Spanish Impact on Peru (1520 - 1824)

San Francisco Cathedral (Lima)

Michelle Selvans Setting the stage in Peru

• Vast Incan empire • 1520 - 30: epidemics halved population (reduced population by 80% in 1500s) • Incan emperor and heir died of measles • 5-year civil war Setting the stage in Spain

• Iberian peninsula recently united after 700 years of fighting • Moors and Jews expelled • Religious zeal a driving social force • Highly developed military infrastructure 1532 - 1548, Spanish takeover of Incan empire

• Lima established • Civil war between ruling Spaniards • 500 positions of governance given to Spaniards, as encomiendas 1532 - 1548, Spanish takeover of Incan empire

• Silver mining began, with forced labor • Taki Onqoy resistance (‘dancing sickness’) • Spaniards pushed linguistic unification (Quechua) 1550 - 1650, shift to extraction of mineral wealth • Silver and mercury mines • Reducciones used to force conversion to Christianity, control labor • Monetary economy, requiring labor from ‘free wage’ workers 1550 - 1650, shift to extraction of mineral wealth

• Haciendas more common: Spanish and Creole owned land, worked by Andean people • Remnants of subsistence-based indigenous communities • Corregidores and curacas as go- betweens Patron saints established

• Arequipa, 1600: Ubinas volcano erupted, therefor St. Gerano • Arequipa, 1687: earthquake, so St. Martha • Cusco, 1650: earthquake, crucifix survived, so El Senor de los Temblores • Lima, 1651: earthquake, crucifixion scene survived, so El Senor de los Milagros By 1700s, shift to local and import-oriented trade

• Spain (transatlantic trade) declining • Diversification of products • Royal offices for sale in Peru • Native rebellions frequent 1740 - 1780 • 1776: Upper and Lower Peru detached (decline in Cusco, Arequipa prosperity), Bourbon taxes • 1780 - 82: Tupac Amaru rebellion By 1824, independence from Spain

• 1808, King Ferdinand deposed by Napoleon • Movements in Americas toward independence • 1820, Argentine military leader landed in Peru • Structures of inequality persisted, but stability did not (until guano boom) references • Peru: a country study, ed. Hudson (1993) • Peru: a cultural history, Dobyns and Doughty (1976) • Religion in the Andes: vision and imagination in early colonial Peru, MacCormack (1991) • Royal commentaries of the Incas, and general history of Peru by Garcilaso de la Vega, 1539-1616, translated by Livermore (1966) • Moon, sun, and witches: gender ideologies and class in Inca and colonial Peru, Silverblatt (1987) • Provincial patriarchs: land tenure and the economics of power in colonial Peru, Ramirez (1986) • Colonial architecture and sculpture in Peru, Wethey (1949) • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/: – Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire – History_of_Peru