethnic (cultural) group. In addition, he established the practice in which rulers were prevented from inheriting the possessions of their fathers, thereby making sure that new leaders would conquer new lands and accumulate new wealth of their own. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui , the first emperor, also focused his efforts on strengthening Cusco, the center of the empire. He expanded Sacsahuaman, the massive fortress that guarded the city, and embarked on an expansive irrigation project by channeling rivers and creating agricultural terraces. Although the Incan empire was comprised of more than 100 distinct ethnic (cultural) groups among its 12 million inhabitants, a well-developed societal structure kept the empire running smoothly. There was no written language, but a form of Quechua became the primary spoken language, and knotted cords known as quipu were used to keep track of historical and accounting records. Most subjects (people within the empire) were self-sufficient farmers who tended to corn, potatoes, squash, llamas, alpacas and dogs, and paid taxes through public labor. A system of roadways adding up to approximately 15,000 miles crisscrossed the kingdom, with relay runners capable of advancing messages at the rate of 150 miles per day. The Inca religion centered on a pantheon of gods that included Inti; a creator god named Viracocha; and Apu Illapu, the rain god. Impressive shrines were built throughout the kingdom, including a massive Sun Temple in Cusco that measured more than 1,200 feet in circumference. Powerful priests depended on divination to diagnose illness, solve crimes and predict the outcomes of warfare, in many cases requiring animal sacrifice. The mummified remains of previous emperors were also treated as sacred figures and paraded around at ceremonies with their stores of gold and silver. Enamored (interested) by the stories of Inca wealth, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro ​ lured Inca emperor Atahualpa to meeting for a supposed dinner in his honor and kidnapped the emperor in November 1532. Atahualpa was executed the following summer, and although the Spanish were far outnumbered by the locals, they easily sacked Cusco in late 1533 with their superior weaponry and the diseases they brought with them from Europe. The Spanish and later Europeans would almost entirely wipe out the native populations of the Americas. Attempting to keep the peace, the Spanish installed a young prince named Manco Inca Yupanqui as a puppet king, a move that backfired during a spirited rebellion in 1536. However, Manco Inca Yupanqui and his men were eventually forced to retreat to the jungle village of Vilcabamba, which remained the last stronghold of the empire until 1572. As the only written accounts of the Inca were composed by outsiders, its mythology and culture passed to the next generations by trained storytellers. Traces of its existence were mainly found in the ruins of cities and temples, but in 1911 archaeologist Hiram Bingham discovered the intact 15th (1400’s) century mountaintop citadel of Machu Picchu, its magnificent stone structures reflecting the ​ ​ power and capabilities of this massive Pre-Colombian state. Francisco Pizarro -- Spanish Conqueror of the Inca The Spanish were brutal to the Native peoples -- Often enslaving them or killing them without much thought Questions… (Full Sentence Answers) 1) When did the Inca first appear in The Andes mountains? 2) What did the Inca do to create an empire? 3) How did the Inca encourage their emperors to continue expanding the empire's territory? 4) What allowed for efficient communication within the empire? 