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Spain Builds an Empire DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A SECTION 3 Spain Builds an TEKS 1A, 2A Empire What You Will Learn… If YOU were there... Main Ideas You are an Aztec warrior living in central Mexico in the 1500s. You 1. Spanish conquistadors con- are proud to serve your ruler, Moctezuma II. One day several hun- quered the Aztec and Inca empires. dred foreigners arrive on your shores. They are pale, bearded men, 2. Spanish explorers traveled and they have strange animals and equipment. through the borderlands of New Spain, claiming more From where do you think these strangers have come? land. 3. Spanish settlers treated Native Americans harshly, forcing them to work on plantations and in mines. BUILDING BACKGROUND Spain sent many expeditions to the Americas. Like explorers from other countries, Spanish explorers The Big Idea claimed the land they found for their country. Much of this land was Spain established a large already filled with Native American communities, however. empire in the Americas. Key Terms and People Spanish Conquistadors conquistadors, p. 46 The Spanish sent conquistadors (kahn-kees-tuh-DAWRS), soldiers Hernán Cortés, p. 46 who led military expeditions in the Americas. Conquistador Hernán Moctezuma II, p. 46 Cortés left Cuba to sail to present-day Mexico in 1519. Cortés Francisco Pizarro, p. 47 had heard of a wealthy land to the west ruled by a king named encomienda system, p. 50 Moctezuma II (mawk-tay-SOO-mah). plantations, p. 50 Bartolomé de Las Casas, p. 51 Conquest of the Aztec Empire Moctezuma ruled the Aztec Empire, which was at the height of its power in the early 1500s. Moctezuma’s capital, Tenochtitlán, was built in the middle of Lake Texcoco, near the present-day site of Use the graphic organizer online Mexico City. Tenochtitlán was a large city with temples, a palace, to take notes on Spanish conquest and settlement in the Americas. and buildings that were built on an island in the middle of the lake. The buildings and riches of the city impressed the Spaniards. They saw the Aztec Empire as a good source of gold and silver. They also wanted to convert the Aztec to Christianity. The Aztec had thousands of warriors. In contrast, Cortés had only 508 soldiers, about 100 sailors, 16 horses, and some guns. Cortés hoped that his superior weapons would bring him victo- ry. Cortés also sought help from enemies of the Aztec. An Indian woman named Malintzin (mah-LINT-suhn) helped Cortés win allies. 46 CHAPTER 2 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A At first Moctezuma believed Cortés to be allies killed thousands of Inca and Aztec and a god and welcomed him. Cortés then took looted their settlements. Moreover, possibly Moctezuma prisoner and seized control of more than three-quarters of the Aztec and Tenochtitlán. Eventually, Tenochtitlán was Inca populations were killed by the diseases destroyed and Moctezuma was killed. Small- the Europeans brought. pox and other diseases brought by the Span- ish quickened the fall of the Aztec Empire. Spanish Settlements The Spanish began to settle their vast empire, Conquest of the Inca Empire which they called New Spain. Spain’s gov- Another conquistador, Francisco Pizarro ernment wanted to control migration to the (puh-ZAHR-oh), heard rumors of the Inca cit- Americas. Most of the emigrants were Span- ies in the Andes of South America. The Inca ish, though a few non-Spanish subjects of the ruled a large territory that stretched along king also migrated. Jews, Muslims, and non- the Pacific coast from present-day Chile to Christians were forbidden to settle in New northern Ecuador. Spain. At first, most emigrants were men. Pizarro had fewer than 400 men in his The government then encouraged families to army. But the Inca, like the Aztec, had no migrate. Eventually, women comprised one- weapons to match the conquistadors’ swords quarter of the total emigration from Spain. and guns. Though outnumbered, Pizarro’s Spain ruled its large American empire troops captured the great Inca capital at Cuzco through a system of royal officials. At the in present-day Peru and killed the Inca leaders. top was the Council of the Indies, formed By 1534 Pizarro and his Native American allies in 1524 to govern the Americas from Spain. had conquered the entire Inca Empire. The Council appointed two viceroys, or royal In only a few years, the Spanish had governors. The Viceroyalty of Peru governed conquered two great American empires. most of South America. The Viceroyalty of During the conquest, the Spanish and their New Spain governed all Spanish territories in LINKING TO TODAY Armored Warfare The armor of the Spanish conquistadors helped them defeat the Aztec and Inca. Spanish soldiers and their horses wore armor made of steel. The steel protected the soldiers from enemy weapons but was heavy and hard to wear. Armored weapons of today’s soldiers include tanks and other large vehicles. Inside these vehicles, soldiers are safer ANALYSIS from enemy gunfire. SKILL ANALYZING INFORMATION 1. Why did armor need to be heavy? 