5) Were the Inca Monotheistic or Polytheistic? Why? 6) How did the Inca empire end? 7) What would be the problem historians face given they only have outside accounts of Inca life? El Inca apareció por primera vez en la región de los Andes durante el siglo XII A.D. y gradualmente construyó un reino masivo a través de la fuerza militar de sus emperadores. Conocido como Tawantinsuyu, el estado Inca se extendió a lo largo de la distancia del norte de Ecuador a Chile central y consistió en 12 millones de habitantes de más de 100 grupos étnicos diferentes en su apogeo. Los sistemas agrícolas y vial bien diseñados, junto con una religión y un lenguaje centralizados, ayudaron a mantener un estado cohesivo (sólido). A pesar de su poder, los incas fueron rápidamente abrumados por las enfermedades y el armamento superior de invasores españoles, el último bastión de su inmenso imperio alcanzado en 1572. De acuerdo con algunas versiones de sus mitos de origen, fueron creados por el dios sol, Inti, quien envió a su hijo Manco Capac a la Tierra a través de la mitad de tres cuevas en el pueblo de Paccari Tampu. Después de matar a sus hermanos, Manco Capac llevó a sus hermanas ya sus seguidores a través del desierto antes de establecerse en el valle fértil cerca de Cusco hacia el año 1200. La expansión del alcance del estado Inca, Tawantinsuyu, llevó a consideraciones logísticas estratégicas. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui se cree para haber sido el primer emperador inca para ordenar el reasentamiento forzado para aplastar la posibilidad de un levantamiento de un grupo étnico. Además, estableció la práctica en la que se impidió a los gobernantes heredar las posesiones de sus predecesores, asegurando así que sucesivos líderes conquistarían nuevas tierras y acumularían nuevas riquezas. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui también centró sus esfuerzos en el fortalecimiento de Cusco, el centro del imperio. Él amplió Sacsahuaman, la fortaleza masiva que custodiaba la ciudad, y emprendió un proyecto de riego expansivo canalizando ríos y creando intricadas terrazas agrícolas. Aunque Tawantinsuyu estaba compuesto de más de 100 grupos étnicos distintos entre sus 12 millones de habitantes, una estructura societal bien desarrollada mantuvo el imperio funcionando sin problemas. No había un lenguaje escrito, pero una forma de quechua se convirtió en el dialecto principal, y las cuerdas anudadas conocidas como quipu se utilizaron para hacer un seguimiento de los registros históricos y contables. La mayoría de los sujetos eran agricultores autosuficientes que cuidaban el maíz, las patatas, la calabaza, las llamas, las alpacas y los perros, y pagaban impuestos a través del trabajo público. Un sistema de carreteras que sumaba aproximadamente 15.000 millas cruzaba el reino, con corredores de relevo capaces de avanzar mensajes a una velocidad de 150 millas por día. La religión inca se centró en un panteón de dioses que incluía Inti; un dios creador llamado Viracocha; y Apu Illapu, el dios de la lluvia. Impresionantes santuarios fueron construidos en todo el reino, incluyendo un enorme Templo del Sol en el Cusco que midió más de 1.200 pies de circunferencia. Los sacerdotes poderosos dependían de la adivinación para diagnosticar enfermedades, resolver crímenes y predecir los resultados de la guerra, en muchos casos requiriendo sacrificios de animales. Los restos momificados de emperadores anteriores también fueron tratados como figuras sagradas y desfilaron en ceremonias con sus tiendas de oro y plata. Enamorado (interesado) por las historias de la riqueza inca, el conquistador español Francisco Pizarro atrajo a Atahualpa a reunirse para una supuesta cena en su honor y secuestraron al emperador en noviembre de 1532. Atahualpa fue ejecutado el verano siguiente y aunque los españoles fueron superados en número por la locales, fácilmente saquearon el Cusco a finales de 1533 con su armamento superior. Intentando mantener la paz, los españoles instalaron a un joven príncipe llamado Manco Inca Yupanqui como un rey títere, un movimiento que retrocedió durante una rebelión enérgica en 1536. Sin embargo, Manco Inca Yupanqui y sus hombres fueron finalmente obligados a retirarse al pueblo selvático de Vilcabamba, que permaneció el último bastión del imperio hasta 1572. Como los únicos relatos escritos de los Incas estaban compuestos por extraños, su mitología y cultura pasaron a generaciones sucesivas por narradores de historias capacitados. Las huellas de su existencia se encontraron principalmente en las ruinas de las ciudades y los templos, pero en 1911 el arqueólogo Hiram Bingham descubrió la ciudadela intacta del siglo 15 de Machu Picchu, sus magníficas estructuras de piedra que reflejan el poder y las capacidades de este estado colombiano precolombino. .
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