2. Why do modern armies still use armor? NEW EMPIRES IN THE AMERICAS 47 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-B Central America, Mexico, and the southern Exploring the Borderlands part of what is now the United States. The Spanish established three kinds of of New Spain settlements in New Spain. Pueblos served as Spain’s American empire was not limited to trading posts and sometimes as centers of gov- lands taken from the conquered Aztec and ernment. Priests started missions where they Inca empires. Many other Spanish explorers converted local Native Americans to Catholi- came to North America. They explored the cism. The Spanish also built presidios, or mili- borderlands of New Spain and claimed many tary bases, to protect towns and missions. new lands for the Spanish crown. To connect some of the scattered com- munities of New Spain, Spanish settlers built Exploring the Southeast El Camino Real, or “the Royal Road.” This In 1508 explorer Juan Ponce de León landed network of roads ran for hundreds of miles, on the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. By from Mexico City to Santa Fe. The roads later 1511 he had conquered the island for Spain stretched to settlements in California. and founded the city of San Juan. De León also discovered gold on Puerto Rico. Spanish offi- READING CHECK Analyzing How did the Span- cials appointed him governor of the colony. ish conquer the great Aztec and Inca empires? In 1512 Ponce de León discovered the coast of present-day Florida. The next year he searched Florida for a mythical Fountain of Youth. Though he never found the fabled Reasons for Spanish fountain, Ponce de León acquired royal per- Victory mission to colonize Florida. However, he failed to colonize the area. Several advantages helped the Spanish defeat Two decades later another explorer trav- the Aztec and Inca. eled through Florida. Royal officials gave Hernando de Soto permission to explore the Causes of the Aztec and Inca Defeat coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico. In 1539 his expedition landed in an area near the • Spanish steel armor and weapons present-day city of Tampa Bay, Florida. • Spanish horses De Soto then led his men north through • European diseases what is now Georgia and the Carolinas. The • Spanish alliances with Aztec and expedition then turned west and crossed the Inca enemies Appalachian Mountains. De Soto discovered the Mississippi River in 1541. The explorers then traveled west into present-day Oklahoma. Effects De Soto died in 1542 on this journey. • Reduced Native American population • Spanish rule of the Americas Exploring the Southwest • Columbian Exchange The Spanish also explored what is now the southwestern United States. In 1528 explorer ANALYSIS Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca joined conquis- SKILL ANALYZING INFORMATION tador Pánfilo de Narváez on an expedition Which cause do you think was most important to North America. Their group of 300 men to the Spanish victory? first landed on the Florida coast. They faced many severe problems, including a shortage of food. 48 CHAPTER 2 Ponce de León, 1513 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be madeCortés, through 1519 “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-B Magellan, 1519–1522 Cabeza de Vaca and Estevanico, 1528–1536 Pizarro, 1531 de Soto, 1539–1542 Coronado, 1540–1542 Aztec Empire The group built boats, which made it pos- Inca Empire Spanish Explorations, 1513–1542 sible for them to travel0 around 1,000the Florida2,000 Miles . R NORTH i panhandle. The explorers0 continued 1,000 2,000 Kilometersalong p 40°N AMERICA p N i s the Gulf Coast and eventually reached the s i s W E s Mississippi River. Severe weather hit this group i R M St. Augustine 30°N i 30°N o S Gr hard, and many members of the expedition an Gulf of Bahama de Mexico died. Cabeza de Vaca’s boat shipwrecked Islands Tropic of Cancer Cuba 20°N 20°N on what is now Galveston Island in Texas. Mexico City Puerto Rico (Tenochtitlán) Hispaniola ATLANTIC Only four men survived: Cabeza de Vaca, a Caribbean Sea MESOAMERICA OCEAN Moroccan-born slave named Estevanico, his 10°N Vasco Núñez de Balboa Spanish slaveholder, and one other sailor. was the first European Equator Each of the four survivors was captured to see the Pacific Ocean on r Amaz Rive and enslaved by Native American groups liv- when he and his men crossed Panama in 1513. SOUTH ing in the area. After six years of captivity, AMERICA the men finally escaped.